removal of the indians project

8/3/2019 Removal of the Indians Project

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The Indian Removal:

Through The AgesProject by: Trey A. Brown


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History of the Indian Removal

Passed by Congress in1830

Andrew Jackson cameup with the idea

Plan was to remove allNatives from thesouthern states

Jackson came up with

it so he could getvotes from citizenswhile he was runningfor president


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Cherokee in Georgiatried to secure theirlands by adopting aconstitution. Georgiarefused to recognize

the constitution anddeclared that theCherokee were subjectto state laws.

1828

Congress voted funds toenable Jackson tonegotiate treaties forremoval of all Indiantribes then living east ofthe Mississippi River.

1830

In Cherokee Nation vs.Georgia, the SupremeCourt ruled that theCherokee Nation lackedstanding to request aninjunction.

1831


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Removal Of The Creek

The Choctaw were the first to beremoved

The Creek refused to leave the lands oftheir fathers, but had n way of defense

In 1831, the Creek in Georgia werestruggling. They had barely any rightsand smallpox broke out

In 1832, the Creek signed the Treaty ofWashington.This treaty prtected theCreek from the whites.


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Removal Of The Cherokee

Georgia was planning to remove theCherokee around the same time theCreek were being removed

Georgians wanted to homesteadCherokee land and also to mine thegold that had been found onCherokee land


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Dahlonega Gold Rush

Gold was discovered in Dahlonega inthe summer of 1829

The Georgia legislature passed a lawthat placed part of the Cherokee landunder state control

A second law, passed on October, 19,1829, refused the Cherokee any right

to gold mined in the Dahlonega area


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Many CherokeeIndians moved west.

About 18,000Cherokee moved.

1829

Gold was discovered

in Dahlonega in thesummer of 1829

1831

Worcester v.Georgia

1832


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Worcester v. Georgia

Worcester v. Georgia was a case in which the unitedstates supreme court vacated the conviction of samuelworcester, holding that the Georgia criminal statute,prohibiting non-Indians from being present on Indianlands without a license from the state, wasunconstitutional

Georgia law required all whites living in Cherokee IndianTerritory to obtain a state license

Seven missionaries refused to obey the state law andwere arrested, convicted, and sentenced to four years ofhard labor.

They also refused to obey the military when they wereasked to leave the state


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Alexander McGillivray

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Alexander McGillivray (ca. 1759-1793) was the

American Indian chief of the Creek nationduring the period of Spanish and Americanrivalries for Florida.

His mother belonged to a clan of the Creek Indiansand was half French; his father, a Scot, was a traderwith political influence among the Creeks

During the American Revolution, McGillivray's

father served the British. Because he was a loyalist,his property was confiscated, and he fled toScotland; McGillivray returned to his mother's

people.

After the war, McGillivray's alliance with Britishtraders in Spanish Florida against the Americanswas of great importance, for, at his mother's death,the council chose him as their tribal leader. Soon he

was called Emperor of the Creek Nation, a title hefancied.


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William McIntosh


In 1818 William McIntosh bought from

the United States 11,560 acres of Illinoisland that were part of Johnson's purchase

These same lands were claimed byJoshua Johnson and his son, Thomas J.Graham, and they brought an ejectmentaction against McIntosh

After losing in the lower courts, Johnsonand Graham appealed.

The Supreme Court, in a unanimousdecision written by Chief Justice JohnMarshall, found for McIntosh


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Sequoyah


Sequoyah, a Cherokee also known asGeorge Guess, Guest, or Gist, developed aCherokee syllabary that brought literacy tohis people

Sequoyahs mother was Cherokee and amember of the Paint clan, one of the sevenCherokee clans; she was descended fromOconostota, an eighteenth-century warriorand ruler

In the early 1800s, seeking to avoid attacksfrom marauding settlers, he migrated withfellow Cherokees to the southernmost edgeof the Cherokee Nation and made his homeat Willstown, in present-day Dekalb County(Alabama)

As part of a campaign directed by GeneralJackson, he fought against the Alabama RedStick Creeks in the Battle of Horseshoe onMarch 27, 1814.


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John Ross


As the head of the largest branch of the

Cherokee nation from 1828 to 1866, JohnRoss led the Cherokee through a period of

profound cultural change

Under Ross's leadership, the Cherokeenation engaged in a historic andcontroversial legal battle to preserve theirsovereignty and underwent a disastrous

forced march from Georgia to Oklahoma

In 1809 at age nineteen, Ross was sent, atthe behest of both U.S. officials andCherokee leaders, to confer with thewestern Cherokee, who had accepted

payments from the United States

Ross served as President of the NationalCouncil of the Cherokee from 1819 to 1826and became principal chief of the easternCherokee in 1828


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John Marshall


President John Adams appointed

Marshall to the Court on 20 January1801, to save the Constitution fromthe Jeffersonian Republicans

The well settled values Marshallbrought to his duties were the productof the revolutionary age as refracted

through family and place

The strong love of union that infusedhis jurisprudence was due mainly tohis father's influence and his ownexperience in the Revolutionary War


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Trail of Tears


Andrew Jacksons 1828 election as U.S.

president presaged congressional approvalof the Indian Removal Act, whichinitiated processes that led in the mid- andlate 1830s to the notorious Trail of Tears

All told, perhaps 60,000 Choctaws,Chickasaws, Cherokees, Creeks, andSeminoles found themselves uprootedfrom traditional homes; the ordealexperienced by Cherokees stands out asemblematic of the policys inhumanity

Jackson's presidency offered NativeAmericans a strictly limited number ofoptions: acculturation, relocation, or

extermination

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