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Cambridge University Press978-1-107-61083-5 — Remedies in Australian Private LawKaty Barnett , Sirko Harder FrontmatterMore Information

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Remedies in Australian Private Law

Remedies in Australian Private Law offers a clear, logical and complete treatment of

remedies in common law, equity and statute. Designed in response to the rapid

expansion of interest in this field of law, this book provides readers with a theoretical

and practical framework for understanding the principles of private law remedies and

how they are applied.

Clearly structured with a strong black-letter law focus, this book includes detailed

coverage of remedies for tort, breach of contract, the Australian Consumer Law and

equitable obligations. It also includes discussion of theoretical perspectives on issues

such as the fusion of common law and equity, the nature of reasonable fee awards and

the concept of unjust enrichment.

The systematic and accessible approach set out in this book will enable students,

practitioners and others to develop an overarching conception of remedial law, and

thereby enhance their capacity to analyse legal problems and find the best solutions.

Katy Barnett is Senior Lecturer in the Melbourne Law School, the University of

Melbourne.

Sirko Harder is Senior Lecturer in the Faculty of Law, Monash University.

www.cambridge.org/9781107610835

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Remedies in AustralianPrivate Law

Katy Barnett

and

Sirko Harder


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Foreword

The law of civil remedies is a fascinating subject. More than any other field of study

in the core curriculum, it lays bare fundamental questions as to the nature and purpose

of the law of obligations. The law of remedies defines what it means to have particular

private law rights and to owe particular private law duties. Difficult issues concerning

remedies necessarily direct attention to questions as to what precisely is to be rem-

edied, why particular obligations are imposed, and the nature of the interests pro-

tected by different private law causes of action. The law of remedies is also an

immensely practical subject. Remedies are, after all, the ends of civil litigation. The

principles that govern their application are in many cases simple to state in the abstract

but give rise to great difficulty in their application to particular fact situations. The finer

points of the law of remedies are therefore not onlymatters of great theoretical interest

and intense academic debate, but also of great day-to-day importance for legal

practitioners.

For all of these reasons, the publication of this substantial new book on the

Australian law of civil remedies is an exciting event. It is the more so since

Remedies in Australian Private Law has beenwritten by two up-and-coming remedies

scholars who have recently published monographs offering insightful analyses of

particular aspects of the field. Sirko Harder is the author of Measuring Damages in

the Law of Obligations: The Search for Harmonised Principles (Hart Publishing, 2010),

and Katy Barnett is the author of Accounting for Profit for Breach of Contract: Theory

and Practice (Hart Publishing, 2012). Readers of their new jointly authored book are

offered new perspectives on the nature of the subject and new ways of approaching

the many thorny issues that make it so challenging.

Dr Barnett and Dr Harder adopt a functional approach to the law of remedies. They

begin their studywith those remedies that compensate for breach of private lawduties,

moving to those that compel performance of private law duties, then to those that seek

to deter breaches, then those that vindicate rights, and then those that require

restitution of unjust gains, dealing finally with proprietary remedies and the enforce-

ment of remedies. Their approach brings different causes of action, different categories

of obligation and different subject areas together in productive and interesting ways.

Substantial parts of the book are necessarily devoted to the treatment of particular

remedies in particular contexts, and the authors navigate these discrete topics as deftly

as they do the general principles.

Remedies in Australian Private Law provides an admirably clear and concise

analysis of the law of civil remedies in Australia. The authors’ deep learning on

the law of remedies is evident in many areas. They are able to provide clear

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guidance in relation to complex topics, valuable insights into the nature of partic-

ular remedies and particular remedial issues and incisive critical comment where

appropriate. The result is an instructive and thought-provoking treatment of this

complex and important area of law.

Andrew Robertson

Melbourne Law School

vi FOREWORD


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Contents

Foreword by Professor Andrew Robertson v

Preface xvii

Table of cases xix

Table of statutes lvi

I Introduction 1

I Why have a book on remedies? 1

II What is a remedy? 2

A Monism and dualism 4

B Sources of remedies in Australia 5

C Other ways of organising private law causes of action – the unjust

enrichment school of thought 6

III The common law and equity divide in Australia 8

A Fusion fallacy 8

B Unjust enrichment scholars breaking down the common law and

equitable divide 10

C Australian reception of unjust enrichment scholarship 10

D The position of the authors 12

IV A functional approach to remedies 12

A Parts 1 and 2: Compensation 14

B Part 3: Remedies compelling performance and related remedies 15

C Part 4: Remedies as vindication 15

D Part 5: Account of profits and other gain-based relief for wrongs 16

E Part 6: Restitution and giving back 17

F Part 7: Proprietary remedies 17

G Part 8: Enforcement of remedies 18

H Conclusion 18

PART 1 GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF COMPENSATION 19

2 Assessment of compensation 21

I Introduction 21

II The compensatory principle and the identification of the wrong 21

III Losses and benefits 23

A Non-pecuniary loss 23

B Cost of repair and diminution in value 24

C Betterment discount 25

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D Benefits arising from the wrong 28

E The impact of tax law 29

IV Certainty of loss and recovery for the loss of a chance 32

V Temporal considerations 39

A The lump sum rule and the ‘once and for all’ rule 39

B Date of assessment 41

C Relevance of inflation 46

D Determining the present equivalent of future pecuniary loss 46

E Interest on compensation awards and compensation for the loss of the

use of money 48

3 Attribution of responsibility 53

I Introduction 53

II The legal concept of causation 54

III Factual causation 57

A The ‘but for’ test and its application 57

1 The ‘but for’ test 57

2 Overtaking cause 58

3 Alternative cause 59

B Factual causation even though the ‘but for’ test is not satisfied 61

1 Multiple sufficient causes 61

2 Evidential uncertainty 64

IV Scope of liability 69

A Intervening cause 69

B Remoteness of damage 76

C The purpose of the duty breached 77

D The plaintiff ’s contribution to the loss 78

1 Overview of the three relevant doctrines 78

2 Contributory negligence 80

3 Mitigation 80

4 Multiple wrongdoers 84

I Introduction 84

II Common law rules 85

III Contribution statutes 88

IV Proportionate liability statutes 92

V Interplay of the three regimes 97

PART 2 COMPENSATION IN SPECIFIC CONTEXTS 99

5 Compensation for breach of contract 101

I Assessment of compensation 101

A Protection of the plaintiff ’s expectation interest 101

B Measure of expectation loss in particular contexts 103

1 Failure to deliver goods as promised 104

2 Failure to convey land as promised 107

3 Breach of an obligation to build, maintain or repair property 108

C Compensation of reliance loss 112

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D Non-pecuniary loss 116

1 Restrictions at common law 116

2 Restrictions under statute 119

E Damages awards exceeding loss 120

II Attribution of responsibility 122

A Remoteness of damage 122

1 The Hadley v Baxendale test 122

2 The significance of the defendant’s knowledge of the plaintiff’s

circumstances 124

3 Assumption of responsibility as overriding criterion? 125

B Contributory negligence 127

6 Compensation in tort 131

I Assessment of compensation 131

A General principle 131

B Specific contexts 131

1 Damage to reputation: defamation 132

2 Damage to land or fixtures 134

3 Other wrongful interference with land 136

4 Damage to goods 137

5 Other wrongful interference with goods 139

6 Defective premises or goods 141

7 Damage to economic interests: reliance on a misrepresentation 144

II Attribution of responsibility 145

A Remoteness of damage 145

1 The test of natural and probable consequences 145

2 The test of reasonable foreseeability 147

3 The test of reasonable contemplation 151

4 The ‘eggshell skull’ rule 152

B Contributory negligence 154

1 Common law 154

2 Contributory negligence statutes 155

3 Civil liability statutes 155

4 The plaintiff’s conduct 156

5 Causation and scope of the duty 158

6 Apportionable loss 159

7 Apportionment 159

7 Compensation for personal injury and death 162

I Introduction 162

II The impact of legislation 162

A Statutory compensation schemes 162

B Civil liability statutes 164

III Meaning of ‘personal injury’ 165

IV Loss suffered by an injured person 167

A Pecuniary loss resulting from needs created by the injury 167

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1 Medical expenses and cost of institutional care 167

2 Cost of nursing and other services provided to the injured person

at home 168

3 Increased cost of living at home 170

4 Cost of managing compensation award 170

B Pecuniary loss resulting from the impairment of capacities 171

1 Loss of earning capacity 171

2 Loss of employment-related benefits 174

3 Loss of social security benefits 174

4 Loss of capacity to do domestic work 175

C Non-pecuniary loss 176

1 Pain and suffering 176

2 Loss of amenities 177

3 Loss of expectation of life 177

4 Statutory regulation 177

D Overlap between different heads of loss 179

V Benefits arising from an injury 179

VI Claims based on injury to another person 181

A Loss of an employee’s services 181

B Loss of consortium 183

VII Actions on death 184

A Claim by the estate of the deceased 184

B Claim by the dependants of the deceased 186

8 Compensation under the Australian Consumer Law 193

I Introduction 193

II Assessment of compensation 195

A General principles 195

B Compensation for misleading or deceptive conduct 196

1 Reliance loss as the general measure of compensation 196

2 Compensation of expectation loss 197

3 Compensation of reliance loss in excess of expectation loss 198

C Non-pecuniary loss 199

D Certainty of loss and recovery for the loss of a chance 200

III Attribution of responsibility 200

A The common-sense test of causation 200

B Factual causation 201

C Scope of liability 202

1 Intervening cause 202

2 Remoteness of damage 203

3 The purpose of the provision contravened 203

4 The plaintiff’s contribution to the loss 204

D Multiple wrongdoers 205

9 Equitable compensation for equitable wrongs 206

I Introduction 206

II Assessment of equitable compensation 208

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A Object of equitable compensation 208

B Recoverability of non-pecuniary loss 209

C Basic measure of equitable compensation 210

III Attribution of responsibility 211

A Factual causation 211

1 Misapplication of trust property 211

2 Breach of fiduciary duty 214

B Intervening acts and remoteness of loss 218

1 Breach of trust 218


3 Breach of an equitable duty of care 221

C Contributory negligence 223


2 Breach of an equitable duty of care 225

D Mitigation 226

PART 3 REMEDIES COMPELLING PERFORMANCE AND RELATED

REMEDIES 227

10 Specific performance 229

I Introduction 229

II The nature of specific performance 230

III The relationship between specific performance and injunctions 232

IV Inadequacy of damages and subject matter of the contract 233

A Inadequacy of damages 233

B Subject matter of contract 236

1 Contracts involving land 236

2 Contracts involving goods 238

3 Contracts involving shares and stock 239

4 Contracts to loan money 239

5 Contracts for the benefit of third parties 240

6 Contracts involving intellectual property 241

7 Contracts for services 241

V Other requirements for specific performance 242

A Personal remedy 242

B Binding contract 243

1 Consideration 243

2 Uncertainty 244

3 Illegality 245

4 Impossibility and futility 246

VI Discretionary factors and bars to relief 247

A General equitable bars to relief 248

1 Hardship and the public interest 248

2 Lack of clean hands 249

3 Laches: delay with acquiescence and delay with prejudice 250

B Bars to relief relevant only to specific performance 251

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1 Mutuality 251

2 Continuous supervision and personal services 253

3 Readiness and willingness 255

VII Specific performance under the Australian Consumer Law 255

11 Injunctions 257

I Introduction 257

II The rights protected by injunctions and inadequacy of damages 259

A Inadequacy of damages 260

B The rights protected by injunctions 261

1 Injury to property rights in land 261

2 Injury to property rights in goods and funds of money 262

3 Injury to intellectual property 263

4 Injury to economic rights 263

5 Injury to bodily integrity 265

6 Injury to reputation 265

7 Injury to privacy 266

8 Injunctions restraining breaches of negative covenant in

a contract 266

9 Contracts for services 267

III Quia timet injunctions 269

IV Discretionary factors and bars to relief 270

A General equitable bars to relief 270

1 Hardship and the public interest 270


3 Laches: delay with acquiescence and delay with prejudice 272

B Bars to injunctions that are equivalent to those in specific

performance 272

V Injunctions under statutes 272

A Intellectual property 273

B The Australian Consumer Law 273

C The Corporations Act 2001 (Cth) 274

D Other statutory injunctions 274

12 ‘Equitable damages’ or Lord Cairns’ Act damages 275

I History 275

II Advantages of Lord Cairns’ Act damages for a plaintiff 276

III Jurisdiction to award Lord Cairns’ Act damages 278

IV The need for a ‘wrongful act’ in some Australian jurisdictions 279

A Australian legislation which does not mention ‘wrongful act’ 280

B Australian legislation which mentions ‘wrongful act’ 280

C Lord Cairns’ Act damages for statutory wrongdoing 281

V Factors influencing the exercise of the jurisdiction 281

A Generally – Lord Cairns’ Act damages as a ‘middle ground’ 281

B The Shelfer criteria 283

VI The basis of assessment 284

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A General principles 284

B Gain-based relief – ‘reasonable fee’ awards 285

C Loss-based relief – compensatory awards of various kinds 286

1 Future wrongdoing 286

2 Causes of action where compensatory damages ordinarily

unavailable 286

3 In addition to specific relief 287

VII Discretionary bars to relief 287

VIII Part 9.5, Corporations Act 2001 (Cth) 288

IX The future of Lord Cairns’ Act damages 288

PART 4 REMEDIES AS VINDICATION 291

13 Self-help remedies 293

I Introduction 293

II Tort and self-help 294

A Eviction of trespassers and protection of land and goods from

trespass 294

B Self-defence of property 296

C Self-defence of the person 298

D Recaption, replevin and specific restitution 298

E Abatement of nuisance 301

III Contract and self-help 302

A Rescission 303

B Liquidated damages and penalties 303

C Debt 307

D Other stipulated contractual remedies 308

14 Exemplary damages and aggravated damages 310

I Introduction 310

II Exemplary damages 310

A The nature and history of exemplary damages in Australia 310

1 Need to make out the ‘host’ cause of action 313

2 Unavailable if criminal punishment already imposed 314

3 Calculation of exemplary damages 315

B The causes of action for which exemplary damages can be awarded in

Australia 316

1 Exemplary damages available for tort 316

2 Exemplary damages available for breach of some statutes 318

3 Exemplary damages not available for breach of contract 319

4 Exemplary damages not available for equitable wrongdoing 322

5 Exemplary damages not available for breaches of Australian

Consumer Law 324

C Normative objections to exemplary damages generally 324

D Conclusion on exemplary damages 325

III Aggravated damages 326

A The distinction between exemplary damages and aggravated

damages 326

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B Availability of aggravated damages in Australian law 328

1 Aggravated damages available for tort 328

2 Aggravated damages available for some statutory causes of

action 329

3 Aggravated damages not available for contract 330

4 Aggravated damages not available for equitable wrongdoing 330

5 Aggravated damages available for Australian Consumer Law 330

15 Apologies and declaratory relief 332

I Apologies, declarations and nominal damages 332

A Apologies 332

B Declarations, nominal damages and contemptuous damages 335

1 Declarations 335

2 Nominal damages 339

3 ‘Contemptuous damages’ 340

II Other vindicatory remedies under Australian Consumer Law 341

PART 5 ACCOUNT OF PROFITS AND OTHER GAIN-BASED RELIEF FOR

WRONGS 343

16 Disgorgement of gains and ‘reasonable fee’ damages 345

I The distinction between compensation, restitution and disgorgement

and the nature of gain-based remedies 346

A Compensation 346

B Restitution 346

C Disgorgement 347

D ‘Gain-based’ remedies 347

II Disgorgement 348

A Equity and the account of profits 348

B Election 350

C Intellectual property and the account of profits 351

D Torts and ‘waiver of tort’ 353

E Breach of contract 355

F Australian Consumer Law 359

III ‘Reasonable fee’ damages 359

A Introduction and history 359

1 Academic accounts 360

2 The approach of the courts 363

B Equity 363

C Intellectual property 364

D Tort 365

1 Torts protecting proprietary rights in land 365

2 Torts protecting proprietary rights in goods 366

3 Other torts 368

C Contract 368

IV Allowances, discretionary factors and bars to relief 370

A Allowances for skill and effort 371

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1 Allowances for skill and effort for breach of fiduciary duty 371

2 Allowances for skill and effort for intellectual property

breaches 372

3 Allowances for skill and effort and disgorgement in contract 373

B Discretionary factors and bars to relief 374

1 Hardship 374


3 Delay and acquiescence 375

V The future of gain-based relief in Australia 376

PART 6 RESTITUTION AND GIVING BACK 379

17 Personal remedies for unjust enrichment 381

I Introduction 381

II The elements of unjust enrichment 384

III Precise remedies for unjust enrichment 385

A Money claims 385

B Services claims 386

C Goods claims 387

IV Defences to a claim in unjust enrichment 387

V The relationship between contract and restitution for unjust

enrichment 388

18 Rescission 392

I Introduction 392

A Legal rescission 394

B Equitable rescission 395

C Rescission under the Australian Consumer Law 396

II The requirement of restitutio in integrum 397

III Election 400

A How to make an election to rescind 400

B The consequences of an election to rescind 402

C The reasons behind the election requirement 404

IV ‘Partial’ rescission 404

V Bars to rescission 407

A Impossibility of complete restoration 407

B Affirmation 408

C Delay 409

D Intervening third party rights 409

E Executed contracts and innocent misrepresentation 411

PART 7 PROPRIETARY REMEDIES 413

19 Proprietary remedies 415

I Introduction 415

II Proprietary remedies 416

A Constructive and resulting trusts 416

B Proprietary powers 419

C Equitable liens 420

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III Criteria for award of proprietary remedies 421

A Proprietary remedies and unconscionability 422

B Proprietary remedies and unjust enrichment 424

C Proprietary remedies and wrongdoing 428

IV Discretionary factors and bars to relief 431

V The need for more defined criteria 431

PART 8 ENFORCEMENT OF REMEDIES 433

20 Enforcement of remedies 435

I Introduction 435

II Interlocutory injunctions 436

A A legal, equitable or statutory right 437

B A ‘serious question to be tried’ (or a ‘prima facie case’) 437

C The balance of convenience 439

1 Likelihood of success 440

2 Irreparable injury, hardship and inadequacy of damages to the

plaintiff 440

3 Hardship to the defendant and third parties 441

4 Adequacy of undertaking as to damages for the defendant 442

5 Delay on the part of the plaintiff 442

6 Example of the balancing process 442

D Mandatory interlocutory injunctions 443

E Quia timet interlocutory injunctions 443

F Interlocutory injunctions which finally determine the matter 444

G Undertakings as to damages 444

H Interim injunctions under statute 445

III Other pre-judgment remedies 446

A Arrest of the person 446

B Freezing orders (Mareva orders) 447

C Search orders (Anton Piller orders) 449

IV Post-judgment enforcement 450

A Enforcement of money remedies 451

1 Historical background 451

2 Current Australian law 451

B Enforcement of specific remedies 454

1 Enforcement against property 455

2 Coercive enforcement: imprisonment, sequestration and fines 455

Index 457

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Preface

The law of civil remedies is an area of ever-increasing complexity. Since the abolition of

juries in most civil cases, the measure of common law damages has come under

heightened appellate scrutiny and has become more and more sophisticated.

Aggravated and exemplary damages have been disentangled. Equitable compensation

has moved out of the shadow and developed into a powerful remedy for equitable

wrongdoing. New forms of relief have emerged and presented challenges of catego-

risation. For example, it is highly controversial whether reasonable fee awards in cases

of unauthorised use of property are best categorised as gain-based, loss-based or

something else.

In addition to the judicial development of the common law and equity, Australian

legislators have been very active in the field of remedies. A legislative intervention of

great significance was the enactment of the Trade Practices Act 1974 (Cth), which

introduced a statutory prohibition of (among others) misleading or deceptive conduct

in trade or commerce, and a ‘smorgasbord’ of remedial options for the court. That Act

became the Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (Cth), which contains the ‘Australian

Consumer Law’ in its Schedule 2. The significance of this peculiarly Australian inno-

vation cannot be overstated. Another extremely important legislative intervention was

the civil liability reform of 2002/03 in the wake of the Ipp Report. That reform

involved changes to a number of common law rules on remedies (as well as liability),

but those changes were not uniform across Australia. Indeed, so fragmented was the

reform that it left no two jurisdictions in Australia with the same law on, for example,

contributory negligence or compensation for personal injury, if all details are consid-

ered. It made Australian law of civil remedies very complex.

This book provides a detailed and scholarly discussion of remedies in Australian

private law, covering remedies for breach of contract, torts, equitable wrongs and

contraventions of the Australian Consumer Law. Following convention, this book

includes a discussion of interlocutory orders and the enforcement of remedies.

In our previous research, we often consulted Andrew Burrows’ Remedies for Torts

and Breach of Contract (3rd edn, OUP 2004) and Donald Harris, David Campbell &

Roger Halson’s Remedies in Contract and Tort (2nd edn, CUP 2005), each of which

deals with the English law of remedies. However, there was no up-to-date Australian

equivalent, as Michael Tilbury’s magisterial work, Civil Remedies, was last updated in

1993. So, with some trepidation, we decided to write our own book on remedies in

Australian private law.

It is perhaps inevitable that we are open-minded towards the idea of categorising

private law according to broad thematic principles. Sirko undertook his undergraduate

degree in Germany and has taught law in England and Scotland (as well as Australia).

Although Katy was born in Australia, she spent a substantial part of her childhood in

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England. Consequently, while this is a book about remedies in Australian private law,

we are cognisant of developments in remedies law in other countries and how

Australian law fits within those developments. We have discovered through writing

this book that we share views on most questions of remedies law, and that we have the

same love of logic and structure. The law of remedies can be somewhat daunting as it

cuts across so many areas of private law, but we hope to provide a useful, thematically

organised ‘map’ with this book.

While primary responsibility for Chapters 2 to 9 lay with Sirko, and for the rest of

the book with Katy, we take joint responsibility for the whole book. We have consid-

ered material available to us before 1 September 2013, though we have been able to

include some later material.

Katy would like to thank her colleagues, especially Elise Bant, Michael Bryan,

Matthew Harding, Jeannie Paterson and Andrew Robertson for many enlightening

discussions on the law of remedies. Her students also deserve thanks, as their ques-

tions have been very useful in helping her to work out the best way to explain certain

areas of remedies law. Finally, she would like to thank her long-suffering family (Scott,

Eloise and Josh), who had thought that the days of book-writing and hair-tearing were

over when her monograph was published.

Sirko would like to thank his colleague Normann Witzleb and the members of the

Obligations Group atMelbourne Law School for many insightful discussions on the law

of remedies. Hewould also like to thank his family (Huan andOliver) for their constant

support and for putting upwith his occasionally reclusive existence during the work on

this book.

We both would like to thank the anonymous (and not-so-anonymous) reviewers

who made uniformly helpful comments on draft chapters. We would also like to thank

Nina Sharpe, Pippa Whishaw, Jessica Pearce, Jodie Fitzsimmons, Joy Window and the

other staff at Cambridge University Press for their professionalism and patience.

Katy Barnett

Sirko Harder

December 2013

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Table of cases

Australia2144 Broke Road Pty Ltd v ACN 062 859 358 Pty Ltd [2010] NSWSC 489 113A v New South Wales (2007) 230 CLR 500 316, 328A H McDonald & Co Pty Ltd v Wells (1931) 45 CLR 506 241, 398, 405, 407Abigroup Contractors Pty Ltd v Sydney Catchment Authority (No 3) (2006) 67 NSWLR 341 198Ackerley v Palmer [1910] VLR 339 264Ackland v Commonwealth (2007) Aust Torts Reports ¶81–916 79–80Adams v Kennedy (2000) 49 NSWLR 78 316Adeels Palace Pty Ltd v Moubarak (2009) 239 CLR 420 57–58, 73Adelaide Stevedoring Co Ltd v Forst (1940) 64 CLR 538 69ADI v Aerospace Systems Management Pty Ltd [2003] NSWSC 758 443Administrative and Clerical Officers Association v Commonwealth (1979) 26 ALR 497 232, 438Aequitas Ltd v Sparad No 100 Ltd (2001) 19 ACLC 1006 410Aerospatiale Societe Nationale Industrielle v Aerospatiale Helicopters Pty Ltd (1986) 11 FCR 38 443AFA Airconditioning Pty Ltd v Mendrecki (2008) 101 SASR 381 173Ainsworth v Criminal Justice Commission (1992) 175 CLR 564 336, 337Air Express Ltd v Ansett Transport Industries (Operations) Pty Ltd (1979) 146 CLR 249 436, 445Air Manymak v Jeffs [2006] NTCA 12 173Airloom Holdings Pty Ltd v Thales Australia Ltd [2011] NSWSC 1513 102Akron Securities Ltd v Iliffe (1997) 41 NSWLR 353 6, 396Alati v Kruger (1955) 94 CLR 216 303, 393, 398, 400, 401, 407Albion Insurance Co Ltd v Government Insurance Office (NSW) (1969) 121 CLR 342 87Aldersea v Public Transport Corporation (2001) 3 VR 499 145, 162, 328Alexander v Cambridge Credit Corporation Ltd (1987) 9 NSWLR 310 55, 70, 71, 124Alexander v Perpetual Trustees WA Ltd (2004) 216 CLR 109 207, 265Allan v Fletcher (2001) 79 SASR 559 158, 159Allan v Loadsman [1975] 2 NSWLR 789 172Allan v Snyder [1977] 2 NSWLR 685 423Allianz Australia Insurance Ltd v Girone [2011] QCA 245 174Allianz Australia Insurance Ltd v GSF Australia Pty Ltd (2005) 221 CLR 568 55, 203Allianz Australia Insurance Ltd v Kerr (2012) 60 MVR 194 171, 173Allianz Australia Insurance Ltd v Waterbrook at Yowie Bay Pty Ltd [2009] NSWCA 224 72, 74Allianz Australia Ltd v Sim [2012] NSWCA 68 69Allison v Hewitt (1974) 3 DCR (NSW) 193 118Alucraft Pty Ltd (in liq) v Grocon Ltd (No 2) [1996] 2 VR 386 112Amaca Pty Ltd v Banton (2007) 5 DDCR 314 316Amaca Pty Ltd v Booth (2011) 283 ALR 461 62, 65, 67, 69Amaca Pty Ltd v Ellis (2010) 240 CLR 111 66, 69Amaca Pty Ltd v King [2011] VSCA 447 69Amaca Pty Ltd v New South Wales (2003) 199 ALR 596 91Amcor Ltd v Barnes [2012] VSC 434 250AMEV-UDC Finance Ltd v Austin (1986) 162 CLR 170 306, 309Amoco Australia Pty Ltd v Rocca Bros Motor Engineering Co Pty Ltd (1975) 133 CLR 331 268AMP General Insurance Ltd v Roads and Traffic Authority (2001) Aust Torts Reports ¶81–619 149, 151Ampol Petroleum Ltd v Mutton (1952) 53 SR (NSW) 1 267Andar Transport Pty Ltd v Brambles Ltd (2004) 217 CLR 424 91Anderson v Hotel Capital Trading Pty Ltd [2003] NSWSC 1195 74Anderson v Liddell (1968) 117 CLR 36 452Andjelic v Marsland (1996) 186 CLR 20 41, 50Andrew Shelton & Co Pty Ltd v Alpha Healthcare Ltd (2002) 5 VR 577 387Andrews v Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Ltd (2011) 211 FCR 53 305

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Andrews v Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Ltd (2012) 247 CLR 205 304–06Andrews v John Fairfax & Sons Ltd [1980] 2 NSWLR 225 132, 133, 327Andrews v Westpac Banking Corp [2012] QSC 22 174Anyco Pty Ltd v Kleeman (2008) Aust Torts Reports ¶81–933 64ANZ Executors and Trustees Ltd v Humes Ltd [1990] VR 615 239, 248, 249, 250Aquagenics Pty Ltd v Break O’Day Council [2010] TASFC 3 97Ardlethan Options Ltd v Easdown (1915) 20 CLR 285 80Argy v Blunts & Lane Cove Real Estate Pty Ltd (1990) 26 FCR 112 204Aristoc Industries Pty Ltd v RAWenham (Builders) Pty Ltd [1965] NSWR 581 238, 249, 262, 267,

300, 415Aristocrat Technologies Australia Pty Ltd v DAP Services (Kempsey) Pty Ltd (2007) 157 FCR 564 318, 330Armour v Fewster [2004] SADC 1 104Arnott v Choy (2010) 56 MVR 390 80, 81Arthur Robinson (Grafton) Pty Ltd v Carter (1968) 122 CLR 649 171AS v Murray [2013] NSWSC 733 316ASA Constructions Pty Ltd v Iwanov [1975] 1 NSWLR 512 278Ashrafi Persian Trading Co Pty Ltd v Ashrafinia (2001) Aust Torts Reports ¶81–636 73ASIC v Mauer-Swisse Securities Ltd (2002) 42 ACSR 605 445, 446ASIC v Parkes (2001) 38 ACSR 355 445ASIC v Pegasus Leveraged Options Group Pty Ltd (2002) 41 ACSR 561 445ASIC v Triton Underwriting Insurance Agency (2003) 48 ACSR 249 445Associated Grocers Co-operative Ltd v Hubbard Properties Pty Ltd (No 2) (1986) 45 SASR 57 108Associated Midland Corp Ltd v Bank of New South Wales [1983] 1 NSWLR 533 139Associated Newspapers Ltd v Bancks (1951) 83 CLR 322 308Associated Products and Distribution Pty Ltd v Sunkist Holdings Ltd (1967) 41 ALJR 61 336Association of Quality Child Care Centres of NSW Inc v Manefield (2012) Aust Torts Reports ¶82–103 134Astley v Austrust Ltd (1999) 197 CLR 1 79, 128, 129, 157, 224ATCO Controls Pty Ltd (in liq) v Stewart (in his capacity as liquidator of Newtronics Pty Ltd) [2013] VSCA

132 391Athens-MacDonald Travel Service Pty Ltd v Kazis [1970] SASR 264 118Atkinson v Hastings Deering (Qld) Pty Ltd (1985) 8 FCR 481 106Atlas Steels (Australia) Pty Ltd v Atlas Steels Ltd (1948) 49 SR (NSW) 157 241, 267Attorney-General for NSW v Perpetual Trustee Co Ltd (1955) 92 CLR 113 181, 182Auspac Trade International Pty Ltd v Victorian Dairy Industry Authority (Supreme Court of Victoria,

Southwell, Nathan and O’Bryan JJ, 22 February 1994) 106Australasian Meat Industry Employee’s Union v Mudginberri Station Pty Ltd (1986) 161 CLR 98 455, 456Australasian Performing Rights Association v Grebo Trading Co Pty Ltd (1978) 23 ACTR 30 364Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Ltd v Westpac Banking Corp (1988) 164 CLR 662 383Australian and International Pilots Association v Qantas Airways Ltd [2011] FCA 1487 440Australian and New Zealand Banking Group Ltd v Widin (1990) 26 FCR 21 243Australian Breeders Co-operative Society Ltd v Jones (1997) 150 ALR 488 89Australian Broadcasting Corporation v Comalco Ltd (1986) 12 FCR 510 82, 132, 133Australian Broadcasting Corporation v Lenah Game Meats Pty Ltd (2001) 208 CLR 199 2, 260, 266, 437Australian Broadcasting Corporation v McBride (2001) 53 NSWLR 430 133Australian Broadcasting Corporation v O’Neill (2006) 227 CLR 57 264, 266, 437, 438–39, 440Australian Coarse Grain Pool Pty Ltd v Barley Marketing Board of Queensland (1982) 46 ALR 398 438Australian Competition and Consumer Commission v AirAsia Berhad Company [2012] FCA 1431 337Australian Competition and Consumer Commission v Dataline.Net.Au Pty Ltd (in liq) (2007)

161 FCR 513 274Australian Competition and Consumer Commission v Dermalogica Pty Ltd (2005) 215 ALR 482 274Australian Competition and Consumer Commission v Midland Brick Co Pty Ltd (2004) 207 CLR 329 337Australian Competition and Consumer Commission v Top Snack Foods Pty Ltd (1999) ATPR ¶41–708 331Australian Consolidated Press Ltd v Morgan (1965) 112 CLR 483 455, 456Australian Consolidated Press Ltd v Uren (1967) 117 CLR 221 313Australian Hardwoods Pty Ltd v Commissioner for Railways [1961] 1 WLR 425 230Australian National Airlines Commission v Commonwealth (1986) 17 FCR 445 443Australian Paper Ltd v Communications, Electrical, Electronic, Energy, Information, Postal, Plumbing and

Allied Services Union (1998) 81 IR 15 444Australian Safeway Stores Pty Ltd v Zaluzna (1987) 162 CLR 479 297Australian Securities and Investments Commission v Rich (2009) 236 FLR 1 222Australian Telecommunications Commission v Parsons (1985) 59 ALR 535 188Australian Winch and Haulage Co Pty Ltd v Collins [2013] NSWCA 327 33, 38Autodesk Inc v Yee (1996) 68 FCR 391 318Automotive, Food, Metals, Engineering, Printing and Kindred Industries Union v McCain Foods (Aust) Pty

Ltd [2012] FCA 1126 242

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Avram v Gusakoski [2006] WACA 16 157AW v New South Wales [2005] NSWSC 543 316Awad v Twin Creeks Properties Pty Ltd [2012] NSWCA 200 396–97Axiak v Ingram (2012) 82 NSWLR 36 159B J McAdam Pty Ltd v Jax Tyres Pty Ltd (No 3) [2012] FCA 1438 123Bacchus Marsh Concentrated Milk Co Ltd (in liq) v Joseph Nathan & Co Ltd (1919) 26 CLR 410 268Backwell v AAA [1997] 1 VR 182 316, 328, 329Bacon v Rose [1972] 2 NSWLR 793 336Badman v Drake [2008] NSWSC 1366 395, 407, 424, 425, 427, 431Baghdadi v Quality P & M Smallgoods Pty Ltd [2008] NSWSC 406 168Bahr v Nicolay (No 2) (1988) 164 CLR 604 241, 255Baig v Baig [1970] VR 833 239Bailey v Namol Pty Ltd (1994) 53 FCR 102 318, 319, 330Bailey v Nominal Defendant [2004] QCA 344 74Baily v Truth and Sportsman Ltd (1938) 60 CLR 700 340Baird v BCE Holdings Pty Ltd (1996) 40 NSWLR 374 412Baird v Roberts [1977] 2 NSWLR 389 172Bak v Glenleigh Homes Pty Ltd [2006] NSWCA 10 79Baker v Sheridan (No 2) [2005] NSWSC 121 216Balanced Securities Ltd v Bianco (No 2) (2010) 27 VR 599 52, 136, 365Baltic Shipping Co v Dillon (1993) 176 CLR 344 116, 117, 118, 119, 122, 124, 176, 330, 383Bamford v Albert Shire Council (1996) 93 LGERA 335 143Bamford v Albert Shire Council [1998] 2 Qd R 125 44, 107, 143Bankstown Foundry Pty Ltd v Braistina (1986) 160 CLR 301 160Barbagallo v J & F Catelan Pty Ltd [1986] 1 Qd R 245 136, 137, 276, 278, 283, 286Barclay v Penberthy (2012) 246 CLR 258 182, 186Barescape Pty Ltd v Bacchus Holdings Pty Ltd (No 9) [2012] NSWSC 984 220Barlow v Neville Jeffress Advertising Pty Ltd (1994) 4 Tas R 391 270Barnard v Towill (1998) 72 SASR 27 159Bartlett v Arbuckle [2004] WASC 169 117Bartley v Myers (2002) 83 SASR 183 203Barton v Armstrong [1976] AC 104 395Batchelor v Burke (1981) 148 CLR 448 50Bateman v Face Accountants Pty Ltd (2010) 81 ATR 102 198Bateman v Nominal Defendant (2012) 15 DCLR (NSW) 239 157Bathurst City Council v PWC Properties Pty Ltd (1998) 195 CLR 566 421–22, 428Bathurst Regional Council v Local Government Financial Services Pty Ltd (No 5) [2012] FCA 1200 94, 97Baume v Commonwealth (1906) 4 CLR 97 339Baumgartner v Baumgartner (1987) 164 CLR 137 417, 423Bawn Pty Ltd v Metropolitan Meat Industry Board [1971] 2 NSWLR 47 336Bayne v Stephens (1908) 8 CLR 1 48Beach Petroleum NL v Kennedy (1999) 48 NSWLR 1 207, 214, 220Beard v Richmond (1987) Aust Torts Reports ¶80–129 74BearingPoint Australia Pty Ltd v Robert Hillard [2008] VSC 115 269Beasley v Marshall (1985) 40 SASR 544 167Bechara v Campbell-Williams [2011] NSWCA 177 200Beck v Farrelly (1975) 13 SASR 17 180Becker Group Ltd v Motion Picture Company of Australia Ltd [2004] FCA 630 104Beecham Group Ltd v Bristol Laboratories Pty Ltd (1968) 118 CLR 618 436, 437, 438, 439, 444Beechwood Homes (NSW) Pty Ltd v Camenzuli [2010] NSWSC 521 263, 264Belan v Casey (2003) 57 NSWLR 670 87Belgrave Nominees Pty Ltd & Ors v Barlin-Scott Airconditioning (Aust) Pty Ltd [1984] VR 947 261Bell v Pitt [1956] Tas SR 161 294Bellgrove v Eldridge (1954) 90 CLR 613 109–10, 111, 112Bellingen Shire Council v Colavon Pty Ltd (2012) 188 LGERA 169 151Bendal Pty Ltd v Mirvac Project Pty Ltd (1991) 23 NSWLR 464 261, 262, 282, 283Bendigo and Country Districts Trustees and Executors Co Ltd v Sandhurst and Northern District Trustees,

Executors and Agency Co Ltd (1909) 9 CLR 474 269Bendix Mintex Pty Ltd v Barnes (1997) 42 NSWLR 307 68Beneficial Finance Corporation Ltd v Alzden Pty Ltd (NSWSC Equity Division, 10 May 1993) 299Benjamin v Currie [1958] VR 259 187Bennett v Goodwin (2005) 62 ATR 515 31, 140Bennett v Minister of Community Welfare (1992) 176 CLR 408 68, 72, 220Berger v Boyles [1971] VR 321 340

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Bergman v Haertsch [2000] NSWSC 528 329Berryman v Hames Sharley (WA) Pty Ltd (2008) 38 WAR 1 35Beswicke v Alner [1926] VLR 72 261BHP Coal Pty Ltd v O & K Orenstein & Koppel AG [2008] QSC 141 139BHPB Freight Pty Ltd v Cosco Oceania Chartering Pty Ltd (No 3) [2009] FCA 1087 204BI (Contracting) Pty Ltd v Strikwerda (2005) 3 DDCR 149 190Bialkower v Acohs Pty Ltd (1998) 83 FCR 1 88Big River Timbers Pty Ltd v Stewart (1999) 9 BPR 16,605 421Bilambil-Terranora Pty Ltd v Tweed Shire Council [1980] 1 NSWLR 465 31, 140, 359, 367Bilyak v Pesor [2012] NSWSC 193 207Birch v Taubmans Ltd (1956) 57 SR (NSW) 93 184Birmingham v Renfrew (1937) 57 CLR 666 423Biscayne Partners Pty Ltd v Valance Corp Pty Ltd [2003] NSWSC 874 355, 358Bitumen and Oil Refineries (Australia) Ltd v Commissioner for Government

Transport (1955) 92 CLR 200 90Black v S Freedman & Co (1910) 12 CLR 105 423, 427, 428Black v Walden (2008) Aust Torts Reports ¶81–950 191Black Uhlans Inc v NSW Crime Commission (2002) 12 BPR 22,421 250Blackham v Haythorpe (1917) 23 CLR 156 410Bland Shire Council v Anthoness [1960] NSWR 254 26Blomley v Ryan (1956) 99 CLR 362 395Blundell v Musgrave (1956) 96 CLR 73 167Bobo’s Fashion Pty Ltd v MJF Property Developments Pty Ltd [2004] VCAT 1090 125Body Technology Pty Ltd v Babak Moini [2010] NSWSC 1414 441Bofinger v Kingsway Group Ltd (2009) 239 CLR 269 383Bonarrigo v DSF Pty Ltd [2012] VCAT 1404 74Boncristiano v Lohmann [1998] 4 VR 82 117Bond v Sulan (1990) 26 FCR 580 339Bonett v Barron & Dowling Property Group Pty Ltd (2006) 67 NSWLR 475 198Bonette v Woolworths Ltd (1937) 37 SR (NSW) 132 297Booker Industries Pty Ltd v Wilson Parking (Qld) Pty Ltd (1982) 149 CLR 600 244Borg v Howlett (1996) 8 BPR 15,535 238Bosaid v Andry [1963] VR 465 249, 278, 279, 287Boyarsky v Taylor (2008) 14 BPR 26,553 249Boyns v Lackey (1958) 58 SR (NSW) 395 278, 288Bradford v Zahra [1977] Qd R 24 245Bradford House Pty Ltd v Leroy Fashion Group Ltd (1983) 68 FLR 1 107Bradto Pty Ltd v Victoria (2006) 15 VR 65 438, 443Brady v Tamworth Base Hospital and Health Service (NSWDC, 31 January 2000) 329Brambles Constructions Pty Ltd v Helmers (1966) 114 CLR 213 90Brand v Monks [2009] NSWSC 1454 58, 70Break Fast Investments Pty Ltd v PCH Melbourne Pty Ltd (2007) 20 VR 311 262Brear v James Hardie & Co Pty Ltd (2000) 50 NSWLR 388 173Brenner v First Artists’ Management Pty Ltd [1993] 2 VR 221 386Bresatz v Przibilla (1962) 108 CLR 541 167, 168, 170, 173, 183, 184Breskvar v Wall (1971) 126 CLR 376 420Brewarrina Shire Council v Beckhaus Civil Pty Ltd [2005] NSWCA 248 112Brewarrina Shire Council v Beckhaus Civil Pty Ltd [2006] NSWCA 361 110Brickhill v Cooke [1984] 3 NSWLR 396 143Bride v KMG Hungerfords (1991) 109 FLR 256 145Bridge v Chadwick (1950) 50 SR (NSW) 230 86Bridge Wholesale Acceptance Corp (Australia) Ltd v Burnard (1992) 27 NSWLR 415 239, 255Bridgewater v Leahy (1998) 194 CLR 457 223, 395, 406Brilawsky v Robertson (1916) 10 QJPR 113 141Brocx v Mounsey (2009) 65 SR (WA) 289 174Brocx v Mounsey [2010] WASCA 196 173Broken Hill City Council v Tiziani (1997) 93 LGERA 113 136Broken Hill Pty Co Ltd v Fisher [1984] 38 SASR 50 328, 330Bromley v Forestry Commission of NSW [2003] NSWCA 252 135, 136Brooks v Wyatt (1994) 99 NTR 12 278Brown v Heffer (1967) 116 CLR 344 246Brown v Smitt (1924) 34 CLR 160 399Bryan v Maloney (1995) 182 CLR 609 142, 143Buckenara v Hawthorn Football Club Ltd [1988] VR 39 242, 268Buckley v The Herald & Weekly Times Pty Ltd (2009) 24 VR 129 133

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Buckley v Tutty (1971) 125 CLR 353 268Bulldogs Rugby League Club Ltd v Williams [2008] NSWSC 822 242, 268, 269Bunnings Group Ltd v Chep Australia Ltd (2011) 82 NSWLR 420 141, 367–68Burazin v Blacktown City Guardian Pty Ltd (1996) 142 ALR 144 118Burford v Allan (1993) 60 SASR 428 170Burke v LFOT Pty Ltd (2002) 209 CLR 282 87, 88, 223Burley v Trewartha (1976) 13 SASR 514 190Burns v MAN Automotive (Aust) Pty Ltd (1986) 161 CLR 653 81, 102, 106, 122, 123Burns Philp Trust Co Ltd v Kwikasair Freightlines Ltd [1964] NSWR 63 230Burwood Municipal Council v Sydney Legacy Appeals Fund (1980) 39 LGRA 299 337Businessworld Computers Pty Ltd v Australian Telecommunications Commission (1988) 82 ALR 499

232, 443Butcher v Australian Tartaric Products Pty Ltd [2009] VSCA 303 173Butler v Egg and Egg Pulp Marketing Board (1966) 114 CLR 185 22, 131, 140Butler v Fairclough (1917) 23 CLR 78 319, 321Butt v Long (1953) 88 CLR 476 268Byers v Dorotea Pty Ltd (1986) 69 ALR 715 408Byrne v Australian Airlines Ltd (1995) 185 CLR 410 241Byrne v Castrique [1965] VR 171 270C & P Syndicate Pty Ltd v Reddy [2013] NSWSC 643 43, 45Cadorange Pty Ltd v Tanga Holdings Pty Ltd (1990) 20 NSWLR 26 424Caffey v Leatt-Hayter (No 3) [2013] WASC 348 201CAL No 14 Pty Ltd v Motor Vehicle Accidents Insurance Board (2009) 239 CLR 390 296Callander v Ladang Jalong (Australia) Pty Ltd [2005] WASC 159 198Caltex Oil (Australia) Pty Ltd v The Dredge Willemstad (1976) 136 CLR 529 70, 72, 148Calverley v Green (1984) 155 CLR 242 417Campbell v Li-Pina (2007) 47 MVR 279 190Campbell v Nangle (1984) 40 SASR 161 167, 168Campbelltown City Council v Mackay (1989) 15 NSWLR 501 142Cannovo v FCD Holdings Pty Ltd [2000] NSWSC 304 253Cardile v LED Builders Pty Ltd (1999) 198 CLR 380 260, 272, 448, 449Cardno BSD Pty Ltd v Water Corporation (No 2) [2011] WASCA 161 28, 81Carr v Sourlos (1994) 6 BPR 13 136Carroll v Lewitzke (1991) 56 SASR 18 158Carroll v Purcell (1961) 107 CLR 73 190, 191Carson v John Fairfax & Sons Ltd (1993) 178 CLR 44 132, 133, 134, 328, 333Carter v Delgrove Holdings Pty Ltd [2013] FCCA 783 201Cashflow Finance Pty Ltd (in liq) v Westpac Banking Corporation [1999] NSWSC 671 425Cashmere Bay Pty Ltd v Hastings Deering (Australia) Ltd (No 2) [2011] QSC 134 138Cassis v Kalfus (No 2) [2004] NSWCA 315 217Castle Constructions Pty Ltd v Fekala Pty Ltd (2006) 65 NSWLR 648 82, 108, 125Castlemaine Tooheys Ltd v South Australia (1986) 161 CLR 148 437, 438, 440Caterson v Commissioner for Railways (1973) 128 CLR 99 72, 76, 157Cattanach v Melchior (2003) 215 CLR 1 176CE Hath Casualty & General Insurance Ltd v Pyramid Building Society (in liq) [1997] 2 VR 256 338Celermajer Holdings Pty Ltd v Kopas [2011] NSWSC 40 118Central Coast Leagues Club Ltd v Gosford City Council (Supreme Court of NSW, Giles CJ, 9 June 1998) 111Chakravarti v Advertiser Newspapers Ltd (1998) 193 CLR 519 133Chan v Zacharia (1984) 154 CLR 178 423, 428Chang v Registrar of Titles (1976) 137 CLR 177 423Chapman v Hearse (1961) 106 CLR 112 70, 71, 150Chappel v Hart (1998) 195 CLR 232 55, 57, 58, 65, 71, 117, 162Chappell v TCN Channel Nine Pty Ltd (1988) 14 NSWLR 153 266Cheetham v McGeechan [1971] 2 NSWLR 222 336Chep Australia Ltd v Bunnings Group Ltd [2010] NSWSC 301 43Chief Commissioner for Railways and Tramways (NSW) v Boylson (1915) 19 CLR 505 188Chirnside v Fay [2007] 1 NZLR 433 349Chomentowski v Red Garter Restaurant Pty Ltd (1970) 92 WN (NSW) 1070 73Chong v Chanell [2009] NSWSC 765 207Chow v Yang [2010] SASC 96 48Church of Scientology of California Inc v Reader’s Digest Services Pty Ltd [1980] 1 NSWLR 344 132CIC Insurance Ltd v Bankstown Football Club Ltd (1995) 8 ANZ Ins Cas ¶61–232 51City Motors (1933) Pty Ltd v Southern Aerial Super Service Pty Ltd (1961) 106 CLR 477 140City of Melbourne v Hamas Pty Ltd (1987) 62 LGRA 250 261City of Richmond v Scantelbury [1991] 2 VR 38 137, 301

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Clark v Macourt [2013] HCA 56 105, 106Clark Equipment Credit of Australia Ltd v Como Factors Pty Ltd (1988) 14 NSWLR 552 448Clarke v Damiani (1973) 5 SASR 427 75Clarke v Gisborne Shire Council [1984] VR 971 142Classic Heights Pty Ltd v Black Hole Enterprises Pty Ltd [1995] ANZ ConvR 260 419Clifford v Dove [2006] NSWSC 314 26Coastal Estates Pty Ltd v Melevende [1965] VR 433 394, 400, 401Colbeam Palmer Ltd v Stock Affiliates Ltd (1968) 122 CLR 25 349, 350, 351–52, 373, 375Cole v Miles [2002] NSWCA 150 217Cole v South Tweed Heads Rugby League Football Club (2004) 217 CLR 469 296Collier-Garland (Properties) Pty Ltd v O’Hair (1963) 63 SR (NSW) 500 262Collings Construction Co Pty Ltd v Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (1998) 43 NSWLR

131 327, 329, 330Collins Marrickville Pty Ltd v Henjo Investments Pty Ltd [1987] ATPR ¶40–822 202, 203Comcare Australia v Filla (2002) 115 FCR 163 82Commercial and General Insurance Co Ltd v Government Insurance Office of NSW (1973) 129 CLR 374 88Commercial Bank of Australia Ltd v Amadio (1983) 151 CLR 447 395, 402, 406Commissioner for Railways v Luya, Julius Ltd [1977] Qd R 395 139Commissioner for Railways (NSW) v Cullen (1973) 47 ALJR 99 170Commissioner for Railways (NSW) v Scott (1959) 102 CLR 392 181, 182Commissioner of Police v Estate of Russell (2002) 55 NSWLR 232 334Commissioner of Railways v Ruprecht (1979) 142 CLR 563 156, 157Commissioner of Taxation v Sydney Refractive Surgery Centre Pty Ltd (2008) 253 ALR 59 30, 171Commonwealth v Quince (1944) 68 CLR 227 181, 182Commonwealth v SCI Operations Pty Ltd (1998) 192 CLR 285 48Commonwealth v Verwayen (1990) 170 CLR 394 231Commonwealth Bank of Australia v Smith (1991) 42 FCR 390 216Commonwealth Bank of Australia v Witherow [2006] VSCA 45 93, 95Commonwealth Life Assurance Society Ltd v Brain (1935) 53 CLR 343 328Commonwealth of Australia v Chessell (1991) 30 FCR 154 51Commonwealth of Australia v McLean (1996) 41 NSWLR 389 79, 152Commonwealth of Australia v Murray (1988) Aust Torts Reports ¶80–207 316Commonwealth of Australia v Ryan [2002] NSWCA 372 76Commonwealth Railways Commissioner v Hodsdon (1970) 16 FLR 437 138Commonwealth v Amann Aviation Pty Ltd (1991) 174 CLR 64 38, 101, 102, 103, 113, 116, 122, 124, 346Como Investments (Pty Ltd (in liq) v Yenald Nominees Pty Ltd (1993) ATPR ¶41–550 202Composite Buyers Ltd v Soong (1995) 38 NSWLR 286 421Concept Television Productions Pty Ltd v Australian Broadcasting Corporation (1988) 12 IPR 129 280Concut Pty Ltd v Worrell (2000) 176 ALR 693 308Connolly v ‘Sunday Times’ Publishing Co Ltd (1908) 7 CLR 263 340Connorville Estates Pty Ltd v Hydro-Electric Commission [1967] Tas SR 76 270Cook v Cavanagh (1981) 10 NTR 35 192Cook v Rodgers (1946) 46 SR (NSW) 229 238, 262Cook v Saroukas (1989) 97 FLR 33 316Cooney v Byrnes (1922) 30 CLR 216 243Corbett v Pallas (1995) Aust Torts Reports ¶81–329 294, 301Cordon Investments Pty Ltd v Lesdor Properties Pty Ltd [2010] NSWSC 1073 111, 112Corin v Patton (1990) 169 CLR 540 423Cornwall v Rowan (2004) 90 SASR 269 134Corozo Pty Ltd v Total Australia Ltd [1988] 2 Qd R 366 264Corvisy v Corvisy [1982] 2 NSWLR 557 265Coshott v Barry [2009] NSWCA 34 36Coshott v Fewings Joinery Pty Ltd (NSW Court of Appeal, Gleeson CJ, Priestley and Beazley JJA,

15 July 1996) 118Coshott v Lenin [2007] NSWCA 153 389Costin v Costin [1995] ANZ ConvR 289 243Costin v Costin [1997] ANZ ConvR 400 243Coull v Nationwide News Pty Ltd (2008) 23 NTLR 147 132Coulls v Bagot’s Executor and Trustee Co Ltd (1967) 119 CLR 460 87, 236, 239, 240Council of the Shire of Bland v Anthoness [1960] NSWR 254 138Cowell v Rosehill Racecourse Co Ltd (1937) 56 CLR 605 294, 296Cowland v Telkesi (2000) 209 LSLJ 70 190Coyle v New South Wales [2006] NSWCA 95 316Crampton v French [1996] ANZ ConvR 156 419Crane v Gething (2000) 97 FCR 9 336

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Crane v Gething [2000] FCA 762 336Crawford v Hydro-Electric Commission [1963] Tas SR 83 186Crescendo Management Pty Ltd v Westpac Banking Corp (1988) 19 NSWLR 40 395Cripps v G & M Dawson Pty Ltd (2006) ANZ ConvR 350 124, 219Crown Insurance Services Pty Ltd v National Mutual Life Association of Australasia Ltd [2005] VSCA 218,

(2005) 13 ANZ Ins Cas ¶61–659 35Crump v Equine Nutrition Systems Pty Ltd t/as Horsepower [2006] NSWSC 512 119, 165, 200CSR Ltd v Eddy (2005) 226 CLR 1 171, 175Cullen v Trappell (1980) 146 CLR 1 24, 29, 39, 40, 41, 50, 172, 174, 176Cummings v Fairfax Digital Australia & New Zealand Pty Ltd (2011) 6 ACTLR 40 133Cunliffe v Woods [2012] VSC 254 133Curmi v McLennan [1994] 1 VR 513 70Curran v Young (1965) 112 CLR 99 183Curro v Beyond Productions Pty Ltd (1993) 30 NSWLR 337 242, 267, 268Curtin University of Technology v Woods Bagot Pty Ltd [2012] WASC 449 97Czatyrko v Edith Cowan University (2005) 214 ALR 319 157Dabinett v Whittaker [1989] 2 Qd R 228 174Dahm v Harmer [1955] SASR 250 183Daily Pty Ltd v Wallis [2013] NSWADT 152 81Dairy Farmers Cooperative Milk Co Ltd v Commonwealth (1946) 73 CLR 381 339Dalecoast Pty Ltd v Guardian International Pty Ltd [2004] WASC 82 198Dalgety Wine Estates Pty Ltd v Rizzon (1979) 141 CLR 552 267Daly v Sydney Stock Exchange Ltd (1986) 160 CLR 371 395, 403–04, 416, 419, 425, 431D’Ambrosio v De Souza Lima (1985) 60 ACTR 18 171Daniels v Anderson (1995) 37 NSWLR 438 29, 30Dart Industries Inc v Décor Corporation Pty Ltd (1993) 179 CLR 101 323, 345, 349, 351, 372–73Dartberg Pty Ltd v Wealthcare Financial Planning Pty Ltd (2007) 164 FCR 450 93Darvall McCutcheon (a firm) v HK Frost Holdings Pty Ltd (in liq) (2002) 4 VR 570 210David Jones Ltd v Leventhal (1927) 40 CLR 357 336David Jones Ltd v Willis (1934) 52 CLR 110 117David Securities Pty Ltd v Commonwealth Bank of Australia (1992) 175 CLR 353 383, 384,

385–86Davidson v J S Gilbert Fabrications Pty Ltd [1986] 1 Qd R 1 138Davinski Nominees Pty Ltd v I & A Bowler Holdings Pty Ltd [2011] VSC 220 30, 171Davis v Nationwide News Pty Ltd [2008] NSWSC 693 133De Cesare v Deluxe Motors Pty Ltd (1996) 67 SASR 28 111, 112De Reus v Gray (2003) 9 VR 432 90, 327, 328De Sales v Ingrilli (2002) 212 CLR 338 186, 188, 190, 191Deabel v V’Landys [2002] NSWSC 438 417Deane v Lloyd [1991] ANZ ConvR 103 243Dein v Wentworth Gold Field Pty Co (1899) 15 WN (NSW) 280 106Del Ponte v Del Ponte (1987) 11 NSWLR 498 176Delphic Wholesalers Pty Ltd v Elco Food Co Pty Ltd (1987) 8 IPR 545 263Delphin v Martin [2012] TASSC 13 174Delta Corp v Davies [2002] WASCA 125 329Demagogue Pty Ltd v Ramensky (1992) 39 FCR 31 249Demetrios v Gikas Dry Cleaning Industries Pty Ltd (1991) 22 NSWLR 561 207Dempster v Mallina Holdings Ltd (1994) 13 WAR 124 209Denkewitz v Hodgson (Supreme Court of Queensland, Ambrose J, 6 November 1998) 118Derbyshire Building Co Pty Ltd v Becker (1962) 107 CLR 633 70Dessent v Commonwealth of Australia (1977) 13 ALR 437 173Di Napoli v New Beach Apartments Pty Ltd (2004) 11 BPR 21,493 261–62Diagnostic X-Ray Services Pty Ltd v Jewel Food Stores Pty Ltd (2001) 4 VR 632 254Diakos v Mason [2010] SASCFC 37 304Digital Pulse Pty Ltd v Harris (2002) 166 FLR 421 209, 322, 324Director of War Service Homes v Harris [1968] Qd R 275 111Disctronics Ltd v Edmonds [2002] VSC 454 209Dixson v Tange (1891) 12 LR (NSW) Eq 204 278Djordjevic v Australian Iron & Steel Ltd (1964) 82 WN (Pt 1) (NSW) 218 41DNM Mining Pty Ltd v Barwick [2004] NSWCA 137 60–61, 172Doe v Australian Broadcasting Corporation [2007] VCC 281 209, 266Dome Resources NL v Silver (2008) 72 NSWLR 693 127Dominish v Astill [1979] 2 NSWLR 368 189Donis v Donis (2007) 19 VR 577 231

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Donnelly v Amalgamated Television Services Pty Ltd (1998) 45 NSWLR 570 442Doolan v Renkon Pty Ltd [2011] TASFC 4 35, 51Dorsett v Janeska [2005] WASCA 215 74Doubleday v Kelly [2005] NSWCA 151 156Dougan v Ley (1946) 71 CLR 142 107, 236, 238, 246–47Doughty v Martino Developments Pty Ltd (2010) 27 VR 499 183Doulton Potteries Ltd v Bronotte [1971] 1 NSWLR 591 300, 415, 455Dowdell v Knispel Fruit Juices Pty Ltd [2003] FCA 851 106Downham v Bellette (1986) Aust Torts Reports ¶80–083 329Dowsett v Reid (1912) 15 CLR 695 249, 374Dowthwaite Holdings Pty Ltd v Saliba [2006] WASCA 72 90, 91Dragojlovic v Director-General of Social Security (1984) 1 FCR 301 82Dryden v Orr (1928) 28 SR (NSW) 216 138Duke Group Ltd (in liq) v Pilmer (1998) 144 FLR 1 88Duke Group Ltd (in liq) v Pilmer (1999) 73 SASR 64 42, 48, 51, 123, 209, 216, 220, 226Duncombe v New York Properties Pty Ltd [1986] 1 Qd R 16 246Dunin v Harrison (2002) 8 VR 596 72Duyvelshaff v Cathcart & Ritchie Ltd (1973) 1 ALR 125 64Dwyer v Kaljo (1992) 27 NSWLR 728 102Eastern Construction Co Pty Ltd v Southern Portland Cement Ltd [1960] NSWR 505 26, 138Eatock v Bolt (2011) 197 FCR 261 334Economy Shipping Pty Ltd v ADC Building Pty Ltd [1971] 1 NSWLR 37 456Edward Street Properties v Collins [1977] Qd R 399 278Edwards v Pelvay [1961] SASR 171 70Egan v Egan [1975] Ch 218 265Egan v Ross (1928) 29 SR (NSW) 382 246Egan v State Transport Authority (1982) 31 SASR 481 43, 46, 141Egan v Willis (1998) 195 CLR 424 338Eiszele v Hurburgh [2011] TASSC 65 216EK Nominees Pty Ltd v Woolworths Ltd [2006] NSWSC 1172 207Elayoubi v Zipster [2008] NSWCA 335 63, 64Electricity Trust of South Australia v O’Leary (1986) 42 SASR 26 139Elite Protective Personnel Pty Ltd v Salmon [2007] NSWCA 322 155Elliott v Renner [1923] St R Qd 172 340Ellison v Lutre Pty Ltd (1999) 88 FCR 116 400, 408El-Saeidy v NSW Land and Housing Corporation [2011] NSWSC 820 117, 165, 200Embo Holdings Pty Ltd v Camm (1998) ATPR (Digest) ¶46–184 205Emcorp Pty Ltd v Australian Broadcasting Corporation [1988] 2 Qd R 169 262English v Rogers (2005) Aust Torts Reports ¶81–800 73Environmental Systems Pty Ltd v Peerless Holdings Pty Ltd (2008) 19 VR 358 48Equuscorp Pty Ltd v Haxton (2012) 246 CLR 498 245, 384, 389, 390, 391Erven Warnink Bv v J Townend & Sons (Hull) Ltd [1979] AC 731 263Esanda Finance Corp Ltd v Plessnig (1989) 166 CLR 131 306, 309ESPN Inc v Thomas [2010] FCA 1232 442Essex Electric (PTE) Ltd v IPC Computers UK Ltd (1991) 19 IPR 639 442European Bank Ltd v Evans (2010) 240 CLR 432 445Evans v Balog [1976] 1 NSWLR 36 135Evans v Queanbeyan City Council [2011] NSWCA 230 69Evans v Stephen (1882) 3 LR (NSW) L 154 452Evans & Associates v European Bank Ltd (2009) 255 ALR 171 127Expectation Pty Ltd v PRD Realty Pty Ltd (2004) 140 FCR 17 216Fabcot Pty Ltd v Port Macquarie-Hastings Council [2010] NSWSC 726 35FAI General Insurance Co Ltd v AR Griffiths & Sons Pty Ltd (1997) 71 ALJR 651 91FAI General Insurance Company Ltd v Ocean Marine Mutual Protection and Indemnity Association Ltd

(1997) 41 NSWLR 559 392FAI Insurances Ltd v Pioneer Concrete Services (1987) 15 NSWLR 552 250Falko v James McEwan & Co Pty Ltd [1977] VR 447 118Farah Constructions Pty Ltd v Say-Dee Pty Ltd (2007) 230 CLR 89 217, 383Fatimi Pty Ltd v Bryant (2004) 59 NSWLR 678 313, 314Fazlic v Milingimbi Community Inc (1982) 150 CLR 345 76, 81, 82Federal Commissioner of Taxation v Dixon (1952) 86 CLR 540 30Fejo v Northern Territory (1998) 195 CLR 96 438Fermiscan Pty Ltd v James (2009) 261 ALR 408 304Ferraloro v Preston Timber Pty Ltd (1982) 42 ALR 627 157Ferrari Investment (Townsville) Pty Ltd (in liq) v Ferrari [2000] 2 QD R 359 208–09

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Ferrett v Worsley (1993) 61 SASR 234 159Fexuto Pty Ltd v Bosnjak Holdings Pty Ltd (2001) NSWCA 97 216Fexuto Pty Ltd v Bosnjak Holdings Pty Ltd (No 2) (1998) 29 ACSR 290 349, 351Fico v O’Leary [2004] ATPR (Digest) ¶46–259 210Field v NSW Greyhound Breeders, Owners & Trainers Association [1972] 2 NSWLR 948 336Finesky Holdings Pty Ltd v Minister for Transport for Western Australia [2002] WASCA 206 141Fink v Fink (1946) 74 CLR 127 116Finucane v NSW Egg Corp (1988) 80 ALR 486 205First East Auction Holdings Pty Ltd v Ange [2010] VSC 72 304Firth v Centrelink (2002) 55 NSWLR 451 420Firth v Sutton (No 2) [2010] NSWCA 109 50Fisher v Smithson (1978) 17 SASR 223 188Fitch v Hyde-Cates (1982) 150 CLR 482 172, 177, 184Fitzgerald v F J Leonhardt Pty Ltd (1997) 189 CLR 245Fitzgerald v Kellion Estates Pty Ltd (1977) 2 BPR 9181 299Fitzgerald v Masters (1956) 95 CLR 420 249, 251Fitzgerald v Penn (1954) 91 CLR 268 55Fitzwilliam v Beckman [1978] Qd R 398 265Flamingo Park Pty Ltd v Dolly Dolly Creations Pty Ltd (1986) 65 ALR 500 119, 123, 124, 316Fletcher v Berriman [2001] NSWSC 457 118Fligg v Owners Strata Plan 53457 [2012] NSWSC 230 166Flight Centre v Louw (2010) 78 NSWLR 656 120, 166, 330Fontin v Katapodis (1962) 108 CLR 177 155, 298, 315, 316, 329Foran v Wight (1989) 168 CLR 385 255Forbes v Clarton (1878) 4 VLR (E) 22 244Forbes v NSW Trotting Club Ltd (1979) 143 CLR 242 268Ford Motor Co of Australia Ltd v Mann [2001] VSCA 177 172Forster v Jododex Australia Pty Ltd (1972) 127 CLR 421 337Foster v Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (2006) 149 FCR 135 274Francis v Lyon (1907) 4 CLR 1023 104, 105Fraser v Booth (1949) 50 SR (NSW) 113 262Fraser v State Transport Authority (1985) 39 SASR 57 73Free v Thomas [2009] NSWSC 642 117Freemantle’s Pastoral Pty Ltd v Hyett [1999] VSC 129 81French v QBE Insurance (Aust) Ltd (2011) 58 MVR 214 129Friend v Brooker (2009) 239 CLR 129 87, 383Frigo v Culhaci (NSWCA, 17 July 1998) 448, 449Fulton Hogan Construction Pty Ltd v Grenadier Manufacturing Pty Ltd [2012] VSC 358 93Furness v Adrium Industries Pty Ltd [1996] 1 VR 668 31, 140Futuretronics International v Gadzhis [1992] 2 VR 217 256Gaba Formwork Contractors Pty Ltd v Turner Corp Ltd (1991) 32 NSWLR 175 43, 141, 367Gacic v John Fairfax Publications Pty Ltd [2005] NSWSC 1210 145Gaggin v Moss [1983] 2 Qd R 486 138Gagner Pty Ltd v Canturi Corp Pty Ltd (2009) 262 ALR 691 25, 31, 83, 135, 136Gales Holdings Pty Ltd v Tweed Shire Council [2011] NSWSC 1128 262Gall v Mitchell (1924) 35 CLR 222 249Gander v Murray (1907) 5 CLR 575 244Gartner v Kidman (1962) 108 CLR 12 294Gas & Fuel Corporation (Vic) v Barba [1976] VR 755 280Gates v City Mutual Life Assurance Society Ltd (1986) 160 CLR 1 22, 23, 44, 144–45, 146, 195, 196, 197,

256GE Commercial Corporation (Australia) Pty Ltd v Nichols [2012] NSWSC 562 239Gedbury Pty Ltd v Michael David Kennedy Autos [1986] 1 Qd R 103 271GEJ & MA Geldard Pty Ltd v Mobbs (No 2) [2012] 1 Qd R 120 94Gemstone Corporation of Australia Ltd v Grasso (1994) 62 SASR 239 216Gent-Diver v Neville [1953] St R Qd 1 159George v Biztole Corp Pty Ltd (VSC, 26 February 1996) 417Georges v Wieland [2009] NSWSC 733 239Geraghty v Minter (1979) 142 CLR 177 268Gertsch v Atsas [1999] NSWSC 898 411Geyer v Redeland Pty Ltd [2013] NSWCA 338 33Gibson v Minister for Finance, Natural Resources and the Arts [2011] QSC 401 442Gill v Australian Wheat Board [1980] 2 NSWLR 795 29Gillan v Brannan (1991) Aust Torts Reports ¶81–136 173Giller v Procopets (2008) 24 VR 1 6, 145, 207, 209–10, 266, 276, 277, 278, 280, 287, 288, 330

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Giller v Procopets [2004] VSC 113 210Gittens v O’Brien (1986) 4 MVR 27 158Giumelli v Giumelli (1999) 196 CLR 101 207, 231, 418, 422, 423, 428, 431Glazier Holdings Pty Ltd v Australian Men’s Health Pty Ltd [2001] NSWSC 6 200Glenmont Investments Pty Ltd v O’Loughlin (No 2) (2000) 79 SASR 185 137, 138, 139Glenwood Management Group Pty Ltd v Mayo [1991] 2 VR 49 448, 449Global Finance Management (NSW) Ltd v Rooney (1994) 36 NSWLR 122 339Global Minerals Australia Pty Ltd v Valerica Pty Ltd (2000) 10 BPR 17,287 419Glover v Walters (1950) 80 CLR 172 447GM & AM Pearce & Co Pty Ltd v Australian Tallow Producers [2005] VSCA 113 217, 220Godfrey Constructions Pty Ltd v Kanangra Park Pty Ltd (1972) 128 CLR 529 107Goldsborough v O’Neill (1996) 131 FLR 104 82Gollan v Nugent (1988) 166 CLR 18 300Goodman v Impact Hire Australia Pty Ltd [2009] NSWSC 941 42Goodridge v Macquarie Bank Ltd (2010) 265 ALR 170 81Goodsell v Murphy (2002) Aust Torts Reports ¶81–671 74Goodwin v Duggan (1996) 41 NSWLR 158 85, 87Goodwin v VietnamVeteransMotor Cycle Club Australia NSWChapter Inc (2008) 72NSWLR 224 118, 119Goss v Nicholas [1960] Tas SR 133 298Gould v Vaggelas (1985) 157 CLR 215 44, 144Government Insurance Office of NSW v Healey (No 2) (1991) 22 NSWLR 380 48Graham v Baker (1961) 106 CLR 340 171, 180Graham v Freer (1980) 35 SASR 424 412Graham v KD Morris and Sons Pty Ltd [1974] Qd R 1 259, 262Graham Barclay Oysters Pty Ltd v Ryan (2002) 211 CLR 540 144Grant v Australian Knitting Mills Ltd (1935) 54 CLR 49 106, 117, 162Grasso v Love [1980] VR 163 262, 270Gray v Motor Accident Commission (1998) 196 CLR 1 9, 311, 312, 313, 314, 316, 317, 319Gray v Motor Accident Commission [1998] HCATrans 199 314Gray v Queensland Housing Commission [2004] QSC 276 117Greater Pacific Investments Pty Ltd (in liq) v Australian National Industries Pty Ltd (1996) 39

NSWLR 143 42Greater Pacific Union Pty Ltd (in liq) v Australian National Industries Ltd (1996) 39 NSWLR 143 405Green v Green (1989) 17 NSWLR 343 423Green v Nominal Defendant (2012) 14 DCLR (NSW) 128 158, 159Green v Sommerville (1979) 141 CLR 594 223, 255Greenland v Chaplin (1850) 5 Ex 243 147Gregory v NSW [2009] NSWSC 559 73Grey v Simpson (NSWCA, 3 April 1978) 74Gribben v Woree Caravan Park and Motels [1970] Qd R 420 106, 124Griffith v Australian Broadcasting Corporation [2004] NSWSC 582 145Griffiths v Kerkemeyer (1977) 139 CLR 161 168, 175, 176Grimaldi v Chameleon Mining NL (No 2) (2012) 200 FCR 296 48, 428–29Grogan v ‘The Astor’ Ltd (1925) 25 SR (NSW) 409 412Grosse v Purvis [2003] QDC 151 266Grosso (as executor of the estate of the late Wheeler) v Deaton [2012] NSWCA 101 189Grout v Gunnedah Shire Council (1995) 129 ALR 372 162Groves v United Pacific Transport Pty Ltd [1965] Qd R 62 30, 171Guiney v Australand Holdings Ltd [2008] NSWCA 44 171Gullifer v Pohto [1978] 2 NSWLR 353 188, 189, 191Gumland Property Holdings Pty Ltd v Duffy Bros Fruit Market (Campbelltown) Pty Ltd

(2008) 234 CLR 237 38Gutman v McFall (2004) 61 NSWLR 599 86Guy v Commonwealth of Australia [2013] ACTSC 128 31, 40GW Sinclair & Co Pty Ltd v Cocks [2001] ANZ ConvR 522 82Haber v Walker [1963] VR 339 186, 187Hackshaw v Shaw (1984) 155 CLR 624 297Haines v Bendall (1991) 172 CLR 60 50Hall v Alice Springs Veterinary Clinic Pty Ltd (1989) 98 FLR 85 192Hall v Foong (1995) 65 SASR 281 35Halvorsen Boats Pty Ltd v Robinson (1993) 31 NSWLR 1 189Hamer-Mathew v Gulabrai (No 2) (1995) Aust Torts Reports ¶81–334 316Hampic Pty Ltd v Adams (1999) ASAL ¶55–035 89Hampton v BHP Billiton Minerals Pty Ltd (No 2) [2012] WASC 285 366Hanflex Pty Ltd v NS Hope & Associates [1990] 2 Qd R 218 35

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Haniotis v Dimitriou [1983] VR 498 295Hardie v Shadbolt [2004] WASCA 175 51Hardie Finance Corp Pty Ltd v Ahern (No 3) [2010] WASC 403 80Harris v Commercial Minerals Ltd (1996) 186 CLR 1 181Harris v Digital Pulse Pty Ltd (2003) 56 NSWLR 298 9–10, 224, 315, 319, 321, 322, 323Harris v Grigg [1988] 1 Qd R 514 183, 184Harrisons Group Holdings Ltd v Westpac Banking Corporation (1989) 51 SASR 36 151Harriton v Stephens (2006) 226 CLR 52 176Hartigan v International Society for Krishna Consciousness Inc [2002] NSWSC 810 407, 410–11Hartley Poynton Ltd v Ali (2005) 11 VR 568 317Harvey v Electrolytic Zinc Co of Australasia Ltd [1980] Tas R 167 42Hatfield v TCN Channel Nine Pty Ltd (No 2) [2011] NSWSC 737 82Hausmann v Smith (2006) 24 ACLC 688 441Havenaar v Havenaar [1982] 1 NSWLR 626 74Haviv Holdings Pty Ltd v Howards Storage World Pty Ltd (2009) 254 ALR 273 124, 127Havyn Pty Ltd v Webster (2005) 12 BPR 22,827 198Hawker Pacific Ltd v Helicopter Charter Pty Ltd (1991) 22 NSWLR 298 408Hawthorn Football Club Ltd v Harding [1988] VR 49 242, 268Hay Properties Consultants Pty Ltd v Victorian Securities Corporation Ltd (2010) 29 VR 503 73Haynes v Top Slice Deli Pty Ltd (1995) ATPR (Digest) ¶46–147 205Healing (Sales) Pty Ltd v Inglis Electrix Pty Ltd (1968) 121 CLR 584 140, 316Hearne v Smith (2008) 235 CLR 125 455Heavener v Loomes (1924) 34 CLR 306 258, 436, 441Heenan v Di Sisto (2008) Aust Torts Reports ¶81–941 35, 37Heid v Reliance Finance Corporation (1983) 154 CLR 326 420Heine Bros (Aust) Pty Ltd v Forrest [1963] VR 383 269Henderson v Campbell [2002] NSWSC 1202 170Hendricks v McGeoch (2008) Aust Torts Reports ¶81–942 37Henjo Investments Pty Ltd v Collins Marrickville Pty Ltd (1998) 39 FCR 546 396Henley v Commane [1971] Tas SR 180 179Henry v Perry [1964] VR 174 189Henry v Thompson [1989] 2 Qd R 412 86, 316, 328Henville v Walker (2001) 206 CLR 459 195, 198–99, 201, 202, 203, 204, 256Hewitt v Court (1983) 149 CLR 639 424Heydon v NRMA Ltd (No 2) (2001) 53 NSWLR 600 48Highway Hauliers Pty Ltd v Maxwell [2012] WASC 53 154HIH Claims Support Ltd v Insurance Australia Ltd (2011) 244 CLR 72 87, 88Hill v Rose [1990] VR 129 209, 219Hirst v Nominal Defendant [2005] 2 Qd R 133 75Ho v Powell (2001) 51 NSWLR 572 174Hoad v Scone Motors Pty Ltd [1977] 1 NSWLR 88 26–27Hocking Stuart (Hawthorn) Pty Ltd v Vernea (2005) V ConvR ¶54–706 44–45Hodges v Frost (1984) 53 ALR 373 175Hodgson v Amcor Ltd (2012) 264 FLR 1 209, 216Hoffman v Cali [1985] 1 Qd R 253 107, 108Hoffmueller v Commonwealth (1981) 54 FLR 48 149, 153Hogan v Tumut Shire Council (1954) 54 SR (NSW) 284 241, 267Hohol v Hohol [1981] VR 221 423Holloway v Witham (1990) 21 NSWLR 70 331Holmes v Jones (1907) 4 CLR 1692 44, 144Holt v Manufacturers’ Mutual Insurance Ltd [2001] QSC 230 74Hooper v Rogers [1975] 1 Ch 43 270Horkin v North Melbourne Football Club Social Club [1983] 1 VR 153 155, 296Horton v Byrne [1957] St R Qd 1 188Horwood v Murdoch (1879) 5 VLR (L) 435 452Hosie v De Ferro (1984) 3 BPR 9418 135, 136Hospital Products Ltd v United States Surgical Corp (1984) 156 CLR 41 348, 357, 358, 428Hospitality Group Pty Ltd v Australian Rugby Union Ltd (2001) 110 FCR 157 319, 320, 353–54,

355, 358Houghton v Immer (No 155) Pty Ltd (1997) 44 NSWLR 46 209Howe v Teefy (1927) 27 SR (NSW) 301 35HRX Holdings Pty Ltd v Pearson (2012) 205 FCR 169 268HTW Valuers (Central Qld) Pty Ltd v Astonland Pty Ltd (2004) 217 CLR 640 44, 144Hubbard v Vosper [1972] 2 QB 84 271, 436Hubbards Pty Ltd v Simpson Ltd (1982) 41 ALR 509 205

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Hughes v Cornwall [2001] WASCA 157 43Hughes v Western Australian Cricket Association Inc (1986) 69 ALR 660 268Hungerfords v Walker (1989) 171 CLR 125 48, 49, 50–51Hunt & Hunt Lawyers v Mitchell Morgan Nominees Pty Ltd (2013) 296 ALR 3 72, 84, 92Hunter v BNZ Finance Ltd v CG Maloney Pty Ltd (1988) 18 NSWLR 420 394, 401Hunter v Scott [1963] Qd R 77 184Hunter Area Health Service v Marchlewski (2000) 51 NSWLR 268 176, 329Husher v Husher (1999) 197 CLR 138 131, 171Hyder Consulting (Australia) Pty Ltd v Wilh Wilhelmsen Agency Pty Ltd [2001] NSWCA 313 24, 27Hydrocool Pty Ltd v Hepburn (No 4) (2011) 279 ALR 646 216, 219I & L Securities Pty Ltd v HTW Valuers (Brisbane) Pty Ltd (2002) 210 CLR 109 201, 202, 203, 204Iambic Pty Ltd v Northwind Holdings Pty Ltd [2001] WASC 44 249ICI Ltd v Trade Practices Commission (1992) 38 FCR 248 272, 273Ide v Ide (2004) 184 FLR 44 207Iezzi Constructions Pty Ltd v Watkins Pacific (Qld) Pty Ltd [1995] 2 Qd R 350 389IGA Distributors Pty Ltd v King & Taylor Pty Ltd [2002] VSC 440 249Immer (No 145) Pty Ltd v Uniting Church in Australia Property Trust (NSW) (1993) 182 CLR 26 400,

408In the Marriage of Aldous (1996) 135 FLR 326 91Ingot Capital Investments Pty Ltd v Macquarie Equity Capital Markets Ltd (No 6) (2007) 63 ACSR 1 202Ingram v Ingram [1927] VLR 225 447Insight Vacations Pty Ltd v Young (2010) 78 NSWLR 641 118, 119, 165, 166, 200, 330Insurance Commission (WA) v Container Handlers Pty Ltd (2004) 218 CLR 89 65Insurance Commission of Western Australia v Kightly (2005) 30 WAR 380 180Integral Home Loans Pty Ltd v Interstar Wholesale Finance Pty Ltd (2007) Aust Contract R ¶90–261

305Integral Home Loans Pty Ltd v Interstar Wholesale Financial Pty Ltd [2009] HCATrans 87 305Interstar Wholesale Finance Pty Ltd v Integral Home Loans Pty Ltd (2008) 257 ALR 292 304, 305Interstate Parcel Express Co Pty Ltd v Time-Life International (Nederlands) BV (1977) 138 CLR 534 374Ithaca Ice Works Pty Ltd v Queensland Ice Supplies Pty Ltd [2002] QSC 222 210, 218J & E Hall Ltd v Barclay [1937] 3 All ER 620 140Jackel International Ltd v Jackel Pty Ltd [2011] FCA 1516 439Jackson v Goldsmith (1950) 81 CLR 446 40, 41Jackson v Sterling Industries Ltd (1987) 162 CLR 612 448, 449Jacques v Matthews [1961] SASR 205 70Jaddcal Pty Ltd v Minson [2011] WASC 28 263Jaensch v Coffey (1984) 155 CLR 549 149Jakudo Pty Ltd v South Australian Telecasters Ltd (1997) 69 SASR 440 266James Hardie & Co Pty Ltd v Roberts (1999) 47 NSWLR 425 172James Hardie & Co Pty Ltd v Seltsam Pty Ltd (1998) 196 CLR 53 87, 90Jampco Pty Ltd v Cameron (No 2) (1985) 3 NSWLR 391 125Jansen v Dewhurst [1969] VR 421 138, 139JC Williamson Ltd v Lukey (1931) 45 CLR 282 230, 241, 243, 253, 266, 267, 278Jervois Sulphates (NT) Ltd v Petrocarb Explorations NL (1974) 5 ALR 1 328Jessup v Lawyers Private Mortgages Ltd [2006] QCA 432 214Jira v Burcher (1960) 78 WN (NSW) 421 447Jiwira Pty Ltd v Primary Industry Bank of Australia Ltd [2000] NSWSC 1094 31, 140JLW (Vic) Pty Ltd v Tsiloglou [1994] 1 VR 237 102John Alexander’s Clubs Pty Ltd v White City Tennis Club Ltd (2010) 241 CLR 1 422, 428, 431John Fairfax Publications Pty Ltd v Birt [2006] NSWSC 995 242, 269John Gallagher Panel Beating Co Pty Ltd v Palmer [2007] NSWSC 627 141Johns v Prunell [1960] VR 208 28Johnson v Buchanan [2012] VSC 195 297Johnson v Buttress (1936) 53 CLR 113 395Johnson v Cetin [2011] WASC 344 440Johnson v Perez (1988) 166 CLR 351 43, 45, 176Johnson Matthey (Aust) Ltd v Dascorp Pty Ltd (2003) 9 VR 171 140Johnstone v Stewart [1968] SASR 142 137, 328Jones v Edwards (1994) 3 Tas R 350 78Jones v Mortgage Acceptance Nominees Ltd (1996) 63 FCR 418 88, 89Jones v Shire of Perth [1971] WAR 56 136Jones v White [2008] VSC 551 171Jongen v CSR Ltd (1992) Aust Torts Reports ¶81–192 174Joseph & Co Pty Ltd v Harvest Grain Co Pty Ltd (1996) 39 NSWLR 722 104Joslyn v Berryman (2003) 214 CLR 552 156, 160

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Kain & Shelton Ltd v Virgo (1956) 97 CLR 230 186, 187, 188Kaplan v Go Daddy Group [2005] NSWSC 636 263, 264Karacominakis v Big Country Developments Pty Ltd [2000] NSWCA 313 81Karam v Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Ltd [2001] NSWSC 709 207Karatjas v Deakin University (2012) 35 VR 355 73Kardynal v Dodek (1977) 5 Fam LR 706 423Kars v Kars (1996) 187 CLR 354 168, 169, 181Kation Pty Ltd v Lamru Pty Ltd (2009) 257 ALR 336 214Kavanagh v Akhtar (1998) 45 NSWLR 588 76, 153Kay v Murray Irrigation Ltd [2009] NSWSC 1411 171KBE Contracting Pty Ltd v Mawer (2007) 56 SR (WA) 11 117Kealley v Jones [1979] 1 NSWLR 723 183, 184Keddell v Regarose Pty Ltd [1995] 1 Qd R 172 135Kell v Harris (1915) 15 SR (NSW) 473 252Kelly v Sherlock (1866) LR 1 QB 686 340Kelmar v Souden (1902) 2 SR (NSW) 348 119Kenny & Good Pty Ltd v MGICA (1992) Ltd (1999) 199 CLR 413 70, 203Kerridge v Foley (1968) 70 SR (NSW) 251 445Kestrel Coal Pty Ltd v Construction, Forestry Mining and Energy Union [2001] 1 Qd R 634 270Kettles and Gas Appliances Ltd v Anthony Hordern and Sons Ltd (1934) 35 SR (NSW) 108 250Keynes v Rural Directions Pty Ltd (No 2) (2009) 72 ACSR 264 104Kheirs Financial Services Pty Ltd v Aussie Home Loans Pty Ltd (2010) 31 VR 46 93, 97, 98Khoury v Khouri (2006) 66 NSWLR 241 243Khoury v Sidhu [2011] FCAFC 71 204Khoury v Sidhu (No 2) [2010] FCA 1320 204King v Benecke [2013] NSWSC 568 80King v Poggioli (1923) 32 CLR 222 278Kizbeau Pty Ltd v WG & B Pty Ltd (1995) 184 CLR 281 44, 144, 195Klein v Botsman [2003] TASSC 106 447K-Mart Australia Ltd v McCann [2004] NSWCA 283 171Knott Investments Pty Ltd v Fulcher [2013] QCA 67 76Koeck v Persic (1996) Aust Torts Reports ¶81–386 59, 173Kolback Securities Ltd v Epoch Mining NL (1987) 8 NSWLR 533 444Kooee Communications Pty Ltd v Primus Telecommunications Pty Ltd [2011] FCAFC 119 38Koompahtoo Local Aboriginal Land Council v Sanpine (2007) 233 CLR 115 308Koops Martin Financial Services Pty Ltd v Reeves [2006] NSWSC 449 242, 269Koutsakis v Director-General of Social Security (1985) 10 FCR 42 82Koutsonicolis v Principle (No 2) (1987) 48 SASR 328 44Kraemers v Attorney-General of Tasmania [1966] Tas SR 113 294Kramer v McMahon [1970] 1 NSWR 194 398Kriz v King [2007] 1 Qd R 327 175Kupke v The Corporation of the Sisters of Mercy [1996] 1 Qd R 300 186Kyogle Shire Council v Francis (1988) 13 NSWLR 396 22, 23, 144, 145L Shaddock & Associates Pty Ltd v Parramatta City Council (No 1) (1981) 150 CLR 225 144La Trobe Capital & Mortgage Corp Ltd v Hay Property Consultants Pty Ltd (2011) 190 FCR 299 35, 37Lactos Fresh Pty Ltd v Finishing Services Pty Ltd (2006) ANZ ConvR 258 201, 202Lahoud v Lahoud [2009] NSWSC 623 108, 359Lamb v Cotogno (1987) 164 CLR 1 311, 312, 313, 314, 316, 326Lamont v Dwyer [2007] ACTSC 47 155Lamont v Osborn (1902) 28 VLR 434 239Lamshed v Lamshed (1963) 109 CLR 440 251Latec Investments Limited v Hotel Terrigal Pty Ltd (1965) 113 CLR 265 393, 403, 419Law Society (NSW) v Weaver [1974] 1 NSLWR 271 337Law v Wright [1935] SASR 20 329, 340Lawrence v Kempsey Shire Council (1995) Aust Torts Report ¶81–344 135Lawrence v Mathison (1981) 11 NTR 1 176, 177Lawrie v Meggitt (1974) 11 SASR 5 72Leason Pty Ltd v Princes Farm Pty Ltd [1983] 2 NSWLR 381 412LED Builders Pty Ltd v Masterton Homes (NSW) Pty Ltd (1994) 54 FCR 196 351, 353Lennon v State of South Australia [2010] SASC 272 119Leplastrier & Co Ltd v Armstrong-Holland Ltd (1926) 26 SR (NSW) 585 372Leslie v Smalley [2003] NSWCA 247 168, 170Lexane Pty Ltd v Highfern Pty Ltd [1985] 1 Qd R 446 48Ley v Lewis [1952] VLR 119 43LHK Nominees Pty Ltd v Kenworthy [2001] WASC 205 401

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