Relevance of Relevance of Entrepreneurship Training Entrepreneurship Training in a Market Driven Economyin a Market Driven Economy

Gabriel S KonayumaGabriel S KonayumaMinistry of Higher Education, ZambiaMinistry of Higher Education, Zambia

International Conference on Research in Development (RiD) 2016

Mika Convention Centre, Chongwe, Zambia

Overview of PaperOverview of Paper

BackgroundBackgroundSWOT Analysis of Entrepreneurship Training SWOT Analysis of Entrepreneurship Training

in Zambiain ZambiaRelevance of Entrepreneurship Training in a Relevance of Entrepreneurship Training in a

Market Driven EconomyMarket Driven EconomyRecommendationsRecommendationsConclusionConclusion

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Objectives of the PresentationObjectives of the Presentation

To contribute to the development of strategic To contribute to the development of strategic interventions that promote sustainable socio-interventions that promote sustainable socio-economic development in Zambia;economic development in Zambia;

To assess how the TEVET Policy has To assess how the TEVET Policy has addressed entrepreneurship training in addressed entrepreneurship training in Zambia;Zambia;

To identify how the country hopes to achieve To identify how the country hopes to achieve a middle-income economy through a middle-income economy through strengthened entrepreneurship training;strengthened entrepreneurship training;

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BackgroundBackground

Location: Location: Zambia is a land-linked country located in Zambia is a land-linked country located in Southern Africa. Zambia has eight numbers. Very few Southern Africa. Zambia has eight numbers. Very few African nations have such an opportunity of having African nations have such an opportunity of having eight neighbours! eight neighbours!

EconomyEconomy: : From the 1990s Zambia has adopted a From the 1990s Zambia has adopted a free-market economy. The key opportunity sectors are free-market economy. The key opportunity sectors are agricultural production, energy, mining, agricultural production, energy, mining, manufacturing, transportation and tourism.manufacturing, transportation and tourism.

Education SystemEducation System: : Zambia’s education system from Zambia’s education system from early childhood to university education is governed by early childhood to university education is governed by the National Education Policy: Educating Our Future of the National Education Policy: Educating Our Future of 1996. The TEVET sector is governed by the TEVET 1996. The TEVET sector is governed by the TEVET Policy of 1996. Policy of 1996.

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Entrepreneurship Entrepreneurship Training in ZambiaTraining in Zambia

Entrepreneurship has been taught as a stand-alone Entrepreneurship has been taught as a stand-alone subject in TEVET institutions in Zambia. However, the subject in TEVET institutions in Zambia. However, the Technical Training, Vocational and Entrepreneurship Technical Training, Vocational and Entrepreneurship Training Authority (TEVETA) recently organised Training Authority (TEVETA) recently organised workshops where trainers from TEVET institutions were workshops where trainers from TEVET institutions were trained in integrating entrepreneurship into various trained in integrating entrepreneurship into various training programmes (Konayuma, 2006:6). training programmes (Konayuma, 2006:6).

Entrepreneurship training has generally been absent Entrepreneurship training has generally been absent from the primary, secondary and university training. At from the primary, secondary and university training. At universities, it is offered mostly to students that are universities, it is offered mostly to students that are doing business studies. Thus entrepreneurship is not doing business studies. Thus entrepreneurship is not viewed as a tool that can be used to develop viewed as a tool that can be used to develop innovative and creative skills in students that can lead innovative and creative skills in students that can lead them to become entrepreneurs. them to become entrepreneurs.

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Challenges of Entrepreneurship Challenges of Entrepreneurship Training Training

Inadequate Entrepreneurship Trainers;Inadequate Entrepreneurship Trainers; Lack of Appropriate Training Materials;Lack of Appropriate Training Materials; Lack of Appreciation of Entrepreneurship Lack of Appreciation of Entrepreneurship

Training; and Training; and Poor Entrepreneurial CulturePoor Entrepreneurial Culture

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SWOT Analysis of Entrepreneurship SWOT Analysis of Entrepreneurship Training in ZambiaTraining in Zambia

Strengths of Entrepreneurship Training in Strengths of Entrepreneurship Training in ZambiaZambiaGrowing interest in entrepreneurship and Growing interest in entrepreneurship and small business management by a number of small business management by a number of youths;youths;Number of staff with some training of trainers Number of staff with some training of trainers in entrepreneurship;in entrepreneurship;Supported by relevant policies e.g. TEVET, Supported by relevant policies e.g. TEVET, Labour, Commercial and Youth policies.Labour, Commercial and Youth policies.

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Weaknesses of Entrepreneurship Weaknesses of Entrepreneurship Training in ZambiaTraining in Zambia

Lack of experienced entrepreneurs as Lack of experienced entrepreneurs as entrepreneurship instructors;entrepreneurship instructors;

Lack of adequate training materials for Lack of adequate training materials for entrepreneurship training;entrepreneurship training;

Inadequate or lack of business incubators that Inadequate or lack of business incubators that provide support services and nurture students;provide support services and nurture students;

Lack of appropriate entrepreneurship models to Lack of appropriate entrepreneurship models to support entrepreneurship training.support entrepreneurship training.

Teaching of entrepreneurship like any other Teaching of entrepreneurship like any other subject and in an academic manner.subject and in an academic manner.

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Opportunities for Entrepreneurship Opportunities for Entrepreneurship Training in ZambiaTraining in Zambia

Growing number of successful entrepreneurs who can be used Growing number of successful entrepreneurs who can be used as role models and as trainers;as role models and as trainers;

Entrepreneurship training materials available on the Internet;Entrepreneurship training materials available on the Internet; Availability of space and/or workshops in training institutions and Availability of space and/or workshops in training institutions and

industries that can be used as business incubators;industries that can be used as business incubators; Best practice of models of entrepreneurship within Zambia and Best practice of models of entrepreneurship within Zambia and

internationally; internationally; Shrinking formal sector;Shrinking formal sector; Provision of toolkits for TEVET graduates;Provision of toolkits for TEVET graduates; Increasing number of institutions providing entrepreneurship Increasing number of institutions providing entrepreneurship

training.training.

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Threats to Entrepreneurship Threats to Entrepreneurship Training in ZambiaTraining in Zambia

Lack of implementation of policies that Lack of implementation of policies that support entrepreneurship;support entrepreneurship;

Persons that want to earn very large profits in Persons that want to earn very large profits in a very short time without undergoing any a very short time without undergoing any training and having appropriate training and having appropriate entrepreneurship experience;entrepreneurship experience;

Lack of good entrepreneurship curricula Lack of good entrepreneurship curricula entailing that entrepreneurship is taught in a entailing that entrepreneurship is taught in a haphazard manner.haphazard manner.

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Relevance of Entrepreneurship Training in Relevance of Entrepreneurship Training in a Market Driven Economya Market Driven Economy

Develops creativity and innovation that are required for Develops creativity and innovation that are required for one to take advantage of the business opportunities offered one to take advantage of the business opportunities offered in a market-driven economy;in a market-driven economy;Exposes students to successful role models and highlights Exposes students to successful role models and highlights the challenges they have faced and how they have the challenges they have faced and how they have overcome;overcome;Provides students with knowledge, skills and attitudes that Provides students with knowledge, skills and attitudes that enable them to create wealth and jobs in a market-driven enable them to create wealth and jobs in a market-driven economy;economy;Provides students with confidence to become Provides students with confidence to become entrepreneurs in a challenging market environment.entrepreneurs in a challenging market environment.

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RecommendationsRecommendations

Vocationalising General Education. Two-tier Vocationalising General Education. Two-tier system;system;

Establishing Entrepreneurship Development Establishing Entrepreneurship Development Centres;Centres;

Teaching Psychology in Entrepreneurship Teaching Psychology in Entrepreneurship Training;Training;

Documenting Best Practices in Documenting Best Practices in Entrepreneurship TrainingEntrepreneurship Training

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ReferencesReferences

Chipungu, S. N. (ed.) (1992) Chipungu, S. N. (ed.) (1992) Guardians in their Time.Guardians in their Time. London: London: Macmillan Press Limited. Macmillan Press Limited.

Government of Republic of Zambia (2006) Government of Republic of Zambia (2006) Vision 2030. Vision 2030. Lusaka: Government of Republic of Zambia.Lusaka: Government of Republic of Zambia.

Haan, H. C. (2002) Haan, H. C. (2002) Training for Work in the Informal Sector: Training for Work in the Informal Sector: New Evidence from Eastern and Southern Africa.New Evidence from Eastern and Southern Africa. Turin: Turin: International Labour Organisation.International Labour Organisation.

Hisrich, R. D., Peters, M. P. and Shepherd, D. A. (2005) Hisrich, R. D., Peters, M. P. and Shepherd, D. A. (2005) Entrepreneurship.Entrepreneurship. 6 6thth Edition. New York: McGraw-Hill. Edition. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Konayuma, G. S. (2007) Challenges and Opportunities of Konayuma, G. S. (2007) Challenges and Opportunities of Women Entrepreneurs in Zambia. Women Entrepreneurs in Zambia. Journal of Management Journal of Management and Administrationand Administration. Durban: Management College of . Durban: Management College of Southern Africa.Southern Africa.

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ReferencesReferences

Konayuma, G. S. (2006) Konayuma, G. S. (2006) Challenges of Shrinking Challenges of Shrinking Formal Sector in Africa.Formal Sector in Africa. Livingstone: Livingstone: Commonwealth Association of Polytechnics in Commonwealth Association of Polytechnics in Africa. Africa.

Ministry of Science, Technology and Vocational Ministry of Science, Technology and Vocational Training (1998) Training (1998) Technical Education, Vocational Technical Education, Vocational and Entrepreneurship Training Policy.and Entrepreneurship Training Policy. Lusaka: Lusaka: Ministry of Science, Technology and Vocational Ministry of Science, Technology and Vocational Training.Training.

Robbins, S. P. and Coulter, M. (2004) Robbins, S. P. and Coulter, M. (2004) Management Management (7(7thth Edition) New Delhi: Pearson Education. Edition) New Delhi: Pearson Education.

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ConclusionConclusion

Thank you for your attention.Thank you for your attention. You can find this presentation online on: You can find this presentation online on:

www.slideshare.net/gabkon You can read some education and training blog You can read some education and training blog

articles on: articles on: www.educationandtrainingissues.blogspot.com

You can contact me on: You can contact me on: gkonayuma@gmail.com You can interact with me on Twitter: You can interact with me on Twitter:

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