relative clause with their equivalence from english into indonesian
TRANSCRIPT
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1. Introduction
English as the international language has important role in the field of
communication. Many people in the developing country are able to speak in
English in order to obtain a better knowledge, better skill and better living. In
Indonesia that is one of the developing country, English is really needed.
According to (Nida and Taber 1982:12), translation is reproducing
receptor language of the closest natural equivalence of a source language
message, firstly in terms of meaning and secondly in term of style. The meaning
of the source language must be kept while doing the translationg from source
language into target language. In doing the translation, the same meaning must be
expressed into another language by very different forms.
Translation is said to be a change of form. The source language is the form
from which the translation and the target language is the form from which it is
changed. Translation is the transferring without distortion the meaning of the SL
into the TL. The intend meaning of the source language must be transferred
constant.
We have said that translation equivalence occurs when SL and TL items
are relatable to the same features of substance. In total translation, the question of
samness of situation substance is a difficult one and is linked to the question of
the sameness or otherwise of the cultures to which SL and TL belong. A legal text
is something very different from ordinary speech. The translation which keeping
the form in the TL, for instance, the word melodrama in English (Lawrence,
1960:107), it is translated into melodrama in Bahasa Indonesia (BI) (Achyar,
2008:242).
The meaning and the equivalence translation are the topic discussed in this
paper. Besides, this paper also identifies additional information or meaning or
reduction of information which occurs within the translation. It is important to
know the translation equivalence of the text which is translated into Indonesian.
Therefore, this topic is interested to discuss.
Linguistically, language deals with word, clause, sentence, and how word
are combined into a clause or sentence in order to create a complex of meaning.
Complex sentence can be used in speaking and writing activities, but the
comlexity of its structure often makes the learners confused in differentiating the
form and the other types.
There are some sentences that have the same meaning as the original
where the translation should reflect the intend meaning of the oiginal text. The
relative clause is one of the examples as a source that have several meanings in
Indonesian as target language. A complex sentence consists of two clauses and
between two clauses, there is a certain relation that makes the two clauses. These
clauses have a complex sense or meaning. They are called as the main clause and
subordinate clause. The subordinate clause has a certain function in the structure
of complex sentence so that the complex sentence seems like a simple sentence,
but one of its element realized by the subordinate clause. The subordinate clause
functions in the structure of complex sentence so that the complex sentence seems
like a simple sentence, but one of its element realized by the subordinate clause.
The subordinate clause has the function in the structure complex sentence so that
the complex sentence seem like the simple sentence, but one of its element was
realized by the subordinate clause. The semantic relation between the clause and
its relater may be either restrictive or nonrestrictive. This is called the basis
distinction between restrictive and nonrestrictive relative clause. The relative
clause was chosen as the topic of discussion in this study because there are many
aspects of language either in written or oral communication.
1.2 Problems of the study
Based on the background of the study above, the problems of the study are
formulated as follows:
1. What kind of the relative clause are found in the novel “The Good Earth”
by Pearl S. Buck?
2. What is the syntatic functions of relative clause found in the novel “The
Good Earth” by Pearl S. Buck?
3. What is the translation equivalence of the relative clause which are found
in the novel “The Good Earth” by Pearl S. Buck?
1.3 Aims of the Study
From the problems formulated above, the aims of this study are:
1. To identify the kind of relative clause found in the novel “The Good earth”
by Pearl S. Buck
2. To describe the syntatic functions of the relative clause found in the novel
“The Good Earth” by Pearl S. Buck
3. To investigate the translation equivalence of the relative clause in the
source language text and analyze the loss and gain of information which
occur in the text translated from the Source Language into the Target
Language.
1.4 Signficance of the Study
This study gives two significant aspects. Those are theoretical aspect and
practical aspect.
1.4.1 Theoretical Significance
The result of this study will be hoped to improve the knowledge based on
translation results regarding relative clause and in order to give contribution to
linguistics studies especially translation studies. Furthermore, translating English
relative clause into Indonesian give implication to translation subject in terms of
the way of rendering messages from a wider grammatical sentence pattern and the
way in identifying translation techniques of a translation product. It is hoped that
translation product can be done by students.
1.4.2 Practical Significance
The result of this study can give contribution a new comprehension for
students of translation class in translating relative clause in the sentences from
English into Indonesian. It is hoped to find the present study which is valuable
and practical significant to the language learners. This study can give a reference
for the other researchers to analyze relative clause in the sentence.
1.4.3 Scope of the Study
The scope of this study is hoped to give the limitation of the discussion
based on the characteristics of the data. This study is focused with the types of
relative clause occured in the sentences. It is concerned especially their types, and
the translation procedures applied in translating the sentences from English into
Indonesian. In this case, the types and categories of relative clause propose by
Quirk et all (1987).
CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW, CONCEPT, THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK, AND RESEARCH MODEL
Some previous studies about relative clause will be reviewed in this literature review.
2.1 Literature Review
Three previous studies and one international journal will be reviewed in
this literarture study.
Agustini (2005) in her pot-graduate thesis describes about the type and
function of nominal clause in the novel the Official deat by Prescott which was
published in 2003 was analyzed by Agustini. All major of the relative clause coud
be found in the data. This analyse also showed about their function the nominal
clause depending on their types. It may function as subject, object, subject
complement, adjectival complement, adverbial and prepositional complement.
The weakness of this thesis is that there is no relation between the main
and supporting theory. The strength of this thesis is placed on the relevance
between nominal claue and relative clause analysis. The author chose this thesis
as one of the review because it relates to the topic that was discussed by the
author. The author chose this thesis as one of the thesis was chosed as one of the
review because this thesis gives clear explanation abot the definition of relative
clause. This thesis gives a contribution in analyzing data especially as a
comparison on applying concept of relative clause.
There are some similarities and differences between Agustini’s
undergraduate thesis and this thesis. The first similarities are about the theory
which is used by Agustini to solve the problem in her thesis. She used the theory
of Quirk et al (1985). This writing used the theory of translation equivalence and
Quirk et all. The second is that she used the novel as data source and this writing
also used novel as data source. The difference was that she explained manner
adjunct in the form of clause whereas in this writing did not concern about it.
Dewi (2005) in her thesis focuses at designing an overview of the English
pronoun, to identify the kids of relative pronoun and the function of the relative
pronoun was also described in this paper. This paper merely investigated four
relative pronoun: who, which, and zero.
The weakness of this thesis is that there is no relation between the
syntatical analysis and the supported theory which was used in describing the
analysis. The strength of this undergraduate thesis is placed on the application of
the analysis of syntatical analysis by the writer. The writer chosed this
undergraduate thesis because relating to the topic which was discussed by the
writer. The writer chosed this graduate thesis as one of the review because this
thesis gives clear explanation about the definition of clause. This thesis gives a
contribution in analyzing data especially as a comparison on applying concept of
clause in the sentence.
There are some similarities and differences between Rhatadi’s post-
graduate thesis with this writing. The first similarity is about the explanation
about the adverb. In her undergraduate thesis, he concerned about the explanation
of adverb. In this writing also explained the definition of adverb. The difference
was about the topic, he described about syntatical analysis but this writing
described about relative clause.
The third thesis is written by Astuti (2005). The writer focused on the
structure of English Noun Phrase (ENP) as the Source Language (SL) translated
into Indonesian Noun Phrase (INP) as the Target Language (TL). The equivalence
translation of English Noun Phrase into Indonesian was discussed in this paper.
There is distinction between “textual equivalence” and “formal correspondence”.
The translation of Noun Phrase was also discussed in this paper.
The weakness of this graduate thesis is that the writer only described
about the type of translation. The strength of this thesis is placed on the
application on the translation equivalence on the data. The writer chose this
graduate thesis as one of the review because it related to the topic that was
discussed by the writer. The writer chose this thesis as one of the review because
this undergraduate thesis gave clear explanation about the definition of translation
equivalence.
The difference between Astuti’s undergraduate thesis and this writing
paper are about the theory which was used to solve the problem. In her
undergraduate thesis, she explained about the structure of Noun Phrase as the
target language; whereas, this writing concerned about the relative clause. The
similarity is about the theory used by the writer. Astuti used the theory of Nida
and Taber. In this paper also used the theory of Nida.
2.2 Concepts
The concepts that are discussed in this present study are; concept of
equivalence, and the types of relative clause.
2.2.1 Concept of Translation
According to The Merriam Webster Dictionary (1974) translation consists
of changing from one state or form to another, to turn into one’s own language.
According to Catford (1978), what is meant by translation is cited below:
“The theory of translation is concerned with a certain type of relation between languages and is consequently a branch of Comparative Linguistics. From the point of view of translation theory the distinction between synchronic and diachronic comparison is irrelevant. Translation equivalences may be set up, and translations performed, between any pair of language or dialect-‘related’ or ‘unrelated’ and with any kind of spatial, temporal, social or other relationship between them”.
2.2.2 Concept of Equivalence
The definition of equivalence can be said as the sameness in meaning.
According to Catford (1978:28), what is meant by equivalence is cited below:
“In place of asking for equivalents we may adopt a more formal procedure, namely, commutation and observation of comitant variation. In other words, we may systematically intrduces changes into the SL text and observe what changes if any occur in the TL text as a consequence. A textual translation equivalent is thus: that portion of a TL text which is changed when and only when a given portion of the SL text is changed.”
A textual translation equivalent, then is any TL form (text or portion of
text) which is observed to be the equivalent of a given SL form (text or portion of
text). Source language and target language can funtion in the same situation
although they can function in the same situation.
2.2.3 Translation Equivalence
The equivalence oriented in Source Language is included in the category
of direct translation proposed by Venuti (2000), those are
a. Literal translation, which is a direct transfer of the SL into grammatical
and idiomatically appropriate TL text.
b. Transposition is replacing one word class with another without changing
messages
c. Equivalence is one of the same situation which can be rendered by two
texts using completely different stylistic and structure method.
2.3 Adjustment in translation
In the process of translation, there are some situations when translating
from SL into TL. according to Larson (1984:18), there are three adjustments in
translation, those are:
a. Addition of information, it occurs if there is new information in the
target language, but we cannot find it in the source language.
2.3.1 Loss and Gain in Translation
According to Bassnet, Loosing or gaining information results from
language differences. Language differences usually result in untranslatability
(Bassnett, 1991:32), which inevitably leaves the translator to choice but to
pick a TL expression that has the closest meaning. This untranslatability is
called the source of loss and gain of meaning or information in translation. It
happens due to various causes. If there is lack of tenses in the TL, it will lead
to loss of temporal meaning.
2.3.2 Loss, Gain and Skewing of Information in Translation
The basic principles of translation mean that no translation in a receptor
language can be the exact equivalent of the model in the source language. That
is to say, all types of translation involves (1) loss of information, (2) addition
of information, and / or (3) skewing of information (Nida, 1975:27).
2.3.3 Loss of Information
Different vocabularies of the two languages and cultures have made more
specific words have additional components of meaning as well as the meaning
of the generic terms (Larson, 1998:72). The translation from a specific word
into the generic word resulted loss of information as examples:
(1a) SL: “Poor man. You are monster.
TL: ‘Pria malang. Kau ini monster memang
A systematically organized set of oral-aural symbol of pure borrowing
monster is unknown in the TL. Only portion of the textual meaning of the
cultural word monster is translated as formal correspondence by occupying the
same structural position and maintaining grammatical category of SL.
2.3.4 Gain of Information
In the translation process, there are some components of meaning of the
source text which will no longer be explicit and some components which are not
explicit in the source text will be made explicit in translation (Larson, 1998: 202).
The translation from the implicit to explicit information resulted in gain of
information as in examples (5), and (6) below:
(5) SL : ‘I just can’t ........it’s like a wall between us
TL : ‘Hanya saja aku tak bisa ..........sepertinya ada tembok pemisah
diantara kita
To translate literally the implicit simile like a wall into sepertinya ada
tembok sounds unnatural in TL.
2.3.5 Skewing of Information
Since no two languages having as absolute meaningful expression in
translation (Nida, 1975: 27). Here are the examples of skewing of information:
SL : What would she do then? It made her heart beat faster just thinking of it
TL : Apa yang dilakukannya? Hatinya berdebar kencang.
2.4 Theoretical Framework
This study is related with translation equivalence into Indonesian.
Consequently, this study regards to translation, translation equivalence and
meaning. The theories that are used in this study are the theory proposed by Nida,
Quirk et al, Catford, and Nida and taber as well. These theories are used in solving
the problem of this study. The first theory is used to solve the problem about the
type of relative clause. The first theory used is the theory proposed by Quirk et al.
The second problem is investigating equivalence translation of the relative clause
and the theory used is the theory of proposed by Larson and Catford.
2.4.1 Theory of Translation
The translation is needed to be accurate as to meaning and natural as to
receptor. The translation must be:
a. Accurate : the translation is needed to have exact possible meaning of
the source text.
b.Natural : the translation is needed to have the natural forms of the
receptor language in a way that is appropriate to the kind of text to
translate
The translation is based on the theory that is possible to the meaning of a
text from its forms and it reproduces that meaning with the very different forms of
a second language. According to Larson (1998:3), translation consists of studying
the lexicon, grammatical structure, communication situation, and cultural context
of the source language text.
2.4.2 Types of Translation
According to Larson in the book entitles “Meaning based Translation:
Second Edition” (1998), translation is classified into four types. There are two
main types of translation, those are form-based and meaning-based translation. It
is the form-based translation that allows the form of the source language and it is
known as literal translation. Every effort to communicate the meaning of the SL
text is made by meaning-based translation. An interlineal translation can be said
as a literal translation. The linguistic feature of the source text is reproduced.
2.4.3 Categories of Relative Clauses and their Syntactic Function
According to Quirk et al (1985), there are two kinds of relative clause:
restrictive of defining relative clause and nonrestrictive or non-defining relative
clause.
2.5 Restrictive Relative Clause
According to Thomson (1986:81) restrictive relative clause is a clause,
which describe the preceding noun in such a way to distinguish it from other nou
of the same class. Relative clause provides information needed to make the
antecedent definete.
The form of defining relative prnoun are as follows:
Subject Object PossesivePersons Who
That
Whom/who
That
Whose
Things Which
That
Which
That
Whose / of which
In restrictive clause, relative pronoun functions respectively as subject, object, and
adverbial (or complement in prepositional phrase functioning as adverbial).
2.6 Restrictive relative clause as subject
Who and which can be used in antecendent. Who is for a person and which is
for a thing. The examples of relatives are that, who, and which. Here are the
examples:
- This is the picture which caused such a sensation
- The man who robbed you has been arrested
2.7 Restrictive relative clause as Object of Verb
Whom and which can be used as the form for direct object but this is
considered very formal or rarely used in colloquial speech. For examples:
- The girls whom/that he employes are always complaining about their pay,
or the girls he employs are complaining about their pay (relative pronoun
is omited)
2.8 Restrictive Relative Clause as prepositional Object
In formal english, the preposition can be placed before the relative
pronoun which must then be put into the form whom/which. For
examples:
a. The friend with whom I was travelling spoke French
b. The friend I was travelling with spoke French
c. The leader on which I was standing began to slip
d. The leader I was standing on began to slip
It can be seen from the sentence above that preposition with and on are
followed by relative pronoun, these are combined in order to make a prepositional
object.
2.9 Restrictive Relative Clause for possesive
Whose can be possible form which is used with reference to person in
things. For examples:
- People whose rents have been raised can apple
2.9.1 Nonrestrictive Relative Clause
Extra information can be given by non restrictive clause.
2.9.2 Nonrestrictive Relative Clause as Subject
Who is for the person and which is for things. For examples:
a. My neighbor, who is very pessimistic, says there will be no apples this
year
b. The 8.15, which is usually very punctual, was late today
2.9.3 Nonrestrictive Relatiive Clause as Object
The relative pronoun whom can not be ommited in the sentence. For
examples:
a. Peter, whom everyone suspected, turn out to be innocent
b. Everyone suspected Peter, but he turn out to be innocent
2.9.4 Nonrestrictive Relative Clause for Possesive
The relative pronoun whose is generally used for person and things. For
examples:
a. Ann, whose children are at school, is cooking
b. This is George, whose class you will be taking
Nonrestrictive Relative Clause with Phrasal Verb
The relative pronoun which is joined with phrasal verb. For examples:
a. This machine, which I have looked for twnty years, is working
perfectly
Relative clause as postmodifier of noun phrase
It can be said in the most relative clause, the antecedent is the preceding
part of Noun Phrase in which the relative clauses function as postmodifier:
(the book(which you ordered last month)) (Quirk et al, 1987:365)
Relative Clause Replaced by participle
Relative is replaced by using present present participle when the verb in
clause is the continuous tense, expresses a habitual or continuous action. For
examples:
a. People who are witing for the bus often sheltered in my doorway, or
People waiting for the bus often sheltered in my doorway.
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHOD
3.1 Research Approach
Qualitative research approach or qualitative methodology are applied in this
study. English novel with its Indonesian version is used as the data source. The
qualitative research is used as the qualitative data. By obseving the English Novel
the research was conducted. The analysis will be explained through descriptive
sentences.
3.2 Data Source
The data source that was used in this study is the novel “The Good earth”
written by Pearl S. Buck. It was published by Pearl S. Buck, September 2008 in
English. The story is about Wang Lung’s family who was very poor. The House
of Hwang, a family of wealthy landowners, lives in the nearby town, where Wang
Lung's future wife, O-Lan, lives as a slave. Lung and his family move into town
and rent the old House of Hwang. Wang Lung, wants peace, but there are always
disputes, especially between his first and second sons, and particularly their
wives.
3.3 Research Instruments
Research instrumen has important part in the process of this study to
obtain valid and complete data of the research. It is important to collect the data
by listing table (grouping). The English relative clause in the sentences was used
as the data in this research.It is important as well to use ballpoint, paper and
computer as the parts of this research. The instruments were used in collecting
data starting from reading the English and Indonesian sources to when the types
were written as well.
3.4 Method and Technique of Collecting Data
Library research is the method used in this study. The technique of the
study is note taking, reading and observing. The process of collecting the data will
be started by reading the entire novel to understand the story of the novel and to
observe the possibility of the data that could be taken from this book. Firstly, the
entire novel was carefully read to find out the sentence that contains relative
clause. After that, it is important to select the data based on the problem which
were discuussed in this study. Finally, it is important to classify the relative clause
in accordance with their types and grammatical function.
3.5 Method and Technique of Analyzing Data
The analysis of the data is done in door. The data was analyzed
qualitatively. The data was read and collected by note taking. The process of
collecting the data will be started by reading of the novel to check the possible
examples of borrowing types. Then, the words categorized as borrowing types
words will be collected from the novel to be used as the samples in this study. It is
also important to classify the data. Then, the data will be classified using the
theory from Quirk et Al.
3.6 Method and Technique of Presenting Data
The data will be analyzed qualitatively. Then the collected data will be
analyzed qualitatively. The data will be analyzed qualitatively by applying
descriptive technique. Firstly, it is important to determine the collected data and
classify the data in accordance with their types in orderto make it easier to analyze
them. Then, it is important to select the data as sample in this study. Finally, it
will describe the grammatical functions of those clause and analyzing the loss and
gain of information which occurs in the text trasnlated from the Source Language
into the Target Language.
CHAPTER IV
DISCUSSION
4.1 Restrictive relative clause
A clause can be described the preceding noun in such a way to distinguish
the noun from other nouns of the same class is called restrictive relative clause, or
the clause. It also provides information of the antecendent to make it define.
4.1.2 Who
Who and Which can be used as an antecedent. Who stand for a person but
which stand for a thing. However the relative clause That may Who and Which,
especially in informal situation.
1. SL : Some farmers who had carried their produce into the town the
night before
TL : Petani-petani yang membawa hasil bumi ke kota pada malam
sebelumnya.
It can be seen from the translation above that the translation equivalence is
used in translating from SL into TL. The theory of Catford concerning translation
equivalence is used in translating from SL into TL. We can see that their produce
is translated into hasil bumi. Therefore, there is gain information in translating
from SL to TL. Some components of meaning of the source text will no longer be
explicit and some components which are not explicit in the source text will be
made explicit in translation (Larson, 1998:202). No skewing information found in
the target language.
2. SL : We must have a woman who will tend the house
TL : Kita mesti dapet perempuan yang mau mengatur rumah
The theory of catford about the translation equivalence is used in
translating from SL to TL. No skewing information found in the target language.
Must is translated into mesti. There is lost information found in the target
language. Will is translated into mau by the translator.
3.
SL : It is only the poor man who must needs drink from one cup
TL : Cuma laki-laki miskin saja yang terpaksa minum dari gelas yang
itu-itu saja
It can be seen from the translation process above that there is additional
information found in the target language. As we see from the target
language above that itu-itu saja is the additional information found in the
target language. One cup is translated into gelas yang itu-itu saja.
Therefore, we can see that there is additional information in the target
language.
4.4.2 That
a.
SL : He opened a glazed jar that stood upon a ledge of the
Stove
TL : Dibukanya tutup buli-buli yang terletak di salah satu
Tungku
We can see from the the translation above that the translation equivalence
is used in translating from SL into TL. The theory of Catford about translation
equivalence is used in translating from SL to TL. It can be seen that a glazed jar is
translated into tutup buli-buli and there is additional information found in
translating from Sl to TL. No skewing information found in the target language.
Stove has equivalence meaning with tungku. There is lost of information found in
the target language. The translator didn’t translate meaning of ledge in bahasa.
b.
SL : Wang Lung perceived that he had fallen into the hands of a joker
TL : Wang Lung menyadari bahwa dirinya sedang jadi bahan ejekan
It can be seen from the translation above that the translation equivalence is
used in translating from SL to TL. There is additional information found in the
target language. It can be seen that he is translated into dirinya. No skewing
information found in the target language.
c.
SL : Wang Lung saw that she was affraid of him
TL : Wang Lung melihat istrinya takut kepadanya
We can see from the analisis above that there is no skewing information
found in the target language. She is translated into istrinya. Therefore, there is
additional information found in the target language. It can be seen that she is
translated into istrinnya in order to make translation equovalence from SL to TL.
d.
SL : It is all that I can spare
TL : Cuma itu saja yang bisa saya bagikan
It can be seen from the translation above that there is additional
information found in he target. Cuma is additional information found in the target
language. No skewing information found in the target language. The theory of
Catford about the translation equivalence is used in translating from SL to TL.
This relative clause functions to give additional information in the target
language.
e.
SL : I will forget that I saw you in my house as a robber
TL : Aku bisa melupakan, dulu kau pernah datang merampok kesini
We can conclude from the translation process above that there is no
skewing information found in the target language. As we see that dulu is
additional information found in the target language. Lost information found in the
target language. Saw is not translated into target language melihat. However, no
skewing information found in the target language.
f.
SL : A thousand curses to the parents that born the children of Hwang
TL : Terkutuklah orang tua yang melahirkan anak-anak keluarga
Hwang
It can bee seen from the translation process above that there is additional
information found in the target language. We can see that keluarga is additional
information found in the target language. No skewing information found in the
target language. No lost information found in the target language. We can see that
there is additional information in order to give equivalence meaning.
g.
SL : It was true that he felt very humble
TL : Itu benar kalau dia merasa rendah hati.
It can be seen from the translation process above that there is no additional
information found in the target language. The translation of equivalence is used in
order to give equivalence meaning from source language into target language. No
skewing information found in the target language. Therefore, we can conclude
that there is no gain information found in the target language. No lost and gain
information found in the target language.
h.
SL : He was secretly proud that he had a son like this
TL : Dalam hati Wang Lung merasa bangga memiliki putra seperti
anaknya
It can be seen from the translation proccess above that there are some
components which are not explicit in the source text but it is made explicit in
translation. Therefore, the translation from the implicit to explicit information in
gain of information
i.
SL : There was a man that used to come in to me at the great teahouse
TL : Aku tahu laki-laki yang biasa datang kepadaku di kedai
The theory of catford about the translation equivalence is used in
translating from SL to TL. No gain information found in the translation as there is
explicit information found in the translation. However, no skewing information
found in the target translation.
j.
SL : I am not willing that he marry any of the daughters of the village
Farmers
TL : Aku tak rela ia kawin dengan gadis keturunan petani di desa kita
It can be seen from the translation procces above that the theory of Catford
about the translaion equivalence is used in translating from the source into
translation text. No gain information found in the translation because there is no
explicit infromation found in the translation.
k.
SL : The daughter of the man that bought his grain
TL : Anak pria itu yang membeli gandum
There is no explicit information found in the translation. The theory of
Catford about the translation equivalence is used in translating from SL to TL. No
skewing information found in the translation.