the equivalence and shift in the english translation of indonesian
TRANSCRIPT
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THE EQUIVALENCE AND SHIFT IN THE ENGLISHTRANSLATION OF INDONESIAN NOUN PHRASES
Ayu Bandu Retnomurti / Prof. Dr. Indiyah ImranUniversitas Gunadarma Jl. Margonda Raya no: 100 Depok
ABSTRACT
The problems of this research are; How are Indonesian Noun Phrases translated intoEnglish?, What are the types of equivalence in the English translation of IndonesianNoun phrases? and What are the types of shift in the English translation of IndonesianNoun phrases?. The aims of the research are to compare the translation of IndonesianNoun Phrases into English then to describe the types of equivalence and shift in theEnglish translation of Indonesian Noun phrases. This research uses a qualitativedescriptive method. The Indonesian novel as Source Language (SL) “Ronggeng DukuhParuk” by Ahmad Tohari and its English translation (TL) “The Dancer” that wastranslated by Rene T. A Lysloff, as source of the data. The writer classifies the data intotwo main categories; the equivalence and shift. The equivalence is subcategorized intoTextual equivalence: SL subject-NP is translated into TL subject-NP; SL predicate-NPis translated into TL predicate-NP; SL object-NP is translated into TL object-NP,Linguistic equivalence: SL plural-NP is translated into TL plural-NP; SL singular-NP istranslated into TL singular-NP, and Dynamic equivalence. The writer also finds threecategories of shift, Structure shift in word order: SL head word initial is translated intoTL head word final, Unit shift: SL phrase is translated into TL word; SL phrase istranslated into TL compound word; SL phrase is translated into TL three words, andIntra system shift: SL phrases have no determiner is translated into TL phrases mayhave a determiner. The result of this research shows that the shift occurs more than theequivalence, with the percentage of 58 % shift, and the equivalence with the percentageof 42 %.
Key Word: Equivalence, shift, noun phrases
INTRODUCTIONThe subject of the research is the equivalence and shift in the English translation ofIndonesian noun phrases. This research tries to find out the equivalence and shifts inform and meaning in the English translation of Indonesian noun phrases. This is becausethe core of equivalence and shifts are in the form and meaning. In equivalence and shift,the meaning is more important than the form. Beside that, equivalence focuses to caseswhere languages describe the same situation by different structure. Whereas, when theform in Source Language, has a new form or different form from the Target Language,it is called shifts. Therefore, the writer would like to compare the translation of
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Indonesian noun phrases into English in order to find the equivalence and shifts in formand meaning.
The reason why this topic is interesting to be discussed because in reading abook, novel or other sources of data, we can find noun phrases, but many students areconfused in differentiating the word order in head words of the Indonesian and theEnglish noun phrases. This is because Indonesian and English head words are not thesame; it means that in Indonesian noun phrases, the head word is head-initial position,while in English the head word is head-final position. Therefore, the core of the phraseis head word, which is used to determine the meaning in the word class.
This research is important to be carried out because it is difficult for Indonesianstudents to translate the Indonesian noun phrase into English, since the position of headword in word order of both languages are different. Therefore, they often make mistakesbecause they translate word by word or literal translation. In translation, they useIndonesian word order if they translate in English. By means of that reason, thisresearch may help students to understand the sentences by identifying word order andits marker in noun phrases.
THEORETICAL REVIEWTranslationHatim and Munday (2004, p.3) said that “translation is a phenomenon that has a hugeeffect on everyday life.” The first of these two senses relates to translation as a process,the second to the product. The first sense focuses on the role of the translator in takingthe original or source text (ST) and turning it into a text in another language (the targettext, TT). The second sense centers on the concrete translation the product produced bythe translator. Machali (2000, p. 60) noted that “translation as an operation performedon languages: a process of substituting a text in one language for a text inanother”.Larson (1998, p. 3) stated that “translation is basically a change of form. Intranslation, the form of the source language is replaced by the form of receptor (target)language”. It can be concluded that translation is a process of transferring the meaningof the source language into the target language.
Kinds of TranslationLarson (1998, p. 15) divided translation into two types, they are:1. Literal translation is a form-based translation attempting to follow the form of the
source language.2. Idiomatic translation is a meaning-based translation that makes every effort to
communicate the meaning of the source language text in the natural form of thereceptor language.
Newmark (1991, p. 39) wrote types of translation:1. Communicative translation, attempts to produce on its readers an affect as close as
possible to that obtained on the readers of the original.2. Semantic translation attempts to render, as closely as the semantic and syntactic
structures of the second language allow, the exact contextual meaning of theoriginal.
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EquivalenceVinay and Darbelnet (as cited in Munday, 2001, p. 58) stated that “equivalence refers tocases where languages describe the same situation by different stylistic or structuralmeans”. Catford (as cited in Hatim and Munday, 2004, p. 40) wrote texts in differentlanguages can be equivalent in different degrees (fully or partially equivalent), inrespect of different levels of presentation (equivalent in respect of context, of semantics,of grammar, of lexis, etc), and at different ranks (word-for-word, phrase-for-phrase,sentence-for-sentence).Baker (1998, p. 77) used the notion of equivalence for the sakeof convenience because most translators use it rather than because it has any theoreticalstatements. Thus equivalence is variously regarded as a necessary condition fortranslations, an obstacle to a progress in translation studies, or a useful category fordescribing translation. She also added that proponent of equivalence as the relationshipbetween a source text (ST) and a target text (TT). That’s allowed the TT to beconsidered as a translation of the ST in the first place.
Types of EquivalenceCatford’s model of equivalence (as cited in Munday, 2001, p. 60) said:1. Formal correspondence is any TL category (unit, class, element of structure, etc)
which can be said to occupy as nearly as possible the “same” place in the “economyof the TL as the given SL category occupies in the SL. For example: translating anadjective by an adjective.
2. Textual Equivalence is any TL text or portion of text which is observed on aparticular occasion to be the equivalent of a given SL text or portion of text. Forexample: translating adjective by an adverbial phrase.
Popovic (as cited in Susan Basnett, 1998, p. 32) distinguishes four types:1). Linguistic equivalence, where there is homogeneity on the linguistic level of both
SL and TL texts, i.e. word for word translation.2). Paradigmatic equivalence, where there is equivalence of ‘the elements of a
paradigmatic expressive axis’, i.e. elements of grammar, which Popovic sees asbeing a higher category than lexical equivalence.
3). Stylistic (translational) equivalence, where there is ‘functional equivalence ofelements in both original and translation aiming at an expressive identity with aninvariant of identical meaning’.
4). Textual (syntagmatic) equivalence, where there is equivalence of the syntagmaticstructuring of a text, i.e. equivalence of form and shape.
Types of equivalence according to Nida which are stated in (Munday, 2001, p. 41)which are: (1) formal equivalence and (2) Dynamic equivalence.Nida defined these as follows:1. Formal equivalence focuses attention on the message itself, in both form and content… one is concerned that the message in the receptor language should match as closelyas possible the different elements in the source language.2. Dynamic equivalence is based on what Nida calls ‘the principle of equivalent effect’,where ‘the relation between receptor and message should be substantially the same asthat which existed between the original receptors and the message’.
ShiftGentzler (1993, p. 86) wrote Popovic’s opinion about shift (1970, p. 78) that eachindividual method of translation is determined by the presence or absence of shifts in
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the various layers of the translation. All that appears as new with respect to the originalor fails to appear where it might have been expected may be interpreted as a shift. So,when the form in source language has a new form or different form from targetlanguage, it is called shift. According to Baker (1992, p. 20), non-equivalence at wordlevel means that the target language has no direst equivalent for a word which occurs inthe source text. The type and level of difficulty posed can vary tremendously dependingon the nature of non-equivalence. Different kinds of non-equivalence require differentstrategies, some very straightforward, others more involved and difficulty to handle.Since, in addition to the nature of non-equivalence, the context and purpose oftranslation will often rule out some strategies and favour others.
Types of ShiftCatford (as cited in Hatim and Munday, 2004, p. 26) said that ‘shifts’, is departuresfrom formal correspondence in the process of going from the SL to the TL. There aretwo major types of ‘shift’: level shifts and category shifts:1) Level shift is SL item at one linguistic level has a TL translation equivalent at a
different level.2) Category shift is a departure from formal correspondence in translation. Category
shift occurs if the source language (SL) has different forms from the target language(TL). So category shifts are:2.1) Structure shift is to be the most common form of shift and involve mostly ashift in grammatical structure.2.2) Class shift occurs when the translation equivalent of SL item is a member of adifferent class from the original item.2.3) Unit-shift means change of rank – that is, departures from formalcorrespondence in which the translation equivalent of a unit at one rank in theSL, is a unit at a different rank in the TL”.2.4) Intra-system shift is a departure from formal correspondence in which (aterm operating in) one system in the SL has as its translation equivalent (a termoperating in) a different – non-corresponding-system in the TL.
PhraseA phrase is a group of words which has no subject (Tallerman, 1998, p. 90). It meansthat every group of words or combination of words, which are grammatically similar toword and do not have its own subject is called phrase. There are some phrases, whichare Noun Phrase (NP) for example, very bright sunflowers is headed by a noun; VerbPhrase (VP) for example, overflowed quite quickly is headed by a verb; very bright is anAdjective Phrase (AP); quite quickly is an Adverb Phrase (AdvP); and inside the houseis a preposition Phrase (PP) headed by the preposition inside. But in this research, thewriter focuses on the noun phrase. A noun phrase can act as a subject in a sentencefunction (e.g. The child read the book), as the object of a verb (e.g. The child read thebook), as the object complement of a verb (e.g. John buy a cake), or as the object of apreposition (e.g. Jill is swimming in the pool).
The Comparison between the Indonesian and the English Noun PhrasesThe similarity between the Indonesian and English noun phrases is they have theirmarkers. For example in Indonesian and English noun phrase, they have the markers toidentify the noun phrase. Both morphological and syntactic categories are the markers
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of the noun phrase. The difference between the Indonesian and English noun phrases isthe position of head word in the word order. In fact, the position of head word inIndonesian noun phrase is head-initial. While, the position of head word in Englishnoun phrase is head-final. Tata Bahasa Baku Bahasa Indonesia (1998, p. 203) stated thatthe Indonesian noun phrase is a group of words with a noun or pronoun as the main partor the head. Whereas, the English noun phrase is a group of words that ends with anoun. It can contain determiners (the, a, this, etc.), adjective, adverbs, and nouns. Itcannot begin with a preposition. Both subjects and complements are generally nounphrases. (Pyle and Munoz, 1995, p. 42). For example: The diamond gave off a bluishlight, the diamond as a subject in a sentence function. Then, One day, Sakarya placed astone; a stone is the object of a verb or object complement. Tallerman (1998, p. 92)stated that “in many languages, certain heads require their Noun Phrase dependents tooccur in a particular grammatical case. Within the English noun phrase (NP), nounsoften co-occur with a closed class of words known as DETERMINERS (Tallerman,1998, p. 37). For instance, a transitive verb has two arguments, therefore two dependentNPs: the subject and the object are the markers of the English noun phrases. Forexample: The child read the book”.
Subject-NP object-NP (object of a verb)
RESEARCH METHODThis research uses a descriptive qualitative method. It means that all the data in thisresearch are in the form of sentences and words, not in the form of numbers. AsWilkinson (2000, p. 7) stated that the resulting data is presented in the form ofdescriptions. So, the data in this research is in the form of descriptions. According toWilkinson (2000, p.79), qualitative data is usually analyzed by subjecting it to someform of coding process.
Source of the DataThe source of the data in this research is a novel written by Ahmad Tohari (thirdedition: 2007) entitled “Ronggeng Dukuh Paruk”, and its English translation “TheDancer” that was translated by Rene T. A Lysloff (2003). The Source Language (SL) isIndonesian and the Target Language (TL) is English.
Technique of Collecting DataIn collecting data, the following procedures are taken:1). Identify the SL data which consists of Indonesian noun phrases (SL) related to their
markers then underline them.2). Identify the TL data which consists of English translated noun phrases from
Indonesian (TL) related to their markers then underline them.3) The data of the Source language (SL) and the target language (TL) are put together
side by side in a list then give the number of page and line to each data.
Technique of Analyzing Data1) Editing or selectingThe data are edited, because there might be some mistakes when they are transferredfrom SL into TL, then put them into the corpus.2) Classifying the Data
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Those data are classified into two main categories:a. First category is the equivalenceb. Second category is the shift
2.1) The equivalence category is further subcategorized into:1. Textual equivalence;
1.1 SL subject-NP in a sentence is translated into TL subject-NP1.2 SL predicate-NP in a sentence is translated into TL predicate-NP1.3 SL object-NP in a sentence is translated into TL object-NP.
2. Linguistic equivalence;2.1 SL plural in NP is translated into TL plural in NP2.2 SL singular in NP is translated into TL singular in NP
3. Dynamic equivalence2.2) The Shifts category is further subcategorized into:
1 Structure shift in Word Order;SL head word initial is translated into TL head word final
2 Unit shift;2.1 SL phrase is translated into TL word2.2 SL phrase is translated into TL compound word2.3 SL phrase is translated into TL three words
3 Intra system shift;3.1 SL phrases have no determiner is translated into TL phrases may have a
determiner3) Table of data classificationNO The Main Categories and its Sub-Categories
1 Equivalence
1.1 Textual Equivalence
1.1.1 SL subject – NP is translated into TL subject - NP
1.1.2 SL predicate – NP is translated into TL predicate - NP
1.1.3 SL object – NP is translated into TL object - NP
1.2 Linguistic Equivalence
1.2.1 SL plural – NP is translated into TL plural - NP
1.2.2 SL singular – NP is translated into TL singular - NP
1.3 Dynamic Equivalence
2 Shift
2.1 Structure Shift in Word Order
SL head word initial is translated into TL head word final
2.2 Unit Shift
2.2.1 SL phrase is translated into TL word
2.2.2 SL phrase is translated into TL compound word
2.2.3 SL phrase is translated into TL three words2.2.3.1 Addition of a word in NP2.2.3.2 Omission of a word in NP
2.3 Intra System Shift
SL phrases have no determiner is translated into TL phrases may have a determiner
Presenting Data1. The data will be presented by using a pie chart, flow chart and two tables.2. The pie chart covers two main categories of the equivalence and shift in the Englishtranslation of Indonesian noun phrases, with the percentage (%).
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3. The flow chart covers the main and the sub-categories of the equivalence and shift inthe English translation of Indonesian noun phrases, with the percentage (%).4. The first table consists of the sub-categories of the equivalence in the Englishtranslation of Indonesian noun phrases, the number of data, and the percentage (%).5. The second table consists of the sub-categories of the shift in the English translationof Indonesian noun phrases, the number of data, and the percentage (%).
Interpreting DataThe data are interpreted as follows:1. The data in flow chart and tables are discussed according to the classification of theequivalence and shift in the noun phrases.2. Some of the data from each category are interpreted.3. The data for analysis are taken by means of representing the other remaining data inthe corpus.4. The rest of the data are put in the appendices which are arranged according to theclassification of the equivalence and shift in the noun phrases.
RESEARCH RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
42%
58%
Equivalence
Shift
FIGURE 1.The Main Categories of Equivalence and Shift in the
English Translation of Indonesian Noun Phrases
There are two main categories namely equivalence and shift. In this research, there are100 data, consisting of equivalence and shift. With 42 data of equivalence or 42 % and58 data of shift or 58 %. It shows that the shifts occur more often in the novel than theequivalence.Each category has sub-categories. The equivalent category is subcategorized into: 1)Textual equivalence which is divided into three sub-categories which are SL subject-NPin a sentence is translated into TL subject-NP, SL predicate-NP in a sentence istranslated into TL predicate-NP, SL object-NP in a sentence is translated into TL object-NP, 2) Linguistic equivalence which is divided into two sub-categories which are; SLplural-NP is translated into TL plural-NP, SL singular-NP is translated into TL singular-NP, and 3) Dynamic equivalence with the percentage. And the shift category issubcategorized into 1) Structure shift in word order which is SL head word initial istranslated into TL head word final, 2) Unit shift is divided into three sub-categorieswhich are SL phrase is translated into TL word, SL phrase is translated into TLcompound word, SL phrase is translated into TL three words, and 3) Intra system shiftwhich is SL phrases have no determiner is translated into TL phrases may have adeterminer with the percentage. The novel entitled Ronggeng Dukuh Paruk by Ahmad
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Tohari is the source language (SL) and its English translation The Dancer by Rene T. A.Lysloff is the target language (TL) as source of the data.
FIGURE 2.The Main Categories and Sub-categories of Equivalence and Shift
in the English Translation of Indonesian Noun Phrases
The Analysis of EquivalenceNO. The Equivalence and
Its Sub-CategoriesNumberof Data
(%)
1 Textual Equivalence 17 17%1.1 SL subject – NP is translated into TL subject - NP 71.2 SL predicate – NP is translated into TL predicate - NP 61.3 SL object – NP is translated into TL object - NP 4
2 Linguistic Equivalence 20 20%2.1 SL plural – NP is translated into TL plural - NP 92.2 SL singular – NP is translated into TL singular - NP 11
3 Dynamic Equivalence 5 5%TOTAL 42 42%
FIGURE 3.The Equivalence in the English Translation of
Indonesian Noun Phrases and its Sub-CategoriesBased on figure 3 above, there are 17 or 17% data of Textual Equivalence which isdivided into three sub-categories which are SL subject-NP in a sentence is translated
EQUIVALENCE42%
SHIFT58%
TEXTUAL17%
LINGUISTIC20%
DYNAMIC5% STRUCTURE
21%
UNIT32%
INTRASYSTEM
5%
SL subject-NPTL subject-NP (7%)
SL object-NPTLobject-NP (4%)
SL predicate-NPTL predicate-NP (6%)
SL plural-NPTL plural-NP (9%)
SL singular-NPTL singular-
NP (11%)
SL head wordinitialTL headword final (21%)
SL phrase-nodeterminer TLdeterminer (5%)
SL phraseTL threewords (8%)
SL phrase TLcompound word
(3%)
SLphraseTLword (21%)
FLOWCHART
THE ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF
INDONESIAN NOUN PHRASES
100%
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into TL subject-NP, SL predicate-NP in a sentence is translated into TL predicate-NP,SL object-NP in a sentence is translated into TL object-NP, there are 20 or 20% data ofLinguistic Equivalence which is divided into two sub-categories which are; SL plural-NP is translated into TL plural-NP, SL singular-NP is translated into TL singular-NP,and 5 or 5% data of Dynamic Equivalence.
Textual EquivalenceSL subject-NP in a sentence is translated into TL subject-NP
SL TL
Sentence (1), SL noun phrase ‘sebutir berlian’ is translated into TL noun phrase ‘thediamond’. Here, the word ‘sebutir’ is the marker of the Indonesian noun becauseprefix se- is one and the word ‘butir’ (numeral) is a noun to classify small things. It canbe seen that SL ‘sebutir berlian’ and TL ‘the diamond’ are noun phrases have thefunction as a subject in the sentence because the position of the noun phrases in thesentence above. Therefore, it can be concluded that this is Textual equivalence, becausethey have the same function as a subject in a sentence above. There is equivalence in asubject of the sentence, i.e. equivalence of form and shape.
SL predicate-NP in a sentence is translated into TL predicate-NPSL TL
Sentence (2), SL noun phrase ‘anak kecil’ is translated into TL noun phrase ‘a child.Actually, one of the syntactic categories in Indonesian nominal markers is the negativesign of noun like the word “bukan” or Indonesian called ‘pengingkar’. It can be used inthe Indonesian noun marker, because the negative marker of a noun “bukan” is alwaysfollowed by Indonesian noun for example ‘bukan anak kecil’ based on the text above.It can be seen that they have the same function as the predicate of the noun phrase in thesentence. Based on the analysis of the text above, it can be concluded that this is Textualequivalence, because there is equivalence of the structuring of the text in a predicate.
SL object of a verb - NP in a sentence is translated into TL object of a verb - NPSL TL
Sentence (3), SL noun phrase ‘sebuah batu’ is translated into TL noun phrase ‘astone’. Here, prefix se- as ‘one’ of the marker of the Indonesian singular noun and theword ‘buah’ is a noun as classifier a fruit or another things outside the human being.Based on the text above, they have the function as the object complement of a verb in
(1) Sebutir berlian memancarkancahaya kebiru-biruan,… (p. 147,l. 24)
(1) The diamond gave off abluish light: … (p. 157, l. 17)
(2) “Aku bukan anak kecil. (p.316, l. 39)
(2) “I’m not a child. (p. 354, l.25)
(3) Suatu hari Sakarya meletakkansebuah batu … (p. 283, l. 17)
(3) One day, Sakarya placed astone … (p. 318, l. 1)
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the sentence because the position of the noun phrases in the sentence above. It can beseen that this is Textual equivalence, because there is equivalence of the structuring of atext which is there is the same function as the object complement of a verb in thesentence, i.e. equivalence of form and shape.
Linguistic EquivalenceSL plural-NP is translated into TL plural-NP
SL TL
Sentence (4), SL noun phrase ‘dua pilihan’ is translated into TL noun phrase ‘twoalternatives’. Here, SL ‘dua pilihan’ and TL ‘two alternatives’ are noun phrases. It canbe seen that the noun phrase ‘dua pilihan’ is plural because ‘dua’ is the Indonesiannumerical in nominal markers. Also ‘two alternatives’ is plural noun because ‘two’ isdeterminer of number and ‘alternatives’ has suffix -s ‘plural are the markers of theEnglish nouns. Therefore, this is Linguistic equivalence, because there is homogeneityon the linguistic level of both SL and TL texts. It can be concluded that they have samelinguistic level which is plurality in countable words, so that SL plural noun phrase istranslated into TL plural noun phrase.
SL singular-NP is translated into TL singular-NPSL TL
Sentence (5), SL noun phrase ‘Seekor codot’ is translated into TL noun phrase ‘A bat’.Here, SL ‘seekor codot’ and TL ‘a bat’ are noun phrases. Based on the analysis of thetext above, the Indonesian noun phrase ‘seekor codot’ like ‘seekor in prefix se- is ‘one’as singular and ’codot’ is a noun, and then English noun phrase ‘a bat’ like ‘a’ indeterminer of articles is singular, so they are the markers of singular nouns. It can beseen that this is Linguistic equivalence, because there is homogeneity on the linguisticlevel of both SL and TL texts. They are the same linguistic level which is singular incountable words. So, SL singular noun phrase is translated into TL singular nounphrase.
Dynamic EquivalenceSL TL
Sentence (6), SL noun phrase ‘sebuah ringgit emas’ is translated into TL noun phrase‘a gold piece’. It can be seen that they are dynamic equivalence, because the word‘ringgit’ can be omitted into ‘gold’ by the translator, if in TL is translated into ‘ringgit’it would be more confused, it would be better if ‘ringgit is not translated, but it can be
(4) “Aku menyediakan dua pilihan.(p. 200, l. 24)
(4) “I would like to propose twoalternatives:… (p. 218, l. 3)
(5) Seekor codot melintas di ataspohon pisang. (p. 111, l. 10)
(5) A bat passing over the top of abanana tree … (p. 117, l. 7)
(6) Ingat, sebuah ringgit emas! …(p. 77, l. 33)
(6) Just think, a gold piece! … (p.79, l. 15)
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changed into the word ‘gold’ based on the text above. Therefore, there is dynamicequivalence, although the form of SL is changed but the meaning in TL is the same.
The Analysis of ShiftNO The Shift and
Its Sub-CategoriesNumberof Data
(%)
1 Structure Shift in Word Order 21 21%SL head word initial is translated into TL head word final 21
2 Unit Shift 32 32%2.2.1 SL phrase is translated into TL word 212.2.2 SL phrase is translated into TL compound word 32.2.3 SL phrase is translated into TL three words2.2.3.1 Addition of a word in NP2.2.3.2 Omission of a word in NP
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3 Intra System Shift 5 5%SL phrases have no determiner is translated into TL phrases may have adeterminer
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TOTAL 58 58%
FIGURE 4.The Shift in the English Translation of
Indonesian Noun Phrases and its Sub-Categories
The research found that there are 21 or 21% data of Structure Shift in word order whichis SL head word initial is translated into TL head word final, 32 or 32% data of UnitShift is divided into three sub-categories which are SL phrase is translated into TLword, SL phrase is translated into TL compound word, SL phrase is translated into TLthree words, and 5 or 5% data of Intra System Shift which is SL phrases have nodeterminer is translated into TL phrases may have a determiner.
Structure Shift in Word OrderSL head word initial is translated into TL head word final
SL TL
Sentence (7), SL noun phrase ‘rumah ilalang’ is not translated into shack grass, but itis translated into TL noun phrase ‘grass shack’. This is because the word order betweenIndonesian and English are different. As the position of the Indonesian head word ishead-initial, and SL head word is the word ‘rumah’. While, the position of the Englishhead word is head-final, and TL head word is the word ‘shack’. It can be seen that thereis structure shift in word order involves mostly a shift in grammatical structure. So, SLhead word initial is translated into TL head word final.
Unit ShiftSL Noun phrase is translated into TL word
SL TL
(7) Ah, rumah ilalang lagi. (p. 314, l.20)
(7) Another grass shack. (p. 352, l.4)
(8) Banyak perempuan memenuhirumah Kartareja. (p. 18, l. 18)
(8) Women filled the Kartarejahouse … (p. 14, l. 15)
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Sentence (8), SL noun phrase ‘banyak perempuan’ consists of two words is translatedinto TL ‘women’ consists of one word. It can be seen that the word ‘banyak’ is themarker of the Indonesian plural noun. Here, there is a shift namely unit shift meanschange of rank which is a unit at one rank in the SL, is a unit at a different rank in theTL, for example from ‘a phrase’ to ‘a word’. It can be concluded that shift occurs froma noun phrase in SL into a word in TL.
SL Noun phrase is translated into TL compound wordSL TL
Sentence (9), SL noun phrase ‘tetes-tetes air’ is translated into TL compound word‘rainwater’. It can be seen that SL ‘tetes-tetes air’ is plural noun phrase because of‘tetes-tetes’ is plurality and the word ‘tetes-tetes’ is plural noun to classify water.While TL ‘rainwater’ is a compound word or noun compound and sometimespresented as a single word ‘rainwater is a noun because its rightmost component is anoun such as rain is a noun and water is a noun based on the analysis of the text above.Therefore, there is a unit shift because a unit at one rank in the SL is a unit at a differentrank in the TL for example from a phrase in SL to a compound word in TL. So, SLnoun phrase is translated into TL compound word.
SL Noun phrase is translated into TL three wordsAddition of a word in the Noun phrase
SL TL
Sentence (10), SL ‘sehelai tikar’ which consists of two words is translated into TL ‘alarge mat’ which consists of three words. SL ‘sehelai tikar’ is a noun phrase, becauseprefix se- ‘one’ as the marker of Indonesian nouns is translated into ‘a large mat’ likearticle ‘a’ as ‘sehelai’ and tikar is ‘mat’. Here, there is the word ‘large’ as the adjective.Therefore; the word ‘large’ is addition of a word in the noun phrase. It can be ‘a largemat’ which consists of three words. So, there is a unit shift because a unit at one rank inthe SL is a unit at a different rank in the TL based on the analysis of the text above. Itcan be concluded that SL noun phrase is translated into TL three words as the additionof a word in the noun phrase.
Omission of a word in the Noun phraseSL TL
Sentence (11), SL ‘Prajurit Dua Rasus’ which consists of three words is translatedinto TL ‘private Rasus’ which consists of two words. SL ‘Prajurit Dua Rasus’ is
(9) Tetes-tetes air yang tersisa … (p.21, l. 28)
(9) Rainwater, collected … (p. 18,l. 12)
(10) Sehelai tikar tersedia bagitempat Srintil menari. (p. 19, l. 8)
(10) A large mat was unrolled forSrintil to dance on. (p. 15, l. 7)
(11) “Saya Prajurit Dua Rasus …(p. 273, l. 20)
(11) “I’m Private Rasus … (p.306, l. 15)
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translated into ‘Private Rasus in TL, but it is not translated into ‘Private Second Rasus’.Here, there is the word ‘Dua’ as the Indonesian numerical or number. But it is nottranslated into ‘second’. Therefore; the word ‘Dua’ is omission of a word in the nounphrase. It can be ‘Private Rasus’ which consists of two words. So, there is a unit shiftbecause a unit at one rank in the SL is a unit at a different rank in the TL based on theanalysis of the text above. It can be concluded that SL noun phrase is translated into TLtwo words as the omission of a word in the noun phrase.
Intra System ShiftSL Noun phrases have no determiner is translated into TL Noun phrases may havea determiner
SL TL
Sentence (12), SL noun phrase ‘sinar bulan’ is translated into TL noun phrase ‘themoonlight’. Usually nouns in bahasa Indonesia do not use any articles, whereas inEnglish, nouns are usually preceded by the articles a, an or the. SL ‘sinar bulan’ istranslated into TL ‘the moonlight’. Of course it can be seen that the system in English, itmust use article ‘the’ because there is only one moon. Therefore, this is Intra systemshift occurs if one system in the SL has as its translation equivalent a different – non-corresponding-system in the TL. It can be concluded that there is different system in SLand TL which is the Indonesian systems do not use the determiners while in Englishsystems use the determiners. So, SL noun phrases have no determiner is translated intoTL noun phrases may have a determiner.
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONThe problems in this research are: How are Indonesian Noun Phrases translated intoEnglish?, What are the types of equivalence in the English translation of IndonesianNoun phrases?, and What are the types of shift in the English translation of IndonesianNoun phrases?. This research answers the questions by analyzing and describingequivalence and shift in form and meaning which are found in the novels. The writerconcludes that the equivalence is not similar. Form and meaning are frequently not fullyequivalent, but one should notice that forms may change but meaning must not change.In dynamic equivalence, although the form is different, but one thing is important,which is the meaning is the same. Whereas, shift should be considered as theconsequence of the translators effort to establish translation naturalness between twodifferent languages, SL and TL. The occurrence of shift reflects the translator’sawareness of the linguistic and non-linguistic discrepancies between SL and TL. In thissense, shift can be defined as problem solving strategies adapted consciously tominimize the inevitable loss of meaning when rendering a text from one language intoanother language. In this research, the relation between translation and the noun phrasesis every text in the translation consists of the sentence and in sentence there are clauseand phrase, both Indonesian and English translation. From some sentences, we canknow the noun phrase. Therefore, the writer makes the equivalence and shift in theEnglish translation of Indonesian noun phrases in order to help students to understand
(12) Sinar bulan tidak mampumenembus tirai … (p. 22, l. 6)
(12) The moonlight, to weak topierce the blanket … (p. 18, l.18)
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the sentences in the translation by identifying word order and its marker in nounphrases. The writer also concludes that there are two main categories which areequivalence and shift, each category are subcategorized. The equivalent category issubcategorized into: 1) Textual equivalence is divided into three sub-categories whichare SL subject-NP in a sentence is translated into TL subject-NP, SL predicate-NP in asentence is translated into TL predicate-NP, SL object-NP in a sentence is translatedinto TL object-NP, 2) Linguistic Equivalence is divided into two sub-categories whichare; SL plural-NP is translated into TL plural-NP, SL singular-NP is translated into TLsingular-NP, and 3) Dynamic Equivalence. And the shift category is subcategorizedinto 1) Structure shift in word order which is SL head word initial is translated intoTL head word final, 2) Unit Shift is divided into three sub-categories which are SLphrase is translated into TL word, SL phrase is translated into TL compound word, SLphrase is translated into TL three words, and 3) Intra System Shift which is SL phraseshave no determiner is translated into TL phrases may have a determiner. The resultshows that the shifts occur more often than the equivalence. There are 42 data ofequivalence or 42 % and 58 data of shift or 58 %.The writer suggests for the next researcher to discuss the equivalence and shift in theEnglish translation of the other Indonesian phrases or vice versa.
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