refrigeration report - enconrefrigeration report. 2 • 1. general information refrigerants...
TRANSCRIPT
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Refrigeration report
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• 1. General information refrigerants
– Natural refrigerants
– Synthetic refrigerants
• 2. Regulations concerning refrigerants
– Ban on CFCs and HCFs
– Phasing out HFCs
• 3. Overview of refrigerants
• 4. Summary
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• Refrigerants are used in refrigeration units or heat pumps as a medium for transporting heat. Depending on the application, refrigerants are selected for their (pressure-dependent) boiling point.
• Classified by:
– Global Warming Potential (GWP): the extent to which the refrigerant contributes to global warming if released into the atmosphere, relative to CO2 (reference).
– Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP): this value indicates the extent to which the refrigerant will damage the ozone layer if released into the atmosphere, relative to R11 (reference).
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• Choice of refrigerant
– Specific weight in combination with the evaporation heat determines the total refrigerant weight that needs to be transported. This determines the strength, price and material of the piping.
– Viscosity of the refrigerant determines the pump energy
– Toxicity
– Flammability
– Other specifications as food safety
– Compliance
– ODP
– GWP
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• Choice of refrigerant
– Price of refrigerant and installation
– Availability
– Choice of contractor
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• Natural refrigerants
– Natural refrigerants also occur naturally in the environment and are therefore less harmful to the environment. However, there is a risk associated with natural refrigerants, as they can pose a risk to human health in the event of leakage or exposure. Examples of natural refrigerants that are frequently used are:
• CO2 (R744)
• NH3 (R717)
• Propane (R290)
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• Synthetic refrigerants
– Synthetic refrigerants are substances that do not occur naturally, butare developed by man for industrial purposes. Synthetic refrigerantsare (H)CFCs, and HFCs,HFOs and HFC-HFO blends. These are governedby directly applicable European regulations aimed at protecting theenvironment. Examples of frequently used refrigerants are:
• R22 (HCFC)
• R134 (HFC)
• R410a (HFC)
• R1234ze (HFO)
• R450 (HFC-HFO blend)
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• Ban on chlorinated refrigerants (CFCs and HCFCs)
– Banned due to the disrupting of the ozone layer
– Timeline regulation of CFCs and HCFCs
• 2002 Prohibition of new (H)CFC installations
• 2010 Ban on refilling installations with new (H)CFC
Recycled (H)CFC may still be used
• 2015 Prohibition of refilling installations with (H)CFC, e.g. R22 (These installations may continue to operate but refilling is prohibited)
– Examples of CFCs and HCFCs
• R22
• R11
• R12
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• Phasing out of fluorinated greenhouse gases (HFCs)
– Banned due to the disrupting of the ozone layer
– Timeline regulation of CFCs and HCFCs
• 2002 Prohibition of new (H)CFC installations
• 2010 Ban on refilling installations with new (H)CFC
Recycled (H)CFC may still be used
• 2015 Prohibition of refilling installations with (H)CFC, e.g. R22 (These installations may continue to operate but refilling is prohibited)
– Examples of CFCs and HCFCs
• R22, R11, R12
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• Frequently used refrigerants
– Refrigerants in bold are worked out in the applications
Refrigerant Type GWP ODP Area of application temp. * Specific heat
with liquid at
25 °C
Flammable Toxic Remarks
V. low
temp
Low
temp
Med.
temp
High
temp
R717 (NH3) Natural 0 0 ✓ ✓ (✓) 4.68 kJ/(kg.K) (yes) yes Large cooling installations, indirect cooling
R744 (CO2) Natural 1 0✓ ✓ (✓)
4.38 kJ/(kg.K) no < 10 % no Refrigeration systems, always in combination with
other refrigerants
R290 (propane) Natural 3 0 ✓ ✓ ✓ 2.67 kJ/(kg.K) yes no Small-volume installations
R600a (isobutane) Natural 20 0 ✓ ✓ 2.40 kJ/(kg.K) yes no Households and small-volume installations
R1270 (propylene) Natural ✓ ✓ (✓) 2.62 kJ/(kg.K) yes no Special small-volume installations
R1234yf HFO** 4 0 ✓ ✓ 1.39 kJ/(kg.K) yes no Automotive industry
R1234ze HFO** 6 0 ✓ ✓ 1.38 kJ/(kg.K) yes no
R450A HFO-blend 547 0 1.40 kJ/(kg.K) no no
R32 HFC 675 0 ✓ 1.94 kJ/(kg.K) yes no
R134A HFC 1430 0 ✓ ✓ 1.42 kJ/(kg.K) no no
R152a HFC 140 0 1.68 kJ/(kg.K) yes no Limited availability
R407A HFC 2107 0 ✓ ✓ 1.63 kJ/(kg.K) no no
R407C HFC 1774 0 (✓) ✓ (✓) 1.64 kJ/(kg.K) no no
R407 (LT Perfomax) HFC 1825 0 ✓ ✓ 1.57 kJ/(kg.K) no no
R410A HFC 1980 0 ✓
(2-stage)✓ ✓
1.84 kJ/(kg.K) no no
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• Application and regulation of refrigerants
– Refrigerants in bold are worked out in the applications
Gradual reduction of
the CO2 EQ.100 % 93 % 93 % 63 % 63 % 63 % 45 % 31 % 24 % 21 %
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 20202021-
23
2024-
26
2027-
292030
Application Refrigerant
Medium/High pressure
chillers & heat pumps
R134a (GWP 1430)
R450a (GWP 547)
R410a (GWP 2088)
R22 (GWP 1810)
R290 - Propane (GWP 3)
R407C (GWP 1774)
Low pressure chillers R-123 (GWP 77)
Commercial &
industrial cooling
R22 (GWP 1810)
R404a (GWP 3922)
R507 (GWP 3985)
R407a (GWP 2107)
R407f (GWP 1824)
R134a (GWP 1430)
R717 - NH3 (GWP 0)
R744 - CO2 (GWP 1)
R290 - Propane (GWP 3)
R450a (GWP 547)
Airconditioning
R450a (GWP 547)
R410a (GWP 2088)
R22 (GWP 1810)
R1234ze (GWP 7)
R407C (GWP 1774)
No restrictions Can not be used Can not be used, only regenerated and recycled
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• Alternative solutions for refrigerants
Impact on greenhouse effect
CFK HCFK HFKHFO/ Blends
of HFO
Natural
refrigerants
R22
R404a
R134a
r410a
R427a
R407f
R290
R1234yf
R1234ze
R450a
R513a
R448a
R449a
R455a
Positive Temperatures
applications
R717 (NH3)
R744 (CO2)
R290 (Propane)
Positive and negative
temperature applications
R502
R408a
R402a
R403b
R22
R404a
R470f
R410a
R427a
R422a
R448a
R449a
R452a
R455a
Negative temperature
applications
R503
R13
R23
R508B
Ultra low temperature
applications
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• Due to phasing out HFCs offers only a solutions until 2030
• If solutions has an operating period of > 11 years, the HFCs are not suitable
• At this moment the traditional freons are used in chillers, comfort cooling solutions and industrial applications.
• The natural refrigerants are used in industrial applications
• Natural refrigerants will be more interesting than synthetic solutions due to its low GWP and their thermodynamic properties
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For more informationcontact Encon
Kieleberg 413740 Bilzen
Belgium
+32 (0) 89.41.08.20