emerging refrigerants and retrofit options for air conditioning and_ refrigeration

7/27/2019 Emerging Refrigerants and Retrofit Options for Air Conditioning And_ Refrigeration

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1

Emerging Refrigerants and Retrofit Options for

Air Conditioning and Refrigeration

Presentation at ACR Trendz 18th & 19th Oct 2013 by ISHRAE Pune Chapter

Le Meridian , Pune

Selvaraji Muthu

DGM-NTD,

Subros Limited,

C-51, Phase-2, Noida, U.P.

[email protected]

+91- 9910307727

Aseem Kumar Jaiswal

VP –R&D, NTD,

Subros Limited,

C-51, Phase-2, Noida, U.P.

[email protected]

+91- 9810435765



2

Flow of Presentation:

1. Introduction

2. Refrigerant Properties3. Types of Refrigerants

4. Generation of Refrigerants

5. What is ODP?

6. Montreal Protocol

7. What is GWP?8. What is TEWI?

9. Kyoto Protocol

10.Fourth generation Refrigerants

11.Retrofit options

12. Reefer trucks13.Future technology options

14.Conclusion

15.References



3

C1 to D : Compression

(Polytrophic)

D to E : De-super heating

(Isobaric)

E to A : Condensation

(Isobaric,

Isothermal)

A to A1 : Sub-cooling

(Isobaric)

A1 to B : Expansion

(throttling,

Isenthalpic)

B to C : Evaporation

(Isobaric,

Isothermal)

C to C1 : Super heating

(Isobaric)

Vapour Compression refrigeration Circuit

1. Introduction



4

Types of Compressors



5

Required Properties of Ideal Refrigerant:

1) Low boiling point and Low freezing point.

2) Low specific heat and High latent heat.

3) High critical pressure and temperature

4) Low specific volume to reduce the size of the compressor.

5) High thermal conductivity to reduce the area of heat transfer in

evaporator and condenser.6) Non-flammable, non-explosive, non-toxic and non-corrosive.

7) High miscibility with lubricating oil

8) High COP in the working temperature range.

9) Compatible with legal requirement

10) Availability and cost

2. Refrigerant Properties



6

R()13 4 a

isomer

# of fluorine atoms per molecule

# of hydrogen atoms + 1 per molecule

# of carbon atoms -1 per molecule (left off when 0)

# of unsaturated carbon bonds (left off when 0)

# of Fluorine atoms per molecule

# of Hydrogen atoms per molecule

# of Carbon atoms per molecule

R134+90 =( ) 2 2 4R1234+90=(1)3 2 4R134+90 =( ) 2 2 4R1234+90=(1)3 2 4

# of unsaturated carbon bonds(left off when 0)

# of Chlorine atoms per molecule

(calculated from balance carbon bonding

Numbering Logic for Refrigerants

Decoding of Refrigerants



7

Methane

Group

Ethane

Group

Propane

group

Zeotrope

mixtures

Azeotrope

mixtures

organic

compounds

inorga

nic

compounds

Series with

isolated

carbon

10 Series 100

Series

200

Series

400 Series 500 Series 600 Series 700

Series

> 1000

Series

as per Numbering

Logic

Numbering Convention does not work as per

Numbering

Logic

R11 R123 R404a •600

Hydrocarbons

R717-

ammon

ia NH3

R1100s

R1200s

R12 R134a R407c R507c •610 Oxygen

compounds

R718-

water

R1234ze

R22 R410a •620 Sulfur

compounds

R744-

CO2

R1234yf

etc.. etc.. etc.. etc.. etc.. •630

Nitrogen

compounds

R729 -

Air

R1270 etc…

Grouping of Refrigerants

3. Types of Refrigerants



8

Zeotropic refrigerants : Boil at different temperatures Azeotropic refrigerants : Boil at constant temperature



9

Classif ication of Refrigerants



10

1st Generation of refrigerants

First generation refrigerants, used for almost one hundred years (1830 ~ 1930 ),

were a variety of volatile compounds ( ethers,CO2,NH3,

SO2,HCs,H2O,CCL2,CHCs etc. ) that exhibited useful characteristics.

4. Generations of refrigerants

Ammonia (NH3), methyl chloride (CH3Cl), and sulfur dioxide (SO2) are toxic

gases. Several fatal accidents occurred in the 1920s because of methyl

chloride leakage from refrigerators, which pushed the entire world to look for

next generation refrigerants.



11

2nd Generation of refrigerants

Emphasising the need for improved endurance and safety.

CFCs (1930s) and later HCFCs (1940s) were invented by Thomas

Midgley Jr. (aided by Charles Franklin Kettering

Generations of refrigerants

As per the patent no. 2104882 (1931) of Thomas Midgley Jr.,

CnHmFpXr in which

C - Carbon n is No. of carbon atoms, one or more.

H - Hydrogen m is No. of Hydrogen atoms

F - Fluorine p is No. of Fluorine atoms, one or more

X - Chlorine, bromine or iodine or combinations thereof

r is the total number of such atoms.

r may be zero when p is greater than one



Methane (R50)

CH H

H

HCH

4

Molecular Weight = 1*12+4*1.01

= 16.04 kg/kmol

Boiling Point = - 161 o C

Density = 716 g/cc

Molecular Weight , kg/kmol

C = 12H = 1.01



R12

CF F

Cl

Cl

CCl2F2

Molecular Weight =

1*12+2*35.453+2*18.998

= 120.9 kg/kmol

Boiling Point = - 29.8 o C

Density = 1.486 g/cc


F = 18.998Cl = 35.453

Br = 79.904

I = 126.904

DiChloro-DiFluoro-Methane

Produced in 1931

CnHmFpXr n=1

m=0

p=2

x=Cl

r=2



R11

CCl F

Cl

Cl

CCl3FMolecular Weight =

1*12+3*35.453+1*18.998

= 137.36 kg/kmol

Boiling Point = + 23.77 o C



F = 18.998Cl = 35.453

Br = 79.904

I = 126.904

TriChloro-Fluoro-Methane

Produced in 1932

CnHmFpXr n=1

m=0

p=1

x=Cl

r=3



R22

CF F

Cl

H

CHClF2

Molecular Weight =

1*12+1*1.01+1*35.453+2*18.998

= 86.46 kg/kmol


Density = 3.66 g/cc


F = 18.998Cl = 35.453

Br = 79.904

I = 126.904

DiFluoro-Chloro-Methane

CnHmFpXr n=1

m=1

p=2

x=Cl

r=1



16

3rd generation of refrigerants

includes chemical groups, such as hydro-fluoro-carbons (HFCs),

that do not damage the ozone layer as that was the perceived environmental

danger at the time.

However, as the effects of refrigerant leakages on global warming and climate

change have become evident, next generation refrigerants are required.




Ethane (R 170)

CH H

H

HC2H6

Molecular Weight = 2*12+6*1.01

= 30.06 kg/kmol

Boiling Point = - 89 o C



F = 18.998Cl = 35.453

Br = 79.904

I = 126.904

Ethane

C

H

H



R134a

CF H

F

FC2H2F4

Molecular Weight =

2*12+2*1.01+4*18.998

= 102.1 kg/kmol


Density = 0.00425g/cc


F = 18.998Cl = 35.453

Br = 79.904

I = 126.904

C

H

F

CnHmFpXr n=2

m=2p=4

x=Cl

r=0



19

The `synthetic refrigerants' such as HFCs are

being replaced with HFOs or `natural refrigerants‘.

4th generation of refrigerants


Hydro Olefins:

HFO R1234ze

HFO R1234yf

Natural refrigerants:

CO2

Organic gases R290 (Propane), R600a(Isobutane), R1270 (Propolene)



Propene (R1270)

CH

H

HC3H6

Molecular Weight

= 3*12+6*1.01

= 42.06 kg/kmol

Boiling Point= - 47.6 o C

Density

= 1.81g/cc


F = 18.998Cl = 35.453

Br = 79.904

I = 126.904

Propylene

C

H

H

C

H



R1234-yf

CF

F

FC3H2F4

Molecular Weight

= 3*12+2*1.01+4*18.998

= 114.01 kg/kmol

Boiling Point= - 30 o C

Density

= 1.1 g/cc


F = 18.998Cl = 35.453

Br = 79.904

I = 126.904

TetraFluoroPropene

C

H

H

C

F

CnHmFpXr n=3

m=2p=4

x=Cl

r=0



22

Four generations (Calm JM, 2010).

Low ozone depletion potential (ODP)

low global warming potential (GWP)short atmospheric lifetime (tatm)

high efficiency.



23



24

CFCs Refrigerants:

HCFCs Refrigerants

ODP is Ozone Depletion Potential of with reference to CFC R11 as 1.

Cl + O3 -> ClO + O2

ClO + O3 -> Cl + 2O2

5. What is ODP?



25

Molina and Rowland’s findings were published in 1974

and shocked the entire world.

Their findings were later confirmed by scientists around

the world, especially the British Antarctic Survey in

1986.

This led to the Montreal Protocol of 1987 that banned

CFCs around the world.

They received the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1995.



26

6. Montreal Protocol

The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer

is an international treaty designed to protect the ozone layer by phasingout the production of numerous substances believed to be responsible

for ozone depletion.

The treaty was opened for signature on September 16, 1987.

Artic le A 5 (1) : Special situation of developing countries

Any Party that is a developing country and whose annual calculated

level of consumption of the controlled substances in Annex A is less than

0.3 kilograms per capita on the date of the entry into force of the Protocol

for it.



27



28

Hole in Ozone Layer

The concentration of ozone

in the atmosphere is

measured in "Dobson

Units", the average

concentration of ozone in the

atmosphere is about 300Dobson Units.

The ozone hole is considered

to be wherever the

concentration drops below

220 Dobson Units.



29



30

Velders et al., PNAS, 2007



31



32

Global warming potential (GWP) is a measure of how much a given mass of

greenhouse gas is estimated to contribute to global warming. It is a relative scale

that compares a gas to that of the same mass of CO2 (GWP of CO2 is by

definition 1).

SpeciesChemical

formula

Lifetime

(years)

Global Warming

Potential

(100 Years)

CO2 CO2 variable 1

Methane CH4 12 21

Nitrous oxide N2O 120 310

HFC-23 CHF3 264 11700

HFC-32 CH2F2 5.6 650

HFC-41 CH3F 3.7 150

HFC-125 C2HF5 32.6 2800

HFC-134 C2H2F4 10.6 1000

HFC-134a CH2FCF3 14.6 1430

7. What is GWP?



33

Ref : Calm JM, 2008



34

TEWI = GWP (direct; refrigerant leaks incl. EOL) + GWP (indirect ; operation)

= (GWP x m x L annual x n) + (GWP x m x (1- α recovery)) + (E annual x β x n)

Where:

GWP = Global Warming Potential of refrigerant, relative to CO2 (GWP CO2 = 1)

L annual = Leakage rate p.a. (Units: kg)

n = System operating life (Units: years)

m = Refrigerant charge (Units: kg)

α recovery = Recovery/recycling factor from 0 to 1

E annual = Energy consumption per year (Units: kWh p.a.)

β = Indirect emission factor (Units: kg CO2 per kWh)

8. Total equivalent warming impact (TEWI)



35

Ref : Calm JM, 2008

9. Kyoto Protocol

The Kyoto Protocol is a protocol to the United NationsFramework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC),

Kyoto, Japan, on 11 December 1997 that set binding

obligations on the industrialized countries to reduce their

emissions of greenhouse gases.



36

Ref: The U.S. Response to the Kyoto Protocol, Kevin Klein, Professor of Economics, Ill inois College

March 2, 2007



37

World avoided by the Montreal

Protocol

Reduction Montreal Protocol of ~11 GtCO2-

eq/yr

5-6 times Kyoto target

(incl. offsets: HFCs, ozone depl.)

CO2 emissions

Velders et al., PNAS, 2007



38

Regional Shares of World Carbon Emissions, 1997 & 2020

Ref: The U.S. Response to the Kyoto Protocol, Kevin Klein, Professor of Economics, Ill inois College

March 2, 2007



39

HFO-R1234yf HFO-R1234ze

CH2=CF-CF3 CHF=CH-CF3

Environmental

• ODP = 0

• GWP100

= 4

• Atmospheric Life: 11 days

Environmental

• ODP = 0

• GWP100

= 6

• Atmospheric Life: 18 days

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

-20 0 20 40 60 80 100

1234ze(E)

134a

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

-20 0 20 40 60 80 100

134a

1234yf

Vapor Pressure Vs. Temperature Vapor Pressure Vs. Temperature

Temperature, oC

P r e s s u r e ,

M P a

P r e s s u r e ,

M P a

Temperature, oC

10. Fourth generation Refrigerants



40




41Ref: NIST Chemistry WebBook




42

Important (ex.230g)Special joint

Sealing etc.NecessaryNecessary

Necessary-

---

NecessarySpecial joint

---


---

Cost for safetyCharge reductionJoint

Electronic partsLeak detectorVentilation

Modified facilityQualificationQualified personQualified person

Two-stage comp.High-pressure etc.

Cheap

C O 2(R744)

Larger comp.Larger pipe etc.

Near as R410ASame as R410A

Modification requiredSame as R22

Cost for performanceCompressor,EX, etc.

Modified facilityModificationModificationModificationModification

Expensive

H FO 1234yf

CheapCheapRefrigerant price


Special facilityQualificationQualified personQualified personQualification

Cost for handlingManufactureSupply chainInstallationServiceDisposal

R32Propane (R290)

Important (ex.230g)Special joint

Sealing etc.NecessaryNecessary

Necessary-

---


---


---

Cost for safetyCharge reductionJoint

Electronic partsLeak detectorVentilation

Modified facilityQualificationQualified personQualified person

Two-stage comp.High-pressure etc.

Cheap

C O 2(R744)

Larger comp.Larger pipe etc.

Near as R410ASame as R410A

Modification requiredSame as R22

Cost for performanceCompressor,EX, etc.


Expensive

H FO 1234yf

CheapCheapRefrigerant price


Special facilityQualificationQualified personQualified personQualification

Cost for handlingManufactureSupply chainInstallationServiceDisposal

R32Propane (R290)

The Example of Room A/ CComponent whicincreases cost

11. Retrofit options



ACMA AWARDS 2009-10

Benefits of R1234yf:

1. GWP=4.0 ( & ODP=0.0)

2. Very low atmospheric life

3. Low TEWI

4. Complying to European Norms

5. Complying to US Norms

R1234yf Implementation issues:

1) Performance impact

2) Additional part (IHX) to match the performance

3) Availability

4) Cost impact

5) Retro fitment issues (New oil type, New ports)

6) Mild Flammability

Retrofit ting of R134a by R1234yf



ACMA AWARDS 2009-10

Compressor

TXV

Additional part

Alternat ive Refrigerant for Automot ive Air Condi tioning ApplicationsRetrofit ting of R134a by R1234yf



ACMA AWARDS 2009-10

S.No. Refrigerant

Addit ional

Sub-cool by

IHX

Cooling

Capacity, W

Power

Consumption, WCOP

Quality of refrigerant

at TXV outlet

1 R134a 0 5485.8 2185 2.511 0.377

2 R1234yf 0 5026.4 2136 2.353 0.477

-8.4% -2.2% -6.3% 10%

3 R1234yf 5 5210.6 2151 2.422 0.4

-5.0% -1.6% -3.5% 2%

4 R1234yf 10 5382.9 2163 2.489 0.354

-1.9% -1.0% -0.9% -2%

5 R1234yf 15 5545 2173 2.552 0.309

1.1% -0.5% 1.6% -7%

6 R1234yf 20 5698.6 2181 2.613 0.265

3.9% -0.2% 4.1% -11%

Alternat ive Refrigerant for Automot ive Air Condi tioning Applications

Te=0.3 C

Tc=57.7 C

SC=5 C

SH=10 C

i=70%

v=65%Vs=138.3 cc

N=2000 rpm




ACMA AWARDS 2009-10

X=0.377

No IHX




ACMA AWARDS 2009-10

X=0.447

No IHX




ACMA AWARDS 2009-10

X=0.400

IHX = 5 C additional sub-cool


C S 2009 10



ACMA AWARDS 2009-10

X=0.354



ACMA AWARDS 2009 10



ACMA AWARDS 2009-10

X=0.309



ACMA AWARDS 2009 10



ACMA AWARDS 2009-10

X=0.265





As per Montreal Protocol (1987), the changeover happened from R12 to R134a to avoid the

ozone layer depletion.

Kyoto Protocol (1997) has set the target to reduce the emissions of greenhouse gases, which

are contributing the global warming.

EU Directives for MAC (2009) have set the target to use the refrigerants havingGWP < 150 for Automotive Air Conditioning Applications.

Alternat ive Refrigerant for Automot ive Air Condi tioning Applications

Refrigerant

type Grade ODP GWPCost of

ownership Development

CFC R12 1 10900 low

HCFC R22 0.055 1810 low

HFC R134a 0 1430 low 3rd Generation

HFO R1234yf 0 4 slight high

Natural ref. CO2 0 1 very high

2nd Generation

4th Generation

1

2

Changeover as per Montreal Protocol

Changeover due to Kyoto Protocol and EU MAC Directives, US EPA Rules.

1

2

Objective Changeover of refrigerant types R134a to R1234yf


ACMA AWARDS 2009 10



ACMA AWARDS 2009-1012. Reefer Truck Classification

Appl ication

Frozen

(upto -25 °C)

Chilled

(upto 0 °C)

Fresh

(upto 10 °C)

A]

Drive

Direct Drive Auxillary engine driven

(cabin volume > 22 m3)

With standby

unitWithout standby

Unit

B]

ACMA AWARDS 2009 10



ACMA AWARDS 2009-10Refrigeration System

Refrigerant :

Frozen application: R404aChilled & Fresh application : R404a/R134a

Operating Conditions(frozen):

Condensing side: 28~32 bar

Evaporating side: 1.5~2.5 bar

Hot gas Defros t

Hot gas bypass from compressor out to evap in for defrosting operation

ACMA AWARDS 2009 10



ACMA AWARDS 2009-10Why R404a for Freezing application?

ACMA AWARDS 2009 10




Refrigerant

Number Compounds

Composition

(Weight %)ODP GWP

R404AR-

125/143a/134a44/52/4 0 3700

R125 Pure 44% 0 3420 1505R143a Pure 52% 0 4180 2174

R134a Pure 4% 0 1430 57

R410A R-32/125 50/50 0 2100

R32 Pure 50% 0 716 358

R125 Pure 50% 0 3420 1710

ACMA AWARDS 2009 10




ACMA AWARDS 2009 10




1

6

11

16

21

26

31

36

41

-50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110

S

a t u r a t i o n

P r e s s u r e ,

B a r ( a )

Saturation Temperature, C

Saturation Pressure vs Temperature of Refrigerants

R134a R404a

ACMA AWARDS 2009-10



ACMA AWARDS 2009-10Why not R410a for Freezing application?

ACMA AWARDS 2009-10

Performance Testing



ACMA AWARDS 2009-10Performance Testing

1. Cooldown Test

-25 °C has to be achieved at an ambient of 45 °C within 6.5 hours

2. Retention TestAmbient temp: 35 °C

Time taken from -25 °C to 0 °C : 2 hrs +/- 15 mins

Time taken from 0°C to 15°C : 3.0 hrs +/- 15 mins

3. Air Tightness Test

A pressure of 250 +/- 10 pa above atmospheric is maintained inside the chamber & air flow required to

maintain this internal pressure is recorded. The air leakage rate should not be more than 5 m3/h

4. Heat Leakage Test

K = Q/A(Ti – To)

K = Heat leakage (W/m2/°C).

Q = Electrical power dissipated by heater and fans, A = Mean s/c area,

Ti = Mean inside temperature, To = Mean outside temperature.

5. Rain Test

Test should be conducted as per IS-11865-2006. No water leakage inside the cabin should be detected after the test.

ACMA AWARDS 2009-10

S



ACMA AWARDS 2009-10International Standards

S.No.

Standard/

Specificatio

n

Condenser In

Temperature

of air

Evaporator In

Temperature

of air

Compressor

Speed

Duration in

Cool Down

test

1

2.1 +38 C +12 C 1500 rpm <= 6.5 Hr

2.2 +38 C 0 C 1500 rpm <= 6.5 Hr

2.3 +38 C -18 C 1500 rpm <= 6.5 Hr

2.4 +38 C -28 C 1500 rpm <= 6.5 Hr

2

3.1 +35 C +10 C 1800 rpm

3.2 +35 C 0 C 1800 rpm

3.3 +35 C -18 C 1800 rpm

Reefer Truck Test Conditions with R404a

Australian Standard No. AS:4982-2003

Japanese Standard No. JRA_4045:2008

ACMA AWARDS 2009-10

P f



ACMA AWARDS 2009 10

-30

-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

0 60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480

Time, min

A v g .

C a

b i n T e m p . ,

C

+45 C ambientEngine :2000 rpm

Ram air : 40 kmph

+45 C ambientEngine :Idle rpm

Ram air : No

+35 C ambientEngine :Idle rpm

Ram air : No

Cool Down -17.2 C

reached

Cool Down -22.4 C

reached

Controller tripped the

compressor after the set

point of -25 C is reached

Performance

ACMA AWARDS 2009-10

13 Future technology of Air Conditioning



ACMA AWARDS 2009 1013. Future technology of Air-Conditioning

System

› Dual loop air conditioning

› Development of innovative heat

exchangers› Use of innovative coolants

TIFFE Approach

ACMA AWARDS 2009-10

Future technology of Air Conditioning



ACMA AWARDS 2009 10Single loop Conventional CircuitFuture technology of Air-Conditioning

System

ACMA AWARDS 2009-10

Future technology of Air Conditioning



ACMA AWARDS 2009 10CRU: Compact Refrigeration UnitFuture technology of Air-Conditioning

System

TIFFE Approach



66

14. Conclusion

Thomas Midgley (1928) had invented the CFCs &

HCFCs, but the large use of these refrigerants had created

severe threat to the earth in terms of ozone layer depletion

and global warming (HFCs).

McNeill has stated that Midgley "had more impact on the

atmosphere than any other single organism in Earth's

history.

Not only the inventors but all end users are more

responsible for the consequences of usage of refrigerants.

PLAN DO CHECK ACT

15 R f



67

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2007%201st%20PPR%20Draft.pdf

2. ASHRAE, 2008, http://www.ashrae.org/File%20Library/docLib/Public/20080807_34m_thru_34v_final.

pdf

3. Anant et al. Investigation of Cubic EOS models for HFO-1234yf Refrigerant Used in Automotive Application, International Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Conference at Purdue, July 16-19, 2012

4. Björn Palm, REFRIGERANTS OF THE FUTURE, 10thIEA Heat Pump Conference 2011, 16 - 19 May

2011, Tokyo, Japan http://kth.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:483181/ FULLTEXT01

5. Calm JM, Composition Designations for Refrigerants, ASHRAE Journal, November 1989

6. Calm JM, Global Warming Impacts of Chillers, Heating Piping Air Conditioning, February 1993

7. Calm JM, Refrigerant Safety, ASHRAE Journal, 1994

8. Calm JM, The next generation of refrigerants - Historical review, considerations, and outlook, Int. J.

Refrig. 31 (7), 1123-1133 (2008). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2008.01.013

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REFRIGERANTS: IT AIN’T NECESSARILY SO , Bull. Hist. Chem., VOLUME 31, Number 2 (2006

11. CHARLES F. KETTERING , BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIR of THOMAS MIDGLEY, JR. 1889-

1944, PRHSENTED TO THE ACADEMY AT THE ANNUAL MEETING, 1947.

12. Dylan S. Cousins and Arno Laesecke, Sealed Gravitational Capillary Viscometry of Dimethyl Ether

and Two Next-Generation Alternative Refrigerants Journal of Research of the National Institute of

Standards and Technology, Volume 117 http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/jres.117.014 , 2012

13. G Venkatarathnam and S Srinivasa Murthy, Refrigerants for Vapour Compression Refrigeration

Systems, RESONANCE February 201214. GUIDE 2012: Natural Refrigerants Market Growth for Europe, shecco publications

15. Imke et al. Energy consumption of battery cooling in electric hybrid vehicles, International

Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Conference at Purdue, July 16-19, 2012

15. References

Continuing ….



68

16. NASA, 2007, http://www.nasa.gov/vision/earth/environment/ozone_recovering.html Date:

March11, 2011

17. NIST Standard Reference Database 23, REFPROP - Thermo dynamic properties of refrigerants

and refrigerant mixtures, Version 3.04, NIST, USA, 1991.

18. M. Richter, M. O. McLinden, and E. W. Lemmon, Thermodynamic Properties of 2,3,3,3-

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State, J. Chem. Eng. Data 56 (7), 3254-3264 (2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/je200369m19. M. O. McLinden, M. Thol, and E. W. Lemmon, "Thermodynamic Properties of trans-1,3,3,3-

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Continuing ….



69

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35. http://www.beyonddiscovery.org/content/view.page.asp?I=89

Inventor : Thomas Midgley

No.

USPatent

No.

dated patent Title filed as on

1 2013062 Sep.3, 1935Preparation of aliphatic

halofluoro compounds

Feb. 26,1931

2 2007208 July 9,1935

Manufacture of halo-fluoro

derivative of aliphatic

hydrocarbons

Feb. 24,1931

3 2104882 Jan.11, 1938 Heat transfer and refrigeration Nov.19, 1931

4 2024008 Dec.10, 1935 Manufacture of antimonytrifluoride

June 30, 1934

5 2192143Feb.27,1940

Fluorination process May 7, 1938

emerging refrigerants and retrofit options for air conditioning and_ refrigeration

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