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SECTION VOCABULARY

Annul – to cancel

Canonize – to declare a person to be a saint

Compromise – an acceptable middle ground

Scapegoat – a person or group made to bear the blame

for others or to suffer in their place

Ghetto – a section of a city in which all Jews were

required to live

MAIN IDEA

Throughout Europe, Catholic monarchs and the Catholic church fought back against Protestant influences. They tried to reform the Church and restore its spiritual leadership, but Protestant ideas continued to spread.

RADICAL REFORMERS

-Hundreds of Protestant sects sprang up

-Had very radical ideas

-Were against babies getting baptized, for example Argued they were too young to understand what it means Became known as Anabaptists

-Some wanted to abolish private property-Others wanted to speed up God’s return with violence-Most Anabaptists were peaceful

Wanted separation of church and stateInfluenced Protestant ideas in many countries – ancestry of Baptists, Quakers, Mennonites, and Amish

THE ENGLISH REFORMATION

-Some religious leaders wanted the church to reform as early as the 1300s

-By 1520s, Protestant ideas were pondered by some English clergy

-The break of the Catholic Church (schism) was done by King Henry VIII for political reasons

Wanted to end papal control over English church

ENGLISH REFORMATION – SEEKING AN ANNULMENT

-At first Henry was against Protestant revolt

-But, in 1527, Henry had a fight with the church

Wanted them to annul his marriage with Catherine of Aragon, his wife of 18 years

She had bore him only a daughter, Mary Tudor, and he wanted a son

Wanted to marry Anne Boleyn

Pope refused

ENGLISH REFORMATION – BREAK WITH ROME-Henry was FURIOUS

-Decided to take over the English church – no longer under the pope’s rule, but under Henry’s

-Many Catholics refused to accept Henry as their supreme leader

Were executed for treason; among them was Sir Thomas More, who was later canonized by the Catholic Church

-Henry appointed Thomas Cranmer archbishop

Cranmer annulled Henry’s marriage to Catherine, and Henry married Anne Boleyn

-Anne Boleyn gave birth to another daughter, Elizabeth

-In future years, Henry married 4 more times but had only one son, Edward

ENGLISH REFORMATION – THE CHURCH OF ENGLAND-Between 1536 and 1540 royal officials investigated English convents and monasteries

-Henry didn’t like them, so he shut them down

-Took their land and wealth

Gave some of the taken land to nobles and other important citizens

-Got their support for the Anglican Church, as the new Church of England was called

-Despite all this, Henry wasn’t a religious radical

Rejected most Protestant doctrines

Kept most form of Catholic worship, other than breaking away from Rome and allowing use of the English Bible

ENGLISH REFORMATION – RELIGIOUS TURMOIL-When Henry died in 1547, his 10-year-old son, Edward VI, became king

-Edwards advisors were Protestants

-Parliament passed new laws that brought Protestant reforms to England

-Thomas Cranmer wrote Book of Common Prayer

Had some Protestant ideas, but kept many Catholic doctrines

-Edward’s half-sister, Mary Tudor, took over throne when he died in his teens

-She wanted to return England to the Catholic ways

Under her rule, hundreds of English Protestants were burned at the stake

ENGLISH REFORMATION – THE ELIZABETHAN SETTLEMENT-Throne passed to Elizabeth when Mary died in 1558

-Elizabeth enforced a series of reforms later called the Elizabethan settlement

-Her policies were a compromise between Catholics and Protestants

Preserved Catholic ceremony and rituals

Kept hierarchy of bishops and archbishops

Restored a version of the Book of Common Prayer

Accepted moderate Protestant doctrines

Allowed English to replace Latin in church services

-She restored unity in England

-Kept many Catholic traditions, but made England a Protestant nation

-After she died, England faced new religious turmoil

THE CATHOLIC REFORMATION

-Leader of Catholic Reformation was Pope Paul III

-In 1530s and 40s he set out to revive moral authority of the church

-Didn’t favor Protestants

CATHOLIC REFORMATION – COUNCIL OF TRENT

-To plan the Reformation, pope called Council of Trent in 1545

Met off and on for almost 20 years

Reaffirmed traditional Catholic views

Took steps to end abuses in the church

Had strict penalties for corruption in the clergy

Established schools for the clergy so they could challenge Protestant teachings

CATHOLIC REFORMATION – THE INQUISITION

-Pope Paul strengthened the Inquisition

Inquisition was the Church set up in the Middle Ages

Used secret testimony, torture, and execution to get rid of heresy

Prepared the Index of Forbidden Books: list of works considered too immoral or irreligious for Catholics to read, included books by Luther and Calvin

CATHOLIC REFORMATION – IGNATIUS OF LOYOLA-1540 pope recognized a new religious order, the Society of Jesus, or Jesuits

Founded by Ignatius of Loyola

Determined to combat heresy and spread Catholic faith

-Ignatius was a Spanish knight

-After his leg was shattered in battle, found comfort in reading about saints who had went through torture

-Vowed to become a “soldier of God,” drew up strict program for Jesuits

Included discipline, religious training, and obedience to the church

-Jesuits became advisers to Catholic rulers

Set up schools that taught Catholic beliefs with discipline and obedience

-Some went to Protestant lands in disguise to minister to the Catholics

Spread their beliefs to places including Asia, Africa, and the Americas

CATHOLIC REFORMATION - RESULTS

-By 1600 Rome was more devout than it had been 100 years earlier

-Across Catholic Europe charity and piety was common

-Reforms did slow Protestant spread

-Still, Europe was divided into a Catholic south and a Protestant north

WIDESPREAD PERSECUTION

-Persecution was very common toward Catholics and Protestants

Catholic mobs attacked and killed Protestants

Protestants killed priests and destroyed Catholic churches

Both persecuted others, like Anabaptists

WIDESPREAD PERSECUTION – WITCH HUNTS

-Lots of witch hunts

-Usually women were accused, but some men were too

-Between 1450 and 1750 tens of thousands died as victims of witch hunts

-People thought magic was involved with heresy, therefore blamed problems on so-called witches

Used them as scapegoats

-The accused were usually outcasts, like beggars, poor widows, midwives blamed for babies dying, or herbalists whose potions were seen as gifts from the devil

-Most victims were in German states, Switzerland, and France; centers of religious conflict

-When wars of religion declined, so did persecution of witches

WIDESPREAD PERSECUTION – JEWS AND REFORMATION

-Reformation brought hardships to Jews

-Pressured to convert from Judaism

-Italian cities ordered Jews to live in a separate part of the city, called a ghetto

-Restrictions on Jews increased

Expelled from Christian lands, synagogues and books burned

Had to wear a yellow badge if they went outside

-In 1550s Pope Paul IV added even MORE restrictions

After this, many migrated to Poland-Lithuania and parts of the Ottoman Empire where there were no restrictions

Settled in Netherlands too

LOOKING AHEAD

-All of these events sparked religious wars until mid-1600s

-Then, issues of religion gave way to issues of national power

-Catholic and Protestant rulers often made decisions based on politics rather than religious reasons

REVIEW – QUESTIONS AND SOME THINGS YOU SHOULD KNOWJohn Calvin - French theologian and reformer in Switzerland: one of the

leaders in the Protestant Reformation.

Henry VIII - king of England from 1509–47, married 6 times and beheaded his 2nd and 5th wives.

Martin Luther - German theologian and author: leader, in Germany, of the Protestant Reformation.

Thomas More - English writer on religious subjects.

Elizabeth I - queen of England (1558-1603); daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. She established the Church of England (1559) and put an end to Catholic plots, notably by executing Mary Queen of Scots (1587) and defeating the Spanish Armada (1588). Her reign was notable for commercial growth, maritime expansion, and the flourishing of literature, music, and architecture.

#1. What were some of the results of the Catholic Reformation?

-By 1600 Rome was more devout than it had been 100 years earlier

-Across Catholic Europe charity and piety was common

-Reforms did slow Protestant spread

-Still, Europe was divided into a Catholic south and a Protestant north

THE END