REFERENCES

Abe, H. (1991). Rice-lamina inclination, endogenous levels in plant tissues and

accumulation during pollen development of brassinosteroids. In:

Brassinosteroids: Chemistry, Bioactivity and Applications (Eds. H.G. Cutler, T.

Yokota and G. Adam), American Chemical Society, pp. 200-207, Washington,

USA.

Abe, H., Hongo, C., Kyokawa, Y., Asakawa, S., Natsume, M. and Narushima, M. (1994).

3-Oxo teasterone and the epimerization of teasterone: Identification: in lily

anthers and Distylium racemosum leaves and its biotransformation into

typhasterol. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry. 58: 986-989.

Abe, H., Morishita, T., Uchiyama, M., Marumo, S., Munakata, K., Takatsuto, S. and

Ikekawa, N. (1982). Identification of brassinolide like substances in Chinese

cabbage. Agricultural and Biological Chemistry. 46: 2609-2611.

Abe, H., Morishita, T., Uchiyama, M., Takatsuto, S. and Ikekawa, N. (1984a). A new

brassinolide-related steroid in the leaves of Thea sinensis. Agricultural and

Biological Chemistry. 48: 1271-73.

Abe, H., Morishita, T., Uchiyama, M., Takatsuto, S., Ikekawa, N., Ikeda, M., Sassa, T.,

Kitsuwa, T. and Marumo, S. (1983). Occurrence of three new brassinosteroids :

brassinone, 24 (S)-24-ethylbrassione and 28-norbrassinolide in higher plants.

Experientia. 39: 351-353.

Abe, H., Nakamura, K., Morishita, T., Uchiyama, M., Takatsuto, S. and Ikekawa, N.

(1984b). Endogenous brassinosteroids of the rice plant: castasterone and

dolichosterone. Agricultural and Biological Chemistry. 48: 1103-04.

Abe, H., Soeno, K., Koseki, N.N. and Natsume, M. (2001). Conjugated and unconjugated

brassinosteroids. In: Agrochemical Discovery. Insect, Weed, and Fungal Control

(Eds. D.R. Baker, N.K. Umetsu). American Chemical Society, pp. 91-101,

Washington, D.C.

References

162

Abe, H., Takatsuto, S., Nakayama, M. and Yokota, T. (1995a). 28- homotyphasterol, a

new natural brassinosteroid from rice (Oryza sativa L.) bran.

Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry. 59: 176-178.

Abe, H., Takatsuto, S., Okuda, R. and Yokata, T. (1995b). Identification of castasterone,

6-deoxo castasterone and typhasteol in the pollen of Robinila pseudo-acacia L.

Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry. 59: 309-310.

Adam, G., Porzel, A. and Schmidt, J. (1996). New developments in brassinosteroid

research. Studies in Natural Products Chemistry 18: 495-549.

Adam, G., Schmidt, J. and Schneider, B. (1999). Brassinosteroids. Progress in the

Chemistry of Organic Natural Products. 78:1-46.

Aebi, H. (1984). Catalase in vitro. Methods in Enzymology. 105: 121-126.

Ahammed, G.J., Gao, C-J, Ogweno, Zhou, Y-H., Xia, X-J., Mao, W-H., Shi, K. and Yu,

J-Q. (2012). Brassinosteroids induce plant tolerance against phenanthrene by

enhancing degradation and detoxification in Solanum lycopersicum L.

Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 80: 28-36.

Ahmad, M.S.A., Hussain, M., Saddiq, R., Alvi and A.K. (2007). Mungbean: A nickel

indicator, accumulator or excluder? Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and

Toxicology. 78: 319-324.

Alam, M.M., Hayat, S., Ali, B. and Ahmad, A. (2007). Effect of 28-homobrassinolide

treatment on nickel toxicity in Brassica juncea. Photosynthetica. 45: 139-142.

Ali, B., Hassan, S.A., Hayat, S., Hayat, Q., Yadav, S., Fariduddin, Q. and Ahmad, A.

(2008a). A role for brassinosteroids in the amelioration of aluminium stress

through antioxidant system in mung bean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek).

Environmental and Experimental Botany. 62: 153-159.

Ali, B., Hayat, S. and Ahmad, A. (2005). Response of germinating seeds of Cicer

arietinum to 28-homobrassinolide and/or potassium. General and Applied Plant

Physiology. 31: 55-63.

Ali, B., Hayat, S. Fariduddin, Q. and Ahmad, A. (2008b). 24-Epibrassinolide protects

against the stress generated by salinity and nickel in Brassica juncea.

Chemosphere. 72: 1387-1392.

References

163

Alloway, B. J. (1995). Soil processes and the behavior of metals. In: Heavy metals in

soils. (Ed. Alloway, B. J.) London: Blackie. pp: 38-57.

Ampiah-Bonney, R. J., Tyson, J. F. and Lanza, G. R. (2007). Phytoex- traction of arsenic

fromsoil by Leersia oryzoides. International Journal of Phytoremediation. 9: 31-

40.

Ando, T., Aburatani, M., Koseki, N., Asakwa, S., Mouri, T. and Abe, H. (1993).

13C NMR assignments of brassinosteroids by two-dimentional techniques.

Magnetic Resonance in Chemistry. 31: 94-99.

Andre, C.M., Yvan, L. and Daniele, E. (2010). Dietary antioxidants and oxidative stress

from a human and plant perspective: a review. Current Nutrition

and Food Science. 6: 2-12.

Antonchick, A., Svatos, A., Schneider, B., Konstantinova, O, V., Zhabinskii, V, Z., and

Khripach V, A. (2005). 2,3-Epoxybrassinosteroids are intermediates in the

biosynthesis of castasterone in seedlings of Secale cereal. Phytochemistry. 66: 65-

72.

Antonchick, A.P., Schneider, B., Zhabinskii, V.N., Konstantinova, O.V. and Khripach,

V.A. (2003). Biosynthesis of 2,3-epoxybrassinosteroids in seedlings of Secale

cereale. Phytochemistry. 63: 771-76.

Anuradha, S. and Rao, S.S.R. (2003). Application of brassinosteroids to rice seeds (Oryza

sativa L.) reduced the impact of salt stress on growth and improved

photosynthetic pigment levels and nitrate reductase activity. Plant Growth

Regulation. 40: 29-32.

Anuradha, S. and Rao, S.S.R. (2007). The effect of brassinosteriods on radish (Raphanus

sativus L.) seedlings growing under cadmium stress. Plant Soil and Environment.

53(11): 465-472.

Anuradha, S. and Rao, S.S.R. (2009). Effect of 24-epibrassinolide on the photosynthetic

activity of radish plants under cadmium stress. Photosynthetica. 47 (2): 317-320.

Apel, K. and Hirt, H. (2004). Reactive Oxygen Species: Metabolism, Oxidative Stress,

and Signal Transduction. Annual Review of Plant Biology. 55: 373-399.

References

164

Aravind, P. and Prasad, M.N.V. (2003). Zinc alleviates cadmium-induced oxidative stress

in Ceratophyllum demersum L.: a free floating freshwater macrophyte. Plant

Physiology and Biochemistry. 41: 391-397.

Aravind, P., Prasad, M.N.V. (2004). Zinc protects chloroplasts and associated

photochemical functions in cadmium exposed Ceratophyllum demersum L., a

freshwater macrophyte. Plant Science. 166: 1321-1327.

Arima, M., Yokota, T. and Takahashi, N. (1984). Identification and quantification of

brassinolide-related steroids in the insect gall and healthy tissues of the chestnut

plant. Phytochemistry. 23: 1587-1591.

Arora, N., Bhardwaj, R., Sharma, P. and Arora, H.K. (2008a). Effects of 28-

homobrassinolide on growth, lipid peroxidation and antioxidative enzyme

activities in seedlings of Zea mays L. under salinity stress. Acta Physiologiae

Plantarum. 30: 833-839.

Asada, K. (1999). The water-water cycle in chloroplasts: scavenging of active oxygens

and dissipation of excess photons. Annual Review of Plant Physiology

and Plant Molecular Biology. 50: 601-639.

Asada, K., Kiso, K. and Yoshikawa, K. (1974). Univalent reduction of molecular

oxygen by spinach chloroplasts on illumination. Journal of Biological

Chemistry. 249: 2175-2181.

Asakawa, S., Abe, H., Kyokawa, Y., Nakamura, S. and Natsume, M. (1994). Teasterone

3-myristate: a new type of brassinosteroids derivative in Lilium longiflorium

anthers. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry. 58: 219-220.

Asakawa, S., Abe, H., Nishikawa, N., Natsume, M. and Koshioka, M. (1996).

Purification and identification of new acyl-conjugated teasterone in lily pollen.

Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry. 60: 1416-1420.

Athar, R. and Ahmad, M. (2002). Heavy metal toxicity: effect on plant growth and Metal

uptake by wheat, and on free living Azotobacter. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution.

138: 165-180.

References

165

Atta-Aly, M.A. (1999). Effect of Ni addition on the yield and quality of parsley leaves.

Scientia Horticulturae. 82: 9-24.

Aydinalp, C. and Marinova, S. (2009). The effects of heavy metals on seed germination

and plant growth on alfalfa plant (Medicago sativa). Bulgarian Journal of

Agricultural Science. 15: 347-350.

Baba, J., Yokota, T. and Takahashi, N. (1983). Brassinolide-related new bioactive

steroids for Dolichas lablab seed. Agricultural and Biological Chemistry 47: 659-

61.

Babula, P., Adam, V., Opatrilova, R., Zehnalek, J., Havel, L. and Kizek, R. (2008).

Uncommon heavy metals, metalloids and their plant toxicity: a review.

Environmental Chemistry Letters. 6: 189-213.

Baccouch, S., Chaoui, A. and Ferjani, E.L. (1998). Nickel induced oxidative damage and

antioxidant responses in Zea mays shoots. Journal of Plant Physiology and

Biochemistry. 36: 689-694.

Bahemuka, T.E. and Mubofu, E.B. (1999). Heavy metals in edible green vegetables

grown along the sites of the Sinza and Msimbazi rivers in Dares Salaam,

Tanzania. Food Chemistry. 66: 63-66.

Bajguz, A. (2000a). Blockade of heavy metals accumulation in Chlorella vulgaris cells

by 24-epibrassinolide. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry. 38: 797-801.

Bajguz, A. (2000b). Effect of brassinosteroids on nucleic acids and protein content

incultured cells of Chlorella vulgaris. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 38:

209-215.

Bajguz, A. (2007a). Metabolism of brassinosteroids in plants. Plant physiology and

Biochemistry. 45: 95-107.

Bajguz, A. (2009a). Isolation and characterization of brassinosteroids from algal cultures

of Chlorella vulgaris Beijerinck (Trebouxiophyceae). Journal of Plant Physiology

166: 1946-1949.

References

166

Bajguz, A. (2009b). Brassinosteroid enhanced the level of abscisic acid in Chlorella

vulgaris subjected to short-term heat stress. Journal of Plant Physiology. 166:

882-886.

Bajguz, A. and Hayat, S. (2009). Effects of brassinosteroids on the plant responses to

environmental stresses. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry. 47: 1-8.

Bajguz, A. and Tretyn, A. (2003) The chemical characteristic and distribution of

brassinosteroids in plants. Phytochemistry. 62: 1027-1046.

Bakht, J., Shafi, M., Jamal, Y. and Sher, H. (2011). Response of maize (Zea mays L.) to

seed priming with NaCl and salinity stress. Spanish Journal of Agricultural

Research, 9(1): 252-261.

Barcelo, J. and Poschenrieder, C. (1990). Plant water relations as affected by heavy

metal stress: A review. Journal of Plant Nutrition. 13: 1-37.

Bari, R. and Jones, J.D.G. (2009). Role of plant hormones in plant defence responses.

Plant Molecular Biology. 69: 473-488.

Barman, S. C., Sahu, R. K., Bhargava, S. K. and Chaterjee, C. (2000). Distribution of

Heavy Metals in Wheat, Mustard, and Weed Grown in Field Irrigated with

Industrial Effluents. Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology.

64:489-496.

Becquer, T., Quantin, C., Sicot, M. and Boudot, J.P. (2003) Chromium availability in

ultramafic soils from New Caledonia. Science of the Total Environment. 301:

251-261.

Benavides, M.P., Gallego, S.M., Maria, L. and Tomaro, M.L. (2005). Cadmium toxicity

in plants. Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology 17: 21-34.

Bertrand, M., Poirier, I. (2005) Photosynthetic organisms and excess of metals.

Photosynthetica. 43: 345-353.

Bhardwaj, R., Arora, H.K., Nagar, P.K. and Thukral, A.K. (2006). Brassinosteriods- A

novel group of plant hormones. In: Plant molecular physiology-current scenario

and future projections (Eds. A.K. Thukral and G.S. Virk). Scientific Publishers,

Jodhpur, pp: 130-141.

References

167

Bhardwaj, R., Arora, N., Sharma, P. and Arora, H.K. (2007b). Effects of 28-

homobrassinolide on seedling growth, lipid peroxidation and antioxidative

enzyme activities under nickel stress in seedlings of Zea mays L. Asian Journal of

Plant Sciences. 6(5): 765-772.

Bhardwaj, R., Kaur, S., Nagar, P.K. and Kumar, H.K. (2007a). Isolation and

Characterization of brassinosteroids from immature seeds of Camellia sinensis.

Plant Growth Regulation. 53: 1-5.

Bhardwaj, R., Sharma, P., Arora, H.K. and Arora, N. (2008). 28-Homobrassinolide

regulated Mn-uptake and growth of Brassica juncea L. Canadian Journal of Pure

and Applied Sciences. 2: 149-154.

Bhuwan, B.M. and Tiwari, V.K. (2011). Natural products in drug discovery: Clinical

evaluations and investigations. Opportunity, Challenge and Scope of Natural

Products in Medicinal Chemistry. 1-62.

Bishop, G.T., Nomuma, T., Yokota, T., Harrison, K., Noguchi, T., Fujioka, S., Takatsuto,

S., Jones, J.D.G. and Kamiya, Y. (1999). The tomato DWARF enzyme catalyses

C-6-oxidation in brassinosteroids biosynthesis. Proceedings of the National

Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 96: 1761-1766.

Bjorkman, M., Klingen, I., Birch, A.N.E., Bones, A.M., Bruce, T.J.A., Johansen, T.J.,

Meadow, R., Molmann, J., Seljasen, R., Smart, L.E. and Stewart, D. (2011).

Phyto- chemicals of Brassicaceae in plant protection and human health -

Influences of climate, environment and agronomic practice. Phytochemistry. 72:

538-556.

Blois, M. A. (1958). Antioxidant determination by the use of a stable free radical. Nature,

181: 1199-1200.

Bobrik, A.O., Khripach, V.A., Zhabinskii, V.N., Zavadskaya, M.I. and Litvinovskaya,

R.P. (1998). A method of production of sanitated seed potato. BY 19,981,189.

(Patent).

Boonyapookana, B., Upatham, E.S., Kruatrachue, M., Pokethitiyook, P. and Singhakaew,

S. (2002). Phytoaccumulation and phytotoxicity of cadmium and chromium in

duckweed Wolffia globosa. International Journal of Phytoremediation 4: 87-100.

References

168

Boopathy, N.S. and Kathiresan, K. (2010). Anticancer drugs from marine flora: An

overview. Journal of Oncology.1-18.

Borisevich, N.A., Raichenock, T.F., Khripach, V.A., Zhabinskii, V.N., and Ivanova, G.V.

(2008). Solution electronic spectra of brassinosteroid and a synthesized conjugate

of a steroid and a fluorescent label. Journal of Applied Spectroscopy. 75: 75-79.

Borisevich,N, A., Skornyakov, I, V., Khripach, V, A., Tolstorozhev, G, B., Zhabinskii, V,

N. (2007). Manifestation of structure and intermolecular interactions of

biologically active Brassinosteroids in infrared spectra. Journal of Applied

Spectroscopy. 74: 673-680.

Brand-Williams, W., Cuvelier, M. E., and Berset, C. (1995). Use of a free radical method

to evaluate antioxidant activity. Food Science and Technology. 28: 25-30.

Bretzel, F. and Calderisi, M. (2006). Metal contamination in urban soils of coastal

Tuscany (Italy). Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 118(1-3):319-35.

Brown, P.H., Welch, R.M. and Cary, E.E. (1987). Ni: A micronutrient essential for

higher plants. Plant Physiology. 85: 801-803.

Burkill, J.H. (1966). A dictionary of economic products of the Malay peninsula. Art

Printing Works, Kuala Lumpur.

Caesar, K., Elgass, K., Chen, Z., Huppenberger, P., Witthöft, J., Schleifenbaum, F., Blatt,

M.R., Oecking, C. and Harter, K. (2011). A fast brassinolide-regulated response

pathway in the plasma membrane of Arabidopsis thaliana. The Plant Journal.

66(3): 528-540.

Cao, H. and Chen, S. (1995). Brassinosteroid-induced rice lamina joint inclination and its

relation to indole-3-acetic acid and ethylene. Plant Growth Regulation. 16:189-

196.

Cao, S.Q., Xu, Q.T., Cao, Y.J., Qian, K., An, K., Zhu, Y., Hu, B.Z., Zhao, H.F. and Kuai,

B.K. (2005). Loss-of-function mutations in DET2 gene lead to an enhanced

resistance to oxidative stress in Arabidopsis. Physiologia Plantarum. 123:57-66.

Carange, J., Longpŕe, F., Daoust, B. and Martinoli, M-G. (2011). 24-Epibrassinolide, a

Phytosterol from theBrassinosteroid Family, Protects Dopaminergic Cells

againstMPP+-Induced Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis. Journal of Toxicology.

doi:10.1155/2011/392859.

References

169

Cardoso, P.F., Gratão, P.L., Gomes-Junior, R.A., Medici, L.O. and Azevedo, R.A.

(2005). Response of Crotalaria juncea to nickel exposure. Brazilian journal of

plant physiology. 17 (2): 267-272.

Carlberg, I. and Mannervik, B. (1975). Purification of the flavoenzyme glutathione

reductase from rat liver. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 250: 5475-5480.

Chamseddine, M., Wided, B.A., Guy, H., Edith, C.H.M. and Fatma, J. (2009). Cadmium

and copper induction of oxidative stress and antioxidative response in tomato

(Solanum lycopersicon) leaves. Plant Growth Regulation. 57: 89-99.

Chandra, P., Sinha, S. and Rai, U. N. (1997). Bioremediation of Chromium from Water

and Soil by Vascular Aquatic Plants. In: Phytoremediation of Soil and Water

Contaminants. (Eds. E.L. Kruger, T.A. Anderson and J.R. Coats). ACS

Symposium Series, pp. 274-282, Washington, DC, USA.

Chary, N.S., Kamala, C.T. and Raj, D.S. (2008). Assessing risk of heavy metals from

consuming food grown on sewage irrigated soils and food chain transfer.

Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 69: 513-524.

Chatterjee, J. and Chatterjee, C. (2000). Phytotoxicity of cobalt, chromium and copper in

cauliflower. Environmental Pollution. 109: 69-74.

Chaturvedi, I. (2006). Effects of arsenic concentrations and forms on growth and arsenic

uptake and accumulation by Indian Mustard (Brassica Juncea l.) genotypes.

Journal of Central European Agriculture. 7: 31-40.

Choe, S., Fujioka, S., Noguchi, T., Takatsuto, S., Yoshida, S. and Feldmann, K.A.

(2001). Overexpression of DWARF4 in the brassinosteroid biosynthetic pathway

results in increased vegetative growth and seed yield in Arabidopsis. Plant

Journal. 26: 573-82.

Choi, J.M., Pak, C.H. and Lee, C.W. (1996). Micronutrient toxicity in

Frenchmarigold. Journal of Plant Nutrition. 19; 901-916.

Choi, Y.H., Fujioka, S., Harada, A., Yokota, T., Takatsuto, S. and Sakurai, A. (1996). A

brassinolide biosynthetic pathway via 6-deoxocastasterone. Phytochemistry. 43:

593-596.

References

170

Choi, Y.H., Fujioka, S., Nomura, T., Harada, A., Yokota, T., Takatsuto, S. and Sakurai,

A. (1997). An alternative brassinolide biosynthetic pathway via late C-6oxidation.

Phytochemistry. 44: 609-613.

Choi, Y.H., Inoue, T., Fujioka, S., Saimoto, H. and Sakurai, A. (1993). Identification of

brassinosteroid- like active substances in plant cell cultures.

Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry. 57: 860-861.

Choudhary, S.P., Bhardwaj, R., Gupta, B.D., Dutt, P., Gupta, R.K., Biondi, S. and

Kanwar, M. (2010). Epibrassinolide induces changes in indole-3-acetic acid,

abscisic acid and polyamine concentrations and enhances antioxidant potential of

radish seedlings under copper stress. Physiologia Plantarum. 140: 280-296.

Choudhary, S.P., Kanwar, M., Bhardwaj, R., Yu, J-Q., Tran, L-S.P. (2012). Chromium

Stress Mitigation by Polyamine- Brassinosteroid Application Involves

Phytohormonal and Physiological Strategies in Raphanus sativus L. PLoS ONE,

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0033210.

Christen, K. (2001). The arsenic threat worsens. Environmental Science Technology. 35:

286-290.

Churikova, V.V. and Vladimirova, I.N. (1997). Effect of epibrassinolide on activity of

enzymes of oxidase metabolism of cucumber in peronosporous epiphytotia

conditions. In: Plant growth and developments regulators, Moscow. Cf.

Brassinosteriods-A New Class of Plant Hormones (Eds. V.A. Khripcah, V.N.

Zhabinskii and A.E. de Groot), Academic Press. California.

Chutia, P., Kato, S., Kojima, T. and Satokawa, S. (2009). Arsenic adsorption from

aqueous solution on synthetic zeolites. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 162: 440-

447.

Clouse, S.D. (1996). Molecular genetic studies confirm the role of brassinosteroids in

plant growth and development. Plant Journal. 10: 1-8.

Clouse, S.D. (2011). Brassinosteroid signal transduction: from receptor kinase activation

to transcriptional networks regulating plant development. The Plant Cell. 23:

1219-1230.

References

171

Clouse, S.D. and Sasse, J.M. (1998). Brassinosteroids: essential regulators of plant

growth and development. Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant

Molecular Biology. 49: 427-451.

Clouse, S.D. and Zurek, D. (1991). Molecular analysis of brassinolide action in plant

growth and development. In: Brassinosteroids: Chemistry, Bioactivity, and

Applications (Eds. H.G. Cutler, T. Yokota, and G. Adam). ACS Symposium

Series, American Chemical Society, 474: 122-140, Washington, USA.

Cobb, G.P., Sands, K., Waters, M., Wixson, B.G. and Dorward-King, E. (2000).

Accumulation of heavy metals by vegetables grown in mine wastes.

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 19:600-607.

Csiszar, J., Pinter, B., Kolbert, Z., Erdel, L. and Tari, I. (2008). Peroxidase activities in

root segments of wheat genotypes under osmotic stress. Acta Biologica

Szegediensis. 52: 155-156.

Cui, J-X., Zhou, Y-H., Ding, J-G., Xia, X-J., Shi, K., Chen, S-C., Asami, T., Chen, Z. and

Yu, J-Q. (2011). Role of nitric oxide in hydrogen peroxide-dependent induction of

abiotic stress tolerance by brassinosteroids in cucumber. Plant, Cell and

Environment. 34: 347-358.

Cuypers, A., Smeets, K., Ruytinx, J., Opdenakker, K., Keunen, E., Remans, T., Hore-

mans, N., Vanhoudt, N., Van Sanden, S., Van Belleghem, F., Guisez, Y.,

Colpaert, J. and Vangronsveld, J. (2011). The cellular redox state as a in cadmium

and copper responses in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings. Journal of Plant

Physiology. 168 (4): 309-316.

Dalton, A.D., Russell, S.A. and Evans, H.J. (1988) Nickel as a micronutrient element for

plants. Biofactors. 1: 11-16.

Dalton, D.A., Russell, S.A., Hanus, F.J., Pascoe, G.A. and Evans, H.J. (1986). Enzymatic

reactions of ascorbate and glutathione that prevent peroxide damage in soybean

root nodules. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United

States of America. (PNAS). 83: 3811-3815.

Dat, J., Vandenbeele, S., Vranová, E., Van Montagu, M., Inzé, D. and Van Breusegem, F.

(2000). Dual action of the active oxygen species during plant stress responses.

Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences. 57: 779-795.

References

172

Datta, J.K., Bandhyopadhyay, A., Banerjee, A. and Mondal, N.K. (2011). Phytotoxic

effect of chromium on the germination, seedling growth of some wheat (Triticum

aestivum L.) cultivars under laboratory condition. Journal of Agricultural

Technology. 7: 395-402.

Davies, F.T., Puryear, J.D., Newton, R.J., Egilla, J.N. and Grossi, J.A.S. (2002).

Mycorrhizal fungi increase chromium uptake by sunflower plants: influence on

tissue mineral concentration, growth, and gas exchange. Journal of Plant

Nutrition. 25: 2389-2407.

Demiral, T. and Türkan, I. (2005). Comparative lipid peroxidation, antioxidant

defense systems and proline content in roots of two rice cultivars differing

in salt tolerance. Environmental and Experimental Botany. 53: 247-257.

Desikin, R., A-H-Mackerness, S., Hancock, J.T. and Neill, S.J. (2001). Regulation of the

Arabidopsis transcriptosome by oxidative stress. Plant Physiology. 127: 159-172.

Dhaubhadel, S., Browning, K.S., Gallie, D.R. and Krishna, P. (2002). Brassinosteriod

functions to protect the translational machinery and heat shock protein synthesis

following thermal stress. Plant Journal. 29 (6): 681-691.

Dietz, K.J, Baier, M. and Kramer, U. (1999). Free radicals and reactive oxygen species

are mediators of heavy metal toxicity in plants. In: Heavy Metal Stress in Plants:

from Molecules to Ecosystem (Eds. M.N.V. Prasad, and J. Hagenmmeyer).

Springer-Verlag, pp. 79-97, Berlin.

Dinan, L., Bourne, P.C., Meng, Y., Sarker, S.D., Toletino, R. and Whiting, P. (2001).

Assessment of natural products in the Drosophila melanogaster BII cell bioassay

for ecdysteroid agonist and antagonist activities. Cellular and Molecular Life

Sciences. 58:321-342.

Divi, U.K. and Krishna, P. (2009). Brassinosteroid: a biotechnological target for

enhancing crop yield and stress tolerance. New Biotechnology. 26:131-136.

Diwan, H., Khan, I., Ahmad, A. and Iqbal, M. (2010). Induction of phytochelatins and

antioxidant defence system in Brassica juncea and Vigna radiata in response to

chromium treatments. Plant Growth Regulation. 61:97-107

References

173

Dixit, V., Pandey, V. and Shyam, R. (2002). Chromium ions inactivate electron transport

and enhance superoxide generation in vivo in pea (Pisum sativum L.cv. Azad)

root mitochondria. Plant Cell and Environment, 25: 687-693.

Djeridane, Amar., Yousfia, M., Brunel, J.M. and Stocker, P. (2010). Isolation and

characterization of a new steroid derivative as a powerful antioxidant from

Cleome arabica in screening the in vitro antioxidant capacity of 18 Algerian

medicinal plants. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 48: 2599-2606.

Doganlar, Z. B. and Atmaca, M. (2011). Influence of Airborne Pollution on Cd, Zn, Pb,

Cu, and Al accumulation and physiological parameters of plant leaves in Antakya

(Turkey). Water, air and soil pollution. 214; 509-523.

Doganlar, Z.B., Cakmak, S. and Yanik, T. (2012). Metal Uptake and Physiological

Changes in Lemna gibba Exposed to Manganese and Nickel. International

Journal of Biology. 4: 148-157.

Dolenec, T., Serafimovski, T., Tasev, G., Dobnikar, M., Dolenec, M. and Rogan, N.

(2007). Major and trace elements in paddy soil contaminated by Pb-Zn mining: a

case study of Kocani Field, Macedonia. Environmental Geochemistry and

Health. 29: 21-32.

Duel, L. E. and Swoboda, A. R. (1972). Arsenic toxicity to cotton and soybeans. Journal

of Environmental Quality. 1: 317-320.

Duke JA, Wain, KK (1981) Medicinal plants of the world. Computer index with more

than 85,000 entries. Vol 3

Duke, J.A. and Ayensu, E.S. (1985). In: Medicinal Plants of China. Reference

Publications. Inc., Algonac, MI, USA.

Ebbs, S.D. and Kochian, L.V. (1997). Toxicity of zinc and copper to Brassica

species: implications for phytoremediation. Journal of Environmental

Quality. 26: 776-781.

Ensley, B.D. (2000). Rational for use of phytoremediation. In: Phytoremediation of toxic

metals- using plants to clean up the environment (Eds. I. Raskin and B.D.

Ensley). Wiley, pp. 1-12, New York.

References

174

Ermler, U., Grabarse, W., Shima, S., Goubeaud, M., Thauer, R.K. (1998). Active sites

of transition -metal enzymes with a focus on nickel. Current Opinion in

Structural Biology. 8: 749-758.

Fang, Z.X., Hu, Y.X., Liu, D.H., Chen, J.C. and Ye, X.Q. (2008). Changes of phenolic

acids and antioxidant activities during potherb mustard (Brassica juncea Coss.)

pickling. Food Chemistry. 108: 811-817.

Farooq, M., Wahid, A., Kobayashi, N., Fujita, D. and Basra, S.M.A. (2009). Plant

drought Stress: effects, mechanisms and management. Agronomy for Sustainable

Development. 29: 185-212.

Fathutdinova, R.A., Shakirova, F.M., Chemeris, A.V., Sabirzhanov, B.E. and Vakhitov,

V.A. (2002). No reactivity in wheat species with different ploidy levels treated

with phytohormones. Russian Journal of Genetics. 38: 1335-1338.

Ferguson, J.E. (1990). The heavy Elements: Chemistry, Environmental Impact and

Health Effects. Pergamon Press, London.

Fontes, R.L.S. and Cox, F.R. (1998). Zinc toxicity in soybean grown at high iron

concentration in nutrient solution. Journal of Plant Nutrition. 21: 1723-

1730.

Franěk, F., Eckschlager, T. and Kohout, L. (2003). 24-Epibrassinolide at subnanomolar

concentrations modulates growth and production characteristics of a mouse

hybridoma. Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications. 68: 2190-

2200.

Friebe, A., Volz, A., Schmidt, J., Voigt, B., Adam, G. and Schnabl, H. (1999). 24-epi-

secasterone and 24-epi-castasterone from Lychnis viscaria seeds. Phytochemistry.

52: 1607-10.

Fu, F.Q., Mao, W.H., Shi, K., Zhou, Y.H., Asami, T., and Yu, J.Q. (2008). A role of

brassinosteroids in early fruit development in cucumber. Journal of Experimental

Botany. 59: 2299-2308.

Fujioka S, Sakurai A (1997b) Biosynthesis and metabolism of brassinosteroids.

Physiologia Plantarum. 100:710-715.

References

175

Fujioka, S. and Sakurai, A. (1997). Brassinosteroids. Natural Product Reports. 14: 1-10.

Fujioka, S. and Yokota, T. (2003). Biosynthesis and metabolism of brassinosteroids.

Annual Review of Plant Biology. 54: 137-164.

Fujioka, S., Choi, Y.H., Takatsuto, S., Yokota, T., Li, J., Chory, J. and Sakurai, A.

(1996). Identification of castasterone, 6-deoxocastasterone, typhasterol and 6-

deoxotyphasterol from the shoots of Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Cell Physiology.

37: 1201-1203.

Fujioka, S., Inoue, T., Takatsuto, S., Yanagisawa, T., Yokota, T., Sakurai, A. (1995a).

Identification of a new brassinosteroid, cathasterone, in cultured cells of

Catharantus roseus as a biosynthetic precursor of teasterone. Bioscience

Biotechnology and Biochemistry. 59:1543-1547.

Fujioka, S., Li, J., Choi, Y. H., Seto, H., Takatsuto, S., Noguchi, T., Watanabe, T.,

Kuriyama, H., Yokota, T. Chory, J. and Sakurai, A. (1997). The Arabidopsis

deetiolated2 mutant is blocked early in brassinosteroid biosynthesis. Plant Cell. 9:

1951-1962.

Fujioka, S., Noguchi, T., Sekimoto, M., Takatsuto, S. and Yoshida, S. (2000a). 28-

Norcastasterone is biosynthesisized from castasterone. Phytochemistry. 55: 97-

101.

Fujioka, S., Noguchi, T., Watanabe, T., Takatsuto, S. and Yoshida, S. (2000b).

Biosynthesis of brassinosteroids in cultured cells of Catharanthus roseus.

Phytochemistry. 53: 549-53.

Fujioka, S., Noguchi, T., Yokota, T., Takatsuto, S. and Yoshida, S. (1998).

Brassinosteroids in Arabidopsis thaliana. Phytochemistry. 48: 595-599.

Fujioka, S., Takatsuo, S. and Yoshida, S. (2002). An early C-22 oxidation branch in

the brassinosteroid biosynthetic pathway. Plant Physiology. 130: 930-939.

Gaertner, K.F. (1849). Versuche und Beobachtungen über die Bastardzeugung im

Planzenreich. Stuttgart.

References

176

Gamoh, K., Abe, H., Shimada, K. and Takatsuto, S. (1996). Liquid chromatography/mass

spectrometry with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization of free

brassinosteroids. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry. 10: 903-906.

Gamoh, K., and Takatsuto S (1989b) A boronic acid derivative as a highly sensitive

fluorescence derivatization reagent for brassinosteroids in liquid chromatography.

Analytica Chimica Acta. 222: 201-204.

Gamoh, K., Kitsuwa, T., Takatsuto, S., Fujimoto, Y. and Ikekawa, N. (1988).

Determination of trace brassinosteroids by HPLC. Analytical Sciences. 4:533-

535.

Gamoh, K., Okamoto, N., Takatsuto, S. and Tejima, I. (1990a). Determination of natural

brassinosteroids as dansylaminophenylboronates by liquid chromatography with

fluorimetric detection. Analytica Chemica Acta. 228: 101-105.

Gamoh, K., Omote, K., Okamoto, N. and Takatsuto, S. (1989a). High- performance

liquid chromatography of brassinosteroids in plants with derivatiation using 9-

phenanthreneboronic acids. Journal of Chromatography. 469: 424-428.

Gamoh, K., Sawamoto, H., Takatsuto, S., Watabe, Y. and Arimoto, H. (1990b),

Ferroceneboronic acid as a Derivatization reagent for the determination of

brassinosteroids by high-performance liquid chromatography with

electrochemical detection. Journal of Chromatography. 515: 227-231.

Gamoh, K., Takatsuto, S. and Ikekawa, N. (1992). Effect of separation of C-24 epimeric

brassinosteroids by liquid chromatography. Analytica Chimica Acta. 256: 319-

322.

Gao, J.J., Li, T., and Yu, X. (2009). Gene Expression and Activities of SOD in Cucumber

Seedlings were related with concentrations of Mn2+

, Cu2+

, or Zn2+

under low

Temperature Stress. Agricultural Sciences in China. 8(6): 678-684.

García, J.S., Gratão, P.L., Azevedo, R.A. and Zezzi Arruda, M.A. (2006). Metal

contamination effects on sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) growth and protein

expression in leaves during development. Journal of Agricultural and Food

Chemistry. 54: 8623-8630.

References

177

Garg, G. and Kataria, S.K. (2010). Phytoremediation potential of Raphanus sativus (L.),

Brassica juncea (L.) and Triticum aestivum (L.) for copper contaminated soil. In:

Proceedings of the 53rd

Annual Meeting of the International Society for the

Systems Sciences, (AMISSS’ 10), Gautam Buddha University, pp: 1-10, India.

Garg, N. and Singla, P. (2011). Arsenic toxicity in crop plants: physiological effects and

tolerance mechanisms. Environmental Chemistry Letters. 9:303-321.

Ge, Y., Macdonald, D., Sauvoé, S. and Hendershot, W. (2005). Modeling of Cd and Pb

speciation in soil solutions by WinHumic V and NICA-Donnan model.

Environmental Modelling and Software. 20: 353-359.

Ghosh, M. and Singh, S.P. (2005). A comparative study of cadmium phytoextraction by

accumulator and weed species. Environmental Pollution. 133: 365-371.

Gonazalez, S.M., Bustos, D.A., Zudenigo, M.E. and Ruveda, E.A. (1986).

Configurational assignment of epimeric 22,23-epoxides of steroids by

carbon-13 NMR spectroscopy. Tetrahedron. 42: 755-758.

Gopi, R., Jaleel, C.A., Sairam, R., Lakshmanan, G.M.A., Gomathinayagam, M. and

Panneerselvam, R. (2007). Differential effects of hexaconazole and paclobutrazol

on biomass, electrolyte leakage, lipid perox- idation and antioxidant potential of

Daucus carota L. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces. 60:180-186.

Gratão, P.L., Polle, A., Lea, P.J. and Azevedo, R.A. (2005). Making the life of heavy

metal-stressed plants a little easier. Functional Plant Biology. 32:481-494.

Gratão, P.L., Pompeu, G.B., Capaldi, F.R., Vitorello, V.A., Lea, P.J. and Azevedo,

R.A. (2008). Antioxidant response of Nicotiana tabacum cv. Bright Yellow

2 cells to cadmium and nickel stress. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cultures. 94:

73-83.

Gregory, L.E. and Mandava, N.B. (1982). The activity and interaction of brassinolide and

gibberelic acid in mung bean epicotyls. Physiologia Plantarum. 54: 239-243.

Griffiths, P.G., Sasse, J.M., Yokota, T. and Cameron, D.W. (1995). 6-Deoxotyphasterol

and 3-dehydro-6-deoxoteasterone, possible precursors to brassinosteroids in the

pollen of Cupressus arizonica. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry. 59:

956- 959.

References

178

Grove, M.D., Spencer, G.F., Rohwedder, W.K., Mandava, N., Worley, J.F., Warthen,

J.D., Steffens, G.L., Flipper-Anderson, J.L. and Cook, J.C. (1979). Brassinolide, a

plant growth-promoting steroid isolated from Brassica napus pollen. Nature. 281:

216-17.

Gülçin, I., Topal, F., Sarıkaya, S.B.Ö., Bursal, E., Bilsel, G. and Gören, A.C.

(2011). Polyphenol Contents and Antioxidant Properties of Medlar

(Mespilus germanica L.). Records of Natural Products. 5(3): 158-175.

Gunes, A., Pilbeam, D.J., Inal, A. (2009). Effect of arsenic-phosphorous interaction on

arsenic-induced oxidative stress in chickpea plants. Plant Soil. 314: 211-220.

Gupta, D., Bhardwaj, R., Nagar, P.K. and Kaur, S. (2004). Isolation and characterization

of brassinosteroids from Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze. Plant Growth

Regulation. 43:97- 100.

Gupta, M., Cuypers, A., Vangronsveld, J., Clijsters, H. (1999). Copper affects the

enzymes of the ascorbate-glutathione cycle and its related metabolites in the roots

of Phaseolus vulgaris. Physiologia Plantarum. 106: 262-267.

Gurib-Fakim, A. (2006). Medicinal plants: Traditions of yesterday and drugs of

tomorrow. Molecular Aspects of Medicine. 27: 1-93.

Habib, K., Zutshi, S., Kumar, S., Fatma, T. and Manikar, N. (2011). Biochemical Effect

of Carbaryl on Oxidative stress, Antioxidant enzymes and Osmolytes of

Cyanobacterium Calothrix brevissima. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination

and Toxicology. 87:615-620.

Hall, J.L. (2002). Cellular mechanisms for heavy metal detoxification and tolerance.

Journal of Experimental Botany. 53: 1-11.

Halliwell, B. (2006). Reactive species and antioxidants. Redox biology in fundamental

theme of aerobic life. Plant Physiology. 141: 312-322.

Hamdy, A.H.A., Aboutabl, A.E., Sameer, S., Hussein, A.A., Marrero, A.R.D., Darias, J.

and Cueto, M. (2009). 3-keto-22-epi-28-nor-cathasterone, a brassinosteroids-

related metabolite from cystoserira myrica. Steroids. 74: 927-930

References

179

Hana, S.A., Rachid, R., Ibtessem, S., Houria, B. and Mohammed-Rela, D. (2008).

Induction of anti-oxidative enzymes by cadmium stress in tomato

(Lycopersicon esculentum). African Journal of Plant Science. 2: 72-76.

Harbaum, B., Hubbermann, E.M., Zhu, Z.J. and Schwarz, K. (2008a). Impact of

fermentation on phenolic compounds in leaves of pak choi (Brassica campestris

L. ssp chinensis var. communis) and Chinese leaf mustard (Brassica juncea coss).

Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry. 56: 148-157.

Harbaum, B., Hubbermann, E.M., Zhu, Z.J. and Schwarz, K. (2008b). Free and bound

phenolic compounds in leaves of pak choi (Brassica campestris L. ssp chinensis

var. communis) and Chinese leaf mustard (Brassica juncea Coss). Food

Chemistry. 110: 838-846.

Harries, D. and Rösgen, J. (2008). A practical guide on how osmolytes modulate

macromolecular properties. In: Biophysical Tools for Biologists, Volume-1, In

Vitro Techniques. Maryland Heights, Elsevier Academic Press, Inc.

Hartley-Whitaker, J., Ainsworth, G. and Meharg, A. A. (2001a). Copper- and arsenic-

induced oxidative stress in Holcus lanatus L. clones with differential sensitivity.

Plant Cell Environment. 24: 713-722.

Hasan, S.A., Hayat, S., Ali, B. and Ahmad, A. (2008). 28-Homobrassinolide protects

chickpea (Cicer arietinum) from cadmium toxicity by stimulating antioxidants.

Environmental Pollution. 151: 60-66.

Hasegawa, H.., Rahman, M.A., Matsuda, T., Kitahara, T., Maki, T. and Ueda, K. (2009).

Effect of eutrophication on the distribution of arsenic species in eutrophic

andmesotrophic lakes. Science of the Total Environment. 407: 1418-1425.

Haubrick, L.L. and Assmann, S.M. (2006) Brassinosteroids and plant function: some

clues, more puzzles. Plant Cell Environment. 29: 446-457.

Hayat, S. and Ahmad, A. (2003a). Brassinosternds. Bioactivity and Crop Productivity.

Klumer Academic Publishers. Dordrecht The Nethertends. pp. 246.

Hayat, S. and Ahmad, A. (2003b). 28-Homobrassinolide induced changes favoured

germinability of wheat grains. Bulgarian Journal of Plant Physiology. 29: 55- 62.

References

180

Hayat, S. and Ahmad, A. (2003c). Soaking seeds of Lens culinaris with 28-

homobrassinolide increased nitrate reductase activity and grain yield in the field

in India. Annals of Applied Biology. 143: 121-124.

Hayat, S. and Ahmad, A. (2011). Brassinosteroids: a class of plant hormone. Dordrecht,

Heidelberg, London, New York: Springer.

Hayat, S., Ahmad, A., Mobin, M., Hussain, A. and Fariduddin, Q. (2000). Phytosynthetic

rate, growth, and yield of mustard plants sprayed with 28-homobrassinolide.

Photosynthetica. 38: 469-471.

Hayat, S., Ali, B., Aiman Hassan, S.and Ahmad, A. (2007). Brassinosteroids enhanced

antioxidants under cadmium stress in Brassica juncea. Environmental and

Experimental Botany. 60: 33-41.

Hayat, S., Ali, B., Hasan, S.A. and Ahmad, A. (2007). Effect of 28-Homobrassinolide on

Salinity-Induced Changes in Brassica juncea. Turkish Journal of Biology. 31:

141-146.

Hazra, B.G., Pore, V.S., Joshi, P.L., Padalkar, S.N., Deshpande, S.A. and

Rajamohanan, P.R. (1993b). Synthesis and configurational assignment of

epimeric 22-hydroxy-,23,24-acetylenic, olefinic or epoxy steroids using

carbon-13 NMR spectroscopy. Magnetic Resonance in Chemistry. 31: 605-

608.

He, Y., Tang, W., Swain, J.D., Green, A.L., Jack, T.P. and Gan, S. (2001). Networking

senescence-regulating pathways by using Arabidopsis enhancer trap lines. Plant

Physiology. 126: 707-716.

Heath, R.L. and Packer, L. (1968). Photoperoxidation in isolated chloroplasts. I. Kinetics

and stoichiometry of fatty acid peroxidation. Archives of Biochemistry and

Biophysics. 125: 189-198.

Hoekstra, F.A., Golovina, E.A. and Buitink, J. (2001). Mechanisms of plant desiccation

tolerance. Trends in Plant Science. 6: 431-438.

References

181

Hooda, P.S. (1997). Plant availability of heavy metals in soils previously amended with

heavy applications of sewage sludge. Journal of the Science of Food and

Agriculture. 73: 446-454.

Horgen, P.A., Nakagawa, C.H., and Irvin, R.T., 1984. Production of monoclonal-

antibodies to a steroid plant-growth regulator. Canadian Journal of Biochemistry

and Cell Biology. 62: 715-721.

Hossain, M. A., Piyatida, P., Teixeira da Silva, J. A. and Fujita, Masayuki. (2012).

Molecular Mechanism of Heavy Metal Toxicity and Tolerance in Plants: Central

Role of Glutathione in Detoxification of Reactive Oxygen Species and

Methylglyoxal and in Heavy Metal Chelation. Journal of Botany.

doi:10.1155/2012/872875.

Hossain, M.A., Nakano, Y. and Asada, K. (1984). Monodehydroascorbate reductase in

spinach chloroplasts and its participation in regeneration of ascorbate for

scavenging hydrogen peroxide. Plant Cell Physiology. 25: 385-395.

Hough, R.L., Breward, N., Young, S.D., Crout, N.M.J., Tye, A.M., Moir, A.M. and

Thornton, I. (2004). Assessing potential risk of heavy metal exposure from

consumption of home-produced vegetables by urban populations. Environmental

Health Perspectives. 112: 215-221.

Houimli, S.I.M., Denden, M. and Hadj, S.B.E. (2008). Induction of salt tolerance in

pepper (Capsicum annuum) by 24-epibrassinolide. EurAsian Journal of

BioScience. 2: 83-90.

Howell, W.M., Keller, G.E., Kirkpatrick, J.D., Jenkins, R.L., Hunsinger, R.N. and

McLaughlin, E.W. (2007). Effects of the plant steroidal hormone, 24-

epibrassinolide, on the mitotic index and growth of onion (Allium cepa) root tips.

Genetics and Molecular Research. 6(1): 50-58.

Huang, B., Chu, C.H., Chen, S.L., Juan, H.F. and Chen, Y.M. (2006). A proteomics study

of the mung bean epicotyl regulated by brassinosteriods under conditions of

chilling stress. Cell and Molecular Biology Letters 11: 264-278.

References

182

Ikeda, M., Takatsuto, S., Sana, T., Ikekawa, N. and Nukira, M. (1983). Identification of

brassinolide and its analogues in chestnut gall issue. Agricultural and Biological

Chemistry. 47: 655-57.

Ikekawa, N. and Takatsuto, S. (1984). Microanalysis of brassinosteroids in plants by gas

chromatography/mass spectroscopy. Mass Spectroscopy (Japan). 32: 55-70.

Ikekawa, N. and Zhao, Y.J. (1991). Application of 24- epibrassinolide in agriculture. In:

Brassinosteroids: Chemistry, Bioactivity and Applications. (Eds. Culter, H.G.,

Yokota, T. and Adam, G.) ACS Symposium series, American Chemical Society,

pp. 280-291, Washington, DC.

Ikekawa, N., Nishiyama, F. and Fujimoto, .Y (1988). Identification of 24-epibrassinolide

in bee pollen of the broad bean Vicia faba L. Chemical and Pharmaceutical

Bulletin. 36: 405-407.

Ikekawa, N., Takatsuto, S., Kitsuwa, T., Saito, H., Morishita T. and Abe, H. (1984).

Analysis of natural brassinosteroids by gas chromatography and gas

chromatography-mass spectroscopy. J. Chomatogr. 290: 289-302.

Ikekawa, N., Takatsuto, S., Marumo, S., Abe, H., Morishita, T., Uchiyama, M., Ikeda,

M., Sasa, T. and Kisuwa, T. (1983). Identification of brassinolide and its 6-oxo

analog in the plant kingdom by selected ion monitoring. Proceedings of the Japan

Academy. Ser. B: Physical and Biological Sciences. 59: 9-12.

Ismaili J, Boisvert Martin, Longpré, F, Carange J, Gall CL, Martinoli MG (2012)

Brassinosteroids and analogs as neuroprotectors: Synthesis and structure-activity

relationship. Steroids. 77: 91-99

Jaleel, C.A., Gopi, R., Kishorekumar, A., Manivannan, P., Sankar, B. and

Panneerselvam, R. (2008) Interactive effects of triadimefon and salt stress on

antioxidative status and ajmalicine accumulation in Catharanthus roseus. Acta

Physiologia Plantarum. 30:287-292.

Jaleel, C.A., Gopi, R., Manivannan, P. and Panneerselvam, R. (2007). Responses of

antioxidant defense system of Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don to paclobutrazol

treatment under salinity. Acta Physiologia Plantarum. 29: 205-209.

References

183

Jamal, S.N., Iqbal, M.Z. and Athar, A. (2006). Phytotoxic effect of aluminum and

chromium on the germination and early growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum)

varieties Anmol and Kiran. International Jouranl of Environmental Science and

Technology. 3 (4): 411-416.

Janeczko, A., Koscieiniak, J., Pilipowicz, M., Szarek-Lukaszewsa, G. and Skoczowspi,

A. (2005). Protection of winter rape photosystem II by 24-epibrassinolide under

cadmium stress. Photosynthetica. 43: 293-298.

Jang, M.S., Han, K.S. and Kim, S.K. (2000). Identification of brassinosteroids and their

biosynthetic precursor from seeds of pumpkin. Bulletin of the Korean Chemical

Society. 22: 161-64

Jithesh, M. N., Prashanth, S. R., Sivaprakash, K. R. and Parida, A. K. (2006). Monitoring

expression profiles of antioxidant genes to salinity, iron, oxidative, light and

hyperosmotic stresses in the highly salt tolerant grey mangrove, Avicennia marina

(Forsk.) Vierh. by mRNA analysis. Plant Cell Reports. 25: 865-876.

Kagale, S., Divi, U.K., Krochko, J.E., Keller, W.A. and Krishna, P. (2007).

Brassinosteriods confers tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana and Brassica napus to

a range of abiotic stresses. Planta, 225(2): 353-364.

Kamaraj, M., Sivaraj, R., Subha Priya, V., Jansi, L. and Manjudevi, M. (2012). Uptake of

mineral elements by Brassica juncea and its effects on biochemical parameters..

Advances in Applied Science Research, 3(2):1039-1044.

Kang, Y.Y. and GUO, S.R. (2011). Role of Brassinosteroids on Horticultural Crops In:

Brassinosteroids: A Class of Plant Hormone. (Eds. S. Hayat and A. Ahmad).

Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp. 269-288, London.

Kanwar, M.K., Bhardwaj, R., Arora, P., Chowdhary, S.P., Sharma, P. and Kumar, S.

(2012b). Plant steroid hormones produced under Ni stress are involved in the

regulation of metal uptake and oxidative stress in Brassica juncea L.

Chemosphere. 86: 41-49.

Kanwar, M.K., Bhardwaj, R., Choudhary, S.P., Arora, P. and Kumar, S. (2012a). Nickel

induced synthesis of Castasterone and 28-Homocastasterone in Brassica juncea L.

Terrestrial and Aquatic Environmental Toxicology. 6: 84-89.

References

184

Karataglis, S., Moustakas, M., and Symeonidis, L. (1991). Effect of heavy metals on

isoperoxidases of wheat, Biologia Plantarum. 33: 3-9.

Kaur, R., Singh, B. and Arora, S. (2011). Amelioration of oxidative damage by Methyl

gallate in different in vitro models. Phytopharmacology. 1: 82-94.

Kaur, S., Bhardwaj, R. and Nagar, P.K. (2002). Isolation and characterization of

brassinosteroids from immature seeds of Camellia sinensis (O) Kuntze. In: 13th

Cong. Feder. Europ. Soc. Pl. Physiol. Hersonissos, Heraklion, Crete, Greece,

Abstract, 206.

Kesy, J., Trzaskalska, A., Galoch, E. and Kopcewicz, J. (2004). Inhibitory effect of

brassinosteriods on the flowering of the short-day plant Pharbitis nil. Biologia

Plantarum. .47(4): 597-600.

Kevresan, S., Petrovic, N., Popovic, M. and Kandrac, J. (1998). Effect of heavy metals on

nitrate and protein metabolism in sugar beet. Biologia Plantarum. 41:235-240.

Khan, I., Ahmad, A., Iqbal, M. (2009). Modulation of antioxidant defence system for

arsenic detoxification in Indian mustard, Ecotoxicology and Environmental

Safety. 72(2): 626-34.

Khripach, V., Zhabinskii, V.N. and De Groot, A. (2000). Twenty years of

brassinosteroids: steroidal plant hormones warrant better crops for the XXI

century. Annals of Botany. 86: 441-447.

Khripach, V.A., Altsivanovich, K., Zhabinskii, V.N. and Samusevich, M. (2005). Natural

plant compound with anti-HIV activity. 023073 (Patent)

Khripach, V.A., Sviridov, O.V., Litvinovskaya, R.P., Pryadko, A.G., Drach, S.V.,

Matveentsev, V.D., and Demchenko, N.I. (2005a). Conjugate of 24-

epicastasterone with bovine serum albumine as immunogen. BY 9770 (Patent.)

Khripach, V.A., Sviridov, O.V., Litvinovskaya, R.P., Pryadko, A.G., Drach, S.V.,

Matveentsev, V.D., and Novik, T.V. (2005b). Conjugate of 24-epicastasterone

with horse radish peroxidase as a labeled antigen for immunoenzymatic analysis

of 24R-methylbrassinosteroids. BY 9771 (Patent).

References

185

Khripach, V.A., Sviridov, O.V., Litvinovskaya, R.P., Pryadko, A.G., Drach, S.V.,

Zhabinskii, V.N. and Zavadskaya, M.I. (2005c). {[(22R,23R,24R)-2α,3α,22,23-

Tetrahydroxy-24-methyl-5α-cholest-6-ylidenoamino]-oxy}acetic acid as

intermediate in the synthesis of conjugate of 24-epicastasterone with bovine

serum albumine. BY 10120 (Patent).

Khripach, V.A., Sviridov, O.V., Litvinovskaya, R.P., Pryadko, A.G., Drach, S.V.,

Mikhailopulo, K.I., Matveentsev, V.D., Zhabinskii, V.N., Zavadskaya, M.I. and

Novik, T.V. (2005d). A method for quantitative determination of 24R-

methylbrassinosteroids (24-epicastasterone and 24-epibrassinolide) and a

composition for its realization. BY 10512 (Patent).

Khripach, V.A., Sviridov, O.V., Litvinovskaya, R.P., Pryadko, A.G., Drach, S.V., and

Zhabinskii, V.N. (2006). Analysis of brassinosteroids. Polish J. Chem, 80: 651-

654.

Khripach, V.A., Sviridov, O.V., Pryadko, A.G., Litvinovskaya, R.P., Drach, S.V.,

Matveentsev, V.D., Novik, T.V., Mikhailopulo, K.I., Zhabinskii, V.N.,

Zavadskaya, M.I., Averkova, M.A., Drachenova, O.A., and Chaschina, N.M.

(2007). Immunoenzymatic analysis of (24R)-brassinosteroids. Russian Journal of

Bioorganic Chemistry. 33: 347-353.

Khripach, V.A., Voronina, L.V. and Malevannaya, N.N. (1996). Preparation for the

diminishing of heavy metals accumulation by agricultural plants.

Brassinosteroids- A New Class of Plant Hormones (Eds. V.A. Khripach, V.N.

Zhabinskii and A.E. de Groot). Academic Press. California, U.S.A.

Khripach, V.A., Zhabinskii, V.N. and de Groot, A.E. (1999). Brassinosteroids: A new

class of plant hormones. Academic Press, San Diego, California, USA.

Khripach, V.A., Zhabinskii, V.N. and de Groot, A.E. (2000). Twenty years of

brassinosteroids: steroidal plant hormones warrant better crops for XXI century.

Ann. Bot. 86: 441-447

Khripach, V.A., Zhabinskii, V.N. and Litvinovskaya, R.P. (2011). Immunoassays of

Brassinosteroids. In: Brassinosteroids: A Class of Plant Hormone. (Eds. S. Hayat

and A. Ahmad). Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp. 375-392, London.

References

186

Khrustaleva, L.I., Andreeva, G.N., Golovnina, Yu.M., Zlobin, A.I. and Pogorilaya, E.V.

(1991). Cytogenetic investigation in somatic and generative cells of barley,

treated by Epibrassinolide in field conditions. In “Workshop on Brassinosteroids”

2nd

p. 31, Minsk.

Khrustaleva, L.I., Pogorilaya, E.V., Golovnina, Yu.M. and Andreeva, G.N. (1995). Effect

of epibrassinolide 55 on mitotic activity and the frequency of chromosome

aberrations in barley root tip cells under salt stress. Sel’skokhozyaistvennaya

Biologiya. 69-73.

Kim, S.K. (1991). Natural occurrences of brassinosteroids. In: (eds. H.G. Culter, T.

Yokota and G. Adam). Brassinosteroids: Chemistry, Bioactivity and Applications.

ACS Symposium Series, American Chemical Society, Washington DC. 474, pp.

26-35.

Kim, S.K., Abe H., Little, C.H.A. and Pharis, R.P. (1990). Identification of two

brassinosteriods form the cambial region of Scot pine (Pinus silverstris) by gas

chromatography -mass spectrometry, after detection using a dwarf rice lamina

inclination bioassay. Plant Physiology. 94: 1709-1713.

Kim, S.K., Akishisa, T., Tamura, T., Matsumoto, T., Yokota, T. and Takahashi, N.

(1988). 24-Methylene 25-methylchlesterol in Phaseolus vulgaris seeds: structural

relation to brassionsteroids. Phytochemistry. 27: 629-31.

Kim, S.K., Chang, S.C., Lee, E.J., Chung, W.S., Kim, Y.S., Hwang, S. and Lee, J.S.

(2000a). Involvement of brassinosteroids in the gravitropic response of primary

root of maize. Plant Physiology 123: 997-1004.

Kim, S.K., Yokota, T. and Takahashi, N. (1987). 25-methyldolichosterone, a new

brassinosetroid with a tertiary buytl group from immature seed of Phaseolus

vulgaris. Agricultual and Biological Chemistry. 51: 2303-05.

Knight, H. and Knight, M.R. (2001) Abiotic stress signalling pathways: specificity and

cross-talk. Trends in Plant Science. 6: 262-267.

Kohout, L., Strnad, M. and Kamínek, M. (1991). Types of brassinosteroids and their

bioassays. In: Brassinosteroids: Chemistry, Bioactivity, and Applications (Eds.

H.G. Cutler, T. Yokota and G. Adam), ACS Publications, pp. 56-73, Washington.

References

187

Kolbe, A., Marquardt, V., and Adam, G. (1992). synthesis of tritium labeled 24-

epibrassinolide. Journal of Labelled Compounds and Radiopharmaceuticals. 31:

801-805.

Kolbe, A., Schneider, B., Voigt, B., and Adam, G. (1998). Labelling of biogenetic

brassinosteroids precursors. Journal of Labelled Compounds and

Radiopharmaceuticals. 41: 131-137.

Kono, Y. (1978). Generation of superoxide radical during autooxidation of

hydroxylamine and an assay for superoxide dismutase. Archives of Biochemistry

and Biophysics. 186: 189-195.

Konstantinova, O.V., Antonchick, A.P., Oldham, N.J., Zhabinskii, V.N., Khripach, V.A.

and Schneide, B. (2001). Analysis of underivatized brassinosteroids by

HPLC/APCI-MS. Occurrence of 3-epibrassinolide in Arabidopsis thaliana.

Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications. 66: 1729-34.

Kris-Etherton, P.M., Hecker, K.D., Bonanome, A., Coval, S.M., Binkoski, A.E., Hilpert,

K.F., Griel, A.E. and Etherton, T.D. (2002). Bioactive compounds in foods: Their

role in the prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer. American Journal of

Medicine. 113: 71-88.

Krishna, A.K. and Govil, P.K. (2004). Heavy metal contamination of Soil around Pali

Industrial Area, Rajasthan, India. Environ Geology. 47(1):38-44.

Krishna, P. (2003). Brassinosteriods- mediated stress responses. Journal of Plant Growth

Regulation. 22: 289-297.

Küpper, H. and Kroneck, P.M.H. (2007). Metal Ions in Life Sciences (Eds: A.

Sigel, H. Sigel, R. K. O. Sigel). John Wiley & Sons, pp. 31-62, Chichester,

UK.

Küpper, H., Lombi, E., Zhao, F.J., Wieshammer, G. and McGrath, S.P. (2001). Cellular

compartmentation of Ni in the hyperaccu- mulators Alyssum lesbiacum, Alyssum

bertolonii and Tlaspi goesingense. Journal of Experimental Botany. 52: 2291-

2300.

References

188

Kurepin, L.V., Joo, S-H., Kim, S-K, Pharis, R.P. and Back, T.G. (2012). Interaction of

brassinosteroids with light quality and plant hormones in regulating shoot growth

of young sunflower and Arabidopsis seedlings. Journal of Plant Growth

Regulation. (in press).

Kurepin, L.V., Qaderi, M.M., Back, T.G., Reid, D.M., Pharis, R.P. (2008). A rapid effect

of applied brassinolide on abscisic acid concentrations in Brassica napus leaf

tissue subjected to short-term heat stress. Plant Growth Regulation. 55: 165-167.

Kutschera, U. and Wang, Zhi-Yong. (2012). Brassinosteroid action in flowering plants: a

Darwinian perspective. Journal of Experimental Botany. doi:10.1093/jxb/ers065.

Larcher, W. (1987). StreB bei Pflanzen. Naturwissenschaften. 74: 158-167.

Laspina, N.V., Groppa, M.D., Tomaro, M.L. and Benavides, M.P. (2005). Nitric oxide

protects sunflower leaves against Cd-induced oxidative stress. Plant Sci. 169:

323-330

Léon, V., Rabier, J., Notonier, R., Barthelé, R., My, Moreau, X., Ma-Madjé Bi, S.B.

Viano, J. and Pineau, R. (2005). Effects of Three Nickel Salts on Germinating

Seeds of Grevillea exul var. rubiginosa, an endemic serpentine proteaceae. Annals

of Botany. 95: 609-618.

Levitt, J. (1980). Responses of Plants to Environmental Stresses. Academic Press, New

York.

Li, J., Li, Y., Chen, S. and An, L. (2010). Involvement of brassinosteroid signals in the

floral-induction network of Arabidopsis. Journal of Experimental Botany.

61 (15): 4221-4230.

Li, K.R., Wang, H.H., Han, G., Wang, Q.J. and Fan, J. (2008). Effects of brassinolide on

the survival, growth and drought resistance of Robinia pseudoacacia seedlings

under water-stress. New Forests. 35(3): 255-266.

Litivinovskaya, R.P., Lyakhov, A.S., Govorova, A.A., Drach, S.V. and Khripach, V.A.

(1997). X-ray structure of (20R,22S,5’S)-22-(3’-methylisoxazolin-5’yl)-6,6-

ethylenedioxy-3α,5-cyclo-23-nor-5α-cholestan-22-ol. Bioorganicheskaia khimiia.

23: 147-151.

References

189

Litvinovskaya, R.P., Raiman, M.E., and Khripach, V.A., (2009). Synthesis of 28-

homobrassinosteroids modified in the 26-position. Chemistry of Natural

Compounds. 45: 647-652.

Liu, H., Probst, A. and Liao, B. (2005). Metal contamination of soils and crops affected

by the Chenzhou lead/zinc mine spill (Hunan, China). Science of Total

Environment. 339:153-66.

Liu, J., Duan, C-Q., Zhang, X-H., Zhu, Y-N. and Hu, C. (2009). Subcellular distribution

of chromium in accumulating plant Leersia hexandra Swartz. Plant and Soil.

322: 187-195.

Liu, R.H. (2004). Potential synergy of phytochemicals in cancer prevention: mechanism

of action. Journal of Nutrition. 134: 3479-3485.

Liu, Y., Zhao, Z., Si, J., Di, C., Han, J. and An, L. (2009). Brassinosteroids alleviate

chilling-induced oxidative damage by enhancing antioxidant defense system in

suspension cultured cells of Chorispora bungeana. Plant Growth Regulation.

59:207-214.

Llamas, A., Cornelia I., Ullrich and Sanz, Amparo. (2000). Cd2C effects on

transmembrane electrical potential difference, respiration and membrane

permeability of rice (Oryza sativa L) roots. Plant and Soil. 219: 21-28.

Lowry, O.H., Rosebrough, N.J., Farr, A.L. and Randall, R.L. (1951). Protein

measurement with Folin phenol reagent. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 193:

265-275.

Macnair, M. R. and Cumbes, Q. (1987). Evidence that arsenic tolerance in Holcus

lanatus L. is caused by an altered phosphate uptake system. New Phytologist. 107:

387-394.

Maeda, E. (1965). Rate of lamina inclination in excised rice leaves. Physiologia

Plantarum. 18: 813 827.

Maleva, M.G., Nekrasova, G.F., Malec, P., Prasad, M.N.V. and Strzałka, K. (2009).

Ecophysiological tolerance of Elodea canadensis to nickel exposure.

Chemosphere. 77: 392-398.

References

190

Malìková, J., Swaczynová, J., Kolář, Z., and Strnad, M. (2008). Anticancer and

antiproliferative activity of natural brassinosteroids. Phytochemistry. 69: 418-426.

Mandava NB and Mitchell JW (1971) New plant hormones. Indian Agriculture 15:19-31.

Mandava, N.B. (1988). Plant growth promoting brassinosteroids. Annual Review of Plant

Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology. 39: 25-52.

Markowicz-Bastos, D.H., Saldanha, L.A., Catharino, R.R., Sawaya, A.C.H.F., Cunha,

I.B.S., Carvalho, P.O. and Eberlin, M.N. (2007). Phenolic Antioxidants Identified

by ESI-MS from Yerba Maté (Ilex paraguariensis) and Green Tea (Camelia

sinensis) Extracts. Molecules. 12: 423-432.

Marschner, H. (1986). Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants. Academic Press,

London.

Marumo, S., Hattori, H., Nanoyama, Y., and Munakata, K. (1968). The presence of novel

plant growth regulators in leaves of Distylium racemosum Siebet. Zucc.

Agricultural and Biological Chemistry. 32: 528-529.

Mattina, M.I., Iannucci-Berger, W., Musante, C. and White, J.C. (2003). Concurrent plant

uptake of heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants from soil. Environmental

Pollution. 124:375-378.

Maximo, V., Marta, A., Justo, J.E., Alessandro, A., Raquel, E., Maria, B., Isabel, I.,

Miguel, A.A., Juan, S., Pilar, S. and Ana, G. (2009). Antenatal steroids and

antioxidant enzyme activity in preterm infants: influence of gender and timing.

Antioxidants and Redox Signaling. 11: 2945-2955.

Meharg, A. A. and Hartley-Whitaker, J. (2002). Arsenic uptake and metabolism in

arsenic resistant and non-resistant plant species. New Phytologist. 154: 29-43.

Meharg, A. A. and Macnair, M. R. (1990). An altered phosphate uptake system in

arsenate tolerant Holcus lanatus L. New Phytologist. 116: 29-35.

Meharg, A.A. (1994). Integrated tolerance mechanisms - constitutive and adaptive plant -

responses to elevated metal concentrations in the environment. Plant Cell

Environment. 17: 989-993.

References

191

Meharg, A.A. and Macnair, M.R. (1992) Suppression of the high-affinity phosphate

uptake system: a mechanism of arsenate tolerance in Holcus lanatus L. Journal of

Experimental Botany. 43: 519-524.

Memon, A.R., Aktoprakligil, D., Ozdemir, A. and Vertii, A. (2001). Heavy metal

accumulation and detoxification mechanisms in plants. Turkish Journal of

Botany. 25: 111-121.

Mendoza-Cozatl, D., Loza-Tavera, H., Hernández-Navarro, A. and Moreno-

Sánchez, R. (2005). Sulfur assimilation and glutathione metabolism under

cadmium stress in yeast, protists and plants. FEMS Microbiology Reviews.

29, 653-671.

Mendoza-Cozatl, D.G. and Moreno-Sanchez, R. (2005). Cd2+

transport and storage in the

chloroplast of Euglena gracilis. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 1706: 88-97.

Meudt, W.J. and Bennett, H.W. (1978). Rapid bioassay for auxin. Physiologia

Plantarum. 44: 422-428.

Michelini, F.M., Berra, A. and Alch, L.E. (2008). The in vitro immunomodulatory

activity of a synthetic brassinosteroid analogue would account for the

improvement of herpetic stromal keratitis in mice. The Journal of Steroid

Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 108: 164-170.

Michelini, F.M., Ramirez, J.A., Berra, A., Galagovsky, L.R. and Alché, L.E. (2004). In

vitro and in vivo antiherpetic activity of three new synthetic brassinosteroids

analogues. Steroids. 69: 713-720.

Mihailovic, N. and Drazic, G. (2011). Incomplete alleviation of nickel toxicity in bean

by nitric oxide supplementation. Plant Soil Environment. 57: 396-401.

Milone, M.T., Sgherri, C., Clijters, H. and Navaro-Izzo, F. (2003). Antioxidative

responses of wheat treated with realistic concentrations of cadmium.

Environmental and Experiental Botany. 50: 265-273.

Mitchell, J.D. and Whitehead, M.R. (1941). Responses of vegetative parts of plants

following application of extract of pollen from Zea mays. Botanical Gazette. 102:

770-91.

References

192

Mitchell, J.D., Skaggs, D.P. and Anderson, W.P. (1951). Plant growth-stimulating

hormones in immature bean seeds. Science. 114: 159-61.

Mitchell, J.W., Mandava, N.B., Worley, J.F., Plimmer, J.R. and Smith, M.V. (1970).

Brassins: a new family of plant hormones from rape pollen. Nature. 225: 1065-

1066.

Mittler, R. (2002). Oxidative stress, antioxidants and stress tolerance. Trends in

Plant S cience Review. 7(9): 405-410.

Miura, T., Muraoka, S. and Ogiso, T. (1996). Inhibition of lipid peroxidation by estradiol

and 2-hydroxyestradiol. Steroids. 61: 379-383.

Mohan, D. and Pittman, Jr. C.U. (2007). Arsenic removal from water/wastewater using

adsorbents—a critical review. Journal of HazardousMaterials. 142: 1-53.

Mohanpuria, P., Rana, N.K. and Yadav, S.K. (2007). Cadmium induced oxidative

stress influence on glutathione metabolic genes of Camellia sinensis (L.) O.

Kuntze. Environmental Toxicology. 22: 368-374.

Mohanty, M. and Patra, H.K. (2011). Effect of Cr+6

and chelating agents on growth,

pigment status, proline content and chromium bioavailability in rice seedlings.

International Journal of Biotechnology Applications. 3: 91-96.

Molassiotis, A., Sotiropoulos, T., Tanou, G., Diamantidis, G., Therios, I. (2006). Boron

induced oxidative damage and antioxidant and nucleolytic responses in shoot tips

culture of the apple rootstock EM9 (Malus domestica Borkh). Environmental and

Experimental Botany. 56:54-62.

Monks, A., Scudiero, D., Skehan, P., Shoemaker, R., Paull, K., Vistica, D., Hose, C.,

Langley, J., Cronise, P., Vaigro-Wolff, A., Gray-Goodrich, M., Campbell, H.,

Mayo, J and Boyd, M (1991). Feasibility of a high-flux anticancer drug screen

using a diverse panel of cultured human tumor cell lines. Journal of the

National Cancer Institute. 83: 757-766.

References

193

Montoya, T., Nomura, T., Yokota, T., Farrar, K., Harrison, K., Jones, J.D., Kaneta,

T., Kamiya, Y., Szekeres, M. and Bishop, G.J. (2005). Patterns of Dwarf

expression and brassinosteroid accumulation in tomato reveal the importance of

brassinosteroid synthesis during fruit development. Plant Journal. 42(2): 262-

269.

Mori, K., Sakakibara, M. and Okada, K. (1984). Synthesis of naturally occurring

brassinosteroids employing cleavage of 23,24-epoxides as key reactions.

Synthesis of brassinolide, castasterone, dolicholide, dolichosterone,

homodolicholide, homodolichosterone, 6-deoxocastasterone and 6-

deoxodolichosterone. Tetrahedron. 40: 1767-1781.

Mori, K., Sakakibara, M. Ichikawa, Y., Ueda, H., Okada, K., Umemora, T., Yabuta, G.,

Kuwahara, S., Kondo, M., Minobe, M and Sogabe, A. (1982). Synthesis of

(22S,23S)-homobrassinolide and brassinolide from stigmasterol. Tetrahedron. 38:

2099-2109.

Morishita, T., Abe, H., Uchiyama, M., Marumo, S., Takatsuto, S. and Ikekawa, N.

(1983). Evidence for plant growth promoting brassinosteroids in leaves of Thea

sinensis. Phytochemistry. 22: 1051-53.

Motegi, C., Takatsuto, S. and Gamoh, K. (1994). Identification of brassinolide and

castasterone in the pollen of orange (Citrus sinensis) by high performance liquid

chromatogrpahy. Journal of Chromatography. 658: 27-30.

Mou, D., Yao, Y., Yang, Y., Zhang, Y., Tian, C. and Achal V. (2011). Plant high

tolerance to excess manganese related with root growth, manganese distribution

and antioxidative enzyme activity in three grape cultivars. Ecotoxicology and

Environmental Safety. 74: 776-786.

Muller, M. and Anke, M. (1994). Distribution of cadmium in the food chain (soil-plant-

human) of a cadmium exposed area and the health risks of the general population.

Science of the Total Environment. 156:151-158.

Mylona, P.V., Polidoros, A.N. and Scandalios, J.G. (1998). Modulation of antioxidant

responses by arsenic in maize. Free Radical Biology and Medicine. 25: 576-585.

References

194

Nagajyoti, P. C., Lee, K. D. and Sreekanth, T. V. M. (2010). Heavy metals, occurrence

and toxicity for plants: a review. Environment Chemistry Letters. 8:199-216.

Nakano, Y. and Asada, K. (1981). Hydrogen peroxide is scavenged by ascorbate specific-

peroxidase in spinach chloroplasts. Plant Cell Physiology. 22: 867-880.

Nakashita, H., Yasuda, M., Nitta, T., Asami, T., Fujioka, S., Arai, Y., Sekimata, K.,

Takatsuto, S., Yamaguchi, I. and Yoshida, S. (2003). Brassinosteroids function in

a broad range of disease resistance in tobacco and rice. Plant Journal. 33: 887-

898.

Nakazawa, R., Kameda, Y., Ito, Ogita, T.Y., Michihata, R. and Takenaga, H. (2004).

Selection and characterization of nickel-tolerant tobacco cells. Biologia

Plantarum. 48 (4): 497-502.

Nassar, A.H. (2004). Effect of Homobrassinolide on In Vitro Growth of Apical

Meristems and Heat Tolerance of Banana Shoots. International

Journal of Agriculture and Biology. 6: 771-775.

Navari-Izzo, F., Pinzino, C., Quartacci, M.F. and Sgherri, C. (1999). Superoxide and

hydroxyl radical generation, and superoxide dismutase in PSII membrane

fragments from wheat, Free Radicical Research. 31: 3-9.

Navari-Izzo, F., Quartacci, M.F., Pinzino, C., Dalla Vecchia, F. and Sgherri, C. (1998).

Thylakoid-bound and stromal antioxidative enzymes in wheat treated with excess

of copper. Physiologia Plantarum. 104: 630-638.

Nehnevajova, E., Lyubenova, L., Herzig, R., Schröder, P., Schwitzguébeld, J-P.

and Schmülling, T. (2012). Metal accumulation and response of

antioxidant enzymes in seedlings and adult sunflower mutants with

improved metal removal traits on a metal-contaminated soil. Environmental

and Experimental Botany. 76: 39- 48.

Nematshahi, N., Lahouti, M. and Ganjeali, Ali. (2012). Accumulation of chromium and

its effect on growth of (Allium cepa cv. Hybrid). European Journal of

Experimental Biology. 2:969-974.

References

195

Nomura, T., Kitasaka, Y., Takatsuto, D., Reid, J.B., Fukami, M. and Yokota, T. (1999).

Brassinosteroid/ sterol synthesis and plant growth as affected by ika and ikb

mutations of pea. Plant Physiology. 119: 1517-26.

Nomura, T., Nakayama, M. and Reid, J.B. (1997). Blockage of brassinosteroid synthesis

and sensitivity causes dwarfism in Pisum sativum. Plant Physiology. 113: 31-37.

Nomura, T., Sato, T., Bishop, G.J., Kamiya, Y., Takatsuto, S. and Yokota, T. (2001).

Accumulation of 6-deoxocathasterone and 6-deoxocastasterone in Arabidopsis,

pea and tomato is suggestive of common rate-limiting steps in brassinosteroid

biosynthesis. Photochemistry. 57: 171-78.

Nriagu, J. O. (1988a). Historical Perspectives. In: Chromium in the Natural and Human

Environments, (Eds. J.O. Nriagu and E. Nieboer). John Wiley & Sons, pp. 1-20,

New York.

Nriagu, J. O. (1988b). Production and Uses of Chromium. In: Chromium in the Natural

and Human Environments, (Eds. J.O. Nriagu and E. Nieboer). John Wiley& Sons,

pp. 81-104, New York.

Nriagu, J.O. (2002). Arsenic poisoning through the ages. In: Environmental chemistry of

arsenic. (Ed. W.T. Frank-enberger) Marcel Dekker, pp. 1-26.

Ogweno, J.O., Song, X.S., Shi, K., Hu, W.H., Mao, W.H., Zhou, Y.H., Yu, J.Q. and

Nogués, S. (2008). Brassinosteroids Alleviate Heat-Induced Inhibition of

Photosynthesis by Increasing Carboxylation Efficiency and Enhancing

Antioxidant Systems in Lycopersicon esculentum. Journal of Plant Growth

Regulation. 27:49-57.

Ohri, P., Bhardwaj, R. and Khurma, U.R. (2002). Role of brassinolide on juvenile

emergence of Meloidogyne incognita. International Journal of Nematology.

12:175-178.

Ohri, P., Kaur, S., Bhardwaj, R and Khurma, U.R. (2004). Role of brsssinosteroids on

juvenile emergence of Meloidogyne incognita. Indian Journal of Nematology. 34:

165-168.

References

196

Ohri, P., Sohal, S.K., Bhardwaj, R. and Khurma, U.R. (2005). Effects of 28-

homobrassinolide and 24-epibrassinolide on the development of Meloidogyne

incognita. International Journal of Nematology. 15: 43-47.

Ohri, P., Sohal, S.K., Bhardwaj, R. and Khurma, U.R. (2007). Morphogenetic and

biochemical responses of the root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid

and White) Chitwood to isolated brassinosteroids. Annals of Plant Protection

Sciences. 15: 226-231.

Ohri, P., Sohal, S.K., Bhardwaj, R. and Khurma, U.R. (2008). Biochemical evaluation of

some enzymes of the root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and

White) Chitwood under the influence of brassinosteroids. International Journal of

Nematology. 18: 216-220.

Oklestková J, Hoffmannová L, Steigerová J, Kohout L, Kolár Z, Strnad M (2010) Natural

brassinosteroids for use for treating hyperproliferation, treating proliferative

diseases and reducing adverse effects of steroid dysfunction in mammals,

pharmaceutical composition and its use. 20100204460 (Patent).

Oklestková, J., Hoffmannová, L., Steigerová, J., Kohout, L., Kolár, Z., Strnad, M. (2010).

Natural brassinosteroids for use for treating hyperproliferation, treating

proliferative diseases and reducing adverse effects of steroid dysfunction in

mammals, pharmaceutical composition and its use. 20100204460. (Patent).

Olowoyo, J.O., Okedeyi, O.O., Mkolo, N.M., Lion, G.N. and Mdakane, S.T.R.

(2012).Uptake and translocation of heavy metals by medicinal plants growing

around a waste dump site in Pretoria, South Africa. South African Journal of

Botany. 78: 116-121.

Onatsky, N.M., Marchenko, A.I. and Mikhina, L.V. (1997). Evaluation of mutagenic

activity of epibrassinolide (active ingredient of Epin) in Ames test, chromosome

aberrations and in micronuclear tests: Technical Report. Scientific Research

Centre of Toxicologie and Hygienic Regulation of Biopreparations of Russia,

Serpukhov.

References

197

Ouzounidou, G., Moustakas, M., Symeonidis, L. and Karataglis, S. (2006). Response of

wheat seedlings to Ni stress: Effects of supplemental calcium. Archieves of

Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 50: 346-352.

Oyaizu, M. (1986). Studies on products of browning reactions: Antioxidative activities of

of product of browning reaction prepared from glucasomine. Japanese Journal of

Nutrition. 44:307-315.

Pachthong, C., Supyen, D., Buddhasukh, D. and Jatisatienr, A. (2006). Isolation and

characterization of brassinolide and castasterone in the pollen of pumpkin.

Chiang Mai Journal of Science. 33: 95-101.

Pachthong, C., Supyen, D., Buddhasukh, D. and Jatisatienr, A. (2007). Isolation

andcharacterization of brassinolide and castasterone from mature seeds of smooth

loofah (Luffa cylindrica (L.) M.J. Roem). ACGC Chemical Research

Communications 21: 4-8.

Pagliano, C., Raviolo, M., Vecchia, F.D., Gabbrielli, R., Gonnelli, C., Rascio, N.,

Barbato, R. and La Rocca, L. (2006). Evidence for PSII-donor-side damage and

photoinhibition induced by cadmium treatment on rice (Oryza sativa L.). Journal

of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology. 84: 70-78.

Paliouris, G., and Hutchinson, T. C. (1991). Arsenic, cobalt and nickel tolerances in two

populations of Silene vulgaris (Moench) Garcke from Ontario, Canada. New

Phytologist. 117: 449-459.

Pan, X and Wang, X (2009). Profiling of plant hormones by mass spectrometry. Journal

of Chromatography B. 877: 2806-2813.

Panda, S.K. and Choudhury, S. (2005). Changes in nitrate reductase activity and

oxidative stress responses in the moss Polytrichum commune subjected to

chromium, copper and zinc toxicity. Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology. 17:

191-197.

Panda, S.K. and Khan, M.H. (2002). Chromium phytotoxicity effcts on the germination

of greengram (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) seeds. Journal of Phytological

Research. 15: 225-8.

References

198

Pandey, M. and Sharma, C.P. (2002): Effect of heavy metals Co2+, Ni2+ and Cd2+ on

growth and metabolism of cabbage. Plant Science. 163: 753-758.

Pandey, P. and Tripathi, A.K. (2011). Effect of heavy metals on morphological and

biochemical characteristics of Albizia procera (Roxb.) Benth. Seedlings.

International Journal of Environmental Sciences. 1: 1009-1018.

Pandolfini, T., Gabbrielli, R. and Comparini, C. (1992). Nickel toxicity and peroxidase

activity in seedlings of Triticum aestivum L. Plant Celland Environment. 15: 719-

725.

Panwar, B.S., Ahmad, K.S. and Mittal, S.B. (2002). Phytoremediation of nickel-

contaminated soils by Brasssica species. Environment, Development and

Sustainability. 4: 1-6.

Papadopoulou, E. and Grumet, R. (2005). Brassinosteroid-induced femaleness in

cucumber and relationship to ethylene production. Hort-Science, 40:1763-1767.

Parida, B. K., Chhibba, I.M. and Nayyar, V.K. (2003). Influence of nickel-contami- nated

soils on fenugreek (Trigonella corniculata L.) growth and min- eral composition.

Scientia Horticulturae. 98: 113-119.

Park, K.H., Park, J.D., Hyun, K.H., Nakayama, M. and Yokota, T. (1994).

Brassinosteroids and monoglycerides with brassinosteroid - like activity in

immature seeds of Oryza sativa and Perilla frutescens and in cultured cells of

Nicotiana tabacum. Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biochemistry. 58: 2241-43.

Park, K.H., Yokota, T., Sakurai, A. and Takahshi, N. (1987). Occurrence of castasterone,

brassinolide and methyl 4- chloroindole 3-acetate in immature Vicia faba seeds.

Agricultural and Biological Chemistry. 51: 3081-86.

Park, S.C., Kim, T.W. and Kim, S.K. (2000). Identification of brassinosteroids with 24-

Methyl in immature seeds of Phaseolus vulgaris. Bulletin of the Korean Chemical

Society. 21: 1274-1276.

Park, S.H., Han, K.S., Kin, T.W., Shim, J.K., Takatsuto, S., Yokata, T. and Kim, S.K.

(1999). In vivo and in vitro conversion of teasterone to typhasterol in cultured

cells of Marchantia polymorpha. Plant and Cell Physiology. 40: 955-60.

References

199

Parmar, N.G. and Chanda, S.V. (2005). Effects of Mercury and Chromium on Peroxidase

and IAA Oxidase Enzymes in the Seedlings of Phaseolus vulgaris. Turk Journal

of Biology. 29: 15-21.

Pasternak, T., Potters, G., Caubergs, R. and Marcel, A. K. (2005). Complementary

interactions between oxidative stress and auxins control plant growth responses at

plant, organ, and cellular level. Jansen Journal of Experimental Botany. 56: 1991-

2001.

Pastori, G., Mullineaux, P. and Foyer, C.H. (2000). Post transcriptional regulation

prevents accumulation of glutathione reductase pro- tein and activity in the bundle

sheath cells of maize. Implication on the sensitivity of maize to temperatures.

Plant Physiology. 122:667-675.

Peer, W.A., Baxter, I.R., Richards, E.L., Freeman, J.L. and Murphy, A.S. (2005).

Phytoremediation and hyperaccumulator plants. In: Molecular biology of metal

homeostasis and detoxification: from microbes to man. Topics in current genetics.

(Eds. L.W.J. Klomp, E. Martinoia and M.J. Tamás), Springer-Verlag, New York.

Pereira-Netto, A., Roessner, U., Fujioka, S., Bacic, A., Asami, T., Yoshida, S., and

Clouse, S. (2009). Shooting control by brassinosteroids: metabolomic analysis

and effect of brassinazole on Malus prunifolia, the Marubakaido apple rootstock.

Tree Physiology. 29: 607-620.

Pereira-Netto, A.B., Carvalho-Oliveira, M.M.C., Ramirez, J.A. and Galagovsky, L. R.

(2006). Shooting control in Eucalyptus grandis X E. urophylla hybrid:

comparative effects of 28-homocastasterone and a 5 ɑ -monofluoro derivative.

Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture. 86: 329-335.

Perry, L.M. 1980. Medicinal plants of east and Southeast Asia. MIT Press, Cambridge

Pflugmacher, S. (2004). Promotion of oxidative stress in the aquatic macrophyte

Ceratophyllum demersum during biotransformation of the cyanobacterial toxin

microcystin-LR. Aquatic Toxicology. 70: 169--178.

Piotrowska, A., Bajguz, A., Godlewska-Zyłkiewicz, B. and Zambrzycka, E. (2010).

Changes in growth, biochemical components, and antioxidant activity in aquatic

plant Wolffia arrhiza (Lemnaceae) Exposed to Cadmium and Lead. Archives of

Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 58: 594-604.

References

200

Pitman, M.G. and Läuchli, A. (2002) Global impact of salinity and agricultural

ecosystems. In: Salinity: Environment - Plants - Molecules. (Eds. A. Läuchli and

U. Lüttge). Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp: 3-20, Dordrecht, Netherlands.

Plattner, R.D., Taylor, S.L. and Grove, M.D. (1986). Detection of brassinolide and

castasterone is Alnus glutinosa (European alder) pollen by gas

chromatography/mass spectrometery. Journal of Natural Products. 49: 540-45.

Podsedek, A. (2007). Natural antioxidants and antioxidant capacity of Brassica

vegetables: A review. Lwt-Food Sci. Technol. 40: 1-11.

Polle, A. (2001). Dissecting the superoxide dismutase-ascorbate-glutathione pathway in

chloroplasts bymetabolicmodeling: computer simulation as a step towards flux

analysis. Plant Physiology. 126: 445-462.

Porzel, A.,Marquardt, V., Adam, G., Massiot, G. and Zeigan, D. (1992). 1H and

13C NMR analysis of brassinosteroids. Magnetic Resonance in Chemistry. 30:

651-657.

Prasad, S. M., Dwivedi, R. and Zeeshan, M. (2005). Growth, photosynthetic electron

transport, and antioxidant responses of young soybean seedlings to simultaneous

exposure of nickel and UV-B stress. Photosynthetica. 43: 177-185.

Prieto, P., Pineda, M. and Aguilar, M. (1999). Spectrophotometric Quantitation of

Antioxidant capacity through the Formation of a Phosphomolybdenum Complex:

Specific Application to the Determination of Vitamin E. Analytical Biochemistry.

269: 337-341.

Pshenichnaya, L.A., Khripach, V.A., Volynets, A.P., Prokhorchik, R.A., Manzhelesova,

N.E. and Morozik, G.V. (1997). Brassinosteroids and resistance of barley plants

to leave diseases. In: Problems of Experimental Botany, Belorussian Science, pp.

210-217, Minsk.

Pullman, G.S., Zhang, Y. and Phan, B.H. (2003). Brassinolide improves embryogenic

tissue initiation in conifers and rice. Plant Cell Reports. 22: 96-104.

Putter, J. (1974). Peroxidase. In: Methods of enzymatic analysis, (Ed. H.U. Bergmeyer).

Verlag Chemie, Vol. 2, pp. 685-690, Weinhan.

References

201

Qua, T., Liu, R., Wanga, W., Ana, L., Chenb, T., Liu, G. and Zhao, Z. (2011).

Brassinosteroids regulate pectin methylesterase activity and AtPME41 expression

in Arabidopsis under chilling stress. Cryobiology. 63: 111-117.

Quartacci, M.F., Cosi, E. and Navari-Izzo, F. (2001). Lipids and NADPH-dependent

superoxide production in plasma membrane vesicles from roots of wheat grown

under copper deficiency and excess. Journal of Experimental Botany. 152: 67-75.

Radić, S., Babić, M., Skobić, D., Roje, V., and Pevalek-Kozlina, B. (2010).

Ecotoxicological effects of aluminum and zinc on growth and antioxidants in

Lemna minor L. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 73: 336-342.

Rahman, H., Sarbreen, S., Alam, S. and Kawai, S. (2005). Effect of nickel on growth and

composition of metal micronutrient in barely plants grown in nutrient solution.

Journal of Plant Nutrition. 28: 393-404.

Ramasubbu, R. and Chandra Prabha, A. (2012). Effect of heavy metals on growth and

biochemical components of plants. LAP Lambert Academic Publishing, 1-13.

Rao, K.V.M. and Sresty, T.V.S. (2000). Antioxidative parameters in the seedlings of

pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millspaugh) in response to Zn and Ni stresses.

Plant Science. 157: 113-128.

Rao, S.S.R., Vardhini, B.V., Sujatha, E. and Anuradha, S. (2002). Brassinosteriods- A

new class of phytohormones. Current Science. 82: 1239-1245.

Rascio, N. and Navari-Izzo, F. (2011). Heavy metal hyperaccumulating plants: how and

why do they do it? And what makes them so interesting? Plant Science. 180: 169-

181.

Richter, K. and Koolman, J. (1991). Antiecdysteroid effects of brassinosteroids in insects.

In: Brassinosteroids: Chemistry, Bioactivity, and Application. (Eds. H.G. Cutler,

T. Yokota and G. Adam), American Chemical Society, pp. 265-278, Washington.

Rocca, N. La., Andreoli, C. Giacometti, G.M., Rascio, N. and Moro, I. (2009).

Responses of the Antarctic microalga Koliella antartica (Trebouxiophyceae,

Chlorophyta) to cadmium contamination, Photosynthetica. 47: 471-479.

Rodkin, A.I., Konovalova, G.I. and Bobrick, A.O. (1997). Efficiency of application of

References

202

biologically active substances in primary breeding of potato. In: Plant Growth

and Development Regulators. pp. 317-318, Moscow.

Romanutti, C., Castilla, V., Coto, C.E. and Wachsman, M.B. (2007). Antiviral effect of a

synthetic brassinosteroid on the replication of vesicular stomatitis virus in vero

cells. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 29: 311-316.

Rout, G.R., Samantaray, S. and Das, P. (2000). Effects of chromium and nickel on

germination and growth in tolerant and nontolerant populations of Echinochloa

colona (L.) Link. Chemosphere. 40: 855-859.

S.K. Yadav. (2010). Heavy metals toxicity in plants: An overview on the role of

glutathione and phytochelatins in heavy metal stress tolerance of plants. South

African Journal of Botany, 76: 167-179.

Saffar, A., Najjar, M.B.B. and Mianabadi, M. (2009). Activity of Antioxidant Enzymes in

Response to Cadmium in Arabidopsis thaliana. Journal of Biological Sciences. 9:

44-50.

Saglam-Cag, S. (2007). The effect of epibrassinolide on senescence in wheat leaves.

Biotechnology and Biotechnological Equipment 21: 63-65.

Sandalio, L.M., Dalurzo, H.C., Gomes, M., Romero-Puertas, M. and del Rio, L.A.

(2001). Cadmium-induced changes in the growth and oxidative metabolism of pea

plants. Journal of Experimental Botany. 52: 2115-2126.

Sanita di Toppi, L., Prasad, M.N.V. and Ottonello, S. (2002). Metal chelating peptides

and proteins in plants. In: Physiology and biochemistry of metal toxicity and

tolerance in plants. (Eds. M.N.V. Prasad and K. Strzalka), Kluwer Academic

Publishers, pp. 59-93, Dordrecht, Netherlands.

Sasse, J.M., Smith, R. and Hudson, I. (1995). Effect of 24-epibrassinolide on germination

of seeds of Eucalyptus camaldulensis in saline conditions. Proceedings of Plant

Growth Regulation Society of America. 22:136-141.

Sauerbeck, D.R. (1991). Plant, element and soil properties governing uptake and

availability of heavy metals derived from sewage sludge. Water, Air and Soil

Pollution. 57/58: 227-237.

Scandalios, J.G. (1993). Oxygen stress and superoxide dismutases. Plant Physiol. 101: 7-

References

203

12.

Schickler, H. and Caspi, H. (1999): Response of antioxidative enzymes to nickel and

cadmium stress in hyperaccumulator plants of the genus Alyssum. Physiologia

Plantarum. 105: 39-44.

Schilling, G., Schiller, C. and Otto, S. (1991). Influence of brassinosteriods on organ

relations and enzyme activities of sugar-beet plants. In: Brassinosteriods:

Chemistry, Bioactivity, and Applications (Eds. H.G. Cutler, T. Yokota, and G.

Adam). ASC Symposium Series, American Chemical Society, pp: 208-219,

Washington.

Schippers, R.R. and Mnzava, N.A. (2007). Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. In: Vegetable oils.

(Eds. H.A.M. van der Vossen and G.S. Mkamilo), Plant Resources of Tropical

Africa (PROTA), Wageningen, Netherlands.

Schlagnhaufer, C.D., Arteca, R.N., and Philips, A.T. (1988). Monoclonal antibodies

against brassinosteroid. A new plant growth regulating compound. Plant

Physiology. 86:

Schlagnhaufer, C.D., Arteca, R.N., and Phillips, A.T. (1991). Induction of anti-

brassinosteroid antibodies. Journal of Plant Physiology. 138: 404-410.

Schmidt, J., Altmann, T. and Adam, G. (1997). Brassinosteroids from seeds of

Arabidopsis thaliana. Phytochemistry. 45: 1325-1327.

Schmidt, J., Bohme, F. and Adam, G. (1996). 24-Epibrassinolide from Gypsophila

perfoliata. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung. 51: 897-899.

Schmidt, J., Kuhnt, C. and Adam, G. (1994). Brassinosteroids and sterols from seeds of

Beta vulgaris. Phytochemistry. 36: 175-177.

Schmidt, J., Porzel, A. and Adam, G. (1998). Brassinosteroids and a pregnane glucoside

from Daucus carota. Phytochemical Analysis. 9: 14-20.

Schmidt, J., Richter, K., Voigt, B. and Adam, G. (2000). Metabolic transformation of the

brassinosteroid 24-epicastasterone by the cockroach Periplaneta Americana.

Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C - A Journal of Biosciences. 55: 233-239.

References

204

Schmidt, J., Richter, K., Voigt, B. and Adam,G. (2000) Metabolic transformation of the

brassinosteroid 24-epi- castasterone by the cockroach Periplaneta Americana.

Zeitschrift -für Naturforschung C. 55:233-239.

Schmidt, J., Spengler, B., Tokota, T., Nakayama, M., Takatsuto, S., Voigt, B. and Adam,

G. (1995a). Secasterone, the first naturally occurring 2, 3-epoxybrassinosteroid

from Secale cereale. Phytochemistry. 38: 1095-1097.

Schmidt, J., Spengler, B., Voigt, B. and Adam, G. (1995b). New brassinosteroids from

Orninithopus sativus and Apium graveolens. Proceedings of the Phytochemical

Society of Europe. 40: 229-233.

Schmidt, J., Spengler, B., Yokota, T. and Adam, G. (1993b). The co-occurrence of 24-

epicasterone and castasterone in seeds of Ornithopus sativus. Phytochemistry. 32:

1614-1645.

Schmidt, J., Voigt, B. and Adam, G. (1995c). 2-Deoxybrassinolide - a naturally occuring

brassinosteroid from Apium graveolens. Phytochemistry. 40: 1041-43.

Schmidt, J., Yokota, T., Adam, G. and Takahashi, N. (1991). Castasterone and

brassinolide in Raphanus sativus seeds. Phytochemistry. 30: 364-365.

Schmidt, J., Yokota, T., Spengler, B. and Adam, G. (1993). 28-Homoteasterone, a

naturally occuring brassiosteroid from seeds of Raphanus sativus.

Phytochemistry. 34: 391-392.

Schneider, J.A., Yoshihara, K., Nakanishi, K. and Kato, N. (1983). Typhasterol (2-

deoxycastasterone): a new plant growth regulator from cattail pollen. Tetrahedron

Letters. 24: 3859-60.

Schutzendubel, A. and Polle, A. (2002). Plant responses to abiotic stresses: heavy metal-

induced oxidative stress and protection by mycorrhization. Journal of

Experimental Botany. 53(372): 1351-1365.

Scoccianti, V., Crinelli, R., Tirillini, B., Mancinelli, V. and Speranza, A. (2006).Uptake

and toxicity of Cr (Cr3+

) in celery seedlings. Chemosphere. 64: 1695-1703.

Sekimoto, H., Hoshi, M. and Nomura, T. (1997). Zinc deficiency affects the levels of

endogenous gibberllins in Zea mays. L. Plant Cell Physiology. 38: 1087-1090.

References

205

Selye, H. (1936). A syndrome produced by various nocuous agents. Nature. 138: 32-34.

Seo, S., Nagasaki, T., Katsuyama, Y., Matsubara, F., Sakata, T., Yoshioka, M., and

Makisumi, Y., 1989. Synthesis of (22R,23R)- and (22S,23S)-[4-14C]-24-

Epibrassinolide. Journal of Labelled Compounds and Radiopharmaceuticals. 27:

1383-1393.

Seregin, I. V. and Kozhevnikova, A. D. (2006). Physiological Role of Nickel and Its

Toxic Effects on Higher Plants. Russian Journal of Plant Physiology. 53: 257-

277.

Sgherri, C., Cosi, E. and Navari-Izzo, F. (2003). Phenols and antioxidative status of

Raphanus sativus grown in copper excess. Physiologia Plantarum. 118: 21-28.

Shah, K. and Nongkynrih, J.M. (2007). Metal hyperaccumulation and bioremediation.

Biologia Plantarum. 51: 618-634.

Shah, S.H. (2002). Effects of salt stress on mustard as affected by gibberellic acid

application. General and Applied Plant Physiology. 33(1-2): 97-106.

Shanker, A.K. (2003). Physiological, biochemical and molecular aspects of chromium

toxicity and tolerance in selected crops and tree species. PhD Thesis, Tamil Nadu

Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India.

Shanker, A.K., Cervantes, C., Loza-Tavera, H. and Avudainayagam, S. (2005).

Chromium toxicity in plants. Environment International. 31: 739-753.

Shao, Y., Jiang, Li-na., Zhang, Dai-jing., Ma, Li-juan. and Li, Chun-xi. (2011). Effects

of arsenic, cadmium and lead on growth and respiratory enzymes activity in

wheat seedlings. African Journal of Agricultural Research. 6: 4505-4512.

Sharma, D.C., Sharma, C.P. and Tripathi, R.D. (2003). Phytotoxic lesions of chromium

in maize. Chemosphere. 51: 63-68.

Sharma, I., Pati, P.K. and Bhardwaj, R. (2011). Effect of 24-epibrassinolide on oxidative

stress markers induced by nickel-ion in Raphanus sativus L. Acta Physiologiae

Plantarum. 33: 1723-1735.

References

206

Sharma, P. and Bhardwaj, R. (2007a). Effect of 24-epibrssinolide on seed germination,

seedling growth and heavy metal uptake in Brassica juncea L. General and Applied

Plant Physiology. 33 (1-2): 59-73.

Sharma, P. and Bhardwaj, R. (2007b). Effects of 24-epibrassinolide on growth and metal

uptake in Brassica juncea L. under copper stress. Acta Physiologia Plantarum.

29: 259-263.

Sharma, R.K., Agrawal, M. and Marshall, F.M. (2008). Heavy metal (Cu, Zn, Cd and

Pb) contamination of vegetables in urban India: A case study in Varanasi.

Environmental Pollution. 154: 254-263.

Shekhawat, G.S., Verma, K., Jana, S., Singh, K., Teotia, P. and Prasad, A. (2010). In

vitro biochemical evaluation of cadmium tolerance mechanism in callus and

seedlings of Brassica juncea. Protoplasma. 239: 31-38.

Shigeoka, S., Ishikawa, T., Tamoi, M., Miyagawa, Y., Takeda, T. and Yoshimura, K.

(2002). Regulation and function of ascorbate peroxidase isoenzymes. Journal of

Experimental Botany. 53: 1305-1319.

Shim JH, Kim IS, Lee KB, Suh YT and Morgan ED (1998) Determination of brassinolide

in rice (Oriza sativa L.) by HPLC equipped with a fluorescence detector.

Agricultural Chemistry and Biotechnology. 39:84-88.

Shimada, K., Abe, H., Takatsuto, S., Nakayama, M. and Yokota, T. (1996). Identification

of castasterone and teasterone from seeds of canary grass (Phalaris canariensis).

Recent Research and Development in Chemistry and Pharmaceautical Science. 1:

1-5.

Singh, I. and Shono, M. (2003). Effect of 24-epibrassinolide on pollen viability during

heat-stress in tomato. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology. 41: 174-176.

Sinha, P., Dube, B.K., Srivastava, P. and Chatterjee, C. (2006). Alteration in uptake and

translocation of essential nutrients in cabbage by excess lead. Chemosphere. 65:

651-656.

References

207

Sinha, S., Basant, Ankita., Malik, Amrita., Singh, K. P. (2009). Multivariate modeling of

chromium-induced oxidative stress and biochemical changes in plants of Pistia

stratiotes L. Ecotoxicology. 18: 555-566

Smagghe, G., Decombel, L., Carton, B., Voigt, B., Adam, G. and Tirry, L. (2002). Action

of brassinosteroids in the cotton leafworm Spodoptera littoralis. Insect

Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 32: 199-204.

Smeets, K., Cuypers, A., Lambrechts, A., Semane, B., Hoet, P., Van Laere, A. and

Vangronsveld, J. (2005) Induction of oxidative stress and antioxidative

mechanisms in Phaseolus vulgaris after Cd application. Plant Physiology and

Biochemistry. 43: 437-444

Smith, S.E., Christophersen, H.M., Pope, S. and Smith, F.A. (2010). Arsenic uptake and

toxicity in plants: integrating mycorrhizal influences. Plant Soil. 327:1-21.

Somero, G.N. (1992). Adapting to water stress: convergence on common solutions. In:

Water and life. (Eds. G.N. Somero, C.B. Osmond, C.L. Bolis).Springer, pp. 3-18,

Berlin.

Sondhi, N., Bhardwaj, R., Kaur, S., Chandel, M., Kumar, N. and Singh, B. (2010).

Inhibition of H2O2 induced DNA damage in Single Cell Gel Elcetrophoresis assay

(Comet assay) by castasterone isolated from leaves of Centella asiatica. Health.

2: 595-602.

Sondhi, N., Bhardwaj, R., Kaur, S., Kumar, N. and Singh, B. (2008). Isolation of 24-

epibrassinolide from leaves of Aegle marmelos and evaluation of its

antigenotoxicity employing Allium cepa chromosomal aberration assay. Plant

Growth Regulation. 54: 217-224.

Spengler, B., Schmidt, J., Voigt, B. and Adam, G. (1995). 6-Deoxo-28-nor castasterone

and 6-deoxo-24-epicastasterone-two new brasinosteroids from Ornithopus

sativus. Phytochemistry. 40: 907-910.

Spychalla, J.P. and Desborough, S.L.(1990). Superoxide dismutase, catalase and alpha-

tocopherol content of stored potato tubers. Plant Physiology. 94: 1214-1218.

References

208

Srivastava, M., Ma, L.Q., Singh, N. and Singh, S. (2005). Antioxidant responses of

hyper-accumulator and sensitive fern species to arsenic. Journal of Experimental

Botany. 56: 1335-1342.

Srivastava, S. and Dubey, R.S. (2011). Manganese-excess induces oxidative stress,

lowers the pool of antioxidants and elevates activities of key antioxidative

enzymes in rice seedlings. Plant Growth Regulation. 64: 1-16.

Steinmetz, K. A., and Potter, J. D. (1991). Vegetables, fruit, and cancer. II. Mechanisms.

Cancer Causes & Control. 2: 427-442.

Stoeva, N. and Bineva, Tz. (2003). Oxidative changes and photosynthesis in Oat plants

grown in As-contaminated soil. Bulgarian Journal of Plant Physiology. 29:87-95.

Stoeva, N., Berova, M. and Zlatev, Z. (2004): Physiological response of maize to arsenic

contamination. Biologia Plantarum. 47: 449-452.

Strnad, M. and Kamínek, M. (1985). Sensitized bean first internode bioassay for auxins

and brassinosteroids. Biologia Plantarum. 27: 209-215.

Subrahmanyam, D. (2008). Effects of chromium toxicity on leaf photosynthetic

characteristics and oxidative changes in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.).

Photosynthetica. 46 (3): 339-345.

Sun, R.L., Zhou, Q.X., Sun, F.H. and Jin, C.X. (2007). Antioxidative defense and

proline/phytochelatin accumulation in a newly discovered Cd-hyperaccumulator,

Solanum nigrum L. Environmental and Experimental Botany. 60: 468-476.

Suzuki, H., Fujioka, S., Takatsuto, S., Yokota, T., Murofushi, N. and Sakurai, A. (1994a).

Biosynthesis of brassinolide from teasterone via typhasterol and castasterone in

cultured cells of Catharanthus roseus. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation. 13:

21-26.

Suzuki, H., Fujioka, S., Takatsuto, S., Yokota, T., Murofushi, N. and Sakurai, A. (1995).

Biosynthesis of brassinosteroids in seedling of Catharanthus roseus, Nicotiana

tobaccum and Oryza sativa. Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biochemistry. 59:

168-72.

References

209

Suzuki, H., Fujioka, S., Yokota, T., Murofushi, N. and Sakurai, A. (1994b). Identification

of brassinolide, castasterone, typhasterol, and teasterone from the pollen of Lilium

elegans. Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biochemistry. 58: 2075-2076.

Suzuki, Y., Yamaguchi, I. and Takahashi, N. (1985). Identification of Castasterone

and Brassinone from immature seeds of Pharbitis purpurea. Agricultural

and Biological Chemistry. 49(1): 49-54.

Suzuki, Y., Yamaguchi, I., Yokota, T. and Takahashi, N. (1986). Identification of

castasterone, typhasterol and teasterone from the pollen of Zea mays. Agricultural

and Biological Chemistry. 50: 3133-38.

Svatoŝ, A., Antonchick, A., Schneider, B. (2004). Determination of brassinosteroids in

the sub-femtomolar range using dansyl-3-aminophenylboronate derivatization and

electrospray mass spectrometry. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry.

18:816-821

Swaczynová, J., Novák, O., Hauserová, E., Fuksová, K., Šíša, M., Kohout, L., and

Strnad, M., (2007). New techniques for the estimation of naturally occurring

brassinosteroids. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation. 26: 1-14.

Swaczynová, J., Šíša, M., Hniličková, J., Kohout, L. and Strnad, M. (2006).Synthesis,

biological, immumological and anticancer properties of a new brassinosteroid

ligand. Polish Journal of Chemistry. 80: 629-35.

Swamy, K.N. and Rao, S.S.R. (2010). Effect of brassinosteroids on rooting and early

vegetative growth of Coleus [Plectranthus forskohlii (Willd.) Briq.] stem cuttings.

Indian Journal of Natural Products and Resources.1: 68-73.

Szekeres, M., Nameth, K., Kalmar, Z.K., Mathur, J., Kauscrman, A., Altmann, T., Redei,

G.P., Nagy, F., Scrall, J. and Koncz, C. (1996). Brassinosteriods rescue the

deficiency of CYP 90, a cytochrome P450, controlling cell elongation and de-

etiolation in Arabidopsis. Cell. 85: 171-182.

Takatsuto S, Yazawa N, Ikekawa N, Takematsu T, Takeuchi Y, Koguchi M (1983)

Structure-activity relationship of brassinosteroids. Phytochemistry. 22: 2437-2441

References

210

Takatsuto S, Ying B, Morisaki M, Ikekawa N (1982) Microanalysis of brassinolide and

its analogues by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

Journal of Chromatography. 239: 233-241.

Takatsuto, S. (1994). Brassinosteroids: distribution in plants, bioassays, and micro-

analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography

A. 658: 3-15.

Takatsuto, S., Abe, H. and Gamoh, K. (1990a). Evidence for brassinosteroids in strobilus

of Equisetum arvense L. Agricultural and Biological Chemistry. 54: 1057-59..

Takatsuto, S., Abe, H., Yokota, T., Shimada, K. and Gamoh, K. (1996a). Identification of

castasterone and teasterone in seeds of Cannabis sativa L. Journal of Japanese

Oil Chemical Society. 45: 871-73.

Takatsuto, S., Kawashima, T. and Noguchi, T. (1997). Identification of teasterone and

phytosterols in the ripid fraction from seeds of Cannabis sative L. Journal of

Japanese Oil Chemical Society. 46: 1499-1504.

Takatsuto, S., Omote, K., Gamoh. K. and Ishibashi, M. (1990). Identification of

brassinolide and castasterone in buchwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) pollen.

Agricultural and Biological Chemistry. 54: 757-762.

Takatsuto, S., Yazawa, N., Ikekawa, N., Morishita, T. and Abe, H. (1983a). Synthesis of

(24R)-28-homobrassinolide and structure-activity relationships of

brassinosteroids in the rice-lamina inclination test. Phytochemistry. 22: 1393-

1397.

Takatsuto, S., Yokota, T., Omote, K., Gamoh, K. and Takahashi, N. (1989). Identification

of brassinolide, castasterone and norcastasterone (brassinone) in sunflower

(Helianthus annus L.). Pollen. Agricultural and Biological Chemistry. 53: 2177-

80.

Takeno, K. and Pharis, R.P. (1982). Brassinolide-induced bending of the lamina of dwarf

rice seedlings: an auxin mediated phenomenon. Plant and Cell Physiology. 23:

1275-1281.

References

211

Tanaka, K., Nakamura, Y., Asami, T., Yoshida, S., Matsuo, T. and Okamoto, S. (2003).

Physiological roles of brassinosteriods in early growth of Arabidopsis:

brassinosteriods have synergistic relationship with gibberellins as well as auxin in

light-growth hypocotyl elongation. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation. 22: 259-

271.

Tang, J., Xu, J., Wu, Y., Li, Y. and Q, T. (2012). Effects of high concentration of

chromium stress on physiological and biochemical characters and accumulation

of chromium in tea plant (Camellia sinensis L.). African Journal of

Biotechnology. 11: 2248-2255.

Tangahu, B.V., Abdullah, S.R.S., Basri, H., Idris, M., Anuar, N. and Mukhlisin, M.

(2011). A Review onHeavyMetals (As, Pb, andHg)Uptake by Plants through

Phytoremediation. International Journal of Chemical Engineering.

doi:10.1155/2011/939161.

Taylor, C.G., Bettger, W.J. and Bray, T.M. (1988). Effect of dietary zinc or copper

deficiency on the primary free radical defense system in rats. Journal of Nutrition.

118: 613-621

Taylor, P.E., Spuck, K., Smith, P.M., Sasse, J.M., Yokota, T., Griffiths, P.G. and

Cameron, D.W. (1993). Detection of brassinosteroids in pollen of Lolium perenne

L. by immunocytochemistry. Planta. 189: 91-100.

Teklić, T., Hancock, J.T., Engler, M., Paradiković, N., Cesar, V., Lepeduš, H., Štolfa, I.

and Bešlo, D. (2008). Antioxidative responses in radish (Raphanus sativus L.)

plants stressed by copper and lead in nutrient solution and soil. Acta

Biologica Cracoviensia. Series Botanica. 50: 79-86.

Thompson, M.J., Mandava, N.B., Flippen-Anderson, J.L., Worley, J.F., Dutky, S.R.,

Robbins, W.E., Lusby, W.R. (1979). Synthesis of brassino steroids: new plant

growth-promoting regulators. Journal of Organic Chemistry. 44:5002-5004.

Thompson, M.J., Mandava, N.B., Meudt, W.J., Lusby, W.R. and Spaulding, D.W.

(1981). Synthesis and biological activity of brassinolide and its 22β,23β-isomer:

novel plant growth-promoting steroids. Steroids. 38: 567-580.

References

212

Thompson, M.J., Meudt, W.J., Mandava, N.B., Dutky, S.R., Lusby, W.R. and Spaulding,

D.W. (1982). Synthesis of brassinosteroids and relationship of structure to plant

growth-promoting effect. Steroids. 39: 89-105.

Tomáš, J., Árvay, J. and Tóth, T. (2012). Heavy Metals In Productive Parts Of

Agricultural Plants. Journal of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Food Sciences. 1:

819-827.

Tripathi, A.K., Tripathi, S. and Tripathi, S. (1999). Changes in some physiological and

biochemical characters in Albizia lebbek as bio-indicators of heavy metal toxicity.

Journal of Environment Biology. 20: 93-98.

Tripathy, B.C., Bhatia, B., Mohanty, P., 1981. Inactivation of chloroplast photosynthetic

electron transport activity by Ni2+

. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 638: 217-224.

Tyler, G., Pahisson, A. M., Bengtsson, G., Baath, E. and Tranvik, L. (1989). Heavy metal

ecology and terrestrial plants, micro-organisms and vertebrates: a review.

Water, air, and soil pollution.47: 189-215.

Vaclavikova, M., Gallios, G. P., Hredzak, S. and Jakabsky, S. (2008). Removal of arsenic

from water streams: an overview of available techniques. Clean Technologies and

Environmental Policy. 10: 89-95.

Vajpayee, P., Tripathi, R. D., Rai, U. N., Ali, M. B. and Singh, S. N. (2000). Chromium

(VI) accumulation reduces chlorophyll biosynthesis, nitrate reductase activity and

protein content in Nymphaea alba L. Chemosphere. 41: 1075-1082.

Vamerali, T., Marianna, B. and Mosca, G. (2010). Field crops for phytoremediation of

metal-contaminated of metal-contaminated land: A review. Environmental

Chemistry Letters. 8: 1-17.

Van Assche, F. and Clijsters, H. (1990). Effects of metal in enzyme activity in plants.

Plant, Cell and Environment. 13: 773-780.

Vanacker, H., Carver, T.L.W. and Foyer, C.H. (1998). Pathogen-induced changes in the

antioxidant status of the apoplast in barley leaves. Plant Physiology. 117:1103-

1114.

References

213

Vardhini, B.V. and Rao, S.S.R. (1998). Effect of brassinosteroids on growth, metabolite

content and yield of Arachis hypogaea. Phytochemistry. 48: 927-930.

Vardhini, B.V. and Rao, S.S.R. (2002). Acceleration of ripening of tomato pericarp discs

by brassinosteroids. Phytochemistry. 61: 843-847.

Vardhini, B.V., Sujatha, E. and Rao, S.S.R. (2011). Brassinosteroids: Alleviation of

Water Stress in Certain Enzymes of Sorghum Seedlings. Journal of Phytology.

3(10): 38-43.

Vasyukova, N.I., Chalenko, G.I., Kaneva, I.M., Khripach, V.A. and Ozeretskovskaya,

O.L. (1994). Brassinosteroids and potato late blight. Prikladnaia Biokhimiia i

Mikrobiologiia. 30: 464-470.

Vasyukova, N.I., Khripach, V.A., Chalenko, G.I. and Kaneva, I.M. (1993). Effect of

brassinosteroid in Phytophthora infection of potato. In: Proceedings of 3rd

conference on Brassinosteroids- Biorational, Ecologically safe regulators of

Growth and Productivity of Plants, Minsk. pp. 20.

Verma, A., Malik, C. P. and Gupta, V. K. (2012). In Vitro Effects of Brassinosteroids on

the Growth and Antioxidant Enzyme Activities in Groundnut. International

Scholarly Research Network. doi:10.5402/2012/356485.

Vijayarengan, P. (2004). Growth, nodulation and dry matter yield of blackgram cultivars

under nickel stress. Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering. 46: 151-

158.

Vitvitskaya, L.V., Nikonorov, S.I., Tikhomirov, A.M., Zagriichuk, V.P., Abtakhi, B. and

Vorobeva, E.I. (1997b). Effect of some toxicants on the behavior of

Russiansturgeon fingerlings and toxicoprotector effects of biologically active

substances. Doklady Akademii Nauk. 352: 842-44.

Vitvitskaya, L.V., Tikhomirov, A.M., Nikonorov, S.I., Egorov, M.A., Malevannaya,

N.N., Khripach, V.A. and Zhabinskii, V.N. (1997a). The method of survival

increase of larvae and fingerlings of sturgeons in fish breeding. Patent

Application RU 97,117, 958.

References

214

Vitvitskaya, L.V., Tikhomirov, A.M., Nikonorov, S.I., Egorov, M.A., Malevannaya,

N.N., Khripach, V.A., Zhabinskii, V.N. (1997c). The method for estimation and

improvement of activity and viability of spermatozoons in animal breeding.

Patent Application RU , 97,117 959.

Volynets, A.P., Pschenichnaya, L.A., Manzhelesova, N.E., Morozik, G.V. and Khripach,

V.A. (1997a). Method of protection of barley plants from leaf disease. (Patent).

Volynets, A.P., Pschenichnaya, L.A., Manzhelesova, N.E., Morozik, G.V. and Khripach,

V.A. (1997b). The nature of protective action of 24-epibrassinolide on barley

plants. Proceedings of the Plant Growth Regulation Society of America. 24: 133-

137.

Wachsman, M.B., Castilla, V., Talarico, L.B., Ramirez, J.A., Galagovsky, L.R. and Coto,

C.E. (2004a). Antiherpetic mode of action of (22S, 23S)-3 -bromo-5 ,22,23-

trihydroxystigmastan-6-one in vitro. International Journal of Antimicrobial

Agents. 23: 524-526.

Wachsman, M.B., Lopez, E.M., Ramirez, J.A., Galagovsky, L.R. and Coto, C.E. (2000).

Antiviral effect of brassinosteroid against herpes virus and arena viruses. Antiviral

Chemistry and Chemotherapy. 11: 71-77.

Wachsman, M.B., Ramirez, J.A., Galagovsky, L.R. and Coto, C.E. (2002). Antiviral

activity of brassinosteroid derivatives against measles virus in cell culutures.

Antiviral Chemistry and Chemotherapy. 13: 61-66.

Wachsman, M.B., Ramirez, J.A., Talarico, L.B., Galagovsky, L.R. and Coto, C.E.

(2004b). Antiviral activity of natural and synthetic brassinosteroids. Current

Medicinal Chemistry -Anti-Infective Agents. 3: 163-179.

Wada, K., Kondo, H. and Marumo, S. (1985). A simple bioassay for brassinosteroids: a

wheat leaf-unrolling test. Agricultural and Biological Chemistry. 49: 2249-2251.

Wada, K., Marumo, S., Ikekawa, N., Morisaki, M. and Mori, K. (1981). Brassinolide and

homobrassinolide promotion of lamina inclination of rice seedlings. Plant and

Cell Physiology. 22: 323-326.

References

215

Watanabe, T. and Osaki, M. (2002). Mechanism of adaptation to high aluminium

condition in native plant species growing in acid soils: a review.

Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis. 33: 1247-1260.

Watanabe, T., Noguchi, T., Yokota, T., Shibata, K., Koshino, H., Seto, H., Kim, S. and

Takatsuto, S. (2001). Synthesis and biological activity of 26-norbrassinolide, 26-

norcastasterone and 26-nor-6-deoxocastasterone Phytochemistry. 58: 343-349.

Wattanabe, T., Yokota, T., Shibata, K., Nomura, T., Seto, H. and Takatsuto, S. (2000).

Cryptolide, a new brassinolide caterbolite with a 23- oxo group from Japanese

cedar pollen/ anther and its synthesis. Journal of Chemical Research. 5: 18-19.

Weast, R.C. (1984). CRC handbook of chemistry and physics. 64th

edition. Boca Raton.

CRC Press.

Weerakoon, S. R. and Somaratne, S. (2011). Seasonal variation of growth and yield

performance of musturd (Brassica juncea (L.) Czern and Coss) Genotypes in Sri

Lanka. The Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 6: 1-15.

Welch, A.H., Westjohn, D.B., Helsel, D.R. and Wanty, R.B. (2000). Arsenic in ground

water of the United States: occurrence and geochemistry. Ground Water. 38: 589-

604.

Wójcik, M., Skórzy ´nska-Polit, E. and Tukiendorf, A. (2006). Organic acids

accumulation and antioxidant enzyme activities in Thlaspi caerulescens under Zn

and Cd stress. Plant Growth Regulation. 48: 145-155.

Woolson, E.A., J.H. Axley, and P.C. Kearney. (1971a). The Chemistry and Phytotoxicity

of Arsenic in Soils: Effects of time and Phosphorus. Soil Science Society of

America Journal. 37: 254-259.

Xia, X.J., Wang, Y.J., Zhou, Y.H., Tao, Y., Mao, W.H., Shi, K., Asami, T., Chen, Z. and

Yu, J-Q. (2009). Reactive oxygen species are involved in brassinosteroids

induced stress tolerance in cucumber. Plant Physiology. 150: 801-814.

Xia, X-J., Zhou, Y-H., Ding, J., Shi, K., Asami, T., Chen, Z. and Yu, J-Q. (2011).

Induction of systemic stress tolerance by brassinosteroid in Cucumis sativus. New

Phytologist. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03745.

References

216

Xu, Q. and Shi, G. (2000). The toxic effects of single Cd and interaction of Cd with Zn

on some physiological index of Oenanthe javanica (Blume) DC. J Nanjing Normal

University (Natural Science). 23: 97-100.

Yadav, S.K. (2010). Heavy metals toxicity in plants: An overview on the role of

glutathione and phytochelatins in heavy metal stress tolerance of plants. South

African Journal of Botany. 76: 167-179.

Yamamoto, R., Fujioka, S., Demura, T., Takatsuto, S., Yoshida, S. and Fukuda, H.

(2001). Brassinosteroid levels increase drastically prior to morphogenesis of

tracheary elements. Plant Physiology. 125: 556-63.

Yasuta, E., Terahata, T., Nakayama, M., Abe, H., Takatsuto, S. and Yokota, T. (1995).

Free and conjugated brassinosteroids in the pollen and anthers of Erythronium

japonicum Decne. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry. 59: 2156-2158.

Yildiz, M., Terzi, H. and Uruşak, B. (2011). Chromium toxicity and cellular responses in

plants. Erciyes University Journal of the Institute and Technology. 27: 163-176.

Yokel, J. and Delistraty, D.A. (2003). Arsenic, lead, and other trace elements in soils

contaminated with pesticide residues at the Hanford site (USA). Environmental

Toxicology. 18: 104-14.

Yokota, T. Nakayama, M. Wakisaka, T., Schmidt, J. and Adam. G. (1994). 3-

dehydrogeasterone, 3, 6-diketobrassinsoteroid as a possible biosynthetic

intermeidate of brassinolide from wheat grain. Bioscience, Biotechnology,

and Biochemistry. 58: 1183-1185

Yokota, T., Arima, M. and Takahashi, N. (1982a). Castasterone, a new phytosterol with

plant- hormone potency from chestnut insect gall. Tetrahedron Letters. 23: 1275-

1278.

Yokota, T., Arima, M., Takahashi, N. and Crozier, A. (1985). Steroidal plant growth

regulators, castasterone and typhasterol (2-deoxycastasterone) from the shoots of

Stika spruce (Picea sitchensis) (Pinaceae). Phytochemistry 24: 1333-35.

Yokota, T., Arima, M., Takahashi, N., Takatsuto, S., Ikekawa, N. and Takematsu, T.

(1983a). 2-Deoxycastasterone, a new brassinolide-related bioactive steroid from

Pinus pollen. Agricultural and biological chemistry. 47: 2419-2420.

References

217

Yokota, T., Baba, J. and Takahashi, N. (1982b). A new steroidel lactone with plant

growth-regulatory activity from Dolichos lablab seed. Tetrahedron Letters. 23:

4965-4966.

Yokota, T., Baba, J. and Takahashi, N. (1983b). Brassinolide related biocative sterols in

Dolichos lablab: brassinolide, castasterone and a new analog, homodolicholide.

Agricultural and Biological Chemistry. 47: 1409-11.

Yokota, T., Higuchi, K., Takahashi, N., Kamuro, Y., Watanabe, T. and Takatsuto, S.

(1998). Identification of brassinosteroids with epimerization substituents and /or

the 23-oxo group in pollen and anthers of Japanese cedar.

Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry. 62: 526-531.

Yokota, T., Kim, S.K., Fukui, Y., Takahashi, N., Takeuchi, Y. and Takematsu, T.

(1987b). Brassinosteroids and sterols from a green alga, Hydrodictyon

reticulatum: Configration at C-24. Phytochemistry. 26: 503-06.

Yokota, T., Kim, S-K., Kosaka, V., Ogino, Y. and Takahashi, N. (1986). Conjugation of

brassinosteroids. In: Conjugated Plant Hormones. Structure, Metabolism and

Function. Proceedings of International Symposium (Eds. K. Schreiber, H.R.

Schutte and G. Sembdner). VEB Deutscher Verlag der Wissenchaften, pp. 288-

296, Berlin.

Yokota, T., Koba, S., Kim, S.K., Takatsuto, S., Ikekawa, N., Sakakibara, M., Okada, K.,

Mori, K. and Takahashi, N. (1987a). Diverse structural variations of the

brassinosteroids in Phaseolus vulgaris seed. Agricultural and Biological

Chemistry. 51: 1625-31.

Yokota, T., Matsuoka, T., Koarai, T. and Nakayana, M. (1996). 2-Dexoxybramiolide, a

brassinosteroid from Pisum sativum seed. Phytochemistry. 42: 509-11.

Yokota, T., Morita, M. and Takahashi, N. (1983c). 6-Deoxocastasterone and 6-

deoxodolichsterone-putative precursors for brassinolide-related steroids from

Phaseolus vulgaris. Agricultural and Biological Chemistry. 47: 2149-51.

Yokota, T., Nomura, T. and Nakayama, M. (1997). Identification of brassinosteroids that

appear to be derived from campesterol and cholesterol in tomato shoots. Plant

and Cell Physiology. 38: 1291-1294.

References

218

Yokota, T., Ogino, Y., Suzuki, H., Takahash, N., Saimoto, H. Fujikoa, S. and Sakunai A.

(1991). Metabolism and biosynthesis of brassinosteroids. In: Brassinosteroids

(Eds. H.G. Culter, T. Yokata and G. Adam) 86-96. American Chemical Society,

Washington D.C.

Yokota, T., Ogino, Y., Takahashi, N., Saimoto, H., Fujioka, S., and Sakurai, A. (1990a).

brassinolide is biosynthesized from castasterone in catharanthus-roseus crown gall

cells. Agricultural and Biological Chemistry. 54: 1107-1108.

Yokota, T., Sato, T., Takeuchi, Y., Nomura, T., Uno, K., Watanabe. T. and Takatsuto, S.

(2001). Roots and shoots of tomato produce 6-deoxo-28-norcathasterone, 6-

deoxo-28-nortyphasterol and 6-deoxo-28-norcastasterone, possible precursors of

28-norcastasterone. Phytochemistry. 58: 233-238.

Yokota, T., Watanabe, S., Ogino, Y., Yamaguchi, I., and Takahashi, N. (1990b).

Radioimmunoassay for brassinosteroids and its use for comparative-analysis of

brassinosteroids in stems and seeds of Phaseolus vulgaris. Journal

of Plant Growth Regulation. 9: 151-159.

Yokoto, T. (1997). The structure, biosynthesis and function of brassinosteroids. Trends in

Plant Science. 2: 137-143.

Yu, J.Q., Huang, L.F., Hu, W.H., Zhou, Y.H., Mao, W.H., Ye, S.F. and Nogues, S.

(2004). A role for brassinosteriods in the regulation of photosynthesis in Cucumis

sativus. Journal of Experimental Botany. 55: 1135-1143.

Yusuf, M., Fariduddin, Q., Hayat, S., Hasan, S.A. and Ahmad, A. (2010). Protective

response of 28-homobrassinolide in cultivars of Triticum aestivum with different

levels of nickel. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. DOI

10.1007/s00244-010-9535-0

Yusuf, M., Fariduddin, Q., Hayat, S., Hasan, S.A. and Ahmad, A. (2011). Protective

response of 28-homobrassinolide in cultivars of Triticum aestivum with different

levels of nickel. Archives of Environmental Contamination and

Toxicology. 60(1): 68-76.

Zaki, A.K., Schmidt, J., Hammouda, F.M. and Adam, G. (1993). Steroidal constituents

from pollen grains of Phoenix dactylifera. Planta Medica. 59: A613.

References

219

Zeid, I.M. (2001). Responses of Phaseolus vulgaris to chromium and cobalt treatments.

Biologia Plantarum. 44: 111-115.

Zhang, F.Q., Wang, Y.S., Lou, Z.P. and Dong, G.D. (2007). Effect of heavy metal stress

on antioxidative enzymes and lipid peroxidation in leaves and roots of two

mangrove plant seedlings (Kandelia candel and Bruguiera gymnorrhiza).

Chemosphere. 67: 44-50.

Zhang, H., Xia, Y., Wang, G. and Shen, Z. (2008). Excess copper induces accumulation

of hydrogen peroxide and increases lipid peroxidation and total activity of copper-

zinc superoxide dismutase in roots of Elsholtzia haichowensis. Planta. 227

(2): 465-475.

Zhang, Z., Ramirez, J., Reboutier, D., Brault, M., Trouverie, J., Pennarun, A.M., Amiar,

Z., Biligui, B., Galagovsky, L. and Jean-Pierre, R.J.P. (2005). Brassinosteriods

regulate plasma membrane anion channels in addition to proton pumps during

expansion of Arabidopsis thaliana cells. Plant and Cell Physiology. 46: 1494-

1504.

Zhou, D.M., Hao, X.Z., Wang, Y.J., Dong, Y.H. and Cang, L. (2005). Copper and zinc

uptake by radish and pakchoi as affected by application of livestock and poultry

manures. Chemosphere. 59:167-175.

Zhu, Z., Zhanquan, Z., Qin, G. and Tian, S. (2010). Effects of brassinosteroids on

postharvest disease and senescence of jujube fruit in storage. Postharvest Biology

and Technology. 56: 50-55.

Zornoza, P., Robles, S. and Martin, N. (1999). Alleviation of nickel toxicity by

ammonium supply to sunflower plants. Plant and Soil. 208: 221-226.

Zullo, M.A.T. and Adam, G. (2002). Brassinosteroids phytohormones-structure

bioactivity and applications. Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology. 14: 143-81.

****