Reference ranges for blood tests 1

Reference ranges for blood testsReference ranges for blood tests are sets of values used by a health professional to interpret a set of medical testresults from blood samples.Reference ranges for blood tests are studied within the field of clinical chemistry (also known as "clinicalbiochemistry", "chemical pathology" or "pure blood chemistry"), the area of pathology that is generally concernedwith analysis of bodily fluids.

InterpretationA reference range is usually defined as the set of values 95 percent of the normal population falls within (that is,95% prediction interval).[1] It is determined by collecting data from vast numbers of laboratory tests.

Plasma or whole bloodIn this article, all values (except the ones listed below) denote blood plasma concentration, which is approximately60-100% larger than the actual blood concentration if the amount inside red blood cells (RBCs) is negligible. Theprecise factor depends on hematocrit as well as amount inside RBCs. Exceptions are mainly those values that denotetotal blood concentration, and in this article they are:• All values in Hematology - red blood cells (except hemoglobin in plasma)• All values in Hematology - white blood cells•• Platelet count (Plt)A few values are for inside red blood cells only:• Vitamin B9 (Folic acid/Folate) in red blood cells•• Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)

Units• Mass concentration (g/dL or g/L) is the most common measurement unit in the United States. Is usually given

with dL (decilitres) as the denominator in the United States, and usually with L (litres) in, for example, Sweden.• Molar concentration (mol/L) is used to a higher degree in most of the rest of the world, including the United

Kingdom and other parts of Europe and Australia and New Zealand.[2]

• International units (IU) are based on measured biological activity or effect, or for some substances, a specifiedequivalent mass.

• Enzyme activity (kat) is commonly used for e.g. liver function tests like AST, ALT, LD and γ-GT in Sweden.[3]

• Percentages and time-dependent units (mol/s) are used for calculated derived parameters, e.g. for beta cellfunction in homeostasis model assessment or thyroid's secretory capacity.

Arterial or venousIf not otherwise specified, a reference range for a blood test is generally the venous range, as the standard process ofobtaining a sample is by venipuncture. An exception is for acid-base and blood gases, which are generally given forarterial blood.Still, the blood values are approximately equal between the arterial and venous sides for most substances, with theexception of acid-base, blood gases and drugs (used in therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) assays).[4] Arterial levelsfor drugs are generally higher than venous levels because of extraction while passing through tissues.[4]

Reference ranges for blood tests 2

Usual or optimalReference ranges are usually given as what are the usual (or normal) values found in the population, morespecifically the prediction interval that 95% of the population fall into. This may also be called standard range. Incontrast, optimal (health) range or therapeutic target is a reference range or limit that is based on concentrations orlevels that are associated with optimal health or minimal risk of related complications and diseases. For mostsubstances presented, the optimal levels are the ones normally found in the population as well. More specifically,optimal levels are generally close to a central tendency of the values found in the population. However, usual andoptimal levels may differ substantially, most notably among vitamins and blood lipids, so these tables give limits onboth standard and optimal (or target) ranges.In addition, some values, including troponin I and brain natriuretic peptide, are given as the estimated appropriatecutoffs to distinguish healthy people from specific conditions, which here are myocardial infarction and congestiveheart failure, respectively, for the aforementioned substances.

InaccuracyReferences range may vary with age, sex, race, diet, use of prescribed or herbal drugs and stress. Standard referenceranges should theoretically not vary with the instruments and lab techniques used, but practically it may do so wheninaccurate methods are used in establishing standard reference ranges. Finally, the test procedure itself may beerroneous or inaccurate.

Sorted by concentrationA separate printable image is available for mass and molarity

Smaller, narrower boxes indicate a more tight homeostatic regulation when measured as standard "usual" referencerange.

By mass and molarity

Hormones predominate at the left part of the scale, shown with a red at ng/L or pmol/L, being in very lowconcentration. There appears to be the greatest cluster of substances in the yellow part (μg/L or nmol/L), becomingsparser in the green part (mg/L or μmol/L). However, there is another cluster containing many metabolic substanceslike cholesterol and glucose at the limit with the blue part (g/L or mmol/L).The unit conversions of substance concentrations from the molar to the mass concentration scale above are made asfollows:• Numerically: molar concentration x molar mass = mass concentration

•• Measured directly in distance on the scales:

, where distance is the direct (not logarithmic) distance

in number of decades or "octaves" to the right the mass concentration is found. To translate from mass to molar concentration, the dividend (molar mass and the divisor (1000) in the division change places, or, alternatively, distance to right is changed to distance to left. Substances with a molar mass around 1000g/mol (e.g. thyroxine) are almost vertically aligned in the mass and molar images. Adrenocorticotropic hormone, on the other hand, with a molar mass of 4540,[5] is 0.7 decades to the right in the mass image. Substances with molar mass below 1000g/mol

Reference ranges for blood tests 3

(e.g. electrolytes and metabolites) would have "negative" distance, that is, masses deviating to the left.Many substances given in mass concentration are not given in molar amount because they haven't been added to thearticle.The diagram above can also be used as an alternative way to convert any substance concentration (not only thenormal or optimal ones) from molar to mass units and vice versa for those substances appearing in both scales, bymeasuring how much they are horizontally displaced from one another (representing the molar mass for thatsubstance), and using the same distance from the concentration to be converted to determine the equivalentconcentration in terms of the other unit. For example, on a certain monitor, the horizontal distance between the upperlimits for parathyroid hormone in pmol/L and pg/mL may be 7 cm, with the mass concentration to the right. A molarconcentration of, for example, 5 pmol/L would therefore correspond to a mass concentration located 7 cm to theright in the mass diagram, that is, approximately 45 pg/mL.

By unitsUnits don't necessarily imply anything about molarity or mass.

A few substances are below this main interval, e.g. thyroid stimulating hormone, being measured in mU/L, or above,like rheumatoid factor and CA19-9, being measured in U/mL.

Reference ranges for blood tests 4

By enzyme activity

White blood cells

Sorted by category

Ions and trace metalsIncluded here are also related binding proteins, like ferritin and transferrin for iron, and ceruloplasmin for copper.

Test Lower limit Upper limit Unit Comments

Sodium (Na) 135,[6] 137[7][3] 145,[7][3] 147[6] mmol/L or mEq/L[6]

310,[8] 320[8] 330,[8] 340[8] mg/dl

Potassium (K) 3.5,[6][3] 3.6[7] 5.0,[6][7][3] 5.1 mmol/L or mEq/L[6] Seehypokalemiaor hyperkalemia

14[9] 20[9] mg/dl

Chloride (Cl) 95,[6] 98,[10] 100[3] 105,[6] 106,[10] 110[3] mmol/L or mEq/L[6]

340[11] 370[11] mg/dl

Ionized calcium (Ca) 1.03,[12] 1.10[3] 1.23,[12] 1.30[3] mmol/L

4.1,[13] 4.4[13] 4.9,[13] 5.2[13] mg/dL

Reference ranges for blood tests 5

Total calcium (Ca) 2.1,[6][13] 2.2[3] 2.5,[13][3] 2.6,[13] 2.8[6] mmol/L

8.4,[6] 8.5[14] 10.2,[6] 10.5[14] mg/dL

Total serum iron (TSI) - male 65,[15] 76[7] 176,[15] 198[7] µg/dL

11.6,[16][17] 13.6[17] 30,[16] 32,[17] 35[17] μmol/L

Total serum iron (TSI) - female 26,[7] 50[15] 170[7][15] µg/dL

4.6,[17] 8.9[16] 30.4[16] μmol/L

Total serum iron (TSI) - newborns 100[15] 250[15] µg/dL

18[17] 45[17] µmol/L

Total serum iron (TSI) - children 50[15] 120[15] µg/dL

9[17] 21[17] µmol/L

Total iron-binding capacity (TIBC) 240,[15] 262[7] 450,[15] 474[7] μg/dL

43,[17] 47[17] 81,[17] 85[17] µmol/L

Transferrin 190,[18] 194,[3] 204[7] 326,[3] 330,[18] 360[7] mg/dL

25[19] 45[19] μmol/L

Transferrin saturation 20[15] 50[15] %

Ferritin - Male 12[20] 300[20] ng/mL

27[17] 670[17] pmol/L

Ferritin - Female 12[20] 150[20] ng/mL

27[17] 330[17] pmol/L

Ammonia 10,[21] 20[22] 35,[21] 65[22] μmol/L

17,[23] 34[23] 60,[23] 110[23] μg/dL

Copper 70[14] 150[14] µg/dL

11[24] 24[24] μmol/L

Ceruloplasmin 15[14] 60[14] mg/dL

1[25] 4[25] μmol/L

Phosphate (HPO42−) 0.8 1.5[26] mmol/L

Inorganic phosphorus (serum) 1.0[6] 1.5[6] mmol/L

3.0[6] 4.5[6] mg/dL

Copper (Cu) 11[27] 24 μmol/L

Zinc (Zn) 60,[28] 72[29] 110,[29] 130[28] μg/dL

9.2,[29] 11[3] 17,[3] 20[29] µmol/L

Reference ranges for blood tests 6

Magnesium 1.5,[14] 1.7[30] 2.0,[14] 2.3[30] mEq/L or mg/dL

0.6,[30] 0.7[3] 0.82,[30] 0.95[3] mmol/L

Acid-base and blood gasesIf arterial/venous is not specified for an acid-base or blood gas value, then it generally refers to arterial, and notvenous which otherwise is standard for other blood tests.Acid-base and blood gases are among the few blood constituents that exhibit substantial difference between arterialand venous values.[4] Still, pH, bicarbonate and base excess show a high level of inter-method reliability betweenarterial and venous tests, so arterial and venous values are roughly equivalent for these.[31]

Test Arterial/Venous Lower limit Upper limit Unit Comments

pH Arterial 7.34,[7] 7.35[6] 7.44,[7] 7.45[6]

Venous 7.31[32] 7.41[32]

[H+] Arterial 36[6] 44[6] nmol/L

3.6[33] 4.4[33] ng/dL

Base excess Arterial & venous[32] -3[32] +3[32] mEq/L

oxygen partial pressure (pO2) Arterial pO2 10,[6] 11[34] 13,[34] 14[6] kPa

75,[6][7] 83[14] 100,[7] 105[6] mmHg or torr

Venous 4.0[34] 5.3[34] kPa

30[32] 40[32] mmHg or torr

Oxygen saturation Arterial 94,[32] 95,[10] 96[14] 100[10][14] %

Venous Approximately 75[10]

Carbon dioxide partial pressure (PCO2) Arterial PaCO2 4.4,[6] 4.7[34] 5.9,[6] 6.0[34] kPa

33,[6] 35[7] 44,[6] 45[7] mmHg or torr

Venous 5.5[34] 6.8[34] kPa

41[32] 51[32] mmHg or torr

Absolute content of carbon dioxide (CO2) Arterial 23[32] 30[32] mmol/L

100[35] 132[35] mg/dL

Bicarbonate (HCO3-) Arterial & venous 18[14] 23[14] mmol/L

110[36] 140[36] mg/dL

Standard bicarbonate (SBCe) Arterial & venous 21, 22[6] 27, 28[6] mmol/L or mEq/L[6]

134[36] 170[36] mg/dL

Reference ranges for blood tests 7

Liver function

Test Patient type Lower limit Upper limit Unit Comments

Total Protein 60,[6] 63[7] 78,[6] 82,[7] 84[14] g/L see hypoproteinemia

Albumin 35[6][37] 48,[7] 55[6] g/L see hypoalbuminemia

3.5[7] 4.8,[7] 5.5[6] U/L

540[38] 740[38] μmol/L

Globulins 23[6] 35[6] g/L

Total Bilirubin 1.7,[39] 2,[6]

3.4,[39] 5[3]17,[6][39] 22,[39]

25[3]μmol/L

0.1,[6] 0.2,[7]

0.29[39]1.0,[6][14] 1.3,[7]

1.4[39]mg/dL

Direct/Conjugated Bilirubin 0.0[6] or N/A[3] 5,[6] 7[39][3] μmol/L

0[6][7] 0.3,[6][7] 0.4[14] mg/dL

Alanine transaminase(ALT/ALAT[3])

5,[40] 7,[7] 8[6] 20,[6] 21,[10] 56[7] U/L Also called serum glutamic pyruvictransaminase (SGPT)

Female 0.15[3] 0.75[3] µkat/L

Male 0.15[3] 1.1[3]

Aspartate transaminase(AST/ASAT[3])

Female 6[41] 34[41] IU/L Also calledserum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase(SGOT)0.25[3] 0.60[3] µkat/L

Male 8[41] 40[41] IU/L

0.25[3] 0.75[3] µkat/L

Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) Female 42[40] 98[40] U/L

Male 53[40] 128[40]

(Enzymeactivity)

0.6[3] 1.8[3] µkat/L

Gamma glutamyl transferase(GGT)

5,[40] 8[7] 40,[40] 78[7] U/L

Women 0.63[42] µkat/L

Men 0.92[42] µkat/L

Cardiac tests

Reference ranges for blood tests 8

Test Patient type Lower limit Upper limit Unit Comments

Creatine kinase (CK) male 24,[43] 38,[7] 60[40] 174,[14] 320[40] U/Lor ng/mL

0.42[44] 1.5[44] µkat/L

female 24,[43] 38,[7] 96[14] 140,[14] 200[40] U/Lor ng/mL

0.17[44] 1.17[44] µkat/L

CK-MB 0 3,[7] 3.8,[3] 5[40] ng/mL or μg/L[3]

Myoglobin Female 1[45] 66[45] ng/mL or µg/L

Male 17[45] 106[45]

Cutoffs and ranges for troponin types, 12 hrs after onset of pain

Test Lower limit Upper limit Unit Comments

Troponin-I 0.2[46] ng/mL or μg/L Upper limit of normal

0.2[46] 1.0[46] ng/mL or μg/L Acute Coronary Syndrome

0.4[47] 2.0[47] ng/mL or μg/L Moderately increased[47]

1.0,[46] 1.5[48] n/a[46][48] ng/mL or μg/L Myocardial Infarction likely

Troponin-T 0.02[46] ng/mL or μg/L Upper limit of normal

0.02[46] 0.10[46] ng/mL or μg/L Acute Coronary Syndrome

0.10[46] n/a[46] ng/mL or μg/L Myocardial Infarction likely

Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP)

Interpretation Range / Cutoff

Congestive heart failure unlikely < 100 pg/mL[49][50]

"Gray zone" 100-500 pg/mL[49][50]

Congestive heart failure likely >500 pg/mL[49][50]

NT-proBNP

Interpretation Age Cutoff

Congestive heart failure likely < 75years > 125 pg/mL[44]

>75 years >450pg/mL[44]

Reference ranges for blood tests 9

Lipids

Test Patient type Lower limit Upper limit Unit Therapeutic target

Triglycerides 10 – 39 years 54[14] 110[14] mg/dL < 100 mg/dL[51]

or 1.1[51] mmol/L0.61[52] 1.2[52] mmol/L

40 – 59 years 70[14] 150[14] mg/dL

0.77[52] 1.7[52] mmol/L

> 60 years 80[14] 150[14] mg/dL

0.9[52] 1.7[52] mmol/L

Total cholesterol 3.0,[53] 3.6[6][53] 5.0,[3][54] 6.5[6] mmol/L < 3.9[51]

120,[7] 140[6] 200,[7] 250[6] mg/dL < 150[51]

HDL cholesterol female 1.0,[55] 1.2,[3] 1.3[53] 2.2[55] mmol/L > 1.0[55] or 1.6[53]

 mmol/L> 40[53] or 60[56] mg/dL40,[53] 50[57] 86[53] mg/dL

HDL cholesterol male 0.9[55][3] 2.0[55] mmol/L

35[53] 80[53] mg/dL

LDL cholesterol(Not valid whentriglycerides >5.0 mmol/L)

2.0,[55] 2.4[54] 3.0,[54][3] 3.4[55] mmol/L < 2.5[55]

80,[53] 94[53] 120,[53] 130[53] mg/dL < 100[53]

LDL/HDL quotient n/a 5[3] (unitless)

Tumour markers

Test Cutoff Unit Comments

Alpha fetoprotein (AFP) 44[7] ng/mL or µg/L

Beta Human chorionic gonadotrophin (bHCG) 5[7] IU/l or mU/ml in male and non-pregnant female

CA19-9 40[7] U/ml

CA-125 30,[58] 35[59] kU/L or U/mL

Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)non-smokers at 50 years

3.4,[3] 3.6[60] μg/l

Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)non-smokers at 70 years

4.1[60] μg/l

Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) - smokers 5[61] μg/l

Prostate specific antigen (PSA) 2.5,[3] 4[7] μg/L[7][3] or ng/mL[14] below age 45 <2.5 μg/L

PAP 3[14] units/dL (Bodansky units)

Calcitonin 5,[62] 15[62] ng/L or pg/mL Cutoff against medullary thyroid cancer[62]

Reference ranges for blood tests 10

Endocrinology

Thyroid hormones

Test Patient type Lower limit Upper limit Unit

Thyroid stimulating hormone(TSH or thyrotropin)

Adults -standard range

0.3,[3] 0.4,[7] 0.5,[14] 0.6[63] 4.0,[3] 4.5,[7] 6.0[14] mIU/L or μIU/mL

Adults -optimal range

0.3,[64] 0.5[65] 2.0,[65] 3.0[64] mIU/L or μIU/mL

Infants 1.3[66] 19[66] mIU/L or μIU/mL

Free thyroxine (FT4) Normal adult 0.7,[67] 0.8[7] 1.4,[67] 1.5,[7] 1.8[68] ng/dL

9,[69][3] 10,[70] 12[71] 18,[3][69] 23[71] pmol/L

Child/Adolescent31 d - 18 y

0.8[67] 2.0[67] ng/dL

10[69] 26[69] pmol/L

Pregnant 0.5[67] 1.0[67] ng/dL

6.5[69] 13[69] pmol/L

Total thyroxine 4,[70] 5.5[7] 11,[70] 12.3[7] μg/dL

60[70][71] 140,[70] 160[71] nmol/L

Free triiodothyronine (FT3) Normal adult 0.2[70] 0.5[70] ng/dL

3.1[72] 7.7[72] pmol/L

Children 2-16 y 0.1[73] 0.6[73] ng/dL

1.5[72] 9.2[72] pmol/L

Total triiodothyronine 60,[7] 75[70] 175,[70] 181[7] ng/dL

0.9,[3] 1.1[70] 2.5,[3] 2.7[70] nmol/L

Thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) 12[7] 30[7] mg/L

Thyroglobulin (Tg) 1.5[70] 30[70] pmol/L

1[70] 20[70] μg/L

Reference ranges for blood tests 11

Sex hormones

Levels of estradiol (the main estrogen),progesterone, luteinizing hormone andfollicle-stimulating hormone during the

menstrual cycle.[74]

The diagrams at right take inter-cycle and inter-woman variability intoaccount in displaying reference ranges for estradiol, progesterone, FSH andLH.[74]

Test Patient type Lower limit Upper limit Unit

Dihydrotestosterone adult male 30[75] 85[75] ng/dL

Testosterone Male, overall 8,[76] 10[77] 27,[76] 35[77] nmol/L

230,[77] 300[20] 780[77] - 1000[20] ng/dL

Male < 50 years 10[3] 45[3] nmol/L

290[77] 1300[77] ng/dL

Male > 50 years 6.2[3] 26[3] nmol/L

180[77] 740[77] ng/dL

Female 0.7[77] 2.8[77] - 3.0[3] nmol/L

20[20] 80[20] - 85[77] ng/dL

17-Hydroxyprogesterone male 0.06[14] 3.0[14] mg/L

0.18[78] 9.1[78] µmol/l

Female (Follicular phase) 0.2[14] 1.0[14] mg/L

0.6[78] 3.0[78] µmol/l

Reference ranges for blood tests 12

Follicle-stimulatinghormone (FSH)

Prepubertal <1[41] 3[41] IU/L

Adult male 1[41] 8[41]

Adult female (follicularand luteal phase)

1[41] 11[41]

Adult female (Ovulation) 6[41]

95% PI (standard)26[41]

95% PI)

5[79]

90% PI (used in diagram)15[79]

(90% PI)

Post-menopausal female 30[41] 118[41]

Luteinizing hormone (LH) Female, peak 20[79]

90% PI (used in diagram)75[79]

(90% PI)IU/L

Female, post-menopausal 15[80] 60[80]

Estradiol(an estrogen)

Adult male 50[41] 200[41] pmol/L

14[81] 55[81] pg/mL

Adult female (day 5 of follicular phase,and luteal phase)

70[41] 500,[41] 600[41] pmol/L

19[81] 140,[81] 160[81] pg/mL

Adult female - free (not protein bound) 0.5[82] 9[82] pg/mL

1.7[82] 33[82] pmol/L

Post-menopausal female N/A[41] < 130[41] pmol/L

N/A[81] < 35[81] pg/mL

Progesterone Female in mid-luteal phase (day 21-23) 17,[79] 35[83] 92[83] nmol/L

6,[79] 11[84] 29[84] ng/mL

Androstenedione Adult male and female 60[80] 270[80] ng/dL

Post-menopausal female < 180[80]

Prepubertal < 60[80]

Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate Adult male and female 30[85] 400[85] µg/dL

SHBG Adult female 40[85] 120[85] nmol/L

Adult male 20[85] 60[85]

Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) 13–45 years 0.7[85] 20[85] ng/mL

Other hormones

Reference ranges for blood tests 13

Test Patient type Lower limit Upper limit Unit

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) 4.4[86] 18,[87] 22[86] pmol/L

20[7] 80,[86] 100[7] pg/mL

Cortisol 09:00 am 140[88] 700[88] nmol/L

5[89] 25[89] μg/dL

Midnight 80[88] 350[88] nmol/L

2.9[89] 13[89] μg/dL

Growth hormone (fasting) 0 5[6] ng/mL

Growth hormone (arginine stimulation) 7[6] n/a ng/mL

IGF-1 Female, 20 yrs 110[90] 420[90] ng/mL

Female, 75 yrs 55[90] 220[90]

Male, 20 yrs 160[90] 390[90]

Male, 75 yrs 48[90] 200[90]

Prolactin Female 71,[91] 105[91] 348,[91] 548[91] mIU/L

3.4,[91] 3.9[91] 16.4,[91] 20.3[91] µg/L

Male 58,[91] 89[91] 277,[91] 365[91] mIU/L

2.7,[91] 3.3[91] 13.0,[91] 13.5[91] µg/L

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) 10,[92] 17[93] 65,[92] 70[93] pg/mL

1.1,[3] 1.8[92] 6.9,[3] 7.5[92] pmol/L

25-hydroxycholecalciferol (a vitaminD)-Standard reference range

8,[14][94] 9[94] 40,[94] 80[14] ng/mL

20,[95] 23[96] 95,[96] 150[95] nmol/L

25-hydroxycholecalciferol-Therapeutic target range

30,[97] 40[98] 65,[98] 100[97] ng/mL

85,[51] 100[98] 120,[51] 160[98] nmol/L

Plasma renin activity 0.29,[99] 1.9[100] 3.7[99][100] ng/(mL*hour)

3.3,[101] 21[17] 41[101][17] mcU/mL

Aldosterone Adult 19,[101] 34.0[101] ng/dL

530,[102] 940[102] pmol/L

Aldosterone-to-renin ratio Adult 13.1,[103] 35.0[103] ng/dl per ng/(mL·h)

360,[103] 970[103] pmol/liter per µg/(L·h)

Reference ranges for blood tests 14

VitaminsAlso including the vitamin B12)-related enzyme homocysteine.

Test Patienttype

Standard range Unit Optimal range

Lower limit Upper limit Lower limit Upper limit

Vitamin A 30[14] 65[14] µg/dL

Vitamin B9(Folic acid/Folate) - Serum

Age > 1year 3.0[104] 16[104] ng/mL orμg/L

5[105]

6.8[106] 36[106] nmol/l 11[106]

Vitamin B9(Folic acid/Folate) - Red blood cells

200[104] 600[104] ng/mL orμg/L

450[106] 1400[106] nmol/L

Pregnant ng/mL orμg/L

400[104]

nmol/L 900[104]

Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) 130,[41]

160[107]700,[41] 950[107] ng/L

100,[107] 120[3] 520,[107] 700[3] pmol/L

Homocysteine 3.3,[108]

5.9[108]7.2,[108]

15.3[108]μmol/L 6.3[51]

45,[109] 80[109] 100,[109]

210[109]μg/dL 85[51]

Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid) 0.4[14] 1.5[14] mg/dL 0.9[51]

23[110] 85[110] μmol/L 50[51]

25-hydroxycholecalciferol (a vitaminD)

8,[14][] 9[94] 40,[94] 80[14] ng/mL 30,[97] 40[98] 65,[98] 100[97]

20,[95] 23[96] 95,[96] 150[95] nmol/L 85,[51]

100[98]120,[51]

160[98]

Vitamin E μmol/L 28[51]

mg/dL 1.2[51]

Toxins

Reference ranges for blood tests 15

Test Limit type Limit Unit

Lead Optimal health range < 20[10] or 40[14] µg/dL

Blood ethanol content Limit for drunk driving 0,[111] 0.2,[111] 0.8[111] ‰ or g/L

17.4[112] mmol/L

Hematology

Red blood cells

These values (except Hemoglobin in plasma) are for total blood and not only blood plasma.

Test Patient Lower limit Upper limit Unit Comments

Hemoglobin (Hb) male 2.0,[113] 2.1[6] 2.5,[113] 2.7[6] mmol/L Higher in neonates, lower inchildren.

130,[3] 132,[7]

135[6]162,[7] 170,[3] 175[6] g/L

female 1.8,[113] 1.9[6] 2.3,[113] 2.5[6][113] mmol/L Sex difference negligible untiladulthood.

120[3][6][7] 150,[3] 152,[7]

160[6][14]g/L

Hemoglobin in plasma 0.16[6] 0.62[6] μmol/L Normally diminutive comparedwith inside red blood cells

1 4 mg/dL

Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) < 50 years 3.6[3] 5.0[3] % of Hb

> 50 years 3.9[3] 5.3[3]

Haptoglobin < 50 years 0.35[3] 1.9[3] g/L

> 50 years 0.47[3] 2.1[3]

Hematocrit (Hct) male 0.39,[3] 0.4,[7]

0.41,[6] 0.45[14]0.50,[3] 0.52,[7]

0.53,[6] 0.62[14]

female 0.35,[3] 0.36,[6]

0.37[7][14]0.46,[6][7][3] 0.48[14]

Child 0.31[7] 0.43[7]

Mean cell volume (MCV) Male 76,[14] 82[7] 100,[14] 102[7] fL Cells are larger in neonates,though smaller in other children.

Female 78[7] 101[7] fL

Red blood cell distribution width(RDW)

11.5[7] 14.5[7] %

Mean cell hemoglobin (MCH) 0.39[6] 0.54[6] fmol/cell

25,[6] 27[14][3] 32,[14] 33,[3] 35[6] pg/cell

Mean corpuscular hemoglobinconcentration (MCHC)

31,[7] 32[14][3] 35,[7] 36[14][3] g/dL or%[114]

4.8,[115] 5.0[115] 5.4,[115] 5.6[115] mmol/L

Reference ranges for blood tests 16

Erythrocytes/Red blood cells(RBC)

male 4.2,[14] 4.3[6][7][3] 5.7,[3] 5.9,[6] 6.2,[7]

6.9[14]x1012/Lormln/mm3

Female 3.5,[6] 3.8,[7] 3.9[3] 5.1,[3] 5.5[6][7]

Infant/Child 3.8[7] 5.5[7]

Reticulocytes Adult 26[3] 130[3] x109/L

Adult 0.5[6][7] 1.5[6][7] % of RBC

Newborn 1.1[7] 4.5[7] % of RBC

Infant 0.5[7] 3.1[7] % of RBC

White blood cells

These values are for total blood and not only blood plasma.

Test Patient type Lower limit Upper limit Unit

White Blood Cell Count (WBC) Adult 3.5,[3] 3.9,[116] 4.1,[7] 4.5[6] 9.0,[3] 10.0,[116] 10.9,[7] 11[6] • x109/L• x103/mm3 or• x103/μL

Newborn 9[117] 30[117]

1 year old 6[117] 18[117]

Neutrophil granulocytes(A.K.A. grans, polys, PMNs, or segs)

Adult 1.3,[3] 1.8,[116] 2[117] 5.4,[3] 7,[116] 8[117] x109/L

45-54[6] 62,[6] 74 % of WBC

Newborn 6[117] 26[117] x109/L

Neutrophilic band forms Adult 0.7[117] x109/L

3[6] 5[6] % of WBC

Lymphocytes Adult 0.7,[3] 1.0[116][117] 3.5,[116] 3.9,[3] 4.8[117] x109/L

16-25[6] 33,[6] 45 % of WBC

Newborn 2[117] 11[117] x109/L

Monocytes Adult 0.1,[3] 0.2[118][41] 0.8[41][117][3] x109/L

3,[6] 4.0 7,[6] 10 % of WBC

Newborn 0.4[117] 3.1[117] x109/L

Mononuclear leukocytes(Lymphocytes + monocytes)

Adult 1.5 5 x109/L

20 35 % of WBC

CD4+ cells Adult 0.4,[7] 0.5[10] 1.5,[10] 1.8[7] x109/L

Eosinophil granulocytes Adult 0.0,[3] 0.04[41] 0.44,[41] 0.45,[117] 0.5[3] x109/L

1[6] 3,[6] 7 % of WBC

Newborn 0.02[117] 0.85[117] x109/L

Reference ranges for blood tests 17

Basophil granulocytes Adult 40[116] 100,[41][3] 200,[117] 900[116] x106/L

0.0 0.75,[6] 2 % of WBC

Newborn 0.64[117] x109/L

Coagulation

Test Lower limit Upper limit Unit Comments

Thrombocyte/Platelet count (Plt) 140,[7] 150[6][3] 350,[14][3] 400,[6]

450[7]x109/L orx1000/µL

Mean platelet volume (MPV) 7.4[119] 10.4[119] fL

Prothrombin time (PT) 10,[10] 11,[6][120]

12[7]13,[10] 13.5,[120]

14,[7] 15[6]s PT reference varies between laboratory kits -

INR is standardised

INR 0.9[3] 1.2[3] The INR is a corrected ratio of a patient's PT tonormal

Activated partial thromboplastin time(APTT)

18,[7] 30[10][3] 28,[7] 42,[3] 45[10] s

Thrombin clotting time (TCT) 11 18 s

Fibrinogen 1.7,[7] 2.0[3] 3.6,[3] 4.2[7] g/L

Antithrombin 0.80[3] 1.2[3] kIU/L

Bleeding time 2 9 minutes

Viscosity 1.5[121] 1.72[121] cP

Immunology

Acute phase proteins

Acute phase proteins are markers of inflammation.

Test Patient Lower limit Upper limit Unit Comments

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate(ESR)

Male 0 Age÷2[122] mm/hr ESR increases with age and tends to be higher infemales.[123]

Female (Age+10)÷2[122]

C-reactive protein (CRP) n/a 5,[124][3] 6[125] mg/L

200,[126]

240[126]nmol/L

Alpha 1-antitrypsin (AAT) 20,[127]

22[128]38,[128] 53[127] μmol/L

89,[128] 97[3] 170,[3] 230[128] mg/dL

Reference ranges for blood tests 18

Isotypes of antibodies

Test Patient Lower limit Upper limit Unit Comments

IgA Adult 70,[3] 110[129] 360,[3] 560[129] mg/dL

IgD 0.5[129] 3.0[129]

IgE 0.01[129] 0.04[129]

IgG 800[129] 1800[129]

IgM 54[129] 220[129]

Autoantibodies

Autoantibodies are usually absent or very low, so instead of being given in standard reference ranges, the valuesusually denote where they are said to be present, or whether the test is a positive test. There may also be an equivocalinterval, where it is uncertain whether there is a significantly increased level. All included values[130] are given forthe ELISA test.

Test Negative Equivocal Positive Unit

anti-SS-A (Ro) < 15[131] 15-25[131] > 25[131] Unitspermillilitre(U/mL)

anti-SS-B (La) < 3[131] 3 – 4[131] > 4[131]

Anti ds-DNA < 40[131] 40 – 60[131] > 60[131]

Anti ss-DNA < 8[131] 8 - 10[131] > 10[131]

Anti-histone antibodies < 25[131] n/a[131] > 25[131]

Cytoplasmic/classicalanti-neutrophil cytoplasmicantibodies (c-ANCA)

< 20[131] 21 - 30[131] > 30[131]

Perinuclearanti-neutrophil cytoplasmicantibodies (p-ANCA)

< 5[131] n/a > 5[131]

Anti-mitochondrial antibodies (AMA) < 10[131] n/a[131] > 10[131]

Rheumatoid factor (RF) < 20 20 - 30 > 30[7]

Antistreptolysin O titre(ASOT) inpreschoolers

> 100

ASOT at school age > 250[7]

ASOT in adults > 125[7]

Reference ranges for blood tests 19

Test Negative Low/weak positive Moderate positive High/strong positive Unit

Anti-phospholipid IgG < 20[131] 20 –30[131] 31 – 50[131] > 51[131] GPLU/ml[131]

Anti-phospholipid IgM < 1.5[131] 1.5 –2.5[131] 2 – 9.9[131] > 10[131] MPL /ml[131]

Anti-phospholipid IgA < 10[131] 10 -20[131] 21 – 30[131] > 31[131] arb U/ml[131]

Anti-citrullinated protein antibodies < 20[131] 20 – 39[131] 40 - 59[131] > 60[131] EU[131]

Other enzymes and proteins

Test Lower limit Upper limit Unit Comments

Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) 50[14] 150[14] U/L

0.4[40] 1.7[40] μmol/L

1.8[3] 3.4[3] µkat/L < 70 years old[3]

Amylase 25,[6] 30,[7]

53[14]110,[7] 120,[132] 123,[14] 125,[6]

190[40]U/L

0.15[3] 1.1[3] µkat/L

200[126] 240[126] nmol/L

D-dimer n/a 500[133] ng/mL Higher in pregnantwomen[134]

0.5[3] mg/L

Lipase 7,[7] 10,[14]

23[40]60,[7] 150,[14] 208[40] U/L

Angiotensin-converting enzyme(ACE)

23[40] 57[40] U/L

Acid phosphatase 3.0[40] ng/mL

Eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) 2.3[3] 16[3] µg/L

Other electrolytes and metabolitesElectrolytes and Metabolites: For iron and copper, some related proteins are also included.

Test Patienttype

Lower limit Upper limit Unit Comments

Osmolality 275,[6] 280,[14]

281[3]295,[6] 296,[14]

297[3]mOsm/kg Plasma weight excludes solutes

Osmolarity Slightly less than osmolality mOsm/l Plasma volume includes solutes

Urea 3.0[135] 7.0[135] mmol/L BUN - blood urea nitrogen

7[6] 18,[6] 21[7] mg/dL

Reference ranges for blood tests 20

* Uric acid[7] 0.18[6] 0.48[6] mmol/L

Female 2.0[14] 7.0[14] mg/dL

Male 2.1[14] 8.5[14] mg/dL

Creatinine male 60,[3] 68[136] 90,[3] 118[136] μmol/L May be complemented with creatinineclearance

0.7,[137] 0.8[137] 1.0,[137] 1.3[137] mg/dL

female 50,[3] 68[136] 90,[3] 98[136] μmol/L

0.6,[137] 0.8[137] 1.0,[137] 1.1[137] mg/dL

BUN/Creatinine Ratio 5[14] 35[14] -

Plasma glucose (fasting) 3.8,[6] 4.0[3] 6.0,[3] 6.1[138] mmol/L See also glycosylated hemoglobin (inhematology)

65,[7] 70,[6] 72[139] 100,[138] 110[14] mg/dL

Full blood glucose(fasting)

3.3[3] 5.6[3] mmol/L

60[139] 100[139] mg/dL

Lactate (Venous) 4.5[14] 19.8[14] mg/dL

0.5[140] 2.2[140] mmol/L

Lactate (Arterial) 4.5[14] 14.4[14] mg/dL

0.5[] 1.6[140] mmol/L

Pyruvate 300[14] 900[14] μg/dL

34[141] 102[141] μmol/L

Notes[1] Page 19 (http:/ / books. google. se/ books?id=Je_pJfb2r0cC& pg=PA19) in: Stephen K. Bangert MA MB BChir MSc MBA FRCPath;

William J. Marshall MA MSc PhD MBBS FRCP FRCPath FRCPEdin FIBiol; Marshall, William Leonard (2008). Clinical biochemistry:metabolic and clinical aspects. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. ISBN 0-443-10186-8.

[2] Page 34: Units of measurement (http:/ / books. google. dk/ books?id=BfdighlyGiwC& printsec=frontcover& hl=en) in Medical toxicology ByRichard C. Dart Edition: 3, illustrated Published by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2004 ISBN 0-7817-2845-2, ISBN 978-0-7817-2845-41914 pages

[3][3] Reference range list from Uppsala University Hospital ("Laborationslista"). Artnr 40284 Sj74a. Issued on April 22, 2008[4] Arterial versus venous reference ranges - Brief Article (http:/ / findarticles. com/ p/ articles/ mi_m3230/ is_4_32/ ai_61893437/ ) Medical

Laboratory Observer, April, 2000 by D. Robert Dufour[5] PROOPIOMELANOCORTIN; NCBI --> POMC (http:/ / www. uniprot. org/ uniprot/ P01189) Retrieved on September 28, 2009[6] Last page of Deepak A. Rao; Le, Tao; Bhushan, Vikas (2007). First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 2008 (First Aid for the Usmle Step 1).

McGraw-Hill Medical. ISBN 0-07-149868-0.[7] Normal Reference Range Table (http:/ / pathcuric1. swmed. edu/ PathDemo/ nrrt. htm) from The University of Texas Southwestern Medical

Center at Dallas. Used in Interactive Case Study Companion to Pathologic basis of disease.[8] Derived from molar values using molar mass of 22.99 g•mol−1[9] Derived from molar values using molar mass of 39.10 g•mol−1[10] MERCK MANUALS > Common Medical Tests > Blood Tests (http:/ / www. merck. com/ mmhe/ appendixes/ ap2/ ap2b. html) Last full

review/revision February 2003[11] Derived from molar values using molar mass of 35.45 g•mol−1[12] Larsson L, Ohman S (November 1978). "Serum ionized calcium and corrected total calcium in borderline hyperparathyroidism" (http:/ /

www. clinchem. org/ cgi/ pmidlookup?view=long& pmid=709830). Clin. Chem. 24 (11): 1962–5. PMID 709830. .[13] Derived from molar values using molar mass of 40.08 g•mol−1

Reference ranges for blood tests 21

[14] Blood Test Results - Normal Ranges (http:/ / www. bloodbook. com/ ranges. html) Bloodbook.Com[15] Slon S (2006-09-22). "Serum Iron" (http:/ / uimc. discoveryhospital. com/ main. php?t=enc& id=1456). University of Illinois Medical

Center. . Retrieved 2006-07-06.[16] Diagnostic Chemicals Limited > Serum Iron-SL Assay (http:/ / www. dclmexico. com/ ingles/ hierro_sl. pdf) July 15, 2005[17] Derived from mass values using molar mass of 55.85 g•mol−1[18] Table 1. (http:/ / www. clinchem. org/ cgi/ reprint/ 45/ 1/ 131. pdf) Page 133. Clinical Chemistry 45, No. 1, 1999 (stating 1.9–3.3 g/L)[19][19] Derived by dividing mass values with molar mass[20] Ferritin (http:/ / www. nlm. nih. gov/ medlineplus/ ency/ article/ 003490. htm) by: Mark Levin, MD, Hematologist and Oncologist, Newark,

NJ. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network[21] Mitchell ML, Filippone MD, Wozniak TF (August 2001). "Metastatic carcinomatous cirrhosis and hepatic hemosiderosis in a patient

heterozygous for the H63D genotype" (http:/ / journals. allenpress. com/ jrnlserv/ ?request=get-abstract& issn=0003-9985& volume=125&page=1084). Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 125 (8): 1084–7. doi:10.1043/0003-9985(2001)125<1084:MCCAHH>2.0.CO;2. PMID 11473464. .

[22] Diaz J, Tornel PL, Martinez P (July 1995). "Reference intervals for blood ammonia in healthy subjects, determined by microdiffusion". Clin.Chem. 41 (7): 1048. PMID 7600690.

[23][23] Derived from molar values using molar mass of 17.03 g/mol[24] Derived from mass values using molar mass of 63.55 g•mol−1[25][25] Derived from mass using molar mass of 151kDa[26] Walter F., PhD. Boron (2005). Medical Physiology: A Cellular And Molecular Approaoch. Elsevier/Saunders. ISBN 1-4160-2328-3. Page

849[27] Reference range for copper (http:/ / www. gpnotebook. co. uk/ simplepage. cfm?ID=1040580630) at GPnotebook[28] http:/ / www. dlolab. com/ PDFs/ DLO-OCTOBER-2008-LAB-UPDATE. pdf[29][29] Derived from molar values using molar mass of 65.38 g/mol[30] Derived from molar values using molar mass of 24.31 g/mol[31] Middleton P, Kelly AM, Brown J, Robertson M (August 2006). "Agreements between arterial and central venous values for pH,

bicarbonate, base excess, and lactate". Emerg Med J 23 (8): 622–4. doi:10.1136/emj.2006.035915. PMC 2564165. PMID 16858095.[32] The Medical Education Division of the Brookside Associates--> ABG (Arterial Blood Gas) (http:/ / www. brooksidepress. org/ Products/

OperationalMedicine/ DATA/ operationalmed/ Lab/ ABG_ArterialBloodGas. htm) Retrieved on Dec 6, 2009[33] Derived from molar values using molar mass of 1.01 g•mol−1[34][34] Derived from mmHg values using 0.133322 kPa/mmHg[35][35] Derived from molar values using molar mass of 44.010 g/mol[36][36] Derived from molar values using molar mass of 61 g/mol[37] Reference range (albumin) (http:/ / www. gpnotebook. co. uk/ simplepage. cfm?ID=288686147) at GPnotebook[38][38] Derived from mass using molecular weight of 65kD[39][39] Derived from mass values using molar mass of 585g/mol[40] Fachwörterbuch Kompakt Medizin E-D/D-E. Author: Fritz-Jürgen Nöhring. Edition 2. Publisher:Elsevier, Urban&FischerVerlag, 2004.

ISBN 3-437-15120-7, ISBN 978-3-437-15120-0. Length: 1288 pages[41] GPnotebook > reference range (AST) (http:/ / www. gpnotebook. co. uk/ simplepage. cfm?ID=322240579) Retrieved on Dec 7, 2009[42] "Gamma-GT" (http:/ / www. mdi-labor. de/ l_leistungsverzeichnis_detail. php?u_id=663& init=letter). Leistungsverzeichnis.

Medizinisch-Diagnostische Institute. . Retrieved 20 November 2011.[43] Creatine kinase (http:/ / www. gpnotebook. co. uk/ simplepage. cfm?ID=1436155929) at GPnotebook[44] Page 585 (http:/ / books. google. se/ books?id=AUSIRcV_as0C& pg=PA585) in: Lee, Mary Ann (2009). Basic Skills in Interpreting

Laboratory Data. Amer Soc of Health System. ISBN 1-58528-180-8.[45] Muscle Information and Courses from MediaLab, Inc. > Cardiac Biomarkers (http:/ / www. medialabinc. net/ muscle-keyword. aspx)

Retrieved on April 22, 2010[46][46] South London Healthcare NHS Trust[47] Moderately Elevated Serum Troponin Concentrations Are Associated With Increased Morbidity and Mortality Rates in Surgical Intensive

Care Unit Patients (http:/ / www. medscape. com/ viewarticle/ 464448) Rene P. Relos, MD; Ian K. Hasinoff, MD; Greg J. Beilman, MD.Posted: 12/05/2003; Crit Care Med. 2003;31(11)

[48] Kay SE, Doery J, Sholl D (February 2002). "Clozapine associated pericarditis and elevated troponin I". Aust N Z J Psychiatry 36 (1): 143–4.doi:10.1046/j.1440-1614.2002.0988f.x. PMID 11929456.

[49] Brenden, C.; Hollander, J.; Guss, D.; McCullough, P.; Nowak, R.; Green, G.; Saltzberg, M.; Ellison, S. et al. (2006). "Gray zone BNP levelsin heart failure patients in the emergency department: Results from the Rapid Emergency Department Heart Failure Outpatient Trial(REDHOT) multicenter study". American Heart Journal 151 (5): 1006–1011. doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2005.10.017. PMID 16644322.

[50] Strunk, A.; Bhalla, V.; Clopton, P.; Nowak, R.; McCord, J.; Hollander, J.; Duc, P.; Storrow, A. et al. (2006). "Impact of the History ofCongestive Heart Failure on the Utility of B-Type Natriuretic Peptide in the Emergency Diagnosis of Heart Failure: Results from theBreathing Not Properly Multinational Study". The American Journal of Medicine 119 (1): 69.e1–69.e11. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2005.04.029.PMID 16431187.

[51] Adëeva Nutritionals Canada > Optimal blood test values (http:/ / www. adeeva. com/ resources/ bloodtestscomplete. html) Retrieved on July9, 2009

Reference ranges for blood tests 22

[52] Derived from values in mg/dl to mmol/l, by dividing by 89, according to faqs.org: What are mg/dl and mmol/l? How to convert? Glucose?Cholesterol? (http:/ / www. faqs. org/ faqs/ diabetes/ faq/ part1/ section-9. html) Last Update July 21, 2009. Retrieved on July 21, 2009

[53][53] Derived from values in mg/dl to mmol/l, using molar mass of 386.65 g/mol[54] Reference range (cholesterol) (http:/ / www. gpnotebook. co. uk/ simplepage. cfm?ID=-214630397) at GPnotebook[55] Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia; Cholesterol (HDL and LDL) - plasma or serum (http:/ / www. rcpamanual. edu. au/ sections/

pathologytest. asp?s=33& i=450) Last Updated: Monday, 6 August 2007[56] What Your Cholesterol Levels Mean. (http:/ / www. americanheart. org/ presenter. jhtml?identifier=183) American Heart Association.

Retrieved on September 12, 2009[57] American Association for Clinical Chemistry; HDL Cholesterol (http:/ / www. labtestsonline. org/ understanding/ analytes/ hdl/ test. html)[58] GP Notebook > range (reference, ca-125) (http:/ / www. gpnotebook. co. uk/ simplepage. cfm?ID=-100270014) Retrieved on Jan 5, 2009[59] ClinLab Navigator > Test Interpretations > CA-125 (http:/ / www. clinlabnavigator. com/ Test-Interpretations/ ca-125. html) Retrieved on

March 8, 2011[60] Bjerner J, Høgetveit A, Wold Akselberg K, et al. (June 2008). "Reference intervals for carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), CA125, MUC1,

Alfa-foeto-protein (AFP), neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and CA19.9 from the NORIP study". Scandinavian journal of clinical andlaboratory investigation 68 (8): 1–12. doi:10.1080/00365510802126836. PMID 18609108.

[61] Carcinoembryonic Antigen(CEA) (http:/ / www. medicinenet. com/ carcinoembryonic_antigen/ article. htm) at MedicineNet[62] Basuyau, J. -P.; Mallet, E.; Leroy, M.; Brunelle, P. (2004). "Reference Intervals for Serum Calcitonin in Men, Women, and Children".

Clinical Chemistry 50 (10): 1828–1830. doi:10.1373/clinchem.2003.026963. PMID 15388660.[63] The TSH Reference Range Wars: What's "Normal?", Who is Wrong, Who is Right... (http:/ / thyroid. about. com/ od/

gettestedanddiagnosed/ a/ tshtestwars. htm) By Mary Shomon, About.com. Updated: June 19, 2006. About.com Health's Disease andCondition

[64] 2006 Press releases: Thyroid Imbalance? Target Your Numbers (http:/ / www. aace. com/ newsroom/ press/ 2006/ index. php?r=20060110)Contacts: Bryan Campbell American] Association of Clinical Endocrinologists

[65] The TSH Reference Range Wars: What's "Normal?", Who is Wrong, Who is Right... (http:/ / thyroid. about. com/ od/gettestedanddiagnosed/ a/ tshtestwars. htm) By Mary Shomon, About.com. Updated: June 19, 2006

[66] Demers, Laurence M.; Carole A. Spencer (2002). "LMPG: Laboratory Support for the Diagnosis and Monitoring of Thyroid Disease" (http:// www. nacb. org/ lmpg/ thyroid_LMPG_PDF. stm). National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry (USA). . Retrieved 2007-04-13. - seeSection 2. Pre-analytic factors

[67] Free T4; Thyroxine, Free; T4, Free (http:/ / labs. unchealthcare. org/ labstestinfo/ f_tests/ free_t4. htm) UNC Health Care System[68][68] Derived from molar values using molar mass of 776.87 g/mol[69][69] Derived from mass values using molar mass of 776.87 g/mol[70] Table 4: Typical reference ranges for serum assays (http:/ / www. thyroidmanager. org/ chapter6/ Ch-6b-2. htm) - Thyroid Disease Manager[71] Euthyroid Patient with Elevated Serum Free Thyroxine (http:/ / www. clinchem. org/ cgi/ content/ full/ 54/ 7/ 1239) George van der Watt1,a,

David Haarburger1 and Peter Berman[72][72] Derived from mass values using molar mass of 650.98 g/mol[73] Serum concentration of free T3, free T4 and TSH in healthy children (http:/ / cat. inist. fr/ ?aModele=afficheN& cpsidt=13391788) Cioffi

Michele; Gazzerro Patrizia; Vietri Maria Teresa; Magnetta Rosa; Durante Adriana; D'Auria Annamaria; Puca Giovanni Alfredo; MolinariAnna Maria ;

[74] References and further description of values are given in image page in Wikimedia Commons at Commons:Hormones estradiol,progesterone, LH and FSH during menstrual cycle.svg.

[75] Life Extension Foundation > Blood Testing Protocols (http:/ / www. lef. org/ protocols/ appendix/ blood_testing_03. htm)[76] Andrology Australia: Your Health > Low Testosterone > Diagnosis (http:/ / www. andrologyaustralia. org/ pageContent.

asp?pageCode=LOWTESTDIAG#LOWTESTDIAGNORM)[77][77] Derived from mass values using molar mass of 288.42g/mol[78][78] Derived from mass values using molar mass of 330.46g/mol[79] Values taken from day 1 after LH surge in: Stricker R, Eberhart R, Chevailler MC, Quinn FA, Bischof P, Stricker R (2006). "Establishment

of detailed reference values for luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, estradiol, and progesterone during different phases of themenstrual cycle on the Abbott ARCHITECT analyzer" (http:/ / www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/ pubmed/ 16776638). Clin. Chem. Lab. Med. 44 (7):883–7. doi:10.1515/CCLM.2006.160. PMID 16776638. . Alternative link: (http:/ / www. dianalabs. ch/ documents/ ajouts/ Hormones. pdf)

[80] New York Hospital Queens > Services and Facilities > Patient Testing > Pathology > New York Hospital Queens Diagnostic Laboratories >Test Directory > Reference Ranges (http:/ / www. nyhq. org/ Reference_Ranges& ) Retrieved on Nov 8, 2009

[81][81] Derived from molar values using molar mass of 272.38g/mol[82] Total amount multiplied by 0.022 according to 2.2% presented in: Wu CH, Motohashi T, Abdel-Rahman HA, Flickinger GL, Mikhail G

(August 1976). "Free and protein-bound plasma estradiol-17 beta during the menstrual cycle". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 43 (2): 436–45.doi:10.1210/jcem-43-2-436. PMID 950372.

[83][83] Derived from mass values using molar mass of 314.46 g/mol[84] Bhattacharya Sudhindra Mohan (July/August 2005) Mid-luteal phase plasma progesterone levels in spontaneous and clomiphene citrate

induced conception cycles (http:/ / medind. nic. in/ jaq/ t05/ i4/ jaqt05i4p350. pdf) J Obstet Gynecol India Vol. 55, No. 4 : July/August 2005Pg 350-352

Reference ranges for blood tests 23

[85] Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate (DHEA-S), Serum (http:/ / www. mayomedicallaboratories. com/ test-catalog/ Clinical+ and+ Interpretive/8493) at Mayo Foundation For Medical Education And Research. Retrieved July 2012

[86] Derived from mass values using molar mass of 4540g/mol according to PROOPIOMELANOCORTIN; NCBI --> POMC (http:/ / www.uniprot. org/ uniprot/ P01189) Retrieved on September 28, 2009

[87] "Adrenocorticotropic Hormone:Normal" (http:/ / children. webmd. com/ adrenocorticotropic-hormone?page=2). WebMD. 09-03-2006. .Retrieved 2008-11-09.

[88] Biochemistry Reference Ranges at Good Hope Hospital (http:/ / www. goodhope. org. uk/ departments/ pathweb/ refranges. htm) Retrievedon Nov 8, 2009

[89][89] Derived from molar values using molar mass of 362 g/mol[90] Ranges estimated from quantile regression as showwn in table 4 in: Friedrich n, A. D.; Alte, D.; Völzke, H.; Spilcke-Liss, E.; Lüdemann, J.;

Lerch, M. M.; Kohlmann, T.; Nauck, M. et al. (2008). "Reference ranges of serum IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 levels in a general adult population:Results of the Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP)". Growth Hormone & IGF Research 18 (3): 228–237. doi:10.1016/j.ghir.2007.09.005.PMID 17997337.

[91] Taken from the assay method giving the lowest and highest estimate, respectively, from Table 2 (http:/ / www. clinchem. org/ cgi/ content/full/ 54/ 10/ 1673/ T2) in: Beltran, L; Fahie-Wilson, MN; McKenna, TJ; Kavanagh, L; Smith, TP (2008 Oct). "Serum total prolactin andmonomeric prolactin reference intervals determined by precipitation with polyethylene glycol: evaluation and validation on commonimmunoassay platforms". Clinical Chemistry 54 (10): 1673–81. doi:10.1373/clinchem.2008.105312. PMID 18719199.

[92][92] Derived from molar values using molar mass of 9.4 kDa[93] Table 2 (http:/ / www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/ pmc/ articles/ mid/ NIHMS10653/ table/ T2/ ) in: Aloia JF, Feuerman M, Yeh JK (2006).

"Reference range for serum parathyroid hormone". Endocr Pract 12 (2): 137–44. PMC 1482827. PMID 16690460.[94][94] Derived from molar values using molar mass 400.6 g/mol[95] Bender, David A. (2003). "Vitamin D" (http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=pxEJNs0IUo4C). Nutritional biochemistry of the vitamins.

Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-80388-8. . Retrieved December 10, 2008 through Google Book Search.[96] Bischoff-Ferrari H.A., Dietrich T., Orav J.E., Hu F.B., Zhang Y., Karlson E., Dawson-Hughes B. (2004). "Higher 25-hydroxyvitamin D

levels are associated with better lower extremity function in both active and inactive adults 60+ years of age". American Journal of ClinicalNutrition 80: 752–758.

[97] Reusch J, Ackermann H, Badenhoop K (May 2009). "Cyclic changes of vitamin D and PTH are primarily regulated by solar radiation:5-year analysis of a German (50 degrees N) population". Horm. Metab. Res. 41 (5): 402–7. doi:10.1055/s-0028-1128131. PMID 19241329.

[98] Letter: Calcium and vitamin D in preventing fractures. Data are not sufficient to show inefficacy (http:/ / www. bmj. com/ cgi/ content/extract/ 331/ 7508/ 108-b) Alex Vasquez, researcher. BMJ 2005;331:108-109 (9 July), doi:10.1136/bmj.331.7508.108-b.

[99][99] Converted from values in mcU/mL by dividing with a factor of 11.2 mcU/mL per ng/(mL*hour), as given in:

• New Assays for Aldosterone, Renin and Parathyroid Hormone (http:/ / depts. washington. edu/ labweb/ referencelab/ print/ endo. pdf)University of

Washington, Department of Laboratory Medicine. Retrieved Mars 2011[100] Pratt, R.; Flynn, J.; Hobart, P.; Paul, M.; Dzau, V. (1988). "Different secretory pathways of renin from mouse cells transfected with the

human renin gene". The Journal of Biological Chemistry 263 (7): 3137–3141. PMID 2893797.[101] New Assays for Aldosterone, Renin and Parathyroid Hormone (http:/ / depts. washington. edu/ labweb/ referencelab/ print/ endo. pdf)

University of Washington, Department of Laboratory Medicine. Retrieved Mars 2011[102][102] Converted from mass values using molar mass of 360.44 g/mol[103] Tiu, S. -C.; Choi, C. -H.; Shek, C. -C.; Ng, Y. -W.; Chan, F. K. W.; Ng, C. -M.; Kong, A. P. S. (2004). "The Use of Aldosterone-Renin

Ratio as a Diagnostic Test for Primary Hyperaldosteronism and Its Test Characteristics under Different Conditions of Blood Sampling".Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 90: 72–78. doi:10.1210/jc.2004-1149. PMID 15483077. (http:/ / jcem. endojournals. org/cgi/ content/ full/ 90/ 1/ 72)

[104] Central Manchester University Hospitals --> Reference ranges (http:/ / www. cmft. nhs. uk/ directorates/ labmedicine/ USERGUIDE/ pdfs/Haem - Coagulation Ref Ranges. pdf) Retrieved on July 9, 2009

[105] University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center > Clinical Lab Reference Range Guide (http:/ / www. hosp. uky. edu/ Clinlab/ report.pdf) Retrieved on April 28, 2009

[106] Derived from mass values using molar mass of 441 mol−1[107][107] Derived form molar values using molar mass of 1355g/mol[108] The Doctor's Doctor: Homocysteine (http:/ / www. thedoctorsdoctor. com/ labtests/ homocysteine. htm)[109][109] Derived from molar values using molar massof 135 g/mol[110][110] Derived from mass values using molar mass of 176 grams per mol[111] For Driving under the influence by country, see Drunk driving law by country[112][112] Derived from mass values using molar mass of 46g/mol[113] Derived from mass values using 64,500 g/mol, according to Van Beekvelt MC, Colier WN, Wevers RA, Van Engelen BG (2001).

"Performance of near-infrared spectroscopy in measuring local O2 consumption and blood flow in skeletal muscle". J Appl Physiol 90 (2):511–519. PMID 11160049.

[114][114] The MCHC in g/dL and the mass fraction of hemoglobin in red blood cells in % are numerically identical in practice, assuming a RBCdensity of 1g/mL and negligible hemoglobin in plasma.

Reference ranges for blood tests 24

[115] Derived from mass concentration, using molar mass of 64,458 g/mol (Van Beekvelt MC, Colier WN, Wevers RA, Van Engelen BG(2001). "Performance of near-infrared spectroscopy in measuring local O2 consumption and blood flow in skeletal muscle". J Appl Physiol 90(2): 511–519. PMID 11160049.). 1 g/dL = 0.1551 mmol/L

[116] lymphomation.org > Tests & Imaging > Labs > Complete Blood Count (http:/ / www. lymphomation. org/ CBC-blood-counts. htm)Retrieved on May 14, 2009

[117] Clinical Laboratory Medicine. By Kenneth D. McClatchey. Page 807. (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=3PJVLH1NmQAC)[118] Determination of monocyte count by hematological analyzers, manual method and flow cytometry in polish population (http:/ / www.

termedia. pl/ magazine. php?magazine_id=10& article_id=6801& magazine_subpage=ABSTRACT) Central European Journal ofImmunology 1-2/2006. (Centr Eur J Immunol 2006; 31 (1-2): 1-5) authors: Elżbieta Górska, Urszula Demkow, Roman Pińkowski, BarbaraJakubczak, Dorota Matuszewicz, Jolanta Gawęda, Wioletta Rzeszotarska, Maria Wąsik,

[119] Normal Values: RBC, Hgb, Hct, Indices, RDW, Platelets, and MPV (Conventional Units) (http:/ / www. labcareplus. org/ docs/REFERENCE_RANGES. pdf) From labcareplus. Retrieved 4 nov, 2010

[120] MedlinePlus Encyclopedia 003652 (http:/ / www. nlm. nih. gov/ medlineplus/ ency/ article/ 003652. htm)[121] (http:/ / pathology. bsuh. nhs. uk/ pathology/ Default. aspx?tabid=108) Retrieved on November 20, 2009[122] Miller A, Green M, Robinson D (1983). "Simple rule for calculating normal erythrocyte sedimentation rate". Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 286

(6361): 266. doi:10.1136/bmj.286.6361.266. PMC 1546487. PMID 6402065.[123] Böttiger LE, Svedberg CA (1967). "Normal erythrocyte sedimentation rate and age". Br Med J 2 (5544): 85–7. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.5544.85.

PMC 1841240. PMID 6020854.[124] C-reactive protein (http:/ / www. gpnotebook. co. uk/ simplepage. cfm?ID=946536472) at GPnotebook[125] 2730 Serum C-Reactive Protein values in Diabetics with Periodontal Disease (http:/ / iadr. confex. com/ iadr/ 2008Toronto/ techprogram/

abstract_106289. htm) A.R. Choudhury, and S. Rahman, Birdem, Diabetic Association of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh. (the diabetics werenot used to determine the reference ranges)

[126][126] Derived from mass using molar mass of 25,106 g/mol[127] Sipahi T, Kara C, Tavil B, Inci A, Oksal A (March 2003). "Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency: an overlooked cause of late hemorrhagic disease

of the newborn" (http:/ / www. jpho-online. com/ pt/ re/ jpho/ fulltext. 00043426-200303000-00019. htm). J. Pediatr. Hematol. Oncol. 25 (3):274–5. doi:10.1097/00043426-200303000-00019. PMID 12621252. .

[128][128] Derived from mass values using molar mass of 44324.5 g/mol[129] The Society for American Clinical Laboratory Science > Chemistry Tests > Immunoglobulins (http:/ / www. ascls. org/ labtesting/

labchem. asp) Retrieved on Nov 26, 2009[130][130] All values cited from Chronolab are given for ELISA[131] chronolab.com > Autoantibodies associated with rheumatic diseases > Reference ranges (http:/ / www. chronolab. com/ rheumatic/ range.

htm) Retrieved on April 29, 2010[132] Reference range (amylase) (http:/ / www. gpnotebook. co. uk/ simplepage. cfm?ID=309002307) at GPnotebook[133] Plasma Measurement of D-Dimer Levels for the Early Diagnosis of Ischemic Stroke Subtypes (http:/ / archinte. ama-assn. org/ cgi/ content/

full/ 162/ 22/ 2589) Walter Ageno, MD; Sergio Finazzi, MD; Luigi Steidl, MD; Maria Grazia Biotti, MD; Valentina Mera, MD; GianVicoMelzi d'Eril, MD; Achille Venco, MD. Arch Intern Med. 2002;162:2589-2593.

[134] Kline JA, Williams GW, Hernandez-Nino J (May 2005). "D-dimer concentrations in normal pregnancy: new diagnostic thresholds areneeded" (http:/ / www. clinchem. org/ cgi/ content/ full/ 51/ 5/ 825). Clinical chemistry 51 (5): 825–9. doi:10.1373/clinchem.2004.044883.PMID 15764641. .

[135] Gardner MD, Scott R (April 1980). "Age- and sex-related reference ranges for eight plasma constituents derived from randomly selectedadults in a Scottish new town" (http:/ / jcp. bmj. com/ cgi/ pmidlookup?view=long& pmid=7400337). J. Clin. Pathol. 33 (4): 380–5.doi:10.1136/jcp.33.4.380. PMC 1146084. PMID 7400337. .

[136] Finney H, Newman DJ, Price CP (January 2000). "Adult reference ranges for serum cystatin C, creatinine and predicted creatinineclearance" (http:/ / acb. rsmjournals. com/ cgi/ pmidlookup?view=long& pmid=10672373). Ann. Clin. Biochem. 37 (1): 49–59.doi:10.1258/0004563001901524. PMID 10672373. .

[137][137] Derived from molar values by multiplying with the molar mass of 113.118 g/mol, and divided by 10.000 to adapt from μg/L to mg/dL[138] MedlinePlus Encyclopedia Glucose tolerance test (http:/ / www. nlm. nih. gov/ medlineplus/ ency/ article/ 003466. htm)[139][139] Derived from molar values using molar mass of 180g/mol[140][140] Derived from mass values using molar mass of 90.08 g/mol[141][141] Derived from mass values using molar mass of 88.06 g/mol

Reference ranges for blood tests 25

References

External links• biochemical reference values (http:/ / www. gpnotebook. co. uk/ simplepage. cfm?ID=724893718) at GPnotebook• Values at lymphomation.org (http:/ / www. lymphomation. org/ CBC-blood-counts. htm)• Descriptions at amarillomed.com (http:/ / www. amarillomed. com/ howto. htm)

Article Sources and Contributors 26

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