RECONSTRUCTIORECONSTRUCTIONN

1865-18761865-1876http://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cfm?guidAssetId=25832F53-4D5F-44E9-AC38-C1CC5E0C4892&blnFromSearch=1&productcode=US

Standard(s)/Element(s) Standard(s)/Element(s) Addressed: Addressed:

• SSUSH10: The student will SSUSH10: The student will identify legal, political, and identify legal, political, and social dimensions of social dimensions of ReconstructionReconstruction..

What are we What are we learning?learning?Essential Question: Essential Question: What are the legal, What are the legal, political, and social political, and social dimensions of dimensions of Reconstruction? What is the Reconstruction? What is the Union rebuilding and how? Union rebuilding and how?

VocabularyVocabulary• popular sovereigntypopular sovereignty• Presidential Presidential ReconstructionReconstruction• Radical Republican Radical Republican

Reconstruction. Reconstruction. • Wade-Davis BillWade-Davis Bill• Freedmen’s Freedmen’s

Bureau.Bureau.• Black CodesBlack Codes• Ku Klux KlanKu Klux Klan• Ulysses S. GrantUlysses S. Grant• CarpetbaggersCarpetbaggers• ScalawagsScalawags

• John Wilkes BoothJohn Wilkes Booth• Andrew JohnsonAndrew Johnson• impeachment impeachment • Charles SumnerCharles Sumner• Rep. Thaddeus Rep. Thaddeus

StevensStevens• Civil Rights Bill of Civil Rights Bill of

18651865• 1414thth Amendment Amendment• Reconstruction Act Reconstruction Act

of 1867of 1867• 1515thth Amendment Amendment• Rutherford B. Rutherford B.

HayesHayes

Presidential Presidential ReconstructionReconstruction

Lincoln’s Lincoln’s PhilosophyPhilosophy

• Make it as easy as Make it as easy as possible for the South possible for the South to rejoin the Union.to rejoin the Union.

– ““charity for all, malice charity for all, malice towards none.”towards none.”

• Proclamation of Proclamation of Amnesty and Amnesty and Reconstruction.Reconstruction.1.1. Full pardon to all Full pardon to all

southerners who would southerners who would swear allegiance to the swear allegiance to the Union.- Confederate Union.- Confederate officials excluded.officials excluded.

2.2. Each state could draw up Each state could draw up a new constitution, elect a new constitution, elect new officials, and return new officials, and return to the Union if…to the Union if…a.a. 10% of voters must take 10% of voters must take

an oath of allegiancean oath of allegiance

b.b. Each person must be a Each person must be a qualified voter in that qualified voter in that state.state.

His opposition- the Radical His opposition- the Radical RepublicansRepublicans

• Group of Group of Republicans who Republicans who oppose Lincoln’s oppose Lincoln’s plan for plan for Reconstruction.Reconstruction.

• Doubt the loyalty Doubt the loyalty of former of former Confederate Confederate officials.officials.

• Doubt whether Doubt whether former former Confederates Confederates would permit would permit blacks to have blacks to have equal rights.equal rights.

Radical “Theories”Radical “Theories”

““state suicide”state suicide”• Charles SumnerCharles Sumner• Southern states had Southern states had

committed suicide committed suicide when they secede.when they secede.

• Congress was the only Congress was the only one with the power to one with the power to allow them to become allow them to become states again.states again.

• MassachusettsMassachusetts• Insists that blacks be Insists that blacks be

guaranteed political guaranteed political and legal equality.and legal equality.

• Should be educated Should be educated about those about those freedoms.freedoms.

““conquered provinces”conquered provinces”• Thaddeus StevensThaddeus Stevens• The former The former

Confederate states Confederate states were conquered were conquered territories, and territories, and should be treated as should be treated as such.such.

• Punish the South for Punish the South for treatment of blacks.treatment of blacks.

• Estates of “rebel Estates of “rebel traitors” be given to traitors” be given to the freed slaves.the freed slaves.

Radical Republican Radical Republican Political FearsPolitical Fears

• ……fears that white fears that white southerners would southerners would reject the Republican reject the Republican Party that had waged Party that had waged a war on them, and a war on them, and join the Democrats.join the Democrats.

• ……fears that southern fears that southern Democrats would join Democrats would join the northern the northern Democrats, and place Democrats, and place the Republicans in the Republicans in the minority.the minority.

• Plan by the Plan by the Radicals to keep Radicals to keep powerpower1.1. Give voting rights Give voting rights

to the former to the former slaves, who would slaves, who would surely support the surely support the Republicans.Republicans.

2.2. Keep former Keep former Confederate Confederate leaders from leaders from voting.voting.

Moderate republicans also Moderate republicans also oppose Lincolnoppose Lincoln

• Moderate Moderate RepublicansRepublicans– Lincoln did not have Lincoln did not have

the Constitutional the Constitutional authority as authority as President to lay President to lay down the rules for down the rules for restoring the South restoring the South to the Union.to the Union.

– He could only He could only recommend to the recommend to the Congress.Congress.

The Official Congressional The Official Congressional plan for Reconstructionplan for Reconstruction

• Provisions:Provisions:1.1. Give political power to southerners Give political power to southerners

who remained loyal to the Union.who remained loyal to the Union.2.2. Insure that the new state Insure that the new state

constitutions recognized black constitutions recognized black freedoms.freedoms.

3.3. Confederate war debts would not Confederate war debts would not have to be paid.have to be paid.

• Lincoln refuses to sign– DOES NOT Lincoln refuses to sign– DOES NOT VETO !!VETO !!

– Felt that it was unconstitutional to force Felt that it was unconstitutional to force states to abolish slavery.states to abolish slavery.

Assassination of LincolnAssassination of Lincoln• April 14, 1865April 14, 1865• Attends a play at Attends a play at

Ford’s Theater with Ford’s Theater with his wife and a his wife and a guest.guest.

• Lincoln shot in the Lincoln shot in the head, and dies a head, and dies a few hours later.few hours later.– First President to be First President to be

assassinated in assassinated in office.office.

• John Wilkes Booth- John Wilkes Booth- actor from the South actor from the South that blames Lincoln that blames Lincoln for its loss.for its loss.

Radical Radical ReconstrucReconstruc

tiontion

Congress proceeds Congress proceeds to take over to take over

Reconstruction of Reconstruction of the South, thus the South, thus

ending Presidential ending Presidential Reconstruction.Reconstruction.

Joint Committee on Joint Committee on ReconstructionReconstruction

• Joint committee Joint committee of 6 Senators and of 6 Senators and 9 9 Representatives.Representatives.

13th Amendment13th Amendment

Freedmen’s Bureau BillFreedmen’s Bureau Bill

• Any person accused Any person accused of not giving a freed of not giving a freed slave their civil slave their civil rights could be tried rights could be tried in a military court.in a military court.

• Johnson vetoesJohnson vetoes1.1. Trial by military Trial by military

courts is a violation of courts is a violation of the 5the 5thth Amendment. Amendment.

2.2. Congress does not Congress does not have the power to have the power to pass laws when 11 pass laws when 11 states are not present.states are not present.

Civil Rights Bill of 1865Civil Rights Bill of 1865

• Gave blacks full Gave blacks full citizenship and citizenship and equality.equality.

• Johnson vetoesJohnson vetoes– Unconstitutional Unconstitutional

invasion of state’s invasion of state’s rights.rights.

• Moderate and Moderate and Radical Radical Republicans Republicans override the veto.override the veto.

1414thth Amendment Amendment

• Congress fears that Congress fears that Supreme Court may Supreme Court may rule Civil Rights Act as rule Civil Rights Act as being unconstitutional.being unconstitutional.

• Made black Americans Made black Americans citizens of the United citizens of the United States.States.

• States could not States could not deprive blacks of deprive blacks of fundamental rights.fundamental rights.

• Former Confederate Former Confederate leaders could not hold leaders could not hold public office.public office.

15th Amendment15th Amendment• The right of The right of

citizens of the citizens of the United States to United States to vote shall not be vote shall not be denied or denied or abridged by the abridged by the United States or United States or by any State on by any State on account of race, account of race, color, or color, or previous previous condition of condition of servitude. servitude.

Congressional Election Congressional Election of 1866of 1866

• Republicans helpedRepublicans helped– Race riots in TennesseeRace riots in Tennessee

• 46 blacks killed46 blacks killed

– Johnson’s trip to Johnson’s trip to ChicagoChicago• Appears drunken and Appears drunken and

lacks knowledge of issues.lacks knowledge of issues.

– Memory of the Civil WarMemory of the Civil War• Fear of losing what had Fear of losing what had

been won.been won.

– Republican majorities Republican majorities increased to give them a increased to give them a 2/3rds + to override 2/3rds + to override veto’s.veto’s.

Reconstruction Act of Reconstruction Act of 18671867

• Radical Republicans complete program Radical Republicans complete program for Reconstruction.for Reconstruction.

1.1. South divided into 5 military districts, South divided into 5 military districts, with a military governor and federal with a military governor and federal troops to keep law and order.troops to keep law and order.

2.2. Confederate leaders could not vote or Confederate leaders could not vote or hold office.hold office.

3.3. Freed slaves could vote and hold office.Freed slaves could vote and hold office.

4.4. New state constitutions had to New state constitutions had to guarantee slaves rights to vote.guarantee slaves rights to vote.

5.5. States must ratify the 14States must ratify the 14thth Amendment. Amendment.

Impeachment of Andrew Impeachment of Andrew JohnsonJohnson

• Radicals feared that Radicals feared that Johnson would not Johnson would not enforce the enforce the Reconstruction Act.Reconstruction Act.

• Tenure of Office Act-Tenure of Office Act-18671867– President could not President could not

dismiss civil officers dismiss civil officers without Senate consent.without Senate consent.

– Johnson fires Secretary of Johnson fires Secretary of War Edwin Stanton.War Edwin Stanton.

• Former Secretary of State Former Secretary of State under Lincoln.under Lincoln.

– Johnson felt he could not Johnson felt he could not trust Stanton any longer, trust Stanton any longer, and wanted him dismissed.and wanted him dismissed.

Impeachment of Andrew Impeachment of Andrew JohnsonJohnson

• House calls for House calls for impeachment of impeachment of Johnson on the Johnson on the grounds that he had grounds that he had “disgraced” “disgraced” Congress by Congress by violating the Tenure violating the Tenure of Office Act.of Office Act.– Constitution says Constitution says

that impeachment that impeachment can only be brought can only be brought in cases of treason in cases of treason or high crimes.or high crimes.

Impeachment of Andrew Impeachment of Andrew JohnsonJohnson

• Senate holds the trialSenate holds the trial– Final vote- 35 to 19 Final vote- 35 to 19

in favor of Johnson.in favor of Johnson.– 2/32/3rdsrds needed to needed to

remove.remove.– 1 vote short.1 vote short.

• Edmund G. Ross Edmund G. Ross of Kansasof Kansas

• False charges against False charges against Johnson hurt his Johnson hurt his reputation.reputation.

Election of 1868Election of 1868• RepublicansRepublicans

– Ulysses S. Grant- Civil Ulysses S. Grant- Civil War hero.War hero.

• DemocratsDemocrats– Horatio Seymour- Horatio Seymour-

wealthy New York wealthy New York governor.governor.

– 1863- addressed a 1863- addressed a group of anti-draft group of anti-draft rioters as “my friends.”rioters as “my friends.”

– Thomas Nast cartoon.Thomas Nast cartoon.• Over 700,000 Over 700,000

southern blacks southern blacks “allowed” to vote.“allowed” to vote.

• Grant wins- but Grant wins- but receives less than receives less than 50% of the popular 50% of the popular vote.vote.

Election of 1868Election of 1868

End of Reconstruction??End of Reconstruction??• February, 1871February, 1871• Grant, “Let us have Grant, “Let us have

peace!”peace!”• Last of the 10 Last of the 10

southern states are southern states are reseated in Congress.reseated in Congress.– Virginia, Mississippi, Virginia, Mississippi,

Texas, and Georgia.Texas, and Georgia.

• RequirementsRequirements– Former Confederate Former Confederate

officials denied office.officials denied office.– Must allow blacks to be Must allow blacks to be

in state legislature.in state legislature.

• Military stays in the Military stays in the South to enforce laws.South to enforce laws.

Indian PolicyIndian Policy• Grant wants a policy of Grant wants a policy of

making Indians just like making Indians just like whites.whites.

• Fills Indian agent Fills Indian agent appointees with military appointees with military officers and religious officers and religious men.men.

• Gen. William T. Gen. William T. Sherman and Gen. Phil Sherman and Gen. Phil Sheridan disagree with Sheridan disagree with policy- feel the Indians policy- feel the Indians to be violent, shiftless, to be violent, shiftless, brutish, and filled with brutish, and filled with hatred for whites.hatred for whites.

• Conciliation did not Conciliation did not work in the South, it work in the South, it will not work in the will not work in the West.West.

Indian Policy Indian Policy Enforcement?Enforcement?

• January, 1870January, 1870– 170 Indians annihilated 170 Indians annihilated

on the Maria River, on the Maria River, Montana.Montana.

• January, 1873January, 1873– Modoc Indians killed by Modoc Indians killed by

Gen. Sheridan for the Gen. Sheridan for the murder of Gen. Canby.murder of Gen. Canby.

• 18741874– Gold discovered in the Gold discovered in the

Black Hills, Dakota Black Hills, Dakota Territory.Territory.

– Army unable to stop white Army unable to stop white miners from entering miners from entering Indian Reservation.Indian Reservation.

– June, 1876- Gen. Sheridan June, 1876- Gen. Sheridan orders the removal of orders the removal of Indians from the Little Indians from the Little Big Horn region.Big Horn region.

Election of 1872Election of 1872

• Grant reelected.Grant reelected.• His His

administration is administration is plagued by plagued by corruption and corruption and fraudfraud

• He is not a good He is not a good judge of men judge of men outside of the outside of the battle fieldbattle field

Election of 1872Election of 1872

Death of GrantDeath of Grant• Grant refuses to run for Grant refuses to run for

a 3a 3rdrd term in 1876. term in 1876.• Takes family on a 2 year Takes family on a 2 year

tour of the world.tour of the world.• Returns to America in Returns to America in

1879.1879.• Invests $250,000 of his Invests $250,000 of his

own money in a firm co-own money in a firm co-owned by his son.owned by his son.– The firm goes bankrupt.The firm goes bankrupt.

• Penniless, Grant writes Penniless, Grant writes his his Memoirs Memoirs with Mark with Mark Twain to recoup losses.Twain to recoup losses.

• July 23, 1885- dies of July 23, 1885- dies of throat cancer at age 63.throat cancer at age 63.

Election of 1876Election of 1876

• RepublicansRepublicans– Rutherford B. HayesRutherford B. Hayes

• DemocratsDemocrats– Samuel TildenSamuel Tilden

• Tilden receives Tilden receives 250,000 more 250,000 more popular votes than popular votes than Hayes.Hayes.– 185 electoral votes 185 electoral votes

needed to win.needed to win.• Tilden- 184Tilden- 184• Hayes- 165.Hayes- 165.

Election of 1876Election of 1876• States in question- South States in question- South

Carolina, Louisiana, Carolina, Louisiana, Oregon, and Florida.Oregon, and Florida.– Each had sent in 2 different Each had sent in 2 different

sets of returns.sets of returns.

• Senate (Republican) and Senate (Republican) and House (Democrat) want House (Democrat) want right to count the votes.right to count the votes.

• Electoral CommissionElectoral Commission– Equal # from each party in Equal # from each party in

each house represented, with each house represented, with one Supreme Court Justice.one Supreme Court Justice.

– Justice David Davis resigns- Justice David Davis resigns- replaced by a Republican.replaced by a Republican.

• Hayes agrees to end Hayes agrees to end Reconstruction- the Reconstruction- the “smoke-filled room” “smoke-filled room” bargainbargain

• Hayes wins.Hayes wins.

Election of 1876Election of 1876

Rutherford B. HayesRutherford B. Hayes• ““His Fraudulency”His Fraudulency”• ““Old Eight to Seven”Old Eight to Seven”• Hayes appoints a former Hayes appoints a former

Confederate leader to his Confederate leader to his cabinet.cabinet.

• Southern Democrats take Southern Democrats take over state governments.over state governments.– ““Solid South” is created for Solid South” is created for

the Democrats, which lasts the Democrats, which lasts well into the 1980’s.well into the 1980’s.

• Hayes orders removal of Hayes orders removal of federal troops from the federal troops from the South.South.

Reconstruction in the Reconstruction in the SouthSouth

at a Glanceat a Glance

Post-Civil War SouthPost-Civil War South

• Economic chaosEconomic chaos– Cities are Cities are

devastated after devastated after “total war.”“total war.”

– Industrial cities Industrial cities of Richmond and of Richmond and Atlanta in ruins.Atlanta in ruins.

• Social ChaosSocial Chaos– Southern citizens Southern citizens

starving and starving and without homes.without homes.

– 3.5 million freed 3.5 million freed slaves had no slaves had no where to go.where to go.• No educationNo education• No landNo land• Return to their Return to their

former owners, but former owners, but cannot be paid.cannot be paid.

Freedmen’s BureauFreedmen’s Bureau

• Congressional Congressional attempt to help the attempt to help the needy of the South.- needy of the South.- 18651865– Northerners felt it Northerners felt it

was an honest attempt was an honest attempt to help the Southto help the South

– Southerners felt that Southerners felt that it encouraged the it encouraged the slaves to look down slaves to look down upon their former upon their former owners and raising owners and raising false hopes.false hopes.

Assistance to the SouthAssistance to the South

• Many sympathetic Many sympathetic northern northern humanitarians help humanitarians help to supplement the to supplement the federal federal government’s government’s Reconstruction Reconstruction plans.plans.– Teachers and Teachers and

missionariesmissionaries– They are not They are not

generally welcomegenerally welcome

CarpetbaggersCarpetbaggers

• Southern nickname Southern nickname for northerners who for northerners who came to the South to came to the South to aid in Reconstruction.aid in Reconstruction.– Some actually wanted Some actually wanted

to help, while others to help, while others came strictly for profit.came strictly for profit.

• Name comes from fly-Name comes from fly-by-night newcomers by-night newcomers who carried who carried everything they everything they owned in a suitcase owned in a suitcase made of carpet. made of carpet.

ScalawagsScalawags

• Southern name Southern name given to native-born given to native-born Southerners who Southerners who cooperated with cooperated with Northern efforts to Northern efforts to reconstruct the reconstruct the South.South.

• Many did it as a way Many did it as a way to “heal” the old to “heal” the old wounds.wounds.– Others did it to gain Others did it to gain

profit. profit.

Reconstruction Reconstruction GovernmentsGovernments

• Northerners Northerners manage to capture manage to capture all the high all the high political offices.political offices.– Governor and Governor and

State SenatorState Senator• Mississippi only Mississippi only

state to send state to send blacks to the blacks to the United States United States Senate.Senate.– Hiram RevelsHiram Revels– Blanche BruceBlanche Bruce

Black CodesBlack Codes

• Southern laws to Southern laws to regulate the regulate the conduct of the freed conduct of the freed slaves.slaves.

• 4 Provisions4 Provisions1.1.Could own property.Could own property.

2.2.Could sue in court.Could sue in court.

3.3.Could act in court Could act in court against other blacks.against other blacks.

4.4.Could legally marry.Could legally marry.

• 4 Restrictions4 Restrictions1.1. Could not own a Could not own a

gun.gun.

2.2. Could not assemble.Could not assemble.

3.3. Could not start a Could not start a business.business.

4.4. Could not rent Could not rent farmland.farmland.

Ku Klux Ku Klux KlanKlan

• Secret organization Secret organization founded by Gen founded by Gen Nathan Bedford Nathan Bedford Forrest to frighten Forrest to frighten black southerners and black southerners and white sympathizers into white sympathizers into staying out of politics.staying out of politics.

• Founded by many Founded by many Confederate leaders Confederate leaders who were not allowed who were not allowed to vote.to vote.

• Ride throughout the Ride throughout the countryside issuing countryside issuing warnings or burning warnings or burning churches and homes.churches and homes.

• Military Enforcement Military Enforcement ActsActs– Gave President power to Gave President power to

use federal troops to use federal troops to control the KKK.control the KKK.

Amnesty Act of 1872Amnesty Act of 1872

• Restored the voting Restored the voting rights to over rights to over 160,000 former 160,000 former Confederates.Confederates.– Only about 500 white Only about 500 white

southerners not southerners not allowed to vote.allowed to vote.

• Many northerners Many northerners begin to feel that begin to feel that the southerners the southerners could handle their could handle their own problems.own problems.

The New SouthThe New South• Post-Reconstruction Post-Reconstruction

South.South.• Large Plantations Large Plantations

gone.gone.– Tenant farms- A Tenant farms- A

planter would rent a planter would rent a portion of the portion of the plantation to a plantation to a tenant farmer.tenant farmer.

– Sharecropper- Farm Sharecropper- Farm worker who worker who furnished nothing furnished nothing but labor in but labor in exchange for a house exchange for a house and a plot of land.and a plot of land.• Would receive a % of Would receive a % of

the crop at harvest the crop at harvest time.time.

Segregation and Jim Segregation and Jim Crow lawsCrow laws

• Separation of white Separation of white and black and black southerners.southerners.

• Jim Crow LawsJim Crow Laws– 18811881– Made it a requirement Made it a requirement

that whites and blacks that whites and blacks ride on separate railway ride on separate railway cars.cars.

• By 1890’s all Southern By 1890’s all Southern states had separate states had separate schools, streetcars, schools, streetcars, bathrooms, etc.bathrooms, etc.

Black VotingBlack Voting

• Concerted effort by Concerted effort by Southerners to Southerners to keep blacks from keep blacks from voting.voting.– Poll Tax- tax to be Poll Tax- tax to be

paid by every voter paid by every voter to be allowed to to be allowed to vote.vote.

– Literacy Test- Literacy Test- Examination to Examination to determine if the determine if the voter could read or voter could read or write.write.

Plessy v. FergusonPlessy v. Ferguson

• 18961896• Plessy jailed for Plessy jailed for

sitting on a “White” sitting on a “White” car.car.

• Supreme Court rules Supreme Court rules that these separate that these separate facilities were not a facilities were not a violation of the 14violation of the 14thth Amendment as long Amendment as long as they were as they were “separate, but “separate, but equal.”equal.”

The End!