reconfiguring academic collections: the role of shared print repositories
DESCRIPTION
Presentation to Minnesota Library Access Consortium , February 2011TRANSCRIPT
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Constance Malpas
Program Officer, OCLC Research
Reconfiguring Academic
Collections: the role of
shared print repositories
MLAC
Advisory Board
23 February 2011
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Roadmap
• The Big Shift - why shared print, why now?
• Emerging infrastructure - shared repositories
• Shared print service provision - opportunities, challenges
• Minnesota in perspective - maximizing MLAC value
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What once made us great no longer matters
Declining return on assets
Brand loyalty on the decline
A workforce that‟s lost its passion
Fewer leaders, with a precarious
hold on the top
Digital infrastructure is driving
change
Sound familiar?
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A „Big Shift‟ in attention, resources
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Shared Print: what‟s the problem?
Shift in scholarly attention from print to electronic means
low-use retrospective print collections are perceived to
deliver less library value
Competing demands for library space: teaching, learning,
collaborative research vs. “warehouse of books”
Among academic libraries, a shrinking pool of institutions
with mandate, capacity to support print preservation
As transaction costs for managing legacy print collections
decrease, libraries will seek to externalize print operations
to shared repositories
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Shared print is a prime example:
a core operation that
is moving “outside”
institutional boundaries
University of California
Orbis Cascade
WEST
CIC
Hathi Print
CAVAL, UKRR, JURA etc.
Boundary work
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Shared Print: OCLC Research
Active portfolio of work since FY2007:
• North American library storage capacity (2007)
• ~70M volumes in storage; further capital investment unlikely
• Policy requirements shared print repositories (2009)
• critical need: disclosure of print preservation commitments
• Leveraging infrastructure: MARC21 583 Action Note (2009)
• copy-level retention, condition statements are required
• Cloud-sourcing research collections (2010)
• mass digitization of monographs accelerates shift to shared print
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Growth of US library storage infrastructure
0
20,000,000
40,000,000
60,000,000
80,000,000
100,000,000
120,000,000
140,000,000
1982 1986 1987 1992 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Built
Capacit
y
in V
olu
me E
quiv
ale
nts
(2007)
Aggregate off-site capacity has increased exponentially
+ 70 million volumes
this trend is unlikely to continue
Derived from L. Payne (OCLC, 2007)
2 high-density facilities
68 high-
density
facilities
Date of Original Construction
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“No room, no room” in MLAC (and elsewhere)
Total contributions
from UMTC
From other contributors
Derived from MLAC Statistical Overview, 2010.
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Projected growth of HathiTrust Digital Library
0
5,000,000
10,000,000
15,000,000
20,000,000
25,000,000
30,000,000
35,000,000
40,000,000
June 2010 - June 2020
Linear (Series1) Linear (Series2)Growth in volumes Growth in titles
*
Harvard University Library
in constant 2008 volumes
*Library of Congress
in constant 2008 volumes
OCLC Research. June 2010
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Aggregate preservation resource: a black box?
Of 68 storage facilities identified
in Payne (OCLC, 2007):
• 2 are visible in WorldCat
today: UC NRLF & UC SRLF
• Proxies: CRL, LC?
Among 9 ASERL storage
collections profiled in 2004:
• 80% of monographic titles held
in a single storage facility
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
SRLF (ZAS)
NRLF (ZAP)
CRL AZ State (AZS)
UC Irvine (CUI)
Rutgers (NJR)
<25 libraries 25-99 libraries 100-499 libraries >499 libraries
Titles in „shared print‟ collections
less widely held?
Less widely held
More widely held
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Shared Print value proposition(s)
1) Ensures long-term survivability of „last copies‟ and low-
use print journals and books
Extension of traditional repository function; limited
motivation to subsidize
2) Enables reduction in redundant inventory for moderately
and widely-held titles, facilitating redirection of library
resources toward more distinctive service portfolio
Strategic reserve provides a hedge against disruption in
the marketplace, rapid fluctuations in scholarly value &
function of print; provides tangible value to participant
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Premise of Cloud Library project
Emergence of large scale shared print and digital
repositories creates an opportunity for strategic
externalization of traditional repository function
• Reduce total costs of preserving scholarly record
• Enable reallocation of institutional resources
• Support renovation of library service portfolio
• Create new business relationships among libraries
A bridge strategy to guarantee access and
preservation of long tail, low use collections
during ongoing p- to e- transition
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25 years
+70M vols.
0101010101010
1010101010101
0101010101010
1010101010101
0101010101010
15 months
+5M vols.
Shared infrastructure: books & bits
Will this intersection create new operational efficiencies?
For which libraries?
Under what conditions?
How soon and with what impact?
HathiTrust
Academic off-site storage
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0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
% o
f Tit
les
in L
ocal C
ollecti
on
Rank in 2008 ARL Investment Index
A global change in the library environment
June 2010
Median duplication: 31%
June 2009
Median duplication: 19%
Academic print book collection already substantially
duplicated in mass digitized book corpus
OCLC Research. June 2010
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A mirror of the academic print collection
0 100,000 200,000 300,000 400,000 500,000 600,000 700,000 800,000 900,000 1,000,000
Language, Linguistics & LiteratureHistory & Auxiliary Sciences
Unknown Classification
Business & Economics
Philosophy & ReligionArt & Architecture
Engineering & Technology
Government Documents
Political Science
Library Science, ReferenceSociology
Music
Education
Law
Physical SciencesGeography & Earth Sciences
Medicine
Biological Sciences
Agriculture
Health Professions & Public HealthMathematics
Anthropology
Performing Arts
Medicine By Discipline
PsychologyComputer Science
Chemistry
Preclinical Sciences
Medicine By Body SystemPhysical Education & Recreation
Health Facilities, Nursing
Communicable Diseases & Misc.
Titles / Editions
Distribution of Titles in HathiTrust Digital Library by Subject and Copyright Status(June 2010)
Public Domain
In Copyright
N = 3.64M titles
C. Malpas Cloud-sourcing Research Collections (OCLC, 2010)
Foreshadows a shift in
humanities scholarship?
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An opportunity and a challenge
>50% of titles are ‘widely held’
>80% of titles are
in copyright
An opportunity to
rationalize holdings, but…
library print supply chain
will be needed for some time
OCLC Research. June 2010
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Mass-digitized books in print repositories
0
500,000
1,000,000
1,500,000
2,000,000
2,500,000
3,000,000
3,500,000
Sep-09 Oct-09 Nov-09 Dec-09 Jan-10 Feb-10 Mar-10 Apr-10 May-10 Jun-10
Uniq
ue T
itle
s
Mass digitized books in Hathi digital repository Mass digitized books in shared print repositories
~75% of mass digitized corpus is ‘backed up’
in one or more shared print repositories
~3.5M titles
~2.5M
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Prediction
Within the next 5-10 years, focus of shared print archiving and
service provision will shift to monographic collections
• large scale service hubs will provide low-cost print
management on a subscription basis;
• reducing local expenditure on print operations, releasing
space for new uses and facilitating a redirection of library
resources;
• enabling rationalization of aggregate print collection and
renovation of library service portfolio
Mass digitization of retrospective print
collections will drive this transition
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WHAT WILL IT TAKE?
Shared print service provision . . .
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Shared Print provision: capacity varies
OCLC Research. Analysis based on HathiTrust and WorldCat snapshot data. Data current as of February 2011.
% o
f H
ath
iTru
stti
tles
duplicate
d in p
rint
reposi
tory
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Shared print marketplace: who has the edge?
C. Malpas Cloud-sourcing Research Collections (OCLC, 2010)
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Or, reconfigure resource to maximize value
C. Malpas Cloud-sourcing Research Collections (OCLC, 2010)
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UMTC as Shared Print Supplier?
OCLC Research. Analysis based on HathiTrust and WorldCat snapshot data. Data current as of February 2011.
32% 27%
UMTC could provide just-in-case print fulfillment for almost 30% of titles in the HathiTrust Digital Library
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Sizing up a Supplier: the 76% solution
OCLC Research. Analysis based on HathiTrust and WorldCat snapshot data. Data current as of February 2011.
738,556 MSU Mankato (MNM) holdings in WorldCat; 1.2M volumes
~213K duplicated in HathiTrust Digital Library
Represents
at least
1.9 miles
of library
shelving @
MSU
[not held by UTMC]
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Management Perspective: How Much is Enough?
Shared Print service must deliver
• Space recovery equal to “one floor” at outset
• Volume reduction equal to X years of print acquisitions
• Cost not to exceed current storage options
• Minimize (visible) disruption in operations
If management of mass-digitized monographs could be
externalized to large scale providers today:
average space recovery of 20,000 ASF per ARL library
cost avoidance of ~$1M for new storage module
cost avoidance of $1M per year for on-site management
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Staff Perspective: What‟s Good Enough
Shared Print service provision must equal or exceed
• Turnaround/delivery from local storage (<2 days)
• Local loan period
• Local access/availability guarantee, ability to recall etc
• Discoverability of local resource
Local retention mandated when title held by <10 libraries
No one mentioned . . .
Home delivery option direct to patron
Acceptable loss rate repository viability
Penalties for late return impact on other clients
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Implications: Shared Print
A small number of repositories may suffice for „global‟ shared
print provision of low-use monographs
Generic service offer is needed to achieve economies of scale,
build network; uniform T&C
Fuller disclosure of storage collections is needed to judge
capacity of current infrastructure, identify potential hubs
Service hubs will need to shape inventory to market needs;
more widely duplicated, moderately used titles
If extant providers aren‟t motivated to change service model, a
new organization may be needed
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Example 1: MLAC as collection of record
One of 26K volumes MSU Moorhead has
deposited in MLAC
• a relatively scarce edition, 13 holdings in
WorldCat
• 17 editions published between 1910 and
1960, a ‘popular classic’
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Example 1: MLAC as collection of record
Available in full-view from
HathiTrust
• Satisfactory surrogate for at
least some use cases
• May reduce demand for MLAC
copy, improving chances of
survival
• Retain in MLAC as state-wide
preservation asset
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Example 2. MLAC as surrogate print source
One of the 800K titles UMTC has on deposit in MLAC
• this edition held by more than 2000 WorldCat libraries, including 33 in MN
• low network demand; 42 WCRS requests since 2007, none in Minnesota
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Example 2. MLAC as surrogate print source
In copyright, search-only
version available from
HathiTrust
• end of the value chain?
• not quite . . .
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Example 2. MLAC as surrogate print source
• searching in this text
can tell me if the book
is really the one I want
• restores a level of
browsing access
• can moderate ‘just
checking’ demand from
MLAC, keeping
operational costs down
MLAC can offer partner libraries the opportunity to winnow
local holdings safely, for thousands of low-use titles
delivering real value to library network
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LOCAL CONTEXT
Shared print in perspective . . .
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0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
Oberlin Non-ARL academic Community College ARL
The next few years are critical
Academic libraries in Minnesota:
a common trajectory, different timelines
*Jan „12
Apr „12
Mar „13
May „13* * *
OCLC Research. Analysis based on HathiTrust and WorldCat snapshot data. Data current as of February 2011.
Where is the regional infrastructure
to support this change?
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Diversity of educational mandates
OCLC Research. Derived from NCES Academic Libraries Survey, 2008 .
Less reliant on
traditional library
infrastructure
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Circulation per FTE student is on a decline
OCLC Research. Derived from NCES Academic Libraries Surveys, 1992-2000.
Declining ROA?
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A long term, system-wide trend
0.00%
0.50%
1.00%
1.50%
2.00%
2.50%
3.00%
$0
$50,000,000
$100,000,000
$150,000,000
$200,000,000
$250,000,000
$300,000,000
$350,000,000
$400,000,000
US Academic Library Expenditures vs. Total Spending on Post-Secondary Education
Aggregate US Spending on Post-Secondary Education US Library Operating Exp. as % of Ed. Spending
$6.8 billion in 2008
OCLC Research. Derived from data reported in NCES Digest of Education Statistics: 2008.
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Distribution of Post-Secondary Educational Institutions
in the United States by Source of Funding
(derived from NCES data)
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
2000
-200
1
2001
-200
2
2002
-200
3
2003
-200
4
2004
-200
5
2005
-200
6
2006
-200
7
2007
-200
8
No
. o
f In
sti
tuti
on
s
For Profit
Public
Private Not-for-Profit
Shift in provision of higher education
Distribution of Post-Secondary Educational Institutions
in the United States by Source of Funding
(derived from NCES data)
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
2000
-200
1
2001
-200
2
2002
-200
3
2003
-200
4
2004
-200
5
2005
-200
6
2006
-200
7
2007
-200
8
No
. o
f In
sti
tuti
on
s
For Profit
Public
Private Not-for-Profit
Distribution of Post-Secondary Educational Institutions in the United States by Source of Funding
OCLC Research. Derived from data reported in NCES Digest of Education Statistics: 2008.
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Increasing privatization of higher education
OCLC Research. Derived from NCES Academic Libraries Surveys, 2000 , 2004, 2006 and 2008 .
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
2000 2004 2006 2008
Academic Libraries in Minnesota by Control & Funding
Public Private
48% 48% 56% 57%
43%52% 52% 44%
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Higher Education funding cuts in 43 States
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$370M cut in higher education spending for FY12-FY14
Minnesota: the big freeze
http://www.house.leg.state.mn.us/fiscal/files/11HF130.pdf
8 February 2011
Impact on MINITEX?
MLAC ~3% of MINITEX budget
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Moving forward: maximizing MLAC value
Leverage MINITEX „brand‟ as resource-sharing partner to build
confidence in MLAC as regional source of surrogate supply
• FY10 saw decline in request activity; might centralization of
(some) supply help reduce overhead?
Life-cycle costs of managing print in MLAC less than a third of costs
on campus
• is total value of MLAC collection being realized?
MLAC serves diverse clientele of HE, public and private libraries,
some of which may opt to „outsource‟ print management services
• will an existing partners help model a new set of behaviors?
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A closing thought
If we don‟t
demonstrate a little
backbone
developing shared
print solutions
the future of legacy
print may look
something like this
A swift end of life
or a scandalous spectacle?
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Thanks for your attention.
Comments, Questions?
Constance Malpas