reasoning

REASONING

The quest for human knowledge

Structure of thinking

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2) Deductive argument

Deductive argument is the process of reasoning from one or more general statements (premises) to reach a logically certain conclusion.

2) Inductive argument

Inductive reasoning (as opposed to deductive reasoning) is reasoning in which the premises seek to supply strong evidence for (not absolute proof of) the truth of the conclusion.

Differentiate arguments of these two sorts are that;

deductive arguments claim to guarantee their conclusions, while inductive arguments merely recommend evidences.

In deductive reasoning, a conclusion is reached from general statements, but in inductive reasoning the conclusion is reached from specific examples.

FRANCIS BACON

(1561-1626)

Novum Organum

Edward de Bono (born 19 May 1933)

He originated the term lateral thinking wrote the book Six Thinking Hats

Classical Indian Epistemology

The Indian philosopher Udayana combined the Vaisesika and Nyaya schools of philosophy into Naiyayika

Nyaya – examines the knowing subject, the object to be known, the known object, and the means of coming to know the object

Naiyayika – advanced Nyaya theory that correct causes of knowledge can be analyzed in four kinds: perception Inference Comparison Reliable testimony

Pramānas – causes for knowledge

Levels of knowledge in Buddhism

Sensual knowledge Thinking knowledge Intuitive knowledge

Joy Paul Guilford (1897 – 1987)

Creative thinking is a kind of divergent thinking which contains; (1) originality -O (2) flexibility -F (3) fluency -F (4) elaboration -E

Able to express oneself readily and effortlessly

Flowing or moving smoothly; graceful

1950 - Dr. J. P. Guilford challenged the American Psychological Association, of which he was president. He said,

"Psychologists have seriously neglected the study of the creative aspects of personality." This began the serious study of the subject.

Joy Paul Guilford(1897-1987)

Dimension of creativity Operation Product Content

Creative process

Graham Wallas (1858 –1932) was an English socialist

4 stages for creative thinking (P) Preparation (I) Incubation (I) Illumination (V) Verification

(P) Preparation:

An assessment of the desired, creative application in the appropriate field of study

(I) Incubation Disengagement from the creative

process; encouraging detachment from the creative objective as a means of stimulating thought.

(I) Illumination

Discovery; Illumination is characterized as being a sudden, epiphany-like affirmation; "Eureka!"

(V) Verification

: The successful application of an "illumination" by the creative thinker

Value of creative thinking

1) Making change 2) Excitement or enjoy 3) Training and exercise the brain for the

best choice 4) Build up self-confidence and self-

satisfaction 5) Being opened mind

Obstacles of creative thinking Outside -not allowing inquiry -Easy to follow others or copied culture -Custom -Proud of success not failure -Never-changed or strict regulations

Inside -fears of blames, stupid, out-classed -Accustom or familiarity (lazy) -Narrow view -Inactive or passive

Developing creative thinking 1) Love knowledge, never stop to

learn 2) Memorizing or recall previous

knowledge 3) Reasoning 4) Creative thoughtful and far-

viewer

Optimist International 52

Some Additional Thoughts

The creative person uses information to form new ideas.

The real key to creative problem solving is what you do with the knowledge.

Creative problem solving requires an attitude that allows you to search for new ideas and use your knowledge and experience.

Change perspective and use knowledge to make the ordinary extraordinary and the usual commonplace.

CREATIVE THINKING


DEFINITION

“Creative problem solving is - looking at the same thing as everyone else and thinking something different.”

Albert Szent-Gyorgi.

LET’S TALK Why don’t we think creatively more often?

What are the barriers that get in our way?

56


EXERCISE


A SOLUTION

Brainstorming


BARRIERS THAT GET IN OUR WAY

Time Why change? Usually don’t need to be creative Habit Routine Haven’t been taught to be creative

What are some other barriers that get in our way?


MENTAL BLOCKS

Mental blocks are reasons (attitudes) why we don’t “think something different.”


MENTAL BLOCKS

1. The _______ answer.

2. That’s not _________.

3. __________ the rules.

4. Be ______________.

5. ________ is frivolous.

6. That’s not my _____.

7. ________ ambiguity.

8. Don’t be _________.

9. __________is wrong.

10. I’m not __________.


MENTAL BLOCK # 1

1. The right answer.

Only one?


MENTAL BLOCK # 2


2. That’s not logical.


MENTAL BLOCK # 3



3. Follow the rules.

Why rules should be challenged:

1. We make rules based on reasons that make a lot of sense.2. We follow these rules.3. Time passes, and things change.4. The original reasons for the generation of these rules may no longer exist, but because the rules are still in place, we continue to follow them.


MENTAL BLOCK # 4




4. Be practical.


MENTAL BLOCK # 5




4. Be practical.

5. Play is frivolous.

“When do you get your best ideas?”


MENTAL BLOCK # 6

6. That’s not my area.


MENTAL BLOCK # 7


7. Avoid ambiguity.

AMBIGUITY


MENTAL BLOCK # 8


7. Avoid ambiguity.

8. Don’t be foolish.

MENTAL BLOCK # 9


7. Avoid ambiguity.


9. To err is wrong.


MENTAL BLOCK # 10


7. Avoid ambiguity.


9. To err is wrong.

10. I’m not creative.


BEING MORE CREATIVE

How can we be more creative?

Jot down at least 3 ideas that come to your mind.

CREATIVE PROBLEM SOLVING PROCESS

STEP 1. State what appears to be the problem.

The real problem may not surface until facts have been gathered and

analyzed. Therefore, start with what you assume to be the problem, that can later be confirmed or corrected.


STEP 2. Gather facts, feelings and opinions.

What happened? Where, when and how did it occur?

What is it’s size, scope, and severity? Who and what is affected?

Likely to happen again? Need to be corrected?

May need to assign priorities to critical elements.



STEP 3. Restate the problem.

The real facts help make this possible, and provide supporting data.

The actual problem may, or may not be the same as stated in Step 1.



STEP 4. Identify alternative solutions

Generate ideas. Do not eliminate any possible

solutions until several have been discussed.



STEP 5. Evaluate alternatives.

Which will provide the optimum solution? What are the risks?

Are costs in keeping with the benefits? Will the solution create new problems?



STEP 6. Implement the decision!

Who must be involved? To what extent?

How, when and where? Who will the decision impact?

What might go wrong? How will the results be reported and verified?



STEP 7. Evaluate the results.

Test the solution against the desired results.

Make revisions if necessary.



10 Questions To Encourage Ideas

1. What if…?

2. How can we improve…?

3. How will the Optimist Member and/or the community benefit?

4. Are we forgetting anything?

5. What’s the next step?


10 Questions To Encourage Ideas

6. What can we do better…?

7. What do you think about…?

8. What should we add?

9. What should we eliminate?

10. What other ideas do you have...?


TOOLS & TECHNIQUES

1. BRAINSTORMING

2. MULTIVOTING

3. MINDMAPING

Purpose:

To generate a large number of ideas in a short period of time.

BRAINSTORMING

Rules for Brainstorming:

The more ideas the better! No discussion No idea is a bad idea Build on one another’s ideas Display all ideas


BRAINSTORMING EXERCISE

Ideas: Freely record your ideas as they come to your mind.

How Do We Motivate Our Local

Optimist Club Members?


BRAINSTORMING GUIDELINES

1. Practice question: How Do We Motivate Our Local Optimist Club Members?

2. Clarify understanding. Once all the ideas have been generated (it may take approximately 5 to 6 minutes), review ideas offered.

RememberCreativeThinking

What did you mean by that?!!!

Re-state the question to keep the process going


BRAINSTORMING GUIDELINES

3. Combine items that are similar and/or eliminate duplicates.

4. Completion.

Let’s combine ideas!!!

Are wedone yet?


TOOLS & TECHNIQUES - MULTIVOTING

Purpose:

To help a group of people make a decision with which they are comfortable.

Definition:

A way to vote to select the most important or popular items (alternatives) from a list.


MULTIVOTING

Steps

1. Generate a list of items and number each item.

2. If two or more items seem similar, they may be combined.

3. If necessary, renumber the items.

Multivoting

List

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

Revised

List

1.

2.

3.


MULTIVOTING Steps (Continued)

4. Write down the numbers of the items you feel are the major cause of the problem.

5. Share your votes by a show of hands.

6. Eliminate those items with the fewest votes.

7. Repeat steps 3 (renumber) through 6 on the list of remaining items. Continue this process until only a few items remain. If a clear favorite does not emerge, the group may discuss the items listed and make a choice.

MIND MAPPING

Definition : A visual picture of a group of ideas, concepts or issues.

Purpose : Unblock our thinking. See an entire idea or several ideas on one

sheet of paper. See how ideas relate to one another. Look at things in a new and different way. Look at an idea in depth.


Mind Mapping Exercise

Over-sized blank sheet of paper. Select word, phrase or problem statement

to serve as a focus for discussion. Print it in the middle of the paper. Enclose

it in a box or oval. Let a word pop out of your mind.

Print it anywhere on the paper. Underline it and connect the line with the

problem statement (or key phrase or word)you are working.

Record the next idea and connect it tooriginal focus point or the prior thought.

Continue printing and connecting words.

1. Initial Tumble of Ideas.

Think freely!!

Motivatin

g

Members

Method

sHow

Mind Mapping Exercise

EXAMPLE

Resources

People

Motivating

Members

Hel

ping

Oth

ers

Purpose

Lear

ning

ResultsFun

Methods

How


Mind Mapping Exercise-- Helpful Hints

Keep your printing large and easy to read.

Feel free to use symbols and or pictures.

Have some fun using different colors.

A


COMPLETED MAP

Draw over clusters of similar thoughts that are associated with the main focus point. Have fun using a different color highlighter with each cluster of words.

How do the variety of ideas relate to one another?

Do you notice any common causes of the problem? What are the most important causes?

You are now ready to brainstorm solutions!

Have Fun Drawing Your Own Mind Map!


APPLICATION OF LEARNING

What Are The Three Greatest Problems / Opportunities Your Club is Currently Facing?

i.e. “How do you motivate your club members?”1.

2.

3.

reasoning

Education

creative application

exerciseoptimist international

solutionoptimist international

right answer

value of creative thinking1

creative processgraham

rules arestill

mental blocks1