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TRANSCRIPT
Realize the potential of
sustainable business
Life Cycle Assessment Workshop
Dr Rajesh Kumar Singh Managing Director
PE Sustainability Solutions Pvt Ltd India
A subsidiary of PE International AG Germany
Agenda
1 PE International Overview
1 Profile Products and Services
2 Introduction to Life Cycle Assessment
Methodology and Framework
3 Applications of LCA and Business Value
1 Success Stories and Case Studies
4 Operationalization of LCA using GaBi
Software
1 Welcome why me meet
2000+ man years experience ofhellip
235+ experts fromhellip
30+ nations withhellip
20+ Industrial Sectorshellip
23 offices withhellip
1 DNA
What we offer
Integrated solutions for product and corporate sustainability management
Corporate Sustainability
Sustainability Management
Solution
GRI CDP UN Global Compact
Reporting
Management Systems ISO
14001 OHSAS 18001 ISO
50001 etc
Corporate Footprint (Carbon
and Water)
Product Sustainability
Product Life Cycle Assessment
solution
Design for Environment
Product Footprint (Carbon and
Water)
Scenario analysis decision
support
SoFi Software
LCA amp Sustainability Databases Databases amp Content
Software
Sustainability Consulting
Sustainability Roadmap and
Strategy
Stakeholder Engagement and
CSR
Carbon amp Water Footprints
Life Cycle Assessment
Energy efficiency studies
Sustainability Impact Energy
Carbon
Water
Resources
Emissions
Waste
Labour
HampS
Profit
Brand
Social
Ethics
PE is the only player with an
end-to-end value propositionhellip
Enterprise
Building amp
Infrastructure
Transport amp
Logistics
Supply chain
Process
Product
Co
rpo
rate
Valu
e C
hain
Vertical markets
Electronics
High-tec Chemical
Transport
amp logistics
Automotive
Manufacuring
Agriculture
food
Aerospace
Oil amp gas
Construction
amp building
Packaging
Media
Metals amp
Mining
Consumer
goods
Tourism
Retail
Government
Finance
Energy amp
Utilities
Apparel
z
The best global green brands rely on PE
Source Interbrand Best Global Green Brands Ranking 2011
9 out of 10 Green brands
work with us
40 of the global Fortune 500
companies use our solutions
1500+ clients from every
industry sector
Automotive
20 years experience amp
leadership with
dedicated vertical
offering
Apparel Front runner high-
quality proprietary data
vertical offering
Building amp
Construction
EPDs and network to
GBCs 17 years in the
market
Chemicals Association work high-
quality proprietary data
deep industry expertise
Consumer
Goods
Ability to cover the
entire value chain incl
retail dedicated vertical
offering
Electronics High-quality proprietary
data amp models 15 years
in the market
Financial
Services
Association work
thought leadership amp
robust flexible software
Food amp
Beverage
Ability to cover the
entire value chain incl
retail
dedicated vertical
offering
Industry
Associations
Understanding of the
industry needs
dedicated vertical
offering amp content
Metals and
Mining
Ability to cover all
aspects of sustainability
benchmarking
capability
hellipand is the market leader in all key verticals 40 of the Fortune Global 500 companies are customers of PE
8
Industry Sample customers PElsquos USP
Intuitive interactive
decision-guidance tool powered by
GaBi 6 software and DBrsquo12
GaBi Envision
Professional LCA
modeling software
GaBi 6
Design for x
[compliance
recycling etc]
GaBi DfX
GaBi Software Suite
For
LCA practitioners
For
Instant scenario
analysis
For
Non-LCA experts who
need expert answers
For
Integration GaBi 6
with PLMERP
Comparable robust and up to date industry LCI Data underlies expert LCAs
GaBi Databases rsquo12 Chemicals Energy Precious and Non-Precious Metals Plastics End of Life Manufacturing
Electronics Renewables hellip and external databases like USLCI ecoinvent
9
GaBi is the most widely used product sustainability
solution on the planet
10
bull Helps businesses achieve optimal product
sustainabilty performance
- Environmental
- Social
- Economic
bull GaBi is a modelling reporting amp diagnostic
software tool that drives product sustainability
performance during design planning and
production
bull Powerful LCA tools and databases for product
and process sustainability
Product Sustainability Performance (PSP) GaBi solves the following business challenges
Life Cycle Assessment
bull Design for Environment Product Stewardship
bull Energy-efficiency eco-efficiency
bull Eco-design
bull Sustainable value chains
Life Cycle Costing
bull Design for cost reduction
bull Integration of external cost
Life Cycle Working Environment
bull Developing manufacturing process that address social responsibilities
Life Cycle Reporting
bull Product marketing sustainability labels Environmental Product Declarations and credentials
bull Environmental communication amp sustainability reporting
bull LCA knowledge sharing
11 11112013
The Expert Choice
12
Databases
amp more
Industrial data
GaBi assesses the life cycle of any
producthellip
13
bull hellipbreaking it down into every
part material and process
then analyzing all related
supply chain components
bull hellipfor every phase in its life
cycle (growthmining
manufacturing transport
use end-of-life)
bull hellipfor any quantifiable
sustainability metric (energy
resources water used
emissions and ecological
impact ecological footprint
social impactshellip) enabling
identification of trade-offs
bull to determine the best
product design possible
What is SoFi
SoFi is a software modeling reporting amp diagnostic
platform for the enterprise
bull Helps achieve improved sustainability
performance across operations and the supply chain
- Environmental
- Social
- Economic
bull Aggregates disparate data and presents a complete
visualization of a companyrsquos sustainability performance
bull Diagnoses performance gaps using industry benchmarks
and automatically suggests remedial actions
bull Monitors improvement plans amp sustainability KPIs
bull Reports for internal and external stakeholders
Application areas
z Enterprise energy management bull Facilities amp assets bull Building portfolios
Sustainability reporting bull Responding to sustainability rating organizations bull Improving scores amp rankings
Environmental management bull ISO 14001 EMAS bull Work Safety Reporting
Carbon amp water management bull Carbon Footprint (Scope 12 amp 3) bull Reduction initiatives bull Voluntary amp mandatory reporting
Sustainable supply chain bull Supplier assessment ranking and rating bull Performance management for suppliers
First Accredited Provider amp
Gold Data Partner of CDP ldquoThe high quality SoFi Software solutions from our gold
carbon calculation partner PE INTERNATIONAL have
been tested by an independent third party and meet CDP
standards of greenhouse gas emissions calculation CDP
is delighted to recommend the SoFi Software solutions in
helping companies to measure and manage carbon
performance effectivelyrdquo
Paul Simpson Chief Executive Officer Carbon
Disclosure Project
ldquoGRI is pleased to confirm that SoFi contains precise
GRI content it is the first sustainability reporting tool
which has fulfilled all the requirements of the GRI
Certified Software and Tools Programrdquo
Dr Nelmara Arbex Director of Learning Services
Global Reporting Initiative
PE is a GRI Organizational Stakeholder since 2005 and
has been supporter and sponsor of the GRI
conferences since the launch in 2006
First verified solution by GRI
G4 G31 G3 Content
SoFi Accreditations
Agenda
1 PE International Overview
1 Profile Products and Services
2 Introduction to Life Cycle Assessment
Methodology and Framework
3 Applications of LCA and Business Value
1 Success Stories and Case Studies
4 Operationalization of LCA using GaBi
Software
Principles of Life Cycle Assessment What is LCA
18
Life Cycle Assessment is the compiling and evaluation of the input
and outputs and the potential environmental impacts of a product
system during its lifetime
Definition of Life Cycle Assessment from DIN ISO 14044
LCA
Raw Materials
Final Disposal
Life Cycle Thinkinghellip
A lens to assess your business amp supply chain sustainability
Recycling
Materials
Manufacture
Products
Manufacture
Transportation amp Manufacture
Use
19
20 11112013
Life Cycle Thinking an example for applied Life Cycle Thinking hellip
bull The framework for calculation of Life Cycle Assessments are the ISO-standards
1404014044
bull ISO definition
bull Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is the compiling and evaluation of the input and
outputs and the potential environmental impacts of a product system during its
lifetime
bull The results of Life Cycle Assessments are
bull A quantification of the inputs and outputs for a product life cycle
Life Cycle Inventory
bull A quantification of the potential environmental impacts eg Global Warming Potential
Acidification Potential Ozone Depletion Potential
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Basics of Life Cycle Assessment
21
22 11112013
Life Cycle Thinking Methods amp implementation ndash Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) ISO 1404044
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
Goal and scope
definition
Inventory analysis
Impact assessment
Inte
rpre
tation
LCA framework Direct applications
Product development
and improvement
Strategic planning
Public policy making
Marketing
Other
Basics of Life Cycle Assessment
End of Life Phase Production Phase Use Phase
Manufacture
bull Rotor
bull Nacelle
bull Tower
bull Cables
bull Transport to
site
Construction
bull Site works and
buildings
bull Foundations
bull Erection
End of life
bull Dismantling
bull Recycling
bull Landfill
bull Energy
recovery
Operation
bull Maintenance
bull Replacement
parts
bull Power
generation
23 All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
Basics of Life Cycle Assessment
24
Phases of the
life cycle
Impact
assessment
Energy consumption Raw material consumption
Global warming Summer smog Acidification Over fertilisation
Environmental toxins Waste etc
Production phase Use phase End of Life
Life cycle
stages
Preparation of
raw materials
Manufacturing
Pre-products Production Use
Disposal
Recycling
Deposition
Inventory
analysis
I N P U T R e s o u r c e s
O U T P U T E m i s s i o n s a n d W a s t e
ldquoCradle to gaterdquo
ldquoCradle to graverdquo
LCA Step by step
bull Definition of the goal of the study
bull Agreement on the scope of the project
bull Description of the functional unit ie reference unit
bull Set up of the Life Cycle Inventory
Data collection identification of the relevant material and energy flows
bull Calculation of the Impact Assessment
bull Evaluation and Interpretation of the results
bull Documentation in a detailed report
bull Critical Review
optional to increase the credibility
obligatory for comparative studies
25
26
Task Firstly define the intended Goal of your study in a short statement summarising
- the intended application and reasons for carrying out the study
- the intended audience for communication of results
- whether the results will be used for comparison and will comparative assertions be publicly disclosed
Hints Choose to study a product system you are familiar with For example the goal could be
bull To understand the life cycle impacts of a product a process or a service provided
bull To investigate the trade-offs in making changes to one aspect of a product life cycle
bull To compare the life cycle environmental impacts of two systems providing the same service
bull To understand life cycle environmental impacts of implementing a government policy
The next step will consider the Scope of the study
Step 1 Define the Goal
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
27
Task Outline the Scope of the system under study in a few bullet points
Hints Think about the goal of your study and the product system
bull What is the function of the product system(s) to be studied
bull Does it include the product use phase or end-of-life phase
bull Is the scope cradle to gate or cradle to grave
bull Are there any key co-products produced by the system
bull If you are studying two comparative systems are their common elements to each
system Can these common elements be ignored
The next step will illustrate the system(s) in a flow diagram
Step 2 Outline the Scope
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
28
Task Sketch a simple process flow diagram that illustrates the main life cycle processes that are relevant to your study
Hint The life cycle sketch could include
bull The main life cycle stages eg raw materials processing product use disposal transport steps
bull If you are undertaking a comparative study include both relevant systems
bull Note the functional output of your system
bull Each unit process should be described showing where the process begins and ends
bull Include any key co-products produced by the system
bull Is there any closed looped re-cycling or re-use within the system scope
The next step will illustrate the key inputs and outputs of the system
Step 3 Outline the Scope ndash sketch a flow diagram
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
29
Task Include the key Inputs and Outputs to your system flow diagram and define the System Boundary
Hint The system boundary includes the unit processes within the scope of the study
bull The system boundary should be consistent with the goal of the study
bull Think about the level of detail required for each unit process Are there cut-off criteria
bull If you decide to ignore or delete processes make a note of your reasons
bull Energy inputs and outputs should be included (all types of energy used)
bull You could make a distinction between foreground processes and background processes
The next step will define the Functional Unit of the system
Step 4 Define the System Boundary
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
30
Task Define the Functional Unit for the study
Hint The functional unit provides a reference to which all input and
output data are normalised It shall be clearly defined and
measureable
bull The functional unit should be consistent with the goal of the study
bull Different studies can be compared based on the functional unit
A textile example could be
One square meter of 200 gram square metre jersey fabric dyed black
The next step will define the data to be collected for the life cycle
inventory
Step 5 Define the Functional Unit
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
31
Task List the key life cycle inventory data to be collected
Hint Think about the types of impacts and data requirements
bull Consider all relevant inputs and outputs
bull Include emissions to air discharge to water and solid waste
bull Consider fugitive emissions and ancillary input materials
bull Include recycled materials
bull Define any assumptions or data gaps clearly
The next steps would be to begin data collection data quality review
and modelling
Step 6 Data Collection Preparation
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
Life Cycle Assessment Classification and Characterisation
32 All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
Midpoints indicators
33
Popular problem-oriented (midpoint) methods are
CML indicators developed in The Netherlands
TRACI developed by the US EPA
Other currently used LCIA methods include
bull damage-oriented (endpoint) methods like EPS and Eco-
Indicator99 (Dutch)
bull distance-to-target methods like the Critical Volumes approach of
BUWAL the Swiss EPA
Effect Increased warming of the troposphere due to anthropogenic greenhouse
gases eg from the burning of fossil fuels
Reference Substance Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Reference Unit kg CO2-Equivalent
Source IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climatic Change)
CO2 CH4
CFCs
UV - radiation
AbsorptionReflection
Infraredradiation
Trace gases in th
e a
tmosphere
34
Life Cycle Impact Assessment Global Warming Potential (GWP)
Effect Reduction in the ozone concentration of the Stratosphere due to emissions
such as Chloro-fluoro-carbons (CFCs)
Reference Substance Tri-chloro-fluoro-methane (R11)
Reference Unit kg R11-Equivalent
Source CML (Heijungs Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) 1992
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP)
CFCs Nitrogen oxide
Stratosphere
15 - 50 km Absorption Absorption
UV - radiation
35
Effect Increase in the pH-value of precipitation due to the wash-out of acidifiying gases
eg Sulphur dioxide (SO2) and Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Reference Substance Sulphur dioxide (SO2)
Reference Unit kg SO2-Equivalent
Source CML (Heijungs Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) 1992
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Acidification Potential (AP)
SO 2
NO X
H 2 SO 4 4 HNO 3
36
Effect Excessive nutient input into water and land from substances such as
phosphorus und nitrogen from agriculture combustion processes and effluents
Reference Substance Phosphate (PO4-)
Reference Unit kg PO4- Equivalent
Source CML (Heijungs Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) 1992
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Eutrophication Potential (EP)
Waste water
Air pollution
Fertilisation
PO 4 -3
NO 3 -
NH 4 +
NO X N 2 O
NH 3
37
Hydrocarbons Nitrogen Oxides
Dry and warm climate
Hydrocarbons
Nitrogen Oxides
Ozone
Effect Formation of low level ozone by sunlight instigating the photochemical reaction
of nitrogen oxides with hyrocarbons and volatile organic compounds (VOC)
Reference Substance Ethylene (C2H4)
Reference Unit kg C2H4 -Equivalent
Source Udo de Haes et al 1999
38
Life Cycle Impact Assessment Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential (POCP) - Summer smog
Effect Continuous toxicological impact on humans
(arbitrary estimation)
Reference Substance 14-Di-chloro-benzene (DCB C6H4Cl2)
Reference Unit kg DCB - Equivalent
Source CML (Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) RIVM (National
Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection)
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Human Toxicity Potential (HTP)
Heavy metals
Halogenorganic
compounds
PCB DCB
PAH
Air
Food
Products
39
Effect Continuous toxicological impact on water and soils
(arbitrary estimation)
Reference Substance 14-Di-chloro-benzene (DCB C6H4Cl2)
Reference Unit kg DCB - Equivalent
Source CML (Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) RIVM (National
Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection)
Life Cycle Impact Assessment Aquatic (AETP) and Terrestrial (TETP) = Ecotoxicity Potential (ETP)
(Terrestrial Ecosystem)
Biosphere
Heavy metals
Halogenorganic
compounds PCB
DCB
PAH
Biosphere
(Aquatic ecosystem)
40
Agenda
1 PE International Overview
1 Profile Products and Services
2 Introduction to Life Cycle Assessment
Methodology and Framework
3 Applications of LCA and Business Value
1 Success Stories and Case Studies
4 Operationalization of LCA using GaBi
Software
Building business value long term B
usin
ess V
alu
e
Overview
Orientation
Long-term company
success
Screening
Material Comparison
Maturity of LCA usage
Rapid Prototyping (Generic LCA)
Process amp Resource Efficiency
Eco-design amp sustainable product Innovation
Verifiable BOM BOP amp Compliance
Product Communication amp Verification Continuous operational
optimization
Sustainable Product Portfolio Management
Value Chain optimization
42
43 11112013
Drivers for applying Life Cycle Thinking in industry are
Which reasons
exist
Regulations amp directives Integrate Product Policy (IPP)
Directive on end-of-life vehicle
WEEE and RoHS
Green purchasing program
Customer requests Down stream clients
Value chain
engagement Material stewardship
ldquoWhat ifrdquo scenarios
Communication and
reputation building SocietyNGOs
Authorities
Green funds
Research and academia
Life Cycle Thinking and Product Sustainability Introduction and overview
Business Benefit
Source httpavnirorgdocumentationcongres_avnirdiaposplacvmoteurUnilever_Taylorpdf
Life Cycle Assessment Value Chain Analysis
45
Business Benefit
Business value
bull Understand and improve productsrsquo
environmental footprints
bull EPDs for all its carpet products
globally for verified communication
and reporting
bull Product optimization and innovation
bull Risk Management in the supply chain
Solution
bull Use of GaBi software in-house to track
and improve its productsrsquo life cycle
performance
bull Reduce Recycle Innovative yarn
raquoOur use of LCA with GaBi has evolved to a proactive
assessment of alternatives during the development process
making it a critical tool in helping us achieve our Mission
Zeroreg goalslaquo
Connie Hensler Director Corporate LCA Programs
Interface Inc Source Ramon Arratia
Interface A case of full product responsibility
Life Cycle Assessment Hotspot Identification
LCA of furniture Green Product development
46 Source Ashwini Deodeshmukh Godrej Interio PE Workshop April 2013
47
Solution
bull LCA of packaging
bull Scenario analysis to optimize
packaging design
Sustainability performance
50 less primary energy
60 less plastic
75 fewer CO2 emissions from
transportation
Business advantage
Cost reduction of packaging
across the entire life cycle
Brand enhancement
in container manufacture only compared
to the rigid gallon jug
Packaging Innovation
bdquoLCA gives us a competitive advantage because it gives
us more insight into how to reduce our productsrsquo
footprints find efficiencies and validate and explain those
benefits to customers and consumersrdquo
Chris McGrath vice president for sustainability at Kraft Foods1
Source September 2012 MIT Sloan Management Review
Image Kraft Foods
Material Comparison Daimler Case Study
48
Comparison of concepts for the C-class front-module
bull Material options steel aluminum-steel plastic-steel
bull In terms of primary energy demand the steel version the favorable one followed by
the aluminum-steel option
bull In terms of weight the aluminum-steel version is best
Source Environmental Certificate Mercedes-Benz C-Class 11112013
Life Cycle Assessment PUMA- Shoe Packaging
bull 1 million litres of water saved
bull During transport 500000 litres of diesel is saved
bull If replacement of traditional shopping bags then save up to 275 tons of plastic
Septem
ber
2007
49
bull ~8500 tons less paper will be
consumed
bull 20 million Megajoules of electricity
saved
bull 1 million litres less of fuel oil use
Comparative LCA Sustainable Packaging
11112013 51
Impact Category Credit Energy
Disposal and
Recycling
Downstream
Transport
Primary
Packaging
Secondary
Packaging
Upstream
Transport
Container Glass -11 7 4 100 -2 2
PET 0 19 2 82 -4 1
Beverage Carton -12 134 8 -16 -15 1
Al Can 0 2 1 93 3 0
Source httpwwwindialcacompdfsILCM-2012-Session-6-Vinay-Saranpdf
Environmental Impact of Building Present and Future Scenario
bull Several methods and techniques
being adopted to reduce
environmental impact during the
use phase of the building
bull However impact due to materials
and construction will become
significant when operational
impact has been reduced
bull Cost of resources will increase
further creating burden on the
construction phase
Materials Operation End-of-life
Materials Operation End-of-life
GW
P t C
O2 e
q
Year 2020
Year 2010
GW
P t C
O2 e
q
0
25
50
0
25
50
53
Business Benefit
Image Tata Steel
Business value
bull Marketing tool for product
differentiation and to support
customers with data on the
sustainability of steel
bull Decision making in product
development
bull Identification of hot spots in the steel
value chain to effectively reduce
impacts and resource consumption
Solution
bull Use LCA Software to build product
models covering environmental impacts
bull Interactive reports for EPD creation
raquoLife Cycle Assessment helps us to fully understand
the benefits across the life cycle and assists us in
communicating these to our stakeholderslaquo
Allan Griffin Knowledge Group Leader Sustainability Tata Steel
Development of EPD Tata Steel Example
Agenda
1 PE International Overview
1 Profile Products and Services
2 Introduction to Life Cycle Assessment
Methodology and Framework
3 Applications of LCA and Business Value
1 Success Stories and Case Studies
4 Operationalization of LCA using GaBi
Software
1 Welcome why me meet
2000+ man years experience ofhellip
235+ experts fromhellip
30+ nations withhellip
20+ Industrial Sectorshellip
23 offices withhellip
1 DNA
What we offer
Integrated solutions for product and corporate sustainability management
Corporate Sustainability
Sustainability Management
Solution
GRI CDP UN Global Compact
Reporting
Management Systems ISO
14001 OHSAS 18001 ISO
50001 etc
Corporate Footprint (Carbon
and Water)
Product Sustainability
Product Life Cycle Assessment
solution
Design for Environment
Product Footprint (Carbon and
Water)
Scenario analysis decision
support
SoFi Software
LCA amp Sustainability Databases Databases amp Content
Software
Sustainability Consulting
Sustainability Roadmap and
Strategy
Stakeholder Engagement and
CSR
Carbon amp Water Footprints
Life Cycle Assessment
Energy efficiency studies
Sustainability Impact Energy
Carbon
Water
Resources
Emissions
Waste
Labour
HampS
Profit
Brand
Social
Ethics
PE is the only player with an
end-to-end value propositionhellip
Enterprise
Building amp
Infrastructure
Transport amp
Logistics
Supply chain
Process
Product
Co
rpo
rate
Valu
e C
hain
Vertical markets
Electronics
High-tec Chemical
Transport
amp logistics
Automotive
Manufacuring
Agriculture
food
Aerospace
Oil amp gas
Construction
amp building
Packaging
Media
Metals amp
Mining
Consumer
goods
Tourism
Retail
Government
Finance
Energy amp
Utilities
Apparel
z
The best global green brands rely on PE
Source Interbrand Best Global Green Brands Ranking 2011
9 out of 10 Green brands
work with us
40 of the global Fortune 500
companies use our solutions
1500+ clients from every
industry sector
Automotive
20 years experience amp
leadership with
dedicated vertical
offering
Apparel Front runner high-
quality proprietary data
vertical offering
Building amp
Construction
EPDs and network to
GBCs 17 years in the
market
Chemicals Association work high-
quality proprietary data
deep industry expertise
Consumer
Goods
Ability to cover the
entire value chain incl
retail dedicated vertical
offering
Electronics High-quality proprietary
data amp models 15 years
in the market
Financial
Services
Association work
thought leadership amp
robust flexible software
Food amp
Beverage
Ability to cover the
entire value chain incl
retail
dedicated vertical
offering
Industry
Associations
Understanding of the
industry needs
dedicated vertical
offering amp content
Metals and
Mining
Ability to cover all
aspects of sustainability
benchmarking
capability
hellipand is the market leader in all key verticals 40 of the Fortune Global 500 companies are customers of PE
8
Industry Sample customers PElsquos USP
Intuitive interactive
decision-guidance tool powered by
GaBi 6 software and DBrsquo12
GaBi Envision
Professional LCA
modeling software
GaBi 6
Design for x
[compliance
recycling etc]
GaBi DfX
GaBi Software Suite
For
LCA practitioners
For
Instant scenario
analysis
For
Non-LCA experts who
need expert answers
For
Integration GaBi 6
with PLMERP
Comparable robust and up to date industry LCI Data underlies expert LCAs
GaBi Databases rsquo12 Chemicals Energy Precious and Non-Precious Metals Plastics End of Life Manufacturing
Electronics Renewables hellip and external databases like USLCI ecoinvent
9
GaBi is the most widely used product sustainability
solution on the planet
10
bull Helps businesses achieve optimal product
sustainabilty performance
- Environmental
- Social
- Economic
bull GaBi is a modelling reporting amp diagnostic
software tool that drives product sustainability
performance during design planning and
production
bull Powerful LCA tools and databases for product
and process sustainability
Product Sustainability Performance (PSP) GaBi solves the following business challenges
Life Cycle Assessment
bull Design for Environment Product Stewardship
bull Energy-efficiency eco-efficiency
bull Eco-design
bull Sustainable value chains
Life Cycle Costing
bull Design for cost reduction
bull Integration of external cost
Life Cycle Working Environment
bull Developing manufacturing process that address social responsibilities
Life Cycle Reporting
bull Product marketing sustainability labels Environmental Product Declarations and credentials
bull Environmental communication amp sustainability reporting
bull LCA knowledge sharing
11 11112013
The Expert Choice
12
Databases
amp more
Industrial data
GaBi assesses the life cycle of any
producthellip
13
bull hellipbreaking it down into every
part material and process
then analyzing all related
supply chain components
bull hellipfor every phase in its life
cycle (growthmining
manufacturing transport
use end-of-life)
bull hellipfor any quantifiable
sustainability metric (energy
resources water used
emissions and ecological
impact ecological footprint
social impactshellip) enabling
identification of trade-offs
bull to determine the best
product design possible
What is SoFi
SoFi is a software modeling reporting amp diagnostic
platform for the enterprise
bull Helps achieve improved sustainability
performance across operations and the supply chain
- Environmental
- Social
- Economic
bull Aggregates disparate data and presents a complete
visualization of a companyrsquos sustainability performance
bull Diagnoses performance gaps using industry benchmarks
and automatically suggests remedial actions
bull Monitors improvement plans amp sustainability KPIs
bull Reports for internal and external stakeholders
Application areas
z Enterprise energy management bull Facilities amp assets bull Building portfolios
Sustainability reporting bull Responding to sustainability rating organizations bull Improving scores amp rankings
Environmental management bull ISO 14001 EMAS bull Work Safety Reporting
Carbon amp water management bull Carbon Footprint (Scope 12 amp 3) bull Reduction initiatives bull Voluntary amp mandatory reporting
Sustainable supply chain bull Supplier assessment ranking and rating bull Performance management for suppliers
First Accredited Provider amp
Gold Data Partner of CDP ldquoThe high quality SoFi Software solutions from our gold
carbon calculation partner PE INTERNATIONAL have
been tested by an independent third party and meet CDP
standards of greenhouse gas emissions calculation CDP
is delighted to recommend the SoFi Software solutions in
helping companies to measure and manage carbon
performance effectivelyrdquo
Paul Simpson Chief Executive Officer Carbon
Disclosure Project
ldquoGRI is pleased to confirm that SoFi contains precise
GRI content it is the first sustainability reporting tool
which has fulfilled all the requirements of the GRI
Certified Software and Tools Programrdquo
Dr Nelmara Arbex Director of Learning Services
Global Reporting Initiative
PE is a GRI Organizational Stakeholder since 2005 and
has been supporter and sponsor of the GRI
conferences since the launch in 2006
First verified solution by GRI
G4 G31 G3 Content
SoFi Accreditations
Agenda
1 PE International Overview
1 Profile Products and Services
2 Introduction to Life Cycle Assessment
Methodology and Framework
3 Applications of LCA and Business Value
1 Success Stories and Case Studies
4 Operationalization of LCA using GaBi
Software
Principles of Life Cycle Assessment What is LCA
18
Life Cycle Assessment is the compiling and evaluation of the input
and outputs and the potential environmental impacts of a product
system during its lifetime
Definition of Life Cycle Assessment from DIN ISO 14044
LCA
Raw Materials
Final Disposal
Life Cycle Thinkinghellip
A lens to assess your business amp supply chain sustainability
Recycling
Materials
Manufacture
Products
Manufacture
Transportation amp Manufacture
Use
19
20 11112013
Life Cycle Thinking an example for applied Life Cycle Thinking hellip
bull The framework for calculation of Life Cycle Assessments are the ISO-standards
1404014044
bull ISO definition
bull Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is the compiling and evaluation of the input and
outputs and the potential environmental impacts of a product system during its
lifetime
bull The results of Life Cycle Assessments are
bull A quantification of the inputs and outputs for a product life cycle
Life Cycle Inventory
bull A quantification of the potential environmental impacts eg Global Warming Potential
Acidification Potential Ozone Depletion Potential
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Basics of Life Cycle Assessment
21
22 11112013
Life Cycle Thinking Methods amp implementation ndash Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) ISO 1404044
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
Goal and scope
definition
Inventory analysis
Impact assessment
Inte
rpre
tation
LCA framework Direct applications
Product development
and improvement
Strategic planning
Public policy making
Marketing
Other
Basics of Life Cycle Assessment
End of Life Phase Production Phase Use Phase
Manufacture
bull Rotor
bull Nacelle
bull Tower
bull Cables
bull Transport to
site
Construction
bull Site works and
buildings
bull Foundations
bull Erection
End of life
bull Dismantling
bull Recycling
bull Landfill
bull Energy
recovery
Operation
bull Maintenance
bull Replacement
parts
bull Power
generation
23 All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
Basics of Life Cycle Assessment
24
Phases of the
life cycle
Impact
assessment
Energy consumption Raw material consumption
Global warming Summer smog Acidification Over fertilisation
Environmental toxins Waste etc
Production phase Use phase End of Life
Life cycle
stages
Preparation of
raw materials
Manufacturing
Pre-products Production Use
Disposal
Recycling
Deposition
Inventory
analysis
I N P U T R e s o u r c e s
O U T P U T E m i s s i o n s a n d W a s t e
ldquoCradle to gaterdquo
ldquoCradle to graverdquo
LCA Step by step
bull Definition of the goal of the study
bull Agreement on the scope of the project
bull Description of the functional unit ie reference unit
bull Set up of the Life Cycle Inventory
Data collection identification of the relevant material and energy flows
bull Calculation of the Impact Assessment
bull Evaluation and Interpretation of the results
bull Documentation in a detailed report
bull Critical Review
optional to increase the credibility
obligatory for comparative studies
25
26
Task Firstly define the intended Goal of your study in a short statement summarising
- the intended application and reasons for carrying out the study
- the intended audience for communication of results
- whether the results will be used for comparison and will comparative assertions be publicly disclosed
Hints Choose to study a product system you are familiar with For example the goal could be
bull To understand the life cycle impacts of a product a process or a service provided
bull To investigate the trade-offs in making changes to one aspect of a product life cycle
bull To compare the life cycle environmental impacts of two systems providing the same service
bull To understand life cycle environmental impacts of implementing a government policy
The next step will consider the Scope of the study
Step 1 Define the Goal
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
27
Task Outline the Scope of the system under study in a few bullet points
Hints Think about the goal of your study and the product system
bull What is the function of the product system(s) to be studied
bull Does it include the product use phase or end-of-life phase
bull Is the scope cradle to gate or cradle to grave
bull Are there any key co-products produced by the system
bull If you are studying two comparative systems are their common elements to each
system Can these common elements be ignored
The next step will illustrate the system(s) in a flow diagram
Step 2 Outline the Scope
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
28
Task Sketch a simple process flow diagram that illustrates the main life cycle processes that are relevant to your study
Hint The life cycle sketch could include
bull The main life cycle stages eg raw materials processing product use disposal transport steps
bull If you are undertaking a comparative study include both relevant systems
bull Note the functional output of your system
bull Each unit process should be described showing where the process begins and ends
bull Include any key co-products produced by the system
bull Is there any closed looped re-cycling or re-use within the system scope
The next step will illustrate the key inputs and outputs of the system
Step 3 Outline the Scope ndash sketch a flow diagram
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
29
Task Include the key Inputs and Outputs to your system flow diagram and define the System Boundary
Hint The system boundary includes the unit processes within the scope of the study
bull The system boundary should be consistent with the goal of the study
bull Think about the level of detail required for each unit process Are there cut-off criteria
bull If you decide to ignore or delete processes make a note of your reasons
bull Energy inputs and outputs should be included (all types of energy used)
bull You could make a distinction between foreground processes and background processes
The next step will define the Functional Unit of the system
Step 4 Define the System Boundary
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
30
Task Define the Functional Unit for the study
Hint The functional unit provides a reference to which all input and
output data are normalised It shall be clearly defined and
measureable
bull The functional unit should be consistent with the goal of the study
bull Different studies can be compared based on the functional unit
A textile example could be
One square meter of 200 gram square metre jersey fabric dyed black
The next step will define the data to be collected for the life cycle
inventory
Step 5 Define the Functional Unit
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
31
Task List the key life cycle inventory data to be collected
Hint Think about the types of impacts and data requirements
bull Consider all relevant inputs and outputs
bull Include emissions to air discharge to water and solid waste
bull Consider fugitive emissions and ancillary input materials
bull Include recycled materials
bull Define any assumptions or data gaps clearly
The next steps would be to begin data collection data quality review
and modelling
Step 6 Data Collection Preparation
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
Life Cycle Assessment Classification and Characterisation
32 All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
Midpoints indicators
33
Popular problem-oriented (midpoint) methods are
CML indicators developed in The Netherlands
TRACI developed by the US EPA
Other currently used LCIA methods include
bull damage-oriented (endpoint) methods like EPS and Eco-
Indicator99 (Dutch)
bull distance-to-target methods like the Critical Volumes approach of
BUWAL the Swiss EPA
Effect Increased warming of the troposphere due to anthropogenic greenhouse
gases eg from the burning of fossil fuels
Reference Substance Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Reference Unit kg CO2-Equivalent
Source IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climatic Change)
CO2 CH4
CFCs
UV - radiation
AbsorptionReflection
Infraredradiation
Trace gases in th
e a
tmosphere
34
Life Cycle Impact Assessment Global Warming Potential (GWP)
Effect Reduction in the ozone concentration of the Stratosphere due to emissions
such as Chloro-fluoro-carbons (CFCs)
Reference Substance Tri-chloro-fluoro-methane (R11)
Reference Unit kg R11-Equivalent
Source CML (Heijungs Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) 1992
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP)
CFCs Nitrogen oxide
Stratosphere
15 - 50 km Absorption Absorption
UV - radiation
35
Effect Increase in the pH-value of precipitation due to the wash-out of acidifiying gases
eg Sulphur dioxide (SO2) and Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Reference Substance Sulphur dioxide (SO2)
Reference Unit kg SO2-Equivalent
Source CML (Heijungs Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) 1992
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Acidification Potential (AP)
SO 2
NO X
H 2 SO 4 4 HNO 3
36
Effect Excessive nutient input into water and land from substances such as
phosphorus und nitrogen from agriculture combustion processes and effluents
Reference Substance Phosphate (PO4-)
Reference Unit kg PO4- Equivalent
Source CML (Heijungs Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) 1992
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Eutrophication Potential (EP)
Waste water
Air pollution
Fertilisation
PO 4 -3
NO 3 -
NH 4 +
NO X N 2 O
NH 3
37
Hydrocarbons Nitrogen Oxides
Dry and warm climate
Hydrocarbons
Nitrogen Oxides
Ozone
Effect Formation of low level ozone by sunlight instigating the photochemical reaction
of nitrogen oxides with hyrocarbons and volatile organic compounds (VOC)
Reference Substance Ethylene (C2H4)
Reference Unit kg C2H4 -Equivalent
Source Udo de Haes et al 1999
38
Life Cycle Impact Assessment Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential (POCP) - Summer smog
Effect Continuous toxicological impact on humans
(arbitrary estimation)
Reference Substance 14-Di-chloro-benzene (DCB C6H4Cl2)
Reference Unit kg DCB - Equivalent
Source CML (Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) RIVM (National
Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection)
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Human Toxicity Potential (HTP)
Heavy metals
Halogenorganic
compounds
PCB DCB
PAH
Air
Food
Products
39
Effect Continuous toxicological impact on water and soils
(arbitrary estimation)
Reference Substance 14-Di-chloro-benzene (DCB C6H4Cl2)
Reference Unit kg DCB - Equivalent
Source CML (Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) RIVM (National
Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection)
Life Cycle Impact Assessment Aquatic (AETP) and Terrestrial (TETP) = Ecotoxicity Potential (ETP)
(Terrestrial Ecosystem)
Biosphere
Heavy metals
Halogenorganic
compounds PCB
DCB
PAH
Biosphere
(Aquatic ecosystem)
40
Agenda
1 PE International Overview
1 Profile Products and Services
2 Introduction to Life Cycle Assessment
Methodology and Framework
3 Applications of LCA and Business Value
1 Success Stories and Case Studies
4 Operationalization of LCA using GaBi
Software
Building business value long term B
usin
ess V
alu
e
Overview
Orientation
Long-term company
success
Screening
Material Comparison
Maturity of LCA usage
Rapid Prototyping (Generic LCA)
Process amp Resource Efficiency
Eco-design amp sustainable product Innovation
Verifiable BOM BOP amp Compliance
Product Communication amp Verification Continuous operational
optimization
Sustainable Product Portfolio Management
Value Chain optimization
42
43 11112013
Drivers for applying Life Cycle Thinking in industry are
Which reasons
exist
Regulations amp directives Integrate Product Policy (IPP)
Directive on end-of-life vehicle
WEEE and RoHS
Green purchasing program
Customer requests Down stream clients
Value chain
engagement Material stewardship
ldquoWhat ifrdquo scenarios
Communication and
reputation building SocietyNGOs
Authorities
Green funds
Research and academia
Life Cycle Thinking and Product Sustainability Introduction and overview
Business Benefit
Source httpavnirorgdocumentationcongres_avnirdiaposplacvmoteurUnilever_Taylorpdf
Life Cycle Assessment Value Chain Analysis
45
Business Benefit
Business value
bull Understand and improve productsrsquo
environmental footprints
bull EPDs for all its carpet products
globally for verified communication
and reporting
bull Product optimization and innovation
bull Risk Management in the supply chain
Solution
bull Use of GaBi software in-house to track
and improve its productsrsquo life cycle
performance
bull Reduce Recycle Innovative yarn
raquoOur use of LCA with GaBi has evolved to a proactive
assessment of alternatives during the development process
making it a critical tool in helping us achieve our Mission
Zeroreg goalslaquo
Connie Hensler Director Corporate LCA Programs
Interface Inc Source Ramon Arratia
Interface A case of full product responsibility
Life Cycle Assessment Hotspot Identification
LCA of furniture Green Product development
46 Source Ashwini Deodeshmukh Godrej Interio PE Workshop April 2013
47
Solution
bull LCA of packaging
bull Scenario analysis to optimize
packaging design
Sustainability performance
50 less primary energy
60 less plastic
75 fewer CO2 emissions from
transportation
Business advantage
Cost reduction of packaging
across the entire life cycle
Brand enhancement
in container manufacture only compared
to the rigid gallon jug
Packaging Innovation
bdquoLCA gives us a competitive advantage because it gives
us more insight into how to reduce our productsrsquo
footprints find efficiencies and validate and explain those
benefits to customers and consumersrdquo
Chris McGrath vice president for sustainability at Kraft Foods1
Source September 2012 MIT Sloan Management Review
Image Kraft Foods
Material Comparison Daimler Case Study
48
Comparison of concepts for the C-class front-module
bull Material options steel aluminum-steel plastic-steel
bull In terms of primary energy demand the steel version the favorable one followed by
the aluminum-steel option
bull In terms of weight the aluminum-steel version is best
Source Environmental Certificate Mercedes-Benz C-Class 11112013
Life Cycle Assessment PUMA- Shoe Packaging
bull 1 million litres of water saved
bull During transport 500000 litres of diesel is saved
bull If replacement of traditional shopping bags then save up to 275 tons of plastic
Septem
ber
2007
49
bull ~8500 tons less paper will be
consumed
bull 20 million Megajoules of electricity
saved
bull 1 million litres less of fuel oil use
Comparative LCA Sustainable Packaging
11112013 51
Impact Category Credit Energy
Disposal and
Recycling
Downstream
Transport
Primary
Packaging
Secondary
Packaging
Upstream
Transport
Container Glass -11 7 4 100 -2 2
PET 0 19 2 82 -4 1
Beverage Carton -12 134 8 -16 -15 1
Al Can 0 2 1 93 3 0
Source httpwwwindialcacompdfsILCM-2012-Session-6-Vinay-Saranpdf
Environmental Impact of Building Present and Future Scenario
bull Several methods and techniques
being adopted to reduce
environmental impact during the
use phase of the building
bull However impact due to materials
and construction will become
significant when operational
impact has been reduced
bull Cost of resources will increase
further creating burden on the
construction phase
Materials Operation End-of-life
Materials Operation End-of-life
GW
P t C
O2 e
q
Year 2020
Year 2010
GW
P t C
O2 e
q
0
25
50
0
25
50
53
Business Benefit
Image Tata Steel
Business value
bull Marketing tool for product
differentiation and to support
customers with data on the
sustainability of steel
bull Decision making in product
development
bull Identification of hot spots in the steel
value chain to effectively reduce
impacts and resource consumption
Solution
bull Use LCA Software to build product
models covering environmental impacts
bull Interactive reports for EPD creation
raquoLife Cycle Assessment helps us to fully understand
the benefits across the life cycle and assists us in
communicating these to our stakeholderslaquo
Allan Griffin Knowledge Group Leader Sustainability Tata Steel
Development of EPD Tata Steel Example
1 Welcome why me meet
2000+ man years experience ofhellip
235+ experts fromhellip
30+ nations withhellip
20+ Industrial Sectorshellip
23 offices withhellip
1 DNA
What we offer
Integrated solutions for product and corporate sustainability management
Corporate Sustainability
Sustainability Management
Solution
GRI CDP UN Global Compact
Reporting
Management Systems ISO
14001 OHSAS 18001 ISO
50001 etc
Corporate Footprint (Carbon
and Water)
Product Sustainability
Product Life Cycle Assessment
solution
Design for Environment
Product Footprint (Carbon and
Water)
Scenario analysis decision
support
SoFi Software
LCA amp Sustainability Databases Databases amp Content
Software
Sustainability Consulting
Sustainability Roadmap and
Strategy
Stakeholder Engagement and
CSR
Carbon amp Water Footprints
Life Cycle Assessment
Energy efficiency studies
Sustainability Impact Energy
Carbon
Water
Resources
Emissions
Waste
Labour
HampS
Profit
Brand
Social
Ethics
PE is the only player with an
end-to-end value propositionhellip
Enterprise
Building amp
Infrastructure
Transport amp
Logistics
Supply chain
Process
Product
Co
rpo
rate
Valu
e C
hain
Vertical markets
Electronics
High-tec Chemical
Transport
amp logistics
Automotive
Manufacuring
Agriculture
food
Aerospace
Oil amp gas
Construction
amp building
Packaging
Media
Metals amp
Mining
Consumer
goods
Tourism
Retail
Government
Finance
Energy amp
Utilities
Apparel
z
The best global green brands rely on PE
Source Interbrand Best Global Green Brands Ranking 2011
9 out of 10 Green brands
work with us
40 of the global Fortune 500
companies use our solutions
1500+ clients from every
industry sector
Automotive
20 years experience amp
leadership with
dedicated vertical
offering
Apparel Front runner high-
quality proprietary data
vertical offering
Building amp
Construction
EPDs and network to
GBCs 17 years in the
market
Chemicals Association work high-
quality proprietary data
deep industry expertise
Consumer
Goods
Ability to cover the
entire value chain incl
retail dedicated vertical
offering
Electronics High-quality proprietary
data amp models 15 years
in the market
Financial
Services
Association work
thought leadership amp
robust flexible software
Food amp
Beverage
Ability to cover the
entire value chain incl
retail
dedicated vertical
offering
Industry
Associations
Understanding of the
industry needs
dedicated vertical
offering amp content
Metals and
Mining
Ability to cover all
aspects of sustainability
benchmarking
capability
hellipand is the market leader in all key verticals 40 of the Fortune Global 500 companies are customers of PE
8
Industry Sample customers PElsquos USP
Intuitive interactive
decision-guidance tool powered by
GaBi 6 software and DBrsquo12
GaBi Envision
Professional LCA
modeling software
GaBi 6
Design for x
[compliance
recycling etc]
GaBi DfX
GaBi Software Suite
For
LCA practitioners
For
Instant scenario
analysis
For
Non-LCA experts who
need expert answers
For
Integration GaBi 6
with PLMERP
Comparable robust and up to date industry LCI Data underlies expert LCAs
GaBi Databases rsquo12 Chemicals Energy Precious and Non-Precious Metals Plastics End of Life Manufacturing
Electronics Renewables hellip and external databases like USLCI ecoinvent
9
GaBi is the most widely used product sustainability
solution on the planet
10
bull Helps businesses achieve optimal product
sustainabilty performance
- Environmental
- Social
- Economic
bull GaBi is a modelling reporting amp diagnostic
software tool that drives product sustainability
performance during design planning and
production
bull Powerful LCA tools and databases for product
and process sustainability
Product Sustainability Performance (PSP) GaBi solves the following business challenges
Life Cycle Assessment
bull Design for Environment Product Stewardship
bull Energy-efficiency eco-efficiency
bull Eco-design
bull Sustainable value chains
Life Cycle Costing
bull Design for cost reduction
bull Integration of external cost
Life Cycle Working Environment
bull Developing manufacturing process that address social responsibilities
Life Cycle Reporting
bull Product marketing sustainability labels Environmental Product Declarations and credentials
bull Environmental communication amp sustainability reporting
bull LCA knowledge sharing
11 11112013
The Expert Choice
12
Databases
amp more
Industrial data
GaBi assesses the life cycle of any
producthellip
13
bull hellipbreaking it down into every
part material and process
then analyzing all related
supply chain components
bull hellipfor every phase in its life
cycle (growthmining
manufacturing transport
use end-of-life)
bull hellipfor any quantifiable
sustainability metric (energy
resources water used
emissions and ecological
impact ecological footprint
social impactshellip) enabling
identification of trade-offs
bull to determine the best
product design possible
What is SoFi
SoFi is a software modeling reporting amp diagnostic
platform for the enterprise
bull Helps achieve improved sustainability
performance across operations and the supply chain
- Environmental
- Social
- Economic
bull Aggregates disparate data and presents a complete
visualization of a companyrsquos sustainability performance
bull Diagnoses performance gaps using industry benchmarks
and automatically suggests remedial actions
bull Monitors improvement plans amp sustainability KPIs
bull Reports for internal and external stakeholders
Application areas
z Enterprise energy management bull Facilities amp assets bull Building portfolios
Sustainability reporting bull Responding to sustainability rating organizations bull Improving scores amp rankings
Environmental management bull ISO 14001 EMAS bull Work Safety Reporting
Carbon amp water management bull Carbon Footprint (Scope 12 amp 3) bull Reduction initiatives bull Voluntary amp mandatory reporting
Sustainable supply chain bull Supplier assessment ranking and rating bull Performance management for suppliers
First Accredited Provider amp
Gold Data Partner of CDP ldquoThe high quality SoFi Software solutions from our gold
carbon calculation partner PE INTERNATIONAL have
been tested by an independent third party and meet CDP
standards of greenhouse gas emissions calculation CDP
is delighted to recommend the SoFi Software solutions in
helping companies to measure and manage carbon
performance effectivelyrdquo
Paul Simpson Chief Executive Officer Carbon
Disclosure Project
ldquoGRI is pleased to confirm that SoFi contains precise
GRI content it is the first sustainability reporting tool
which has fulfilled all the requirements of the GRI
Certified Software and Tools Programrdquo
Dr Nelmara Arbex Director of Learning Services
Global Reporting Initiative
PE is a GRI Organizational Stakeholder since 2005 and
has been supporter and sponsor of the GRI
conferences since the launch in 2006
First verified solution by GRI
G4 G31 G3 Content
SoFi Accreditations
Agenda
1 PE International Overview
1 Profile Products and Services
2 Introduction to Life Cycle Assessment
Methodology and Framework
3 Applications of LCA and Business Value
1 Success Stories and Case Studies
4 Operationalization of LCA using GaBi
Software
Principles of Life Cycle Assessment What is LCA
18
Life Cycle Assessment is the compiling and evaluation of the input
and outputs and the potential environmental impacts of a product
system during its lifetime
Definition of Life Cycle Assessment from DIN ISO 14044
LCA
Raw Materials
Final Disposal
Life Cycle Thinkinghellip
A lens to assess your business amp supply chain sustainability
Recycling
Materials
Manufacture
Products
Manufacture
Transportation amp Manufacture
Use
19
20 11112013
Life Cycle Thinking an example for applied Life Cycle Thinking hellip
bull The framework for calculation of Life Cycle Assessments are the ISO-standards
1404014044
bull ISO definition
bull Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is the compiling and evaluation of the input and
outputs and the potential environmental impacts of a product system during its
lifetime
bull The results of Life Cycle Assessments are
bull A quantification of the inputs and outputs for a product life cycle
Life Cycle Inventory
bull A quantification of the potential environmental impacts eg Global Warming Potential
Acidification Potential Ozone Depletion Potential
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Basics of Life Cycle Assessment
21
22 11112013
Life Cycle Thinking Methods amp implementation ndash Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) ISO 1404044
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
Goal and scope
definition
Inventory analysis
Impact assessment
Inte
rpre
tation
LCA framework Direct applications
Product development
and improvement
Strategic planning
Public policy making
Marketing
Other
Basics of Life Cycle Assessment
End of Life Phase Production Phase Use Phase
Manufacture
bull Rotor
bull Nacelle
bull Tower
bull Cables
bull Transport to
site
Construction
bull Site works and
buildings
bull Foundations
bull Erection
End of life
bull Dismantling
bull Recycling
bull Landfill
bull Energy
recovery
Operation
bull Maintenance
bull Replacement
parts
bull Power
generation
23 All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
Basics of Life Cycle Assessment
24
Phases of the
life cycle
Impact
assessment
Energy consumption Raw material consumption
Global warming Summer smog Acidification Over fertilisation
Environmental toxins Waste etc
Production phase Use phase End of Life
Life cycle
stages
Preparation of
raw materials
Manufacturing
Pre-products Production Use
Disposal
Recycling
Deposition
Inventory
analysis
I N P U T R e s o u r c e s
O U T P U T E m i s s i o n s a n d W a s t e
ldquoCradle to gaterdquo
ldquoCradle to graverdquo
LCA Step by step
bull Definition of the goal of the study
bull Agreement on the scope of the project
bull Description of the functional unit ie reference unit
bull Set up of the Life Cycle Inventory
Data collection identification of the relevant material and energy flows
bull Calculation of the Impact Assessment
bull Evaluation and Interpretation of the results
bull Documentation in a detailed report
bull Critical Review
optional to increase the credibility
obligatory for comparative studies
25
26
Task Firstly define the intended Goal of your study in a short statement summarising
- the intended application and reasons for carrying out the study
- the intended audience for communication of results
- whether the results will be used for comparison and will comparative assertions be publicly disclosed
Hints Choose to study a product system you are familiar with For example the goal could be
bull To understand the life cycle impacts of a product a process or a service provided
bull To investigate the trade-offs in making changes to one aspect of a product life cycle
bull To compare the life cycle environmental impacts of two systems providing the same service
bull To understand life cycle environmental impacts of implementing a government policy
The next step will consider the Scope of the study
Step 1 Define the Goal
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
27
Task Outline the Scope of the system under study in a few bullet points
Hints Think about the goal of your study and the product system
bull What is the function of the product system(s) to be studied
bull Does it include the product use phase or end-of-life phase
bull Is the scope cradle to gate or cradle to grave
bull Are there any key co-products produced by the system
bull If you are studying two comparative systems are their common elements to each
system Can these common elements be ignored
The next step will illustrate the system(s) in a flow diagram
Step 2 Outline the Scope
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
28
Task Sketch a simple process flow diagram that illustrates the main life cycle processes that are relevant to your study
Hint The life cycle sketch could include
bull The main life cycle stages eg raw materials processing product use disposal transport steps
bull If you are undertaking a comparative study include both relevant systems
bull Note the functional output of your system
bull Each unit process should be described showing where the process begins and ends
bull Include any key co-products produced by the system
bull Is there any closed looped re-cycling or re-use within the system scope
The next step will illustrate the key inputs and outputs of the system
Step 3 Outline the Scope ndash sketch a flow diagram
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
29
Task Include the key Inputs and Outputs to your system flow diagram and define the System Boundary
Hint The system boundary includes the unit processes within the scope of the study
bull The system boundary should be consistent with the goal of the study
bull Think about the level of detail required for each unit process Are there cut-off criteria
bull If you decide to ignore or delete processes make a note of your reasons
bull Energy inputs and outputs should be included (all types of energy used)
bull You could make a distinction between foreground processes and background processes
The next step will define the Functional Unit of the system
Step 4 Define the System Boundary
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
30
Task Define the Functional Unit for the study
Hint The functional unit provides a reference to which all input and
output data are normalised It shall be clearly defined and
measureable
bull The functional unit should be consistent with the goal of the study
bull Different studies can be compared based on the functional unit
A textile example could be
One square meter of 200 gram square metre jersey fabric dyed black
The next step will define the data to be collected for the life cycle
inventory
Step 5 Define the Functional Unit
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
31
Task List the key life cycle inventory data to be collected
Hint Think about the types of impacts and data requirements
bull Consider all relevant inputs and outputs
bull Include emissions to air discharge to water and solid waste
bull Consider fugitive emissions and ancillary input materials
bull Include recycled materials
bull Define any assumptions or data gaps clearly
The next steps would be to begin data collection data quality review
and modelling
Step 6 Data Collection Preparation
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
Life Cycle Assessment Classification and Characterisation
32 All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
Midpoints indicators
33
Popular problem-oriented (midpoint) methods are
CML indicators developed in The Netherlands
TRACI developed by the US EPA
Other currently used LCIA methods include
bull damage-oriented (endpoint) methods like EPS and Eco-
Indicator99 (Dutch)
bull distance-to-target methods like the Critical Volumes approach of
BUWAL the Swiss EPA
Effect Increased warming of the troposphere due to anthropogenic greenhouse
gases eg from the burning of fossil fuels
Reference Substance Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Reference Unit kg CO2-Equivalent
Source IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climatic Change)
CO2 CH4
CFCs
UV - radiation
AbsorptionReflection
Infraredradiation
Trace gases in th
e a
tmosphere
34
Life Cycle Impact Assessment Global Warming Potential (GWP)
Effect Reduction in the ozone concentration of the Stratosphere due to emissions
such as Chloro-fluoro-carbons (CFCs)
Reference Substance Tri-chloro-fluoro-methane (R11)
Reference Unit kg R11-Equivalent
Source CML (Heijungs Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) 1992
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP)
CFCs Nitrogen oxide
Stratosphere
15 - 50 km Absorption Absorption
UV - radiation
35
Effect Increase in the pH-value of precipitation due to the wash-out of acidifiying gases
eg Sulphur dioxide (SO2) and Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Reference Substance Sulphur dioxide (SO2)
Reference Unit kg SO2-Equivalent
Source CML (Heijungs Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) 1992
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Acidification Potential (AP)
SO 2
NO X
H 2 SO 4 4 HNO 3
36
Effect Excessive nutient input into water and land from substances such as
phosphorus und nitrogen from agriculture combustion processes and effluents
Reference Substance Phosphate (PO4-)
Reference Unit kg PO4- Equivalent
Source CML (Heijungs Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) 1992
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Eutrophication Potential (EP)
Waste water
Air pollution
Fertilisation
PO 4 -3
NO 3 -
NH 4 +
NO X N 2 O
NH 3
37
Hydrocarbons Nitrogen Oxides
Dry and warm climate
Hydrocarbons
Nitrogen Oxides
Ozone
Effect Formation of low level ozone by sunlight instigating the photochemical reaction
of nitrogen oxides with hyrocarbons and volatile organic compounds (VOC)
Reference Substance Ethylene (C2H4)
Reference Unit kg C2H4 -Equivalent
Source Udo de Haes et al 1999
38
Life Cycle Impact Assessment Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential (POCP) - Summer smog
Effect Continuous toxicological impact on humans
(arbitrary estimation)
Reference Substance 14-Di-chloro-benzene (DCB C6H4Cl2)
Reference Unit kg DCB - Equivalent
Source CML (Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) RIVM (National
Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection)
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Human Toxicity Potential (HTP)
Heavy metals
Halogenorganic
compounds
PCB DCB
PAH
Air
Food
Products
39
Effect Continuous toxicological impact on water and soils
(arbitrary estimation)
Reference Substance 14-Di-chloro-benzene (DCB C6H4Cl2)
Reference Unit kg DCB - Equivalent
Source CML (Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) RIVM (National
Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection)
Life Cycle Impact Assessment Aquatic (AETP) and Terrestrial (TETP) = Ecotoxicity Potential (ETP)
(Terrestrial Ecosystem)
Biosphere
Heavy metals
Halogenorganic
compounds PCB
DCB
PAH
Biosphere
(Aquatic ecosystem)
40
Agenda
1 PE International Overview
1 Profile Products and Services
2 Introduction to Life Cycle Assessment
Methodology and Framework
3 Applications of LCA and Business Value
1 Success Stories and Case Studies
4 Operationalization of LCA using GaBi
Software
Building business value long term B
usin
ess V
alu
e
Overview
Orientation
Long-term company
success
Screening
Material Comparison
Maturity of LCA usage
Rapid Prototyping (Generic LCA)
Process amp Resource Efficiency
Eco-design amp sustainable product Innovation
Verifiable BOM BOP amp Compliance
Product Communication amp Verification Continuous operational
optimization
Sustainable Product Portfolio Management
Value Chain optimization
42
43 11112013
Drivers for applying Life Cycle Thinking in industry are
Which reasons
exist
Regulations amp directives Integrate Product Policy (IPP)
Directive on end-of-life vehicle
WEEE and RoHS
Green purchasing program
Customer requests Down stream clients
Value chain
engagement Material stewardship
ldquoWhat ifrdquo scenarios
Communication and
reputation building SocietyNGOs
Authorities
Green funds
Research and academia
Life Cycle Thinking and Product Sustainability Introduction and overview
Business Benefit
Source httpavnirorgdocumentationcongres_avnirdiaposplacvmoteurUnilever_Taylorpdf
Life Cycle Assessment Value Chain Analysis
45
Business Benefit
Business value
bull Understand and improve productsrsquo
environmental footprints
bull EPDs for all its carpet products
globally for verified communication
and reporting
bull Product optimization and innovation
bull Risk Management in the supply chain
Solution
bull Use of GaBi software in-house to track
and improve its productsrsquo life cycle
performance
bull Reduce Recycle Innovative yarn
raquoOur use of LCA with GaBi has evolved to a proactive
assessment of alternatives during the development process
making it a critical tool in helping us achieve our Mission
Zeroreg goalslaquo
Connie Hensler Director Corporate LCA Programs
Interface Inc Source Ramon Arratia
Interface A case of full product responsibility
Life Cycle Assessment Hotspot Identification
LCA of furniture Green Product development
46 Source Ashwini Deodeshmukh Godrej Interio PE Workshop April 2013
47
Solution
bull LCA of packaging
bull Scenario analysis to optimize
packaging design
Sustainability performance
50 less primary energy
60 less plastic
75 fewer CO2 emissions from
transportation
Business advantage
Cost reduction of packaging
across the entire life cycle
Brand enhancement
in container manufacture only compared
to the rigid gallon jug
Packaging Innovation
bdquoLCA gives us a competitive advantage because it gives
us more insight into how to reduce our productsrsquo
footprints find efficiencies and validate and explain those
benefits to customers and consumersrdquo
Chris McGrath vice president for sustainability at Kraft Foods1
Source September 2012 MIT Sloan Management Review
Image Kraft Foods
Material Comparison Daimler Case Study
48
Comparison of concepts for the C-class front-module
bull Material options steel aluminum-steel plastic-steel
bull In terms of primary energy demand the steel version the favorable one followed by
the aluminum-steel option
bull In terms of weight the aluminum-steel version is best
Source Environmental Certificate Mercedes-Benz C-Class 11112013
Life Cycle Assessment PUMA- Shoe Packaging
bull 1 million litres of water saved
bull During transport 500000 litres of diesel is saved
bull If replacement of traditional shopping bags then save up to 275 tons of plastic
Septem
ber
2007
49
bull ~8500 tons less paper will be
consumed
bull 20 million Megajoules of electricity
saved
bull 1 million litres less of fuel oil use
Comparative LCA Sustainable Packaging
11112013 51
Impact Category Credit Energy
Disposal and
Recycling
Downstream
Transport
Primary
Packaging
Secondary
Packaging
Upstream
Transport
Container Glass -11 7 4 100 -2 2
PET 0 19 2 82 -4 1
Beverage Carton -12 134 8 -16 -15 1
Al Can 0 2 1 93 3 0
Source httpwwwindialcacompdfsILCM-2012-Session-6-Vinay-Saranpdf
Environmental Impact of Building Present and Future Scenario
bull Several methods and techniques
being adopted to reduce
environmental impact during the
use phase of the building
bull However impact due to materials
and construction will become
significant when operational
impact has been reduced
bull Cost of resources will increase
further creating burden on the
construction phase
Materials Operation End-of-life
Materials Operation End-of-life
GW
P t C
O2 e
q
Year 2020
Year 2010
GW
P t C
O2 e
q
0
25
50
0
25
50
53
Business Benefit
Image Tata Steel
Business value
bull Marketing tool for product
differentiation and to support
customers with data on the
sustainability of steel
bull Decision making in product
development
bull Identification of hot spots in the steel
value chain to effectively reduce
impacts and resource consumption
Solution
bull Use LCA Software to build product
models covering environmental impacts
bull Interactive reports for EPD creation
raquoLife Cycle Assessment helps us to fully understand
the benefits across the life cycle and assists us in
communicating these to our stakeholderslaquo
Allan Griffin Knowledge Group Leader Sustainability Tata Steel
Development of EPD Tata Steel Example
What we offer
Integrated solutions for product and corporate sustainability management
Corporate Sustainability
Sustainability Management
Solution
GRI CDP UN Global Compact
Reporting
Management Systems ISO
14001 OHSAS 18001 ISO
50001 etc
Corporate Footprint (Carbon
and Water)
Product Sustainability
Product Life Cycle Assessment
solution
Design for Environment
Product Footprint (Carbon and
Water)
Scenario analysis decision
support
SoFi Software
LCA amp Sustainability Databases Databases amp Content
Software
Sustainability Consulting
Sustainability Roadmap and
Strategy
Stakeholder Engagement and
CSR
Carbon amp Water Footprints
Life Cycle Assessment
Energy efficiency studies
Sustainability Impact Energy
Carbon
Water
Resources
Emissions
Waste
Labour
HampS
Profit
Brand
Social
Ethics
PE is the only player with an
end-to-end value propositionhellip
Enterprise
Building amp
Infrastructure
Transport amp
Logistics
Supply chain
Process
Product
Co
rpo
rate
Valu
e C
hain
Vertical markets
Electronics
High-tec Chemical
Transport
amp logistics
Automotive
Manufacuring
Agriculture
food
Aerospace
Oil amp gas
Construction
amp building
Packaging
Media
Metals amp
Mining
Consumer
goods
Tourism
Retail
Government
Finance
Energy amp
Utilities
Apparel
z
The best global green brands rely on PE
Source Interbrand Best Global Green Brands Ranking 2011
9 out of 10 Green brands
work with us
40 of the global Fortune 500
companies use our solutions
1500+ clients from every
industry sector
Automotive
20 years experience amp
leadership with
dedicated vertical
offering
Apparel Front runner high-
quality proprietary data
vertical offering
Building amp
Construction
EPDs and network to
GBCs 17 years in the
market
Chemicals Association work high-
quality proprietary data
deep industry expertise
Consumer
Goods
Ability to cover the
entire value chain incl
retail dedicated vertical
offering
Electronics High-quality proprietary
data amp models 15 years
in the market
Financial
Services
Association work
thought leadership amp
robust flexible software
Food amp
Beverage
Ability to cover the
entire value chain incl
retail
dedicated vertical
offering
Industry
Associations
Understanding of the
industry needs
dedicated vertical
offering amp content
Metals and
Mining
Ability to cover all
aspects of sustainability
benchmarking
capability
hellipand is the market leader in all key verticals 40 of the Fortune Global 500 companies are customers of PE
8
Industry Sample customers PElsquos USP
Intuitive interactive
decision-guidance tool powered by
GaBi 6 software and DBrsquo12
GaBi Envision
Professional LCA
modeling software
GaBi 6
Design for x
[compliance
recycling etc]
GaBi DfX
GaBi Software Suite
For
LCA practitioners
For
Instant scenario
analysis
For
Non-LCA experts who
need expert answers
For
Integration GaBi 6
with PLMERP
Comparable robust and up to date industry LCI Data underlies expert LCAs
GaBi Databases rsquo12 Chemicals Energy Precious and Non-Precious Metals Plastics End of Life Manufacturing
Electronics Renewables hellip and external databases like USLCI ecoinvent
9
GaBi is the most widely used product sustainability
solution on the planet
10
bull Helps businesses achieve optimal product
sustainabilty performance
- Environmental
- Social
- Economic
bull GaBi is a modelling reporting amp diagnostic
software tool that drives product sustainability
performance during design planning and
production
bull Powerful LCA tools and databases for product
and process sustainability
Product Sustainability Performance (PSP) GaBi solves the following business challenges
Life Cycle Assessment
bull Design for Environment Product Stewardship
bull Energy-efficiency eco-efficiency
bull Eco-design
bull Sustainable value chains
Life Cycle Costing
bull Design for cost reduction
bull Integration of external cost
Life Cycle Working Environment
bull Developing manufacturing process that address social responsibilities
Life Cycle Reporting
bull Product marketing sustainability labels Environmental Product Declarations and credentials
bull Environmental communication amp sustainability reporting
bull LCA knowledge sharing
11 11112013
The Expert Choice
12
Databases
amp more
Industrial data
GaBi assesses the life cycle of any
producthellip
13
bull hellipbreaking it down into every
part material and process
then analyzing all related
supply chain components
bull hellipfor every phase in its life
cycle (growthmining
manufacturing transport
use end-of-life)
bull hellipfor any quantifiable
sustainability metric (energy
resources water used
emissions and ecological
impact ecological footprint
social impactshellip) enabling
identification of trade-offs
bull to determine the best
product design possible
What is SoFi
SoFi is a software modeling reporting amp diagnostic
platform for the enterprise
bull Helps achieve improved sustainability
performance across operations and the supply chain
- Environmental
- Social
- Economic
bull Aggregates disparate data and presents a complete
visualization of a companyrsquos sustainability performance
bull Diagnoses performance gaps using industry benchmarks
and automatically suggests remedial actions
bull Monitors improvement plans amp sustainability KPIs
bull Reports for internal and external stakeholders
Application areas
z Enterprise energy management bull Facilities amp assets bull Building portfolios
Sustainability reporting bull Responding to sustainability rating organizations bull Improving scores amp rankings
Environmental management bull ISO 14001 EMAS bull Work Safety Reporting
Carbon amp water management bull Carbon Footprint (Scope 12 amp 3) bull Reduction initiatives bull Voluntary amp mandatory reporting
Sustainable supply chain bull Supplier assessment ranking and rating bull Performance management for suppliers
First Accredited Provider amp
Gold Data Partner of CDP ldquoThe high quality SoFi Software solutions from our gold
carbon calculation partner PE INTERNATIONAL have
been tested by an independent third party and meet CDP
standards of greenhouse gas emissions calculation CDP
is delighted to recommend the SoFi Software solutions in
helping companies to measure and manage carbon
performance effectivelyrdquo
Paul Simpson Chief Executive Officer Carbon
Disclosure Project
ldquoGRI is pleased to confirm that SoFi contains precise
GRI content it is the first sustainability reporting tool
which has fulfilled all the requirements of the GRI
Certified Software and Tools Programrdquo
Dr Nelmara Arbex Director of Learning Services
Global Reporting Initiative
PE is a GRI Organizational Stakeholder since 2005 and
has been supporter and sponsor of the GRI
conferences since the launch in 2006
First verified solution by GRI
G4 G31 G3 Content
SoFi Accreditations
Agenda
1 PE International Overview
1 Profile Products and Services
2 Introduction to Life Cycle Assessment
Methodology and Framework
3 Applications of LCA and Business Value
1 Success Stories and Case Studies
4 Operationalization of LCA using GaBi
Software
Principles of Life Cycle Assessment What is LCA
18
Life Cycle Assessment is the compiling and evaluation of the input
and outputs and the potential environmental impacts of a product
system during its lifetime
Definition of Life Cycle Assessment from DIN ISO 14044
LCA
Raw Materials
Final Disposal
Life Cycle Thinkinghellip
A lens to assess your business amp supply chain sustainability
Recycling
Materials
Manufacture
Products
Manufacture
Transportation amp Manufacture
Use
19
20 11112013
Life Cycle Thinking an example for applied Life Cycle Thinking hellip
bull The framework for calculation of Life Cycle Assessments are the ISO-standards
1404014044
bull ISO definition
bull Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is the compiling and evaluation of the input and
outputs and the potential environmental impacts of a product system during its
lifetime
bull The results of Life Cycle Assessments are
bull A quantification of the inputs and outputs for a product life cycle
Life Cycle Inventory
bull A quantification of the potential environmental impacts eg Global Warming Potential
Acidification Potential Ozone Depletion Potential
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Basics of Life Cycle Assessment
21
22 11112013
Life Cycle Thinking Methods amp implementation ndash Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) ISO 1404044
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
Goal and scope
definition
Inventory analysis
Impact assessment
Inte
rpre
tation
LCA framework Direct applications
Product development
and improvement
Strategic planning
Public policy making
Marketing
Other
Basics of Life Cycle Assessment
End of Life Phase Production Phase Use Phase
Manufacture
bull Rotor
bull Nacelle
bull Tower
bull Cables
bull Transport to
site
Construction
bull Site works and
buildings
bull Foundations
bull Erection
End of life
bull Dismantling
bull Recycling
bull Landfill
bull Energy
recovery
Operation
bull Maintenance
bull Replacement
parts
bull Power
generation
23 All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
Basics of Life Cycle Assessment
24
Phases of the
life cycle
Impact
assessment
Energy consumption Raw material consumption
Global warming Summer smog Acidification Over fertilisation
Environmental toxins Waste etc
Production phase Use phase End of Life
Life cycle
stages
Preparation of
raw materials
Manufacturing
Pre-products Production Use
Disposal
Recycling
Deposition
Inventory
analysis
I N P U T R e s o u r c e s
O U T P U T E m i s s i o n s a n d W a s t e
ldquoCradle to gaterdquo
ldquoCradle to graverdquo
LCA Step by step
bull Definition of the goal of the study
bull Agreement on the scope of the project
bull Description of the functional unit ie reference unit
bull Set up of the Life Cycle Inventory
Data collection identification of the relevant material and energy flows
bull Calculation of the Impact Assessment
bull Evaluation and Interpretation of the results
bull Documentation in a detailed report
bull Critical Review
optional to increase the credibility
obligatory for comparative studies
25
26
Task Firstly define the intended Goal of your study in a short statement summarising
- the intended application and reasons for carrying out the study
- the intended audience for communication of results
- whether the results will be used for comparison and will comparative assertions be publicly disclosed
Hints Choose to study a product system you are familiar with For example the goal could be
bull To understand the life cycle impacts of a product a process or a service provided
bull To investigate the trade-offs in making changes to one aspect of a product life cycle
bull To compare the life cycle environmental impacts of two systems providing the same service
bull To understand life cycle environmental impacts of implementing a government policy
The next step will consider the Scope of the study
Step 1 Define the Goal
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
27
Task Outline the Scope of the system under study in a few bullet points
Hints Think about the goal of your study and the product system
bull What is the function of the product system(s) to be studied
bull Does it include the product use phase or end-of-life phase
bull Is the scope cradle to gate or cradle to grave
bull Are there any key co-products produced by the system
bull If you are studying two comparative systems are their common elements to each
system Can these common elements be ignored
The next step will illustrate the system(s) in a flow diagram
Step 2 Outline the Scope
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
28
Task Sketch a simple process flow diagram that illustrates the main life cycle processes that are relevant to your study
Hint The life cycle sketch could include
bull The main life cycle stages eg raw materials processing product use disposal transport steps
bull If you are undertaking a comparative study include both relevant systems
bull Note the functional output of your system
bull Each unit process should be described showing where the process begins and ends
bull Include any key co-products produced by the system
bull Is there any closed looped re-cycling or re-use within the system scope
The next step will illustrate the key inputs and outputs of the system
Step 3 Outline the Scope ndash sketch a flow diagram
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
29
Task Include the key Inputs and Outputs to your system flow diagram and define the System Boundary
Hint The system boundary includes the unit processes within the scope of the study
bull The system boundary should be consistent with the goal of the study
bull Think about the level of detail required for each unit process Are there cut-off criteria
bull If you decide to ignore or delete processes make a note of your reasons
bull Energy inputs and outputs should be included (all types of energy used)
bull You could make a distinction between foreground processes and background processes
The next step will define the Functional Unit of the system
Step 4 Define the System Boundary
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
30
Task Define the Functional Unit for the study
Hint The functional unit provides a reference to which all input and
output data are normalised It shall be clearly defined and
measureable
bull The functional unit should be consistent with the goal of the study
bull Different studies can be compared based on the functional unit
A textile example could be
One square meter of 200 gram square metre jersey fabric dyed black
The next step will define the data to be collected for the life cycle
inventory
Step 5 Define the Functional Unit
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
31
Task List the key life cycle inventory data to be collected
Hint Think about the types of impacts and data requirements
bull Consider all relevant inputs and outputs
bull Include emissions to air discharge to water and solid waste
bull Consider fugitive emissions and ancillary input materials
bull Include recycled materials
bull Define any assumptions or data gaps clearly
The next steps would be to begin data collection data quality review
and modelling
Step 6 Data Collection Preparation
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
Life Cycle Assessment Classification and Characterisation
32 All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
Midpoints indicators
33
Popular problem-oriented (midpoint) methods are
CML indicators developed in The Netherlands
TRACI developed by the US EPA
Other currently used LCIA methods include
bull damage-oriented (endpoint) methods like EPS and Eco-
Indicator99 (Dutch)
bull distance-to-target methods like the Critical Volumes approach of
BUWAL the Swiss EPA
Effect Increased warming of the troposphere due to anthropogenic greenhouse
gases eg from the burning of fossil fuels
Reference Substance Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Reference Unit kg CO2-Equivalent
Source IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climatic Change)
CO2 CH4
CFCs
UV - radiation
AbsorptionReflection
Infraredradiation
Trace gases in th
e a
tmosphere
34
Life Cycle Impact Assessment Global Warming Potential (GWP)
Effect Reduction in the ozone concentration of the Stratosphere due to emissions
such as Chloro-fluoro-carbons (CFCs)
Reference Substance Tri-chloro-fluoro-methane (R11)
Reference Unit kg R11-Equivalent
Source CML (Heijungs Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) 1992
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP)
CFCs Nitrogen oxide
Stratosphere
15 - 50 km Absorption Absorption
UV - radiation
35
Effect Increase in the pH-value of precipitation due to the wash-out of acidifiying gases
eg Sulphur dioxide (SO2) and Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Reference Substance Sulphur dioxide (SO2)
Reference Unit kg SO2-Equivalent
Source CML (Heijungs Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) 1992
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Acidification Potential (AP)
SO 2
NO X
H 2 SO 4 4 HNO 3
36
Effect Excessive nutient input into water and land from substances such as
phosphorus und nitrogen from agriculture combustion processes and effluents
Reference Substance Phosphate (PO4-)
Reference Unit kg PO4- Equivalent
Source CML (Heijungs Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) 1992
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Eutrophication Potential (EP)
Waste water
Air pollution
Fertilisation
PO 4 -3
NO 3 -
NH 4 +
NO X N 2 O
NH 3
37
Hydrocarbons Nitrogen Oxides
Dry and warm climate
Hydrocarbons
Nitrogen Oxides
Ozone
Effect Formation of low level ozone by sunlight instigating the photochemical reaction
of nitrogen oxides with hyrocarbons and volatile organic compounds (VOC)
Reference Substance Ethylene (C2H4)
Reference Unit kg C2H4 -Equivalent
Source Udo de Haes et al 1999
38
Life Cycle Impact Assessment Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential (POCP) - Summer smog
Effect Continuous toxicological impact on humans
(arbitrary estimation)
Reference Substance 14-Di-chloro-benzene (DCB C6H4Cl2)
Reference Unit kg DCB - Equivalent
Source CML (Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) RIVM (National
Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection)
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Human Toxicity Potential (HTP)
Heavy metals
Halogenorganic
compounds
PCB DCB
PAH
Air
Food
Products
39
Effect Continuous toxicological impact on water and soils
(arbitrary estimation)
Reference Substance 14-Di-chloro-benzene (DCB C6H4Cl2)
Reference Unit kg DCB - Equivalent
Source CML (Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) RIVM (National
Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection)
Life Cycle Impact Assessment Aquatic (AETP) and Terrestrial (TETP) = Ecotoxicity Potential (ETP)
(Terrestrial Ecosystem)
Biosphere
Heavy metals
Halogenorganic
compounds PCB
DCB
PAH
Biosphere
(Aquatic ecosystem)
40
Agenda
1 PE International Overview
1 Profile Products and Services
2 Introduction to Life Cycle Assessment
Methodology and Framework
3 Applications of LCA and Business Value
1 Success Stories and Case Studies
4 Operationalization of LCA using GaBi
Software
Building business value long term B
usin
ess V
alu
e
Overview
Orientation
Long-term company
success
Screening
Material Comparison
Maturity of LCA usage
Rapid Prototyping (Generic LCA)
Process amp Resource Efficiency
Eco-design amp sustainable product Innovation
Verifiable BOM BOP amp Compliance
Product Communication amp Verification Continuous operational
optimization
Sustainable Product Portfolio Management
Value Chain optimization
42
43 11112013
Drivers for applying Life Cycle Thinking in industry are
Which reasons
exist
Regulations amp directives Integrate Product Policy (IPP)
Directive on end-of-life vehicle
WEEE and RoHS
Green purchasing program
Customer requests Down stream clients
Value chain
engagement Material stewardship
ldquoWhat ifrdquo scenarios
Communication and
reputation building SocietyNGOs
Authorities
Green funds
Research and academia
Life Cycle Thinking and Product Sustainability Introduction and overview
Business Benefit
Source httpavnirorgdocumentationcongres_avnirdiaposplacvmoteurUnilever_Taylorpdf
Life Cycle Assessment Value Chain Analysis
45
Business Benefit
Business value
bull Understand and improve productsrsquo
environmental footprints
bull EPDs for all its carpet products
globally for verified communication
and reporting
bull Product optimization and innovation
bull Risk Management in the supply chain
Solution
bull Use of GaBi software in-house to track
and improve its productsrsquo life cycle
performance
bull Reduce Recycle Innovative yarn
raquoOur use of LCA with GaBi has evolved to a proactive
assessment of alternatives during the development process
making it a critical tool in helping us achieve our Mission
Zeroreg goalslaquo
Connie Hensler Director Corporate LCA Programs
Interface Inc Source Ramon Arratia
Interface A case of full product responsibility
Life Cycle Assessment Hotspot Identification
LCA of furniture Green Product development
46 Source Ashwini Deodeshmukh Godrej Interio PE Workshop April 2013
47
Solution
bull LCA of packaging
bull Scenario analysis to optimize
packaging design
Sustainability performance
50 less primary energy
60 less plastic
75 fewer CO2 emissions from
transportation
Business advantage
Cost reduction of packaging
across the entire life cycle
Brand enhancement
in container manufacture only compared
to the rigid gallon jug
Packaging Innovation
bdquoLCA gives us a competitive advantage because it gives
us more insight into how to reduce our productsrsquo
footprints find efficiencies and validate and explain those
benefits to customers and consumersrdquo
Chris McGrath vice president for sustainability at Kraft Foods1
Source September 2012 MIT Sloan Management Review
Image Kraft Foods
Material Comparison Daimler Case Study
48
Comparison of concepts for the C-class front-module
bull Material options steel aluminum-steel plastic-steel
bull In terms of primary energy demand the steel version the favorable one followed by
the aluminum-steel option
bull In terms of weight the aluminum-steel version is best
Source Environmental Certificate Mercedes-Benz C-Class 11112013
Life Cycle Assessment PUMA- Shoe Packaging
bull 1 million litres of water saved
bull During transport 500000 litres of diesel is saved
bull If replacement of traditional shopping bags then save up to 275 tons of plastic
Septem
ber
2007
49
bull ~8500 tons less paper will be
consumed
bull 20 million Megajoules of electricity
saved
bull 1 million litres less of fuel oil use
Comparative LCA Sustainable Packaging
11112013 51
Impact Category Credit Energy
Disposal and
Recycling
Downstream
Transport
Primary
Packaging
Secondary
Packaging
Upstream
Transport
Container Glass -11 7 4 100 -2 2
PET 0 19 2 82 -4 1
Beverage Carton -12 134 8 -16 -15 1
Al Can 0 2 1 93 3 0
Source httpwwwindialcacompdfsILCM-2012-Session-6-Vinay-Saranpdf
Environmental Impact of Building Present and Future Scenario
bull Several methods and techniques
being adopted to reduce
environmental impact during the
use phase of the building
bull However impact due to materials
and construction will become
significant when operational
impact has been reduced
bull Cost of resources will increase
further creating burden on the
construction phase
Materials Operation End-of-life
Materials Operation End-of-life
GW
P t C
O2 e
q
Year 2020
Year 2010
GW
P t C
O2 e
q
0
25
50
0
25
50
53
Business Benefit
Image Tata Steel
Business value
bull Marketing tool for product
differentiation and to support
customers with data on the
sustainability of steel
bull Decision making in product
development
bull Identification of hot spots in the steel
value chain to effectively reduce
impacts and resource consumption
Solution
bull Use LCA Software to build product
models covering environmental impacts
bull Interactive reports for EPD creation
raquoLife Cycle Assessment helps us to fully understand
the benefits across the life cycle and assists us in
communicating these to our stakeholderslaquo
Allan Griffin Knowledge Group Leader Sustainability Tata Steel
Development of EPD Tata Steel Example
Sustainability Impact Energy
Carbon
Water
Resources
Emissions
Waste
Labour
HampS
Profit
Brand
Social
Ethics
PE is the only player with an
end-to-end value propositionhellip
Enterprise
Building amp
Infrastructure
Transport amp
Logistics
Supply chain
Process
Product
Co
rpo
rate
Valu
e C
hain
Vertical markets
Electronics
High-tec Chemical
Transport
amp logistics
Automotive
Manufacuring
Agriculture
food
Aerospace
Oil amp gas
Construction
amp building
Packaging
Media
Metals amp
Mining
Consumer
goods
Tourism
Retail
Government
Finance
Energy amp
Utilities
Apparel
z
The best global green brands rely on PE
Source Interbrand Best Global Green Brands Ranking 2011
9 out of 10 Green brands
work with us
40 of the global Fortune 500
companies use our solutions
1500+ clients from every
industry sector
Automotive
20 years experience amp
leadership with
dedicated vertical
offering
Apparel Front runner high-
quality proprietary data
vertical offering
Building amp
Construction
EPDs and network to
GBCs 17 years in the
market
Chemicals Association work high-
quality proprietary data
deep industry expertise
Consumer
Goods
Ability to cover the
entire value chain incl
retail dedicated vertical
offering
Electronics High-quality proprietary
data amp models 15 years
in the market
Financial
Services
Association work
thought leadership amp
robust flexible software
Food amp
Beverage
Ability to cover the
entire value chain incl
retail
dedicated vertical
offering
Industry
Associations
Understanding of the
industry needs
dedicated vertical
offering amp content
Metals and
Mining
Ability to cover all
aspects of sustainability
benchmarking
capability
hellipand is the market leader in all key verticals 40 of the Fortune Global 500 companies are customers of PE
8
Industry Sample customers PElsquos USP
Intuitive interactive
decision-guidance tool powered by
GaBi 6 software and DBrsquo12
GaBi Envision
Professional LCA
modeling software
GaBi 6
Design for x
[compliance
recycling etc]
GaBi DfX
GaBi Software Suite
For
LCA practitioners
For
Instant scenario
analysis
For
Non-LCA experts who
need expert answers
For
Integration GaBi 6
with PLMERP
Comparable robust and up to date industry LCI Data underlies expert LCAs
GaBi Databases rsquo12 Chemicals Energy Precious and Non-Precious Metals Plastics End of Life Manufacturing
Electronics Renewables hellip and external databases like USLCI ecoinvent
9
GaBi is the most widely used product sustainability
solution on the planet
10
bull Helps businesses achieve optimal product
sustainabilty performance
- Environmental
- Social
- Economic
bull GaBi is a modelling reporting amp diagnostic
software tool that drives product sustainability
performance during design planning and
production
bull Powerful LCA tools and databases for product
and process sustainability
Product Sustainability Performance (PSP) GaBi solves the following business challenges
Life Cycle Assessment
bull Design for Environment Product Stewardship
bull Energy-efficiency eco-efficiency
bull Eco-design
bull Sustainable value chains
Life Cycle Costing
bull Design for cost reduction
bull Integration of external cost
Life Cycle Working Environment
bull Developing manufacturing process that address social responsibilities
Life Cycle Reporting
bull Product marketing sustainability labels Environmental Product Declarations and credentials
bull Environmental communication amp sustainability reporting
bull LCA knowledge sharing
11 11112013
The Expert Choice
12
Databases
amp more
Industrial data
GaBi assesses the life cycle of any
producthellip
13
bull hellipbreaking it down into every
part material and process
then analyzing all related
supply chain components
bull hellipfor every phase in its life
cycle (growthmining
manufacturing transport
use end-of-life)
bull hellipfor any quantifiable
sustainability metric (energy
resources water used
emissions and ecological
impact ecological footprint
social impactshellip) enabling
identification of trade-offs
bull to determine the best
product design possible
What is SoFi
SoFi is a software modeling reporting amp diagnostic
platform for the enterprise
bull Helps achieve improved sustainability
performance across operations and the supply chain
- Environmental
- Social
- Economic
bull Aggregates disparate data and presents a complete
visualization of a companyrsquos sustainability performance
bull Diagnoses performance gaps using industry benchmarks
and automatically suggests remedial actions
bull Monitors improvement plans amp sustainability KPIs
bull Reports for internal and external stakeholders
Application areas
z Enterprise energy management bull Facilities amp assets bull Building portfolios
Sustainability reporting bull Responding to sustainability rating organizations bull Improving scores amp rankings
Environmental management bull ISO 14001 EMAS bull Work Safety Reporting
Carbon amp water management bull Carbon Footprint (Scope 12 amp 3) bull Reduction initiatives bull Voluntary amp mandatory reporting
Sustainable supply chain bull Supplier assessment ranking and rating bull Performance management for suppliers
First Accredited Provider amp
Gold Data Partner of CDP ldquoThe high quality SoFi Software solutions from our gold
carbon calculation partner PE INTERNATIONAL have
been tested by an independent third party and meet CDP
standards of greenhouse gas emissions calculation CDP
is delighted to recommend the SoFi Software solutions in
helping companies to measure and manage carbon
performance effectivelyrdquo
Paul Simpson Chief Executive Officer Carbon
Disclosure Project
ldquoGRI is pleased to confirm that SoFi contains precise
GRI content it is the first sustainability reporting tool
which has fulfilled all the requirements of the GRI
Certified Software and Tools Programrdquo
Dr Nelmara Arbex Director of Learning Services
Global Reporting Initiative
PE is a GRI Organizational Stakeholder since 2005 and
has been supporter and sponsor of the GRI
conferences since the launch in 2006
First verified solution by GRI
G4 G31 G3 Content
SoFi Accreditations
Agenda
1 PE International Overview
1 Profile Products and Services
2 Introduction to Life Cycle Assessment
Methodology and Framework
3 Applications of LCA and Business Value
1 Success Stories and Case Studies
4 Operationalization of LCA using GaBi
Software
Principles of Life Cycle Assessment What is LCA
18
Life Cycle Assessment is the compiling and evaluation of the input
and outputs and the potential environmental impacts of a product
system during its lifetime
Definition of Life Cycle Assessment from DIN ISO 14044
LCA
Raw Materials
Final Disposal
Life Cycle Thinkinghellip
A lens to assess your business amp supply chain sustainability
Recycling
Materials
Manufacture
Products
Manufacture
Transportation amp Manufacture
Use
19
20 11112013
Life Cycle Thinking an example for applied Life Cycle Thinking hellip
bull The framework for calculation of Life Cycle Assessments are the ISO-standards
1404014044
bull ISO definition
bull Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is the compiling and evaluation of the input and
outputs and the potential environmental impacts of a product system during its
lifetime
bull The results of Life Cycle Assessments are
bull A quantification of the inputs and outputs for a product life cycle
Life Cycle Inventory
bull A quantification of the potential environmental impacts eg Global Warming Potential
Acidification Potential Ozone Depletion Potential
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Basics of Life Cycle Assessment
21
22 11112013
Life Cycle Thinking Methods amp implementation ndash Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) ISO 1404044
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
Goal and scope
definition
Inventory analysis
Impact assessment
Inte
rpre
tation
LCA framework Direct applications
Product development
and improvement
Strategic planning
Public policy making
Marketing
Other
Basics of Life Cycle Assessment
End of Life Phase Production Phase Use Phase
Manufacture
bull Rotor
bull Nacelle
bull Tower
bull Cables
bull Transport to
site
Construction
bull Site works and
buildings
bull Foundations
bull Erection
End of life
bull Dismantling
bull Recycling
bull Landfill
bull Energy
recovery
Operation
bull Maintenance
bull Replacement
parts
bull Power
generation
23 All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
Basics of Life Cycle Assessment
24
Phases of the
life cycle
Impact
assessment
Energy consumption Raw material consumption
Global warming Summer smog Acidification Over fertilisation
Environmental toxins Waste etc
Production phase Use phase End of Life
Life cycle
stages
Preparation of
raw materials
Manufacturing
Pre-products Production Use
Disposal
Recycling
Deposition
Inventory
analysis
I N P U T R e s o u r c e s
O U T P U T E m i s s i o n s a n d W a s t e
ldquoCradle to gaterdquo
ldquoCradle to graverdquo
LCA Step by step
bull Definition of the goal of the study
bull Agreement on the scope of the project
bull Description of the functional unit ie reference unit
bull Set up of the Life Cycle Inventory
Data collection identification of the relevant material and energy flows
bull Calculation of the Impact Assessment
bull Evaluation and Interpretation of the results
bull Documentation in a detailed report
bull Critical Review
optional to increase the credibility
obligatory for comparative studies
25
26
Task Firstly define the intended Goal of your study in a short statement summarising
- the intended application and reasons for carrying out the study
- the intended audience for communication of results
- whether the results will be used for comparison and will comparative assertions be publicly disclosed
Hints Choose to study a product system you are familiar with For example the goal could be
bull To understand the life cycle impacts of a product a process or a service provided
bull To investigate the trade-offs in making changes to one aspect of a product life cycle
bull To compare the life cycle environmental impacts of two systems providing the same service
bull To understand life cycle environmental impacts of implementing a government policy
The next step will consider the Scope of the study
Step 1 Define the Goal
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
27
Task Outline the Scope of the system under study in a few bullet points
Hints Think about the goal of your study and the product system
bull What is the function of the product system(s) to be studied
bull Does it include the product use phase or end-of-life phase
bull Is the scope cradle to gate or cradle to grave
bull Are there any key co-products produced by the system
bull If you are studying two comparative systems are their common elements to each
system Can these common elements be ignored
The next step will illustrate the system(s) in a flow diagram
Step 2 Outline the Scope
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
28
Task Sketch a simple process flow diagram that illustrates the main life cycle processes that are relevant to your study
Hint The life cycle sketch could include
bull The main life cycle stages eg raw materials processing product use disposal transport steps
bull If you are undertaking a comparative study include both relevant systems
bull Note the functional output of your system
bull Each unit process should be described showing where the process begins and ends
bull Include any key co-products produced by the system
bull Is there any closed looped re-cycling or re-use within the system scope
The next step will illustrate the key inputs and outputs of the system
Step 3 Outline the Scope ndash sketch a flow diagram
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
29
Task Include the key Inputs and Outputs to your system flow diagram and define the System Boundary
Hint The system boundary includes the unit processes within the scope of the study
bull The system boundary should be consistent with the goal of the study
bull Think about the level of detail required for each unit process Are there cut-off criteria
bull If you decide to ignore or delete processes make a note of your reasons
bull Energy inputs and outputs should be included (all types of energy used)
bull You could make a distinction between foreground processes and background processes
The next step will define the Functional Unit of the system
Step 4 Define the System Boundary
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
30
Task Define the Functional Unit for the study
Hint The functional unit provides a reference to which all input and
output data are normalised It shall be clearly defined and
measureable
bull The functional unit should be consistent with the goal of the study
bull Different studies can be compared based on the functional unit
A textile example could be
One square meter of 200 gram square metre jersey fabric dyed black
The next step will define the data to be collected for the life cycle
inventory
Step 5 Define the Functional Unit
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
31
Task List the key life cycle inventory data to be collected
Hint Think about the types of impacts and data requirements
bull Consider all relevant inputs and outputs
bull Include emissions to air discharge to water and solid waste
bull Consider fugitive emissions and ancillary input materials
bull Include recycled materials
bull Define any assumptions or data gaps clearly
The next steps would be to begin data collection data quality review
and modelling
Step 6 Data Collection Preparation
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
Life Cycle Assessment Classification and Characterisation
32 All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
Midpoints indicators
33
Popular problem-oriented (midpoint) methods are
CML indicators developed in The Netherlands
TRACI developed by the US EPA
Other currently used LCIA methods include
bull damage-oriented (endpoint) methods like EPS and Eco-
Indicator99 (Dutch)
bull distance-to-target methods like the Critical Volumes approach of
BUWAL the Swiss EPA
Effect Increased warming of the troposphere due to anthropogenic greenhouse
gases eg from the burning of fossil fuels
Reference Substance Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Reference Unit kg CO2-Equivalent
Source IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climatic Change)
CO2 CH4
CFCs
UV - radiation
AbsorptionReflection
Infraredradiation
Trace gases in th
e a
tmosphere
34
Life Cycle Impact Assessment Global Warming Potential (GWP)
Effect Reduction in the ozone concentration of the Stratosphere due to emissions
such as Chloro-fluoro-carbons (CFCs)
Reference Substance Tri-chloro-fluoro-methane (R11)
Reference Unit kg R11-Equivalent
Source CML (Heijungs Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) 1992
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP)
CFCs Nitrogen oxide
Stratosphere
15 - 50 km Absorption Absorption
UV - radiation
35
Effect Increase in the pH-value of precipitation due to the wash-out of acidifiying gases
eg Sulphur dioxide (SO2) and Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Reference Substance Sulphur dioxide (SO2)
Reference Unit kg SO2-Equivalent
Source CML (Heijungs Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) 1992
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Acidification Potential (AP)
SO 2
NO X
H 2 SO 4 4 HNO 3
36
Effect Excessive nutient input into water and land from substances such as
phosphorus und nitrogen from agriculture combustion processes and effluents
Reference Substance Phosphate (PO4-)
Reference Unit kg PO4- Equivalent
Source CML (Heijungs Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) 1992
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Eutrophication Potential (EP)
Waste water
Air pollution
Fertilisation
PO 4 -3
NO 3 -
NH 4 +
NO X N 2 O
NH 3
37
Hydrocarbons Nitrogen Oxides
Dry and warm climate
Hydrocarbons
Nitrogen Oxides
Ozone
Effect Formation of low level ozone by sunlight instigating the photochemical reaction
of nitrogen oxides with hyrocarbons and volatile organic compounds (VOC)
Reference Substance Ethylene (C2H4)
Reference Unit kg C2H4 -Equivalent
Source Udo de Haes et al 1999
38
Life Cycle Impact Assessment Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential (POCP) - Summer smog
Effect Continuous toxicological impact on humans
(arbitrary estimation)
Reference Substance 14-Di-chloro-benzene (DCB C6H4Cl2)
Reference Unit kg DCB - Equivalent
Source CML (Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) RIVM (National
Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection)
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Human Toxicity Potential (HTP)
Heavy metals
Halogenorganic
compounds
PCB DCB
PAH
Air
Food
Products
39
Effect Continuous toxicological impact on water and soils
(arbitrary estimation)
Reference Substance 14-Di-chloro-benzene (DCB C6H4Cl2)
Reference Unit kg DCB - Equivalent
Source CML (Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) RIVM (National
Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection)
Life Cycle Impact Assessment Aquatic (AETP) and Terrestrial (TETP) = Ecotoxicity Potential (ETP)
(Terrestrial Ecosystem)
Biosphere
Heavy metals
Halogenorganic
compounds PCB
DCB
PAH
Biosphere
(Aquatic ecosystem)
40
Agenda
1 PE International Overview
1 Profile Products and Services
2 Introduction to Life Cycle Assessment
Methodology and Framework
3 Applications of LCA and Business Value
1 Success Stories and Case Studies
4 Operationalization of LCA using GaBi
Software
Building business value long term B
usin
ess V
alu
e
Overview
Orientation
Long-term company
success
Screening
Material Comparison
Maturity of LCA usage
Rapid Prototyping (Generic LCA)
Process amp Resource Efficiency
Eco-design amp sustainable product Innovation
Verifiable BOM BOP amp Compliance
Product Communication amp Verification Continuous operational
optimization
Sustainable Product Portfolio Management
Value Chain optimization
42
43 11112013
Drivers for applying Life Cycle Thinking in industry are
Which reasons
exist
Regulations amp directives Integrate Product Policy (IPP)
Directive on end-of-life vehicle
WEEE and RoHS
Green purchasing program
Customer requests Down stream clients
Value chain
engagement Material stewardship
ldquoWhat ifrdquo scenarios
Communication and
reputation building SocietyNGOs
Authorities
Green funds
Research and academia
Life Cycle Thinking and Product Sustainability Introduction and overview
Business Benefit
Source httpavnirorgdocumentationcongres_avnirdiaposplacvmoteurUnilever_Taylorpdf
Life Cycle Assessment Value Chain Analysis
45
Business Benefit
Business value
bull Understand and improve productsrsquo
environmental footprints
bull EPDs for all its carpet products
globally for verified communication
and reporting
bull Product optimization and innovation
bull Risk Management in the supply chain
Solution
bull Use of GaBi software in-house to track
and improve its productsrsquo life cycle
performance
bull Reduce Recycle Innovative yarn
raquoOur use of LCA with GaBi has evolved to a proactive
assessment of alternatives during the development process
making it a critical tool in helping us achieve our Mission
Zeroreg goalslaquo
Connie Hensler Director Corporate LCA Programs
Interface Inc Source Ramon Arratia
Interface A case of full product responsibility
Life Cycle Assessment Hotspot Identification
LCA of furniture Green Product development
46 Source Ashwini Deodeshmukh Godrej Interio PE Workshop April 2013
47
Solution
bull LCA of packaging
bull Scenario analysis to optimize
packaging design
Sustainability performance
50 less primary energy
60 less plastic
75 fewer CO2 emissions from
transportation
Business advantage
Cost reduction of packaging
across the entire life cycle
Brand enhancement
in container manufacture only compared
to the rigid gallon jug
Packaging Innovation
bdquoLCA gives us a competitive advantage because it gives
us more insight into how to reduce our productsrsquo
footprints find efficiencies and validate and explain those
benefits to customers and consumersrdquo
Chris McGrath vice president for sustainability at Kraft Foods1
Source September 2012 MIT Sloan Management Review
Image Kraft Foods
Material Comparison Daimler Case Study
48
Comparison of concepts for the C-class front-module
bull Material options steel aluminum-steel plastic-steel
bull In terms of primary energy demand the steel version the favorable one followed by
the aluminum-steel option
bull In terms of weight the aluminum-steel version is best
Source Environmental Certificate Mercedes-Benz C-Class 11112013
Life Cycle Assessment PUMA- Shoe Packaging
bull 1 million litres of water saved
bull During transport 500000 litres of diesel is saved
bull If replacement of traditional shopping bags then save up to 275 tons of plastic
Septem
ber
2007
49
bull ~8500 tons less paper will be
consumed
bull 20 million Megajoules of electricity
saved
bull 1 million litres less of fuel oil use
Comparative LCA Sustainable Packaging
11112013 51
Impact Category Credit Energy
Disposal and
Recycling
Downstream
Transport
Primary
Packaging
Secondary
Packaging
Upstream
Transport
Container Glass -11 7 4 100 -2 2
PET 0 19 2 82 -4 1
Beverage Carton -12 134 8 -16 -15 1
Al Can 0 2 1 93 3 0
Source httpwwwindialcacompdfsILCM-2012-Session-6-Vinay-Saranpdf
Environmental Impact of Building Present and Future Scenario
bull Several methods and techniques
being adopted to reduce
environmental impact during the
use phase of the building
bull However impact due to materials
and construction will become
significant when operational
impact has been reduced
bull Cost of resources will increase
further creating burden on the
construction phase
Materials Operation End-of-life
Materials Operation End-of-life
GW
P t C
O2 e
q
Year 2020
Year 2010
GW
P t C
O2 e
q
0
25
50
0
25
50
53
Business Benefit
Image Tata Steel
Business value
bull Marketing tool for product
differentiation and to support
customers with data on the
sustainability of steel
bull Decision making in product
development
bull Identification of hot spots in the steel
value chain to effectively reduce
impacts and resource consumption
Solution
bull Use LCA Software to build product
models covering environmental impacts
bull Interactive reports for EPD creation
raquoLife Cycle Assessment helps us to fully understand
the benefits across the life cycle and assists us in
communicating these to our stakeholderslaquo
Allan Griffin Knowledge Group Leader Sustainability Tata Steel
Development of EPD Tata Steel Example
Vertical markets
Electronics
High-tec Chemical
Transport
amp logistics
Automotive
Manufacuring
Agriculture
food
Aerospace
Oil amp gas
Construction
amp building
Packaging
Media
Metals amp
Mining
Consumer
goods
Tourism
Retail
Government
Finance
Energy amp
Utilities
Apparel
z
The best global green brands rely on PE
Source Interbrand Best Global Green Brands Ranking 2011
9 out of 10 Green brands
work with us
40 of the global Fortune 500
companies use our solutions
1500+ clients from every
industry sector
Automotive
20 years experience amp
leadership with
dedicated vertical
offering
Apparel Front runner high-
quality proprietary data
vertical offering
Building amp
Construction
EPDs and network to
GBCs 17 years in the
market
Chemicals Association work high-
quality proprietary data
deep industry expertise
Consumer
Goods
Ability to cover the
entire value chain incl
retail dedicated vertical
offering
Electronics High-quality proprietary
data amp models 15 years
in the market
Financial
Services
Association work
thought leadership amp
robust flexible software
Food amp
Beverage
Ability to cover the
entire value chain incl
retail
dedicated vertical
offering
Industry
Associations
Understanding of the
industry needs
dedicated vertical
offering amp content
Metals and
Mining
Ability to cover all
aspects of sustainability
benchmarking
capability
hellipand is the market leader in all key verticals 40 of the Fortune Global 500 companies are customers of PE
8
Industry Sample customers PElsquos USP
Intuitive interactive
decision-guidance tool powered by
GaBi 6 software and DBrsquo12
GaBi Envision
Professional LCA
modeling software
GaBi 6
Design for x
[compliance
recycling etc]
GaBi DfX
GaBi Software Suite
For
LCA practitioners
For
Instant scenario
analysis
For
Non-LCA experts who
need expert answers
For
Integration GaBi 6
with PLMERP
Comparable robust and up to date industry LCI Data underlies expert LCAs
GaBi Databases rsquo12 Chemicals Energy Precious and Non-Precious Metals Plastics End of Life Manufacturing
Electronics Renewables hellip and external databases like USLCI ecoinvent
9
GaBi is the most widely used product sustainability
solution on the planet
10
bull Helps businesses achieve optimal product
sustainabilty performance
- Environmental
- Social
- Economic
bull GaBi is a modelling reporting amp diagnostic
software tool that drives product sustainability
performance during design planning and
production
bull Powerful LCA tools and databases for product
and process sustainability
Product Sustainability Performance (PSP) GaBi solves the following business challenges
Life Cycle Assessment
bull Design for Environment Product Stewardship
bull Energy-efficiency eco-efficiency
bull Eco-design
bull Sustainable value chains
Life Cycle Costing
bull Design for cost reduction
bull Integration of external cost
Life Cycle Working Environment
bull Developing manufacturing process that address social responsibilities
Life Cycle Reporting
bull Product marketing sustainability labels Environmental Product Declarations and credentials
bull Environmental communication amp sustainability reporting
bull LCA knowledge sharing
11 11112013
The Expert Choice
12
Databases
amp more
Industrial data
GaBi assesses the life cycle of any
producthellip
13
bull hellipbreaking it down into every
part material and process
then analyzing all related
supply chain components
bull hellipfor every phase in its life
cycle (growthmining
manufacturing transport
use end-of-life)
bull hellipfor any quantifiable
sustainability metric (energy
resources water used
emissions and ecological
impact ecological footprint
social impactshellip) enabling
identification of trade-offs
bull to determine the best
product design possible
What is SoFi
SoFi is a software modeling reporting amp diagnostic
platform for the enterprise
bull Helps achieve improved sustainability
performance across operations and the supply chain
- Environmental
- Social
- Economic
bull Aggregates disparate data and presents a complete
visualization of a companyrsquos sustainability performance
bull Diagnoses performance gaps using industry benchmarks
and automatically suggests remedial actions
bull Monitors improvement plans amp sustainability KPIs
bull Reports for internal and external stakeholders
Application areas
z Enterprise energy management bull Facilities amp assets bull Building portfolios
Sustainability reporting bull Responding to sustainability rating organizations bull Improving scores amp rankings
Environmental management bull ISO 14001 EMAS bull Work Safety Reporting
Carbon amp water management bull Carbon Footprint (Scope 12 amp 3) bull Reduction initiatives bull Voluntary amp mandatory reporting
Sustainable supply chain bull Supplier assessment ranking and rating bull Performance management for suppliers
First Accredited Provider amp
Gold Data Partner of CDP ldquoThe high quality SoFi Software solutions from our gold
carbon calculation partner PE INTERNATIONAL have
been tested by an independent third party and meet CDP
standards of greenhouse gas emissions calculation CDP
is delighted to recommend the SoFi Software solutions in
helping companies to measure and manage carbon
performance effectivelyrdquo
Paul Simpson Chief Executive Officer Carbon
Disclosure Project
ldquoGRI is pleased to confirm that SoFi contains precise
GRI content it is the first sustainability reporting tool
which has fulfilled all the requirements of the GRI
Certified Software and Tools Programrdquo
Dr Nelmara Arbex Director of Learning Services
Global Reporting Initiative
PE is a GRI Organizational Stakeholder since 2005 and
has been supporter and sponsor of the GRI
conferences since the launch in 2006
First verified solution by GRI
G4 G31 G3 Content
SoFi Accreditations
Agenda
1 PE International Overview
1 Profile Products and Services
2 Introduction to Life Cycle Assessment
Methodology and Framework
3 Applications of LCA and Business Value
1 Success Stories and Case Studies
4 Operationalization of LCA using GaBi
Software
Principles of Life Cycle Assessment What is LCA
18
Life Cycle Assessment is the compiling and evaluation of the input
and outputs and the potential environmental impacts of a product
system during its lifetime
Definition of Life Cycle Assessment from DIN ISO 14044
LCA
Raw Materials
Final Disposal
Life Cycle Thinkinghellip
A lens to assess your business amp supply chain sustainability
Recycling
Materials
Manufacture
Products
Manufacture
Transportation amp Manufacture
Use
19
20 11112013
Life Cycle Thinking an example for applied Life Cycle Thinking hellip
bull The framework for calculation of Life Cycle Assessments are the ISO-standards
1404014044
bull ISO definition
bull Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is the compiling and evaluation of the input and
outputs and the potential environmental impacts of a product system during its
lifetime
bull The results of Life Cycle Assessments are
bull A quantification of the inputs and outputs for a product life cycle
Life Cycle Inventory
bull A quantification of the potential environmental impacts eg Global Warming Potential
Acidification Potential Ozone Depletion Potential
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Basics of Life Cycle Assessment
21
22 11112013
Life Cycle Thinking Methods amp implementation ndash Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) ISO 1404044
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
Goal and scope
definition
Inventory analysis
Impact assessment
Inte
rpre
tation
LCA framework Direct applications
Product development
and improvement
Strategic planning
Public policy making
Marketing
Other
Basics of Life Cycle Assessment
End of Life Phase Production Phase Use Phase
Manufacture
bull Rotor
bull Nacelle
bull Tower
bull Cables
bull Transport to
site
Construction
bull Site works and
buildings
bull Foundations
bull Erection
End of life
bull Dismantling
bull Recycling
bull Landfill
bull Energy
recovery
Operation
bull Maintenance
bull Replacement
parts
bull Power
generation
23 All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
Basics of Life Cycle Assessment
24
Phases of the
life cycle
Impact
assessment
Energy consumption Raw material consumption
Global warming Summer smog Acidification Over fertilisation
Environmental toxins Waste etc
Production phase Use phase End of Life
Life cycle
stages
Preparation of
raw materials
Manufacturing
Pre-products Production Use
Disposal
Recycling
Deposition
Inventory
analysis
I N P U T R e s o u r c e s
O U T P U T E m i s s i o n s a n d W a s t e
ldquoCradle to gaterdquo
ldquoCradle to graverdquo
LCA Step by step
bull Definition of the goal of the study
bull Agreement on the scope of the project
bull Description of the functional unit ie reference unit
bull Set up of the Life Cycle Inventory
Data collection identification of the relevant material and energy flows
bull Calculation of the Impact Assessment
bull Evaluation and Interpretation of the results
bull Documentation in a detailed report
bull Critical Review
optional to increase the credibility
obligatory for comparative studies
25
26
Task Firstly define the intended Goal of your study in a short statement summarising
- the intended application and reasons for carrying out the study
- the intended audience for communication of results
- whether the results will be used for comparison and will comparative assertions be publicly disclosed
Hints Choose to study a product system you are familiar with For example the goal could be
bull To understand the life cycle impacts of a product a process or a service provided
bull To investigate the trade-offs in making changes to one aspect of a product life cycle
bull To compare the life cycle environmental impacts of two systems providing the same service
bull To understand life cycle environmental impacts of implementing a government policy
The next step will consider the Scope of the study
Step 1 Define the Goal
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
27
Task Outline the Scope of the system under study in a few bullet points
Hints Think about the goal of your study and the product system
bull What is the function of the product system(s) to be studied
bull Does it include the product use phase or end-of-life phase
bull Is the scope cradle to gate or cradle to grave
bull Are there any key co-products produced by the system
bull If you are studying two comparative systems are their common elements to each
system Can these common elements be ignored
The next step will illustrate the system(s) in a flow diagram
Step 2 Outline the Scope
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
28
Task Sketch a simple process flow diagram that illustrates the main life cycle processes that are relevant to your study
Hint The life cycle sketch could include
bull The main life cycle stages eg raw materials processing product use disposal transport steps
bull If you are undertaking a comparative study include both relevant systems
bull Note the functional output of your system
bull Each unit process should be described showing where the process begins and ends
bull Include any key co-products produced by the system
bull Is there any closed looped re-cycling or re-use within the system scope
The next step will illustrate the key inputs and outputs of the system
Step 3 Outline the Scope ndash sketch a flow diagram
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
29
Task Include the key Inputs and Outputs to your system flow diagram and define the System Boundary
Hint The system boundary includes the unit processes within the scope of the study
bull The system boundary should be consistent with the goal of the study
bull Think about the level of detail required for each unit process Are there cut-off criteria
bull If you decide to ignore or delete processes make a note of your reasons
bull Energy inputs and outputs should be included (all types of energy used)
bull You could make a distinction between foreground processes and background processes
The next step will define the Functional Unit of the system
Step 4 Define the System Boundary
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
30
Task Define the Functional Unit for the study
Hint The functional unit provides a reference to which all input and
output data are normalised It shall be clearly defined and
measureable
bull The functional unit should be consistent with the goal of the study
bull Different studies can be compared based on the functional unit
A textile example could be
One square meter of 200 gram square metre jersey fabric dyed black
The next step will define the data to be collected for the life cycle
inventory
Step 5 Define the Functional Unit
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
31
Task List the key life cycle inventory data to be collected
Hint Think about the types of impacts and data requirements
bull Consider all relevant inputs and outputs
bull Include emissions to air discharge to water and solid waste
bull Consider fugitive emissions and ancillary input materials
bull Include recycled materials
bull Define any assumptions or data gaps clearly
The next steps would be to begin data collection data quality review
and modelling
Step 6 Data Collection Preparation
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
Life Cycle Assessment Classification and Characterisation
32 All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
Midpoints indicators
33
Popular problem-oriented (midpoint) methods are
CML indicators developed in The Netherlands
TRACI developed by the US EPA
Other currently used LCIA methods include
bull damage-oriented (endpoint) methods like EPS and Eco-
Indicator99 (Dutch)
bull distance-to-target methods like the Critical Volumes approach of
BUWAL the Swiss EPA
Effect Increased warming of the troposphere due to anthropogenic greenhouse
gases eg from the burning of fossil fuels
Reference Substance Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Reference Unit kg CO2-Equivalent
Source IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climatic Change)
CO2 CH4
CFCs
UV - radiation
AbsorptionReflection
Infraredradiation
Trace gases in th
e a
tmosphere
34
Life Cycle Impact Assessment Global Warming Potential (GWP)
Effect Reduction in the ozone concentration of the Stratosphere due to emissions
such as Chloro-fluoro-carbons (CFCs)
Reference Substance Tri-chloro-fluoro-methane (R11)
Reference Unit kg R11-Equivalent
Source CML (Heijungs Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) 1992
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP)
CFCs Nitrogen oxide
Stratosphere
15 - 50 km Absorption Absorption
UV - radiation
35
Effect Increase in the pH-value of precipitation due to the wash-out of acidifiying gases
eg Sulphur dioxide (SO2) and Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Reference Substance Sulphur dioxide (SO2)
Reference Unit kg SO2-Equivalent
Source CML (Heijungs Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) 1992
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Acidification Potential (AP)
SO 2
NO X
H 2 SO 4 4 HNO 3
36
Effect Excessive nutient input into water and land from substances such as
phosphorus und nitrogen from agriculture combustion processes and effluents
Reference Substance Phosphate (PO4-)
Reference Unit kg PO4- Equivalent
Source CML (Heijungs Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) 1992
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Eutrophication Potential (EP)
Waste water
Air pollution
Fertilisation
PO 4 -3
NO 3 -
NH 4 +
NO X N 2 O
NH 3
37
Hydrocarbons Nitrogen Oxides
Dry and warm climate
Hydrocarbons
Nitrogen Oxides
Ozone
Effect Formation of low level ozone by sunlight instigating the photochemical reaction
of nitrogen oxides with hyrocarbons and volatile organic compounds (VOC)
Reference Substance Ethylene (C2H4)
Reference Unit kg C2H4 -Equivalent
Source Udo de Haes et al 1999
38
Life Cycle Impact Assessment Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential (POCP) - Summer smog
Effect Continuous toxicological impact on humans
(arbitrary estimation)
Reference Substance 14-Di-chloro-benzene (DCB C6H4Cl2)
Reference Unit kg DCB - Equivalent
Source CML (Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) RIVM (National
Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection)
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Human Toxicity Potential (HTP)
Heavy metals
Halogenorganic
compounds
PCB DCB
PAH
Air
Food
Products
39
Effect Continuous toxicological impact on water and soils
(arbitrary estimation)
Reference Substance 14-Di-chloro-benzene (DCB C6H4Cl2)
Reference Unit kg DCB - Equivalent
Source CML (Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) RIVM (National
Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection)
Life Cycle Impact Assessment Aquatic (AETP) and Terrestrial (TETP) = Ecotoxicity Potential (ETP)
(Terrestrial Ecosystem)
Biosphere
Heavy metals
Halogenorganic
compounds PCB
DCB
PAH
Biosphere
(Aquatic ecosystem)
40
Agenda
1 PE International Overview
1 Profile Products and Services
2 Introduction to Life Cycle Assessment
Methodology and Framework
3 Applications of LCA and Business Value
1 Success Stories and Case Studies
4 Operationalization of LCA using GaBi
Software
Building business value long term B
usin
ess V
alu
e
Overview
Orientation
Long-term company
success
Screening
Material Comparison
Maturity of LCA usage
Rapid Prototyping (Generic LCA)
Process amp Resource Efficiency
Eco-design amp sustainable product Innovation
Verifiable BOM BOP amp Compliance
Product Communication amp Verification Continuous operational
optimization
Sustainable Product Portfolio Management
Value Chain optimization
42
43 11112013
Drivers for applying Life Cycle Thinking in industry are
Which reasons
exist
Regulations amp directives Integrate Product Policy (IPP)
Directive on end-of-life vehicle
WEEE and RoHS
Green purchasing program
Customer requests Down stream clients
Value chain
engagement Material stewardship
ldquoWhat ifrdquo scenarios
Communication and
reputation building SocietyNGOs
Authorities
Green funds
Research and academia
Life Cycle Thinking and Product Sustainability Introduction and overview
Business Benefit
Source httpavnirorgdocumentationcongres_avnirdiaposplacvmoteurUnilever_Taylorpdf
Life Cycle Assessment Value Chain Analysis
45
Business Benefit
Business value
bull Understand and improve productsrsquo
environmental footprints
bull EPDs for all its carpet products
globally for verified communication
and reporting
bull Product optimization and innovation
bull Risk Management in the supply chain
Solution
bull Use of GaBi software in-house to track
and improve its productsrsquo life cycle
performance
bull Reduce Recycle Innovative yarn
raquoOur use of LCA with GaBi has evolved to a proactive
assessment of alternatives during the development process
making it a critical tool in helping us achieve our Mission
Zeroreg goalslaquo
Connie Hensler Director Corporate LCA Programs
Interface Inc Source Ramon Arratia
Interface A case of full product responsibility
Life Cycle Assessment Hotspot Identification
LCA of furniture Green Product development
46 Source Ashwini Deodeshmukh Godrej Interio PE Workshop April 2013
47
Solution
bull LCA of packaging
bull Scenario analysis to optimize
packaging design
Sustainability performance
50 less primary energy
60 less plastic
75 fewer CO2 emissions from
transportation
Business advantage
Cost reduction of packaging
across the entire life cycle
Brand enhancement
in container manufacture only compared
to the rigid gallon jug
Packaging Innovation
bdquoLCA gives us a competitive advantage because it gives
us more insight into how to reduce our productsrsquo
footprints find efficiencies and validate and explain those
benefits to customers and consumersrdquo
Chris McGrath vice president for sustainability at Kraft Foods1
Source September 2012 MIT Sloan Management Review
Image Kraft Foods
Material Comparison Daimler Case Study
48
Comparison of concepts for the C-class front-module
bull Material options steel aluminum-steel plastic-steel
bull In terms of primary energy demand the steel version the favorable one followed by
the aluminum-steel option
bull In terms of weight the aluminum-steel version is best
Source Environmental Certificate Mercedes-Benz C-Class 11112013
Life Cycle Assessment PUMA- Shoe Packaging
bull 1 million litres of water saved
bull During transport 500000 litres of diesel is saved
bull If replacement of traditional shopping bags then save up to 275 tons of plastic
Septem
ber
2007
49
bull ~8500 tons less paper will be
consumed
bull 20 million Megajoules of electricity
saved
bull 1 million litres less of fuel oil use
Comparative LCA Sustainable Packaging
11112013 51
Impact Category Credit Energy
Disposal and
Recycling
Downstream
Transport
Primary
Packaging
Secondary
Packaging
Upstream
Transport
Container Glass -11 7 4 100 -2 2
PET 0 19 2 82 -4 1
Beverage Carton -12 134 8 -16 -15 1
Al Can 0 2 1 93 3 0
Source httpwwwindialcacompdfsILCM-2012-Session-6-Vinay-Saranpdf
Environmental Impact of Building Present and Future Scenario
bull Several methods and techniques
being adopted to reduce
environmental impact during the
use phase of the building
bull However impact due to materials
and construction will become
significant when operational
impact has been reduced
bull Cost of resources will increase
further creating burden on the
construction phase
Materials Operation End-of-life
Materials Operation End-of-life
GW
P t C
O2 e
q
Year 2020
Year 2010
GW
P t C
O2 e
q
0
25
50
0
25
50
53
Business Benefit
Image Tata Steel
Business value
bull Marketing tool for product
differentiation and to support
customers with data on the
sustainability of steel
bull Decision making in product
development
bull Identification of hot spots in the steel
value chain to effectively reduce
impacts and resource consumption
Solution
bull Use LCA Software to build product
models covering environmental impacts
bull Interactive reports for EPD creation
raquoLife Cycle Assessment helps us to fully understand
the benefits across the life cycle and assists us in
communicating these to our stakeholderslaquo
Allan Griffin Knowledge Group Leader Sustainability Tata Steel
Development of EPD Tata Steel Example
z
The best global green brands rely on PE
Source Interbrand Best Global Green Brands Ranking 2011
9 out of 10 Green brands
work with us
40 of the global Fortune 500
companies use our solutions
1500+ clients from every
industry sector
Automotive
20 years experience amp
leadership with
dedicated vertical
offering
Apparel Front runner high-
quality proprietary data
vertical offering
Building amp
Construction
EPDs and network to
GBCs 17 years in the
market
Chemicals Association work high-
quality proprietary data
deep industry expertise
Consumer
Goods
Ability to cover the
entire value chain incl
retail dedicated vertical
offering
Electronics High-quality proprietary
data amp models 15 years
in the market
Financial
Services
Association work
thought leadership amp
robust flexible software
Food amp
Beverage
Ability to cover the
entire value chain incl
retail
dedicated vertical
offering
Industry
Associations
Understanding of the
industry needs
dedicated vertical
offering amp content
Metals and
Mining
Ability to cover all
aspects of sustainability
benchmarking
capability
hellipand is the market leader in all key verticals 40 of the Fortune Global 500 companies are customers of PE
8
Industry Sample customers PElsquos USP
Intuitive interactive
decision-guidance tool powered by
GaBi 6 software and DBrsquo12
GaBi Envision
Professional LCA
modeling software
GaBi 6
Design for x
[compliance
recycling etc]
GaBi DfX
GaBi Software Suite
For
LCA practitioners
For
Instant scenario
analysis
For
Non-LCA experts who
need expert answers
For
Integration GaBi 6
with PLMERP
Comparable robust and up to date industry LCI Data underlies expert LCAs
GaBi Databases rsquo12 Chemicals Energy Precious and Non-Precious Metals Plastics End of Life Manufacturing
Electronics Renewables hellip and external databases like USLCI ecoinvent
9
GaBi is the most widely used product sustainability
solution on the planet
10
bull Helps businesses achieve optimal product
sustainabilty performance
- Environmental
- Social
- Economic
bull GaBi is a modelling reporting amp diagnostic
software tool that drives product sustainability
performance during design planning and
production
bull Powerful LCA tools and databases for product
and process sustainability
Product Sustainability Performance (PSP) GaBi solves the following business challenges
Life Cycle Assessment
bull Design for Environment Product Stewardship
bull Energy-efficiency eco-efficiency
bull Eco-design
bull Sustainable value chains
Life Cycle Costing
bull Design for cost reduction
bull Integration of external cost
Life Cycle Working Environment
bull Developing manufacturing process that address social responsibilities
Life Cycle Reporting
bull Product marketing sustainability labels Environmental Product Declarations and credentials
bull Environmental communication amp sustainability reporting
bull LCA knowledge sharing
11 11112013
The Expert Choice
12
Databases
amp more
Industrial data
GaBi assesses the life cycle of any
producthellip
13
bull hellipbreaking it down into every
part material and process
then analyzing all related
supply chain components
bull hellipfor every phase in its life
cycle (growthmining
manufacturing transport
use end-of-life)
bull hellipfor any quantifiable
sustainability metric (energy
resources water used
emissions and ecological
impact ecological footprint
social impactshellip) enabling
identification of trade-offs
bull to determine the best
product design possible
What is SoFi
SoFi is a software modeling reporting amp diagnostic
platform for the enterprise
bull Helps achieve improved sustainability
performance across operations and the supply chain
- Environmental
- Social
- Economic
bull Aggregates disparate data and presents a complete
visualization of a companyrsquos sustainability performance
bull Diagnoses performance gaps using industry benchmarks
and automatically suggests remedial actions
bull Monitors improvement plans amp sustainability KPIs
bull Reports for internal and external stakeholders
Application areas
z Enterprise energy management bull Facilities amp assets bull Building portfolios
Sustainability reporting bull Responding to sustainability rating organizations bull Improving scores amp rankings
Environmental management bull ISO 14001 EMAS bull Work Safety Reporting
Carbon amp water management bull Carbon Footprint (Scope 12 amp 3) bull Reduction initiatives bull Voluntary amp mandatory reporting
Sustainable supply chain bull Supplier assessment ranking and rating bull Performance management for suppliers
First Accredited Provider amp
Gold Data Partner of CDP ldquoThe high quality SoFi Software solutions from our gold
carbon calculation partner PE INTERNATIONAL have
been tested by an independent third party and meet CDP
standards of greenhouse gas emissions calculation CDP
is delighted to recommend the SoFi Software solutions in
helping companies to measure and manage carbon
performance effectivelyrdquo
Paul Simpson Chief Executive Officer Carbon
Disclosure Project
ldquoGRI is pleased to confirm that SoFi contains precise
GRI content it is the first sustainability reporting tool
which has fulfilled all the requirements of the GRI
Certified Software and Tools Programrdquo
Dr Nelmara Arbex Director of Learning Services
Global Reporting Initiative
PE is a GRI Organizational Stakeholder since 2005 and
has been supporter and sponsor of the GRI
conferences since the launch in 2006
First verified solution by GRI
G4 G31 G3 Content
SoFi Accreditations
Agenda
1 PE International Overview
1 Profile Products and Services
2 Introduction to Life Cycle Assessment
Methodology and Framework
3 Applications of LCA and Business Value
1 Success Stories and Case Studies
4 Operationalization of LCA using GaBi
Software
Principles of Life Cycle Assessment What is LCA
18
Life Cycle Assessment is the compiling and evaluation of the input
and outputs and the potential environmental impacts of a product
system during its lifetime
Definition of Life Cycle Assessment from DIN ISO 14044
LCA
Raw Materials
Final Disposal
Life Cycle Thinkinghellip
A lens to assess your business amp supply chain sustainability
Recycling
Materials
Manufacture
Products
Manufacture
Transportation amp Manufacture
Use
19
20 11112013
Life Cycle Thinking an example for applied Life Cycle Thinking hellip
bull The framework for calculation of Life Cycle Assessments are the ISO-standards
1404014044
bull ISO definition
bull Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is the compiling and evaluation of the input and
outputs and the potential environmental impacts of a product system during its
lifetime
bull The results of Life Cycle Assessments are
bull A quantification of the inputs and outputs for a product life cycle
Life Cycle Inventory
bull A quantification of the potential environmental impacts eg Global Warming Potential
Acidification Potential Ozone Depletion Potential
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Basics of Life Cycle Assessment
21
22 11112013
Life Cycle Thinking Methods amp implementation ndash Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) ISO 1404044
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
Goal and scope
definition
Inventory analysis
Impact assessment
Inte
rpre
tation
LCA framework Direct applications
Product development
and improvement
Strategic planning
Public policy making
Marketing
Other
Basics of Life Cycle Assessment
End of Life Phase Production Phase Use Phase
Manufacture
bull Rotor
bull Nacelle
bull Tower
bull Cables
bull Transport to
site
Construction
bull Site works and
buildings
bull Foundations
bull Erection
End of life
bull Dismantling
bull Recycling
bull Landfill
bull Energy
recovery
Operation
bull Maintenance
bull Replacement
parts
bull Power
generation
23 All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
Basics of Life Cycle Assessment
24
Phases of the
life cycle
Impact
assessment
Energy consumption Raw material consumption
Global warming Summer smog Acidification Over fertilisation
Environmental toxins Waste etc
Production phase Use phase End of Life
Life cycle
stages
Preparation of
raw materials
Manufacturing
Pre-products Production Use
Disposal
Recycling
Deposition
Inventory
analysis
I N P U T R e s o u r c e s
O U T P U T E m i s s i o n s a n d W a s t e
ldquoCradle to gaterdquo
ldquoCradle to graverdquo
LCA Step by step
bull Definition of the goal of the study
bull Agreement on the scope of the project
bull Description of the functional unit ie reference unit
bull Set up of the Life Cycle Inventory
Data collection identification of the relevant material and energy flows
bull Calculation of the Impact Assessment
bull Evaluation and Interpretation of the results
bull Documentation in a detailed report
bull Critical Review
optional to increase the credibility
obligatory for comparative studies
25
26
Task Firstly define the intended Goal of your study in a short statement summarising
- the intended application and reasons for carrying out the study
- the intended audience for communication of results
- whether the results will be used for comparison and will comparative assertions be publicly disclosed
Hints Choose to study a product system you are familiar with For example the goal could be
bull To understand the life cycle impacts of a product a process or a service provided
bull To investigate the trade-offs in making changes to one aspect of a product life cycle
bull To compare the life cycle environmental impacts of two systems providing the same service
bull To understand life cycle environmental impacts of implementing a government policy
The next step will consider the Scope of the study
Step 1 Define the Goal
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
27
Task Outline the Scope of the system under study in a few bullet points
Hints Think about the goal of your study and the product system
bull What is the function of the product system(s) to be studied
bull Does it include the product use phase or end-of-life phase
bull Is the scope cradle to gate or cradle to grave
bull Are there any key co-products produced by the system
bull If you are studying two comparative systems are their common elements to each
system Can these common elements be ignored
The next step will illustrate the system(s) in a flow diagram
Step 2 Outline the Scope
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
28
Task Sketch a simple process flow diagram that illustrates the main life cycle processes that are relevant to your study
Hint The life cycle sketch could include
bull The main life cycle stages eg raw materials processing product use disposal transport steps
bull If you are undertaking a comparative study include both relevant systems
bull Note the functional output of your system
bull Each unit process should be described showing where the process begins and ends
bull Include any key co-products produced by the system
bull Is there any closed looped re-cycling or re-use within the system scope
The next step will illustrate the key inputs and outputs of the system
Step 3 Outline the Scope ndash sketch a flow diagram
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
29
Task Include the key Inputs and Outputs to your system flow diagram and define the System Boundary
Hint The system boundary includes the unit processes within the scope of the study
bull The system boundary should be consistent with the goal of the study
bull Think about the level of detail required for each unit process Are there cut-off criteria
bull If you decide to ignore or delete processes make a note of your reasons
bull Energy inputs and outputs should be included (all types of energy used)
bull You could make a distinction between foreground processes and background processes
The next step will define the Functional Unit of the system
Step 4 Define the System Boundary
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
30
Task Define the Functional Unit for the study
Hint The functional unit provides a reference to which all input and
output data are normalised It shall be clearly defined and
measureable
bull The functional unit should be consistent with the goal of the study
bull Different studies can be compared based on the functional unit
A textile example could be
One square meter of 200 gram square metre jersey fabric dyed black
The next step will define the data to be collected for the life cycle
inventory
Step 5 Define the Functional Unit
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
31
Task List the key life cycle inventory data to be collected
Hint Think about the types of impacts and data requirements
bull Consider all relevant inputs and outputs
bull Include emissions to air discharge to water and solid waste
bull Consider fugitive emissions and ancillary input materials
bull Include recycled materials
bull Define any assumptions or data gaps clearly
The next steps would be to begin data collection data quality review
and modelling
Step 6 Data Collection Preparation
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
Life Cycle Assessment Classification and Characterisation
32 All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
Midpoints indicators
33
Popular problem-oriented (midpoint) methods are
CML indicators developed in The Netherlands
TRACI developed by the US EPA
Other currently used LCIA methods include
bull damage-oriented (endpoint) methods like EPS and Eco-
Indicator99 (Dutch)
bull distance-to-target methods like the Critical Volumes approach of
BUWAL the Swiss EPA
Effect Increased warming of the troposphere due to anthropogenic greenhouse
gases eg from the burning of fossil fuels
Reference Substance Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Reference Unit kg CO2-Equivalent
Source IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climatic Change)
CO2 CH4
CFCs
UV - radiation
AbsorptionReflection
Infraredradiation
Trace gases in th
e a
tmosphere
34
Life Cycle Impact Assessment Global Warming Potential (GWP)
Effect Reduction in the ozone concentration of the Stratosphere due to emissions
such as Chloro-fluoro-carbons (CFCs)
Reference Substance Tri-chloro-fluoro-methane (R11)
Reference Unit kg R11-Equivalent
Source CML (Heijungs Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) 1992
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP)
CFCs Nitrogen oxide
Stratosphere
15 - 50 km Absorption Absorption
UV - radiation
35
Effect Increase in the pH-value of precipitation due to the wash-out of acidifiying gases
eg Sulphur dioxide (SO2) and Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Reference Substance Sulphur dioxide (SO2)
Reference Unit kg SO2-Equivalent
Source CML (Heijungs Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) 1992
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Acidification Potential (AP)
SO 2
NO X
H 2 SO 4 4 HNO 3
36
Effect Excessive nutient input into water and land from substances such as
phosphorus und nitrogen from agriculture combustion processes and effluents
Reference Substance Phosphate (PO4-)
Reference Unit kg PO4- Equivalent
Source CML (Heijungs Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) 1992
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Eutrophication Potential (EP)
Waste water
Air pollution
Fertilisation
PO 4 -3
NO 3 -
NH 4 +
NO X N 2 O
NH 3
37
Hydrocarbons Nitrogen Oxides
Dry and warm climate
Hydrocarbons
Nitrogen Oxides
Ozone
Effect Formation of low level ozone by sunlight instigating the photochemical reaction
of nitrogen oxides with hyrocarbons and volatile organic compounds (VOC)
Reference Substance Ethylene (C2H4)
Reference Unit kg C2H4 -Equivalent
Source Udo de Haes et al 1999
38
Life Cycle Impact Assessment Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential (POCP) - Summer smog
Effect Continuous toxicological impact on humans
(arbitrary estimation)
Reference Substance 14-Di-chloro-benzene (DCB C6H4Cl2)
Reference Unit kg DCB - Equivalent
Source CML (Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) RIVM (National
Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection)
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Human Toxicity Potential (HTP)
Heavy metals
Halogenorganic
compounds
PCB DCB
PAH
Air
Food
Products
39
Effect Continuous toxicological impact on water and soils
(arbitrary estimation)
Reference Substance 14-Di-chloro-benzene (DCB C6H4Cl2)
Reference Unit kg DCB - Equivalent
Source CML (Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) RIVM (National
Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection)
Life Cycle Impact Assessment Aquatic (AETP) and Terrestrial (TETP) = Ecotoxicity Potential (ETP)
(Terrestrial Ecosystem)
Biosphere
Heavy metals
Halogenorganic
compounds PCB
DCB
PAH
Biosphere
(Aquatic ecosystem)
40
Agenda
1 PE International Overview
1 Profile Products and Services
2 Introduction to Life Cycle Assessment
Methodology and Framework
3 Applications of LCA and Business Value
1 Success Stories and Case Studies
4 Operationalization of LCA using GaBi
Software
Building business value long term B
usin
ess V
alu
e
Overview
Orientation
Long-term company
success
Screening
Material Comparison
Maturity of LCA usage
Rapid Prototyping (Generic LCA)
Process amp Resource Efficiency
Eco-design amp sustainable product Innovation
Verifiable BOM BOP amp Compliance
Product Communication amp Verification Continuous operational
optimization
Sustainable Product Portfolio Management
Value Chain optimization
42
43 11112013
Drivers for applying Life Cycle Thinking in industry are
Which reasons
exist
Regulations amp directives Integrate Product Policy (IPP)
Directive on end-of-life vehicle
WEEE and RoHS
Green purchasing program
Customer requests Down stream clients
Value chain
engagement Material stewardship
ldquoWhat ifrdquo scenarios
Communication and
reputation building SocietyNGOs
Authorities
Green funds
Research and academia
Life Cycle Thinking and Product Sustainability Introduction and overview
Business Benefit
Source httpavnirorgdocumentationcongres_avnirdiaposplacvmoteurUnilever_Taylorpdf
Life Cycle Assessment Value Chain Analysis
45
Business Benefit
Business value
bull Understand and improve productsrsquo
environmental footprints
bull EPDs for all its carpet products
globally for verified communication
and reporting
bull Product optimization and innovation
bull Risk Management in the supply chain
Solution
bull Use of GaBi software in-house to track
and improve its productsrsquo life cycle
performance
bull Reduce Recycle Innovative yarn
raquoOur use of LCA with GaBi has evolved to a proactive
assessment of alternatives during the development process
making it a critical tool in helping us achieve our Mission
Zeroreg goalslaquo
Connie Hensler Director Corporate LCA Programs
Interface Inc Source Ramon Arratia
Interface A case of full product responsibility
Life Cycle Assessment Hotspot Identification
LCA of furniture Green Product development
46 Source Ashwini Deodeshmukh Godrej Interio PE Workshop April 2013
47
Solution
bull LCA of packaging
bull Scenario analysis to optimize
packaging design
Sustainability performance
50 less primary energy
60 less plastic
75 fewer CO2 emissions from
transportation
Business advantage
Cost reduction of packaging
across the entire life cycle
Brand enhancement
in container manufacture only compared
to the rigid gallon jug
Packaging Innovation
bdquoLCA gives us a competitive advantage because it gives
us more insight into how to reduce our productsrsquo
footprints find efficiencies and validate and explain those
benefits to customers and consumersrdquo
Chris McGrath vice president for sustainability at Kraft Foods1
Source September 2012 MIT Sloan Management Review
Image Kraft Foods
Material Comparison Daimler Case Study
48
Comparison of concepts for the C-class front-module
bull Material options steel aluminum-steel plastic-steel
bull In terms of primary energy demand the steel version the favorable one followed by
the aluminum-steel option
bull In terms of weight the aluminum-steel version is best
Source Environmental Certificate Mercedes-Benz C-Class 11112013
Life Cycle Assessment PUMA- Shoe Packaging
bull 1 million litres of water saved
bull During transport 500000 litres of diesel is saved
bull If replacement of traditional shopping bags then save up to 275 tons of plastic
Septem
ber
2007
49
bull ~8500 tons less paper will be
consumed
bull 20 million Megajoules of electricity
saved
bull 1 million litres less of fuel oil use
Comparative LCA Sustainable Packaging
11112013 51
Impact Category Credit Energy
Disposal and
Recycling
Downstream
Transport
Primary
Packaging
Secondary
Packaging
Upstream
Transport
Container Glass -11 7 4 100 -2 2
PET 0 19 2 82 -4 1
Beverage Carton -12 134 8 -16 -15 1
Al Can 0 2 1 93 3 0
Source httpwwwindialcacompdfsILCM-2012-Session-6-Vinay-Saranpdf
Environmental Impact of Building Present and Future Scenario
bull Several methods and techniques
being adopted to reduce
environmental impact during the
use phase of the building
bull However impact due to materials
and construction will become
significant when operational
impact has been reduced
bull Cost of resources will increase
further creating burden on the
construction phase
Materials Operation End-of-life
Materials Operation End-of-life
GW
P t C
O2 e
q
Year 2020
Year 2010
GW
P t C
O2 e
q
0
25
50
0
25
50
53
Business Benefit
Image Tata Steel
Business value
bull Marketing tool for product
differentiation and to support
customers with data on the
sustainability of steel
bull Decision making in product
development
bull Identification of hot spots in the steel
value chain to effectively reduce
impacts and resource consumption
Solution
bull Use LCA Software to build product
models covering environmental impacts
bull Interactive reports for EPD creation
raquoLife Cycle Assessment helps us to fully understand
the benefits across the life cycle and assists us in
communicating these to our stakeholderslaquo
Allan Griffin Knowledge Group Leader Sustainability Tata Steel
Development of EPD Tata Steel Example
Automotive
20 years experience amp
leadership with
dedicated vertical
offering
Apparel Front runner high-
quality proprietary data
vertical offering
Building amp
Construction
EPDs and network to
GBCs 17 years in the
market
Chemicals Association work high-
quality proprietary data
deep industry expertise
Consumer
Goods
Ability to cover the
entire value chain incl
retail dedicated vertical
offering
Electronics High-quality proprietary
data amp models 15 years
in the market
Financial
Services
Association work
thought leadership amp
robust flexible software
Food amp
Beverage
Ability to cover the
entire value chain incl
retail
dedicated vertical
offering
Industry
Associations
Understanding of the
industry needs
dedicated vertical
offering amp content
Metals and
Mining
Ability to cover all
aspects of sustainability
benchmarking
capability
hellipand is the market leader in all key verticals 40 of the Fortune Global 500 companies are customers of PE
8
Industry Sample customers PElsquos USP
Intuitive interactive
decision-guidance tool powered by
GaBi 6 software and DBrsquo12
GaBi Envision
Professional LCA
modeling software
GaBi 6
Design for x
[compliance
recycling etc]
GaBi DfX
GaBi Software Suite
For
LCA practitioners
For
Instant scenario
analysis
For
Non-LCA experts who
need expert answers
For
Integration GaBi 6
with PLMERP
Comparable robust and up to date industry LCI Data underlies expert LCAs
GaBi Databases rsquo12 Chemicals Energy Precious and Non-Precious Metals Plastics End of Life Manufacturing
Electronics Renewables hellip and external databases like USLCI ecoinvent
9
GaBi is the most widely used product sustainability
solution on the planet
10
bull Helps businesses achieve optimal product
sustainabilty performance
- Environmental
- Social
- Economic
bull GaBi is a modelling reporting amp diagnostic
software tool that drives product sustainability
performance during design planning and
production
bull Powerful LCA tools and databases for product
and process sustainability
Product Sustainability Performance (PSP) GaBi solves the following business challenges
Life Cycle Assessment
bull Design for Environment Product Stewardship
bull Energy-efficiency eco-efficiency
bull Eco-design
bull Sustainable value chains
Life Cycle Costing
bull Design for cost reduction
bull Integration of external cost
Life Cycle Working Environment
bull Developing manufacturing process that address social responsibilities
Life Cycle Reporting
bull Product marketing sustainability labels Environmental Product Declarations and credentials
bull Environmental communication amp sustainability reporting
bull LCA knowledge sharing
11 11112013
The Expert Choice
12
Databases
amp more
Industrial data
GaBi assesses the life cycle of any
producthellip
13
bull hellipbreaking it down into every
part material and process
then analyzing all related
supply chain components
bull hellipfor every phase in its life
cycle (growthmining
manufacturing transport
use end-of-life)
bull hellipfor any quantifiable
sustainability metric (energy
resources water used
emissions and ecological
impact ecological footprint
social impactshellip) enabling
identification of trade-offs
bull to determine the best
product design possible
What is SoFi
SoFi is a software modeling reporting amp diagnostic
platform for the enterprise
bull Helps achieve improved sustainability
performance across operations and the supply chain
- Environmental
- Social
- Economic
bull Aggregates disparate data and presents a complete
visualization of a companyrsquos sustainability performance
bull Diagnoses performance gaps using industry benchmarks
and automatically suggests remedial actions
bull Monitors improvement plans amp sustainability KPIs
bull Reports for internal and external stakeholders
Application areas
z Enterprise energy management bull Facilities amp assets bull Building portfolios
Sustainability reporting bull Responding to sustainability rating organizations bull Improving scores amp rankings
Environmental management bull ISO 14001 EMAS bull Work Safety Reporting
Carbon amp water management bull Carbon Footprint (Scope 12 amp 3) bull Reduction initiatives bull Voluntary amp mandatory reporting
Sustainable supply chain bull Supplier assessment ranking and rating bull Performance management for suppliers
First Accredited Provider amp
Gold Data Partner of CDP ldquoThe high quality SoFi Software solutions from our gold
carbon calculation partner PE INTERNATIONAL have
been tested by an independent third party and meet CDP
standards of greenhouse gas emissions calculation CDP
is delighted to recommend the SoFi Software solutions in
helping companies to measure and manage carbon
performance effectivelyrdquo
Paul Simpson Chief Executive Officer Carbon
Disclosure Project
ldquoGRI is pleased to confirm that SoFi contains precise
GRI content it is the first sustainability reporting tool
which has fulfilled all the requirements of the GRI
Certified Software and Tools Programrdquo
Dr Nelmara Arbex Director of Learning Services
Global Reporting Initiative
PE is a GRI Organizational Stakeholder since 2005 and
has been supporter and sponsor of the GRI
conferences since the launch in 2006
First verified solution by GRI
G4 G31 G3 Content
SoFi Accreditations
Agenda
1 PE International Overview
1 Profile Products and Services
2 Introduction to Life Cycle Assessment
Methodology and Framework
3 Applications of LCA and Business Value
1 Success Stories and Case Studies
4 Operationalization of LCA using GaBi
Software
Principles of Life Cycle Assessment What is LCA
18
Life Cycle Assessment is the compiling and evaluation of the input
and outputs and the potential environmental impacts of a product
system during its lifetime
Definition of Life Cycle Assessment from DIN ISO 14044
LCA
Raw Materials
Final Disposal
Life Cycle Thinkinghellip
A lens to assess your business amp supply chain sustainability
Recycling
Materials
Manufacture
Products
Manufacture
Transportation amp Manufacture
Use
19
20 11112013
Life Cycle Thinking an example for applied Life Cycle Thinking hellip
bull The framework for calculation of Life Cycle Assessments are the ISO-standards
1404014044
bull ISO definition
bull Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is the compiling and evaluation of the input and
outputs and the potential environmental impacts of a product system during its
lifetime
bull The results of Life Cycle Assessments are
bull A quantification of the inputs and outputs for a product life cycle
Life Cycle Inventory
bull A quantification of the potential environmental impacts eg Global Warming Potential
Acidification Potential Ozone Depletion Potential
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Basics of Life Cycle Assessment
21
22 11112013
Life Cycle Thinking Methods amp implementation ndash Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) ISO 1404044
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
Goal and scope
definition
Inventory analysis
Impact assessment
Inte
rpre
tation
LCA framework Direct applications
Product development
and improvement
Strategic planning
Public policy making
Marketing
Other
Basics of Life Cycle Assessment
End of Life Phase Production Phase Use Phase
Manufacture
bull Rotor
bull Nacelle
bull Tower
bull Cables
bull Transport to
site
Construction
bull Site works and
buildings
bull Foundations
bull Erection
End of life
bull Dismantling
bull Recycling
bull Landfill
bull Energy
recovery
Operation
bull Maintenance
bull Replacement
parts
bull Power
generation
23 All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
Basics of Life Cycle Assessment
24
Phases of the
life cycle
Impact
assessment
Energy consumption Raw material consumption
Global warming Summer smog Acidification Over fertilisation
Environmental toxins Waste etc
Production phase Use phase End of Life
Life cycle
stages
Preparation of
raw materials
Manufacturing
Pre-products Production Use
Disposal
Recycling
Deposition
Inventory
analysis
I N P U T R e s o u r c e s
O U T P U T E m i s s i o n s a n d W a s t e
ldquoCradle to gaterdquo
ldquoCradle to graverdquo
LCA Step by step
bull Definition of the goal of the study
bull Agreement on the scope of the project
bull Description of the functional unit ie reference unit
bull Set up of the Life Cycle Inventory
Data collection identification of the relevant material and energy flows
bull Calculation of the Impact Assessment
bull Evaluation and Interpretation of the results
bull Documentation in a detailed report
bull Critical Review
optional to increase the credibility
obligatory for comparative studies
25
26
Task Firstly define the intended Goal of your study in a short statement summarising
- the intended application and reasons for carrying out the study
- the intended audience for communication of results
- whether the results will be used for comparison and will comparative assertions be publicly disclosed
Hints Choose to study a product system you are familiar with For example the goal could be
bull To understand the life cycle impacts of a product a process or a service provided
bull To investigate the trade-offs in making changes to one aspect of a product life cycle
bull To compare the life cycle environmental impacts of two systems providing the same service
bull To understand life cycle environmental impacts of implementing a government policy
The next step will consider the Scope of the study
Step 1 Define the Goal
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
27
Task Outline the Scope of the system under study in a few bullet points
Hints Think about the goal of your study and the product system
bull What is the function of the product system(s) to be studied
bull Does it include the product use phase or end-of-life phase
bull Is the scope cradle to gate or cradle to grave
bull Are there any key co-products produced by the system
bull If you are studying two comparative systems are their common elements to each
system Can these common elements be ignored
The next step will illustrate the system(s) in a flow diagram
Step 2 Outline the Scope
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
28
Task Sketch a simple process flow diagram that illustrates the main life cycle processes that are relevant to your study
Hint The life cycle sketch could include
bull The main life cycle stages eg raw materials processing product use disposal transport steps
bull If you are undertaking a comparative study include both relevant systems
bull Note the functional output of your system
bull Each unit process should be described showing where the process begins and ends
bull Include any key co-products produced by the system
bull Is there any closed looped re-cycling or re-use within the system scope
The next step will illustrate the key inputs and outputs of the system
Step 3 Outline the Scope ndash sketch a flow diagram
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
29
Task Include the key Inputs and Outputs to your system flow diagram and define the System Boundary
Hint The system boundary includes the unit processes within the scope of the study
bull The system boundary should be consistent with the goal of the study
bull Think about the level of detail required for each unit process Are there cut-off criteria
bull If you decide to ignore or delete processes make a note of your reasons
bull Energy inputs and outputs should be included (all types of energy used)
bull You could make a distinction between foreground processes and background processes
The next step will define the Functional Unit of the system
Step 4 Define the System Boundary
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
30
Task Define the Functional Unit for the study
Hint The functional unit provides a reference to which all input and
output data are normalised It shall be clearly defined and
measureable
bull The functional unit should be consistent with the goal of the study
bull Different studies can be compared based on the functional unit
A textile example could be
One square meter of 200 gram square metre jersey fabric dyed black
The next step will define the data to be collected for the life cycle
inventory
Step 5 Define the Functional Unit
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
31
Task List the key life cycle inventory data to be collected
Hint Think about the types of impacts and data requirements
bull Consider all relevant inputs and outputs
bull Include emissions to air discharge to water and solid waste
bull Consider fugitive emissions and ancillary input materials
bull Include recycled materials
bull Define any assumptions or data gaps clearly
The next steps would be to begin data collection data quality review
and modelling
Step 6 Data Collection Preparation
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
Life Cycle Assessment Classification and Characterisation
32 All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
Midpoints indicators
33
Popular problem-oriented (midpoint) methods are
CML indicators developed in The Netherlands
TRACI developed by the US EPA
Other currently used LCIA methods include
bull damage-oriented (endpoint) methods like EPS and Eco-
Indicator99 (Dutch)
bull distance-to-target methods like the Critical Volumes approach of
BUWAL the Swiss EPA
Effect Increased warming of the troposphere due to anthropogenic greenhouse
gases eg from the burning of fossil fuels
Reference Substance Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Reference Unit kg CO2-Equivalent
Source IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climatic Change)
CO2 CH4
CFCs
UV - radiation
AbsorptionReflection
Infraredradiation
Trace gases in th
e a
tmosphere
34
Life Cycle Impact Assessment Global Warming Potential (GWP)
Effect Reduction in the ozone concentration of the Stratosphere due to emissions
such as Chloro-fluoro-carbons (CFCs)
Reference Substance Tri-chloro-fluoro-methane (R11)
Reference Unit kg R11-Equivalent
Source CML (Heijungs Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) 1992
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP)
CFCs Nitrogen oxide
Stratosphere
15 - 50 km Absorption Absorption
UV - radiation
35
Effect Increase in the pH-value of precipitation due to the wash-out of acidifiying gases
eg Sulphur dioxide (SO2) and Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Reference Substance Sulphur dioxide (SO2)
Reference Unit kg SO2-Equivalent
Source CML (Heijungs Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) 1992
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Acidification Potential (AP)
SO 2
NO X
H 2 SO 4 4 HNO 3
36
Effect Excessive nutient input into water and land from substances such as
phosphorus und nitrogen from agriculture combustion processes and effluents
Reference Substance Phosphate (PO4-)
Reference Unit kg PO4- Equivalent
Source CML (Heijungs Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) 1992
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Eutrophication Potential (EP)
Waste water
Air pollution
Fertilisation
PO 4 -3
NO 3 -
NH 4 +
NO X N 2 O
NH 3
37
Hydrocarbons Nitrogen Oxides
Dry and warm climate
Hydrocarbons
Nitrogen Oxides
Ozone
Effect Formation of low level ozone by sunlight instigating the photochemical reaction
of nitrogen oxides with hyrocarbons and volatile organic compounds (VOC)
Reference Substance Ethylene (C2H4)
Reference Unit kg C2H4 -Equivalent
Source Udo de Haes et al 1999
38
Life Cycle Impact Assessment Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential (POCP) - Summer smog
Effect Continuous toxicological impact on humans
(arbitrary estimation)
Reference Substance 14-Di-chloro-benzene (DCB C6H4Cl2)
Reference Unit kg DCB - Equivalent
Source CML (Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) RIVM (National
Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection)
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Human Toxicity Potential (HTP)
Heavy metals
Halogenorganic
compounds
PCB DCB
PAH
Air
Food
Products
39
Effect Continuous toxicological impact on water and soils
(arbitrary estimation)
Reference Substance 14-Di-chloro-benzene (DCB C6H4Cl2)
Reference Unit kg DCB - Equivalent
Source CML (Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) RIVM (National
Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection)
Life Cycle Impact Assessment Aquatic (AETP) and Terrestrial (TETP) = Ecotoxicity Potential (ETP)
(Terrestrial Ecosystem)
Biosphere
Heavy metals
Halogenorganic
compounds PCB
DCB
PAH
Biosphere
(Aquatic ecosystem)
40
Agenda
1 PE International Overview
1 Profile Products and Services
2 Introduction to Life Cycle Assessment
Methodology and Framework
3 Applications of LCA and Business Value
1 Success Stories and Case Studies
4 Operationalization of LCA using GaBi
Software
Building business value long term B
usin
ess V
alu
e
Overview
Orientation
Long-term company
success
Screening
Material Comparison
Maturity of LCA usage
Rapid Prototyping (Generic LCA)
Process amp Resource Efficiency
Eco-design amp sustainable product Innovation
Verifiable BOM BOP amp Compliance
Product Communication amp Verification Continuous operational
optimization
Sustainable Product Portfolio Management
Value Chain optimization
42
43 11112013
Drivers for applying Life Cycle Thinking in industry are
Which reasons
exist
Regulations amp directives Integrate Product Policy (IPP)
Directive on end-of-life vehicle
WEEE and RoHS
Green purchasing program
Customer requests Down stream clients
Value chain
engagement Material stewardship
ldquoWhat ifrdquo scenarios
Communication and
reputation building SocietyNGOs
Authorities
Green funds
Research and academia
Life Cycle Thinking and Product Sustainability Introduction and overview
Business Benefit
Source httpavnirorgdocumentationcongres_avnirdiaposplacvmoteurUnilever_Taylorpdf
Life Cycle Assessment Value Chain Analysis
45
Business Benefit
Business value
bull Understand and improve productsrsquo
environmental footprints
bull EPDs for all its carpet products
globally for verified communication
and reporting
bull Product optimization and innovation
bull Risk Management in the supply chain
Solution
bull Use of GaBi software in-house to track
and improve its productsrsquo life cycle
performance
bull Reduce Recycle Innovative yarn
raquoOur use of LCA with GaBi has evolved to a proactive
assessment of alternatives during the development process
making it a critical tool in helping us achieve our Mission
Zeroreg goalslaquo
Connie Hensler Director Corporate LCA Programs
Interface Inc Source Ramon Arratia
Interface A case of full product responsibility
Life Cycle Assessment Hotspot Identification
LCA of furniture Green Product development
46 Source Ashwini Deodeshmukh Godrej Interio PE Workshop April 2013
47
Solution
bull LCA of packaging
bull Scenario analysis to optimize
packaging design
Sustainability performance
50 less primary energy
60 less plastic
75 fewer CO2 emissions from
transportation
Business advantage
Cost reduction of packaging
across the entire life cycle
Brand enhancement
in container manufacture only compared
to the rigid gallon jug
Packaging Innovation
bdquoLCA gives us a competitive advantage because it gives
us more insight into how to reduce our productsrsquo
footprints find efficiencies and validate and explain those
benefits to customers and consumersrdquo
Chris McGrath vice president for sustainability at Kraft Foods1
Source September 2012 MIT Sloan Management Review
Image Kraft Foods
Material Comparison Daimler Case Study
48
Comparison of concepts for the C-class front-module
bull Material options steel aluminum-steel plastic-steel
bull In terms of primary energy demand the steel version the favorable one followed by
the aluminum-steel option
bull In terms of weight the aluminum-steel version is best
Source Environmental Certificate Mercedes-Benz C-Class 11112013
Life Cycle Assessment PUMA- Shoe Packaging
bull 1 million litres of water saved
bull During transport 500000 litres of diesel is saved
bull If replacement of traditional shopping bags then save up to 275 tons of plastic
Septem
ber
2007
49
bull ~8500 tons less paper will be
consumed
bull 20 million Megajoules of electricity
saved
bull 1 million litres less of fuel oil use
Comparative LCA Sustainable Packaging
11112013 51
Impact Category Credit Energy
Disposal and
Recycling
Downstream
Transport
Primary
Packaging
Secondary
Packaging
Upstream
Transport
Container Glass -11 7 4 100 -2 2
PET 0 19 2 82 -4 1
Beverage Carton -12 134 8 -16 -15 1
Al Can 0 2 1 93 3 0
Source httpwwwindialcacompdfsILCM-2012-Session-6-Vinay-Saranpdf
Environmental Impact of Building Present and Future Scenario
bull Several methods and techniques
being adopted to reduce
environmental impact during the
use phase of the building
bull However impact due to materials
and construction will become
significant when operational
impact has been reduced
bull Cost of resources will increase
further creating burden on the
construction phase
Materials Operation End-of-life
Materials Operation End-of-life
GW
P t C
O2 e
q
Year 2020
Year 2010
GW
P t C
O2 e
q
0
25
50
0
25
50
53
Business Benefit
Image Tata Steel
Business value
bull Marketing tool for product
differentiation and to support
customers with data on the
sustainability of steel
bull Decision making in product
development
bull Identification of hot spots in the steel
value chain to effectively reduce
impacts and resource consumption
Solution
bull Use LCA Software to build product
models covering environmental impacts
bull Interactive reports for EPD creation
raquoLife Cycle Assessment helps us to fully understand
the benefits across the life cycle and assists us in
communicating these to our stakeholderslaquo
Allan Griffin Knowledge Group Leader Sustainability Tata Steel
Development of EPD Tata Steel Example
Intuitive interactive
decision-guidance tool powered by
GaBi 6 software and DBrsquo12
GaBi Envision
Professional LCA
modeling software
GaBi 6
Design for x
[compliance
recycling etc]
GaBi DfX
GaBi Software Suite
For
LCA practitioners
For
Instant scenario
analysis
For
Non-LCA experts who
need expert answers
For
Integration GaBi 6
with PLMERP
Comparable robust and up to date industry LCI Data underlies expert LCAs
GaBi Databases rsquo12 Chemicals Energy Precious and Non-Precious Metals Plastics End of Life Manufacturing
Electronics Renewables hellip and external databases like USLCI ecoinvent
9
GaBi is the most widely used product sustainability
solution on the planet
10
bull Helps businesses achieve optimal product
sustainabilty performance
- Environmental
- Social
- Economic
bull GaBi is a modelling reporting amp diagnostic
software tool that drives product sustainability
performance during design planning and
production
bull Powerful LCA tools and databases for product
and process sustainability
Product Sustainability Performance (PSP) GaBi solves the following business challenges
Life Cycle Assessment
bull Design for Environment Product Stewardship
bull Energy-efficiency eco-efficiency
bull Eco-design
bull Sustainable value chains
Life Cycle Costing
bull Design for cost reduction
bull Integration of external cost
Life Cycle Working Environment
bull Developing manufacturing process that address social responsibilities
Life Cycle Reporting
bull Product marketing sustainability labels Environmental Product Declarations and credentials
bull Environmental communication amp sustainability reporting
bull LCA knowledge sharing
11 11112013
The Expert Choice
12
Databases
amp more
Industrial data
GaBi assesses the life cycle of any
producthellip
13
bull hellipbreaking it down into every
part material and process
then analyzing all related
supply chain components
bull hellipfor every phase in its life
cycle (growthmining
manufacturing transport
use end-of-life)
bull hellipfor any quantifiable
sustainability metric (energy
resources water used
emissions and ecological
impact ecological footprint
social impactshellip) enabling
identification of trade-offs
bull to determine the best
product design possible
What is SoFi
SoFi is a software modeling reporting amp diagnostic
platform for the enterprise
bull Helps achieve improved sustainability
performance across operations and the supply chain
- Environmental
- Social
- Economic
bull Aggregates disparate data and presents a complete
visualization of a companyrsquos sustainability performance
bull Diagnoses performance gaps using industry benchmarks
and automatically suggests remedial actions
bull Monitors improvement plans amp sustainability KPIs
bull Reports for internal and external stakeholders
Application areas
z Enterprise energy management bull Facilities amp assets bull Building portfolios
Sustainability reporting bull Responding to sustainability rating organizations bull Improving scores amp rankings
Environmental management bull ISO 14001 EMAS bull Work Safety Reporting
Carbon amp water management bull Carbon Footprint (Scope 12 amp 3) bull Reduction initiatives bull Voluntary amp mandatory reporting
Sustainable supply chain bull Supplier assessment ranking and rating bull Performance management for suppliers
First Accredited Provider amp
Gold Data Partner of CDP ldquoThe high quality SoFi Software solutions from our gold
carbon calculation partner PE INTERNATIONAL have
been tested by an independent third party and meet CDP
standards of greenhouse gas emissions calculation CDP
is delighted to recommend the SoFi Software solutions in
helping companies to measure and manage carbon
performance effectivelyrdquo
Paul Simpson Chief Executive Officer Carbon
Disclosure Project
ldquoGRI is pleased to confirm that SoFi contains precise
GRI content it is the first sustainability reporting tool
which has fulfilled all the requirements of the GRI
Certified Software and Tools Programrdquo
Dr Nelmara Arbex Director of Learning Services
Global Reporting Initiative
PE is a GRI Organizational Stakeholder since 2005 and
has been supporter and sponsor of the GRI
conferences since the launch in 2006
First verified solution by GRI
G4 G31 G3 Content
SoFi Accreditations
Agenda
1 PE International Overview
1 Profile Products and Services
2 Introduction to Life Cycle Assessment
Methodology and Framework
3 Applications of LCA and Business Value
1 Success Stories and Case Studies
4 Operationalization of LCA using GaBi
Software
Principles of Life Cycle Assessment What is LCA
18
Life Cycle Assessment is the compiling and evaluation of the input
and outputs and the potential environmental impacts of a product
system during its lifetime
Definition of Life Cycle Assessment from DIN ISO 14044
LCA
Raw Materials
Final Disposal
Life Cycle Thinkinghellip
A lens to assess your business amp supply chain sustainability
Recycling
Materials
Manufacture
Products
Manufacture
Transportation amp Manufacture
Use
19
20 11112013
Life Cycle Thinking an example for applied Life Cycle Thinking hellip
bull The framework for calculation of Life Cycle Assessments are the ISO-standards
1404014044
bull ISO definition
bull Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is the compiling and evaluation of the input and
outputs and the potential environmental impacts of a product system during its
lifetime
bull The results of Life Cycle Assessments are
bull A quantification of the inputs and outputs for a product life cycle
Life Cycle Inventory
bull A quantification of the potential environmental impacts eg Global Warming Potential
Acidification Potential Ozone Depletion Potential
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Basics of Life Cycle Assessment
21
22 11112013
Life Cycle Thinking Methods amp implementation ndash Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) ISO 1404044
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
Goal and scope
definition
Inventory analysis
Impact assessment
Inte
rpre
tation
LCA framework Direct applications
Product development
and improvement
Strategic planning
Public policy making
Marketing
Other
Basics of Life Cycle Assessment
End of Life Phase Production Phase Use Phase
Manufacture
bull Rotor
bull Nacelle
bull Tower
bull Cables
bull Transport to
site
Construction
bull Site works and
buildings
bull Foundations
bull Erection
End of life
bull Dismantling
bull Recycling
bull Landfill
bull Energy
recovery
Operation
bull Maintenance
bull Replacement
parts
bull Power
generation
23 All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
Basics of Life Cycle Assessment
24
Phases of the
life cycle
Impact
assessment
Energy consumption Raw material consumption
Global warming Summer smog Acidification Over fertilisation
Environmental toxins Waste etc
Production phase Use phase End of Life
Life cycle
stages
Preparation of
raw materials
Manufacturing
Pre-products Production Use
Disposal
Recycling
Deposition
Inventory
analysis
I N P U T R e s o u r c e s
O U T P U T E m i s s i o n s a n d W a s t e
ldquoCradle to gaterdquo
ldquoCradle to graverdquo
LCA Step by step
bull Definition of the goal of the study
bull Agreement on the scope of the project
bull Description of the functional unit ie reference unit
bull Set up of the Life Cycle Inventory
Data collection identification of the relevant material and energy flows
bull Calculation of the Impact Assessment
bull Evaluation and Interpretation of the results
bull Documentation in a detailed report
bull Critical Review
optional to increase the credibility
obligatory for comparative studies
25
26
Task Firstly define the intended Goal of your study in a short statement summarising
- the intended application and reasons for carrying out the study
- the intended audience for communication of results
- whether the results will be used for comparison and will comparative assertions be publicly disclosed
Hints Choose to study a product system you are familiar with For example the goal could be
bull To understand the life cycle impacts of a product a process or a service provided
bull To investigate the trade-offs in making changes to one aspect of a product life cycle
bull To compare the life cycle environmental impacts of two systems providing the same service
bull To understand life cycle environmental impacts of implementing a government policy
The next step will consider the Scope of the study
Step 1 Define the Goal
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
27
Task Outline the Scope of the system under study in a few bullet points
Hints Think about the goal of your study and the product system
bull What is the function of the product system(s) to be studied
bull Does it include the product use phase or end-of-life phase
bull Is the scope cradle to gate or cradle to grave
bull Are there any key co-products produced by the system
bull If you are studying two comparative systems are their common elements to each
system Can these common elements be ignored
The next step will illustrate the system(s) in a flow diagram
Step 2 Outline the Scope
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
28
Task Sketch a simple process flow diagram that illustrates the main life cycle processes that are relevant to your study
Hint The life cycle sketch could include
bull The main life cycle stages eg raw materials processing product use disposal transport steps
bull If you are undertaking a comparative study include both relevant systems
bull Note the functional output of your system
bull Each unit process should be described showing where the process begins and ends
bull Include any key co-products produced by the system
bull Is there any closed looped re-cycling or re-use within the system scope
The next step will illustrate the key inputs and outputs of the system
Step 3 Outline the Scope ndash sketch a flow diagram
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
29
Task Include the key Inputs and Outputs to your system flow diagram and define the System Boundary
Hint The system boundary includes the unit processes within the scope of the study
bull The system boundary should be consistent with the goal of the study
bull Think about the level of detail required for each unit process Are there cut-off criteria
bull If you decide to ignore or delete processes make a note of your reasons
bull Energy inputs and outputs should be included (all types of energy used)
bull You could make a distinction between foreground processes and background processes
The next step will define the Functional Unit of the system
Step 4 Define the System Boundary
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
30
Task Define the Functional Unit for the study
Hint The functional unit provides a reference to which all input and
output data are normalised It shall be clearly defined and
measureable
bull The functional unit should be consistent with the goal of the study
bull Different studies can be compared based on the functional unit
A textile example could be
One square meter of 200 gram square metre jersey fabric dyed black
The next step will define the data to be collected for the life cycle
inventory
Step 5 Define the Functional Unit
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
31
Task List the key life cycle inventory data to be collected
Hint Think about the types of impacts and data requirements
bull Consider all relevant inputs and outputs
bull Include emissions to air discharge to water and solid waste
bull Consider fugitive emissions and ancillary input materials
bull Include recycled materials
bull Define any assumptions or data gaps clearly
The next steps would be to begin data collection data quality review
and modelling
Step 6 Data Collection Preparation
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
Life Cycle Assessment Classification and Characterisation
32 All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
Midpoints indicators
33
Popular problem-oriented (midpoint) methods are
CML indicators developed in The Netherlands
TRACI developed by the US EPA
Other currently used LCIA methods include
bull damage-oriented (endpoint) methods like EPS and Eco-
Indicator99 (Dutch)
bull distance-to-target methods like the Critical Volumes approach of
BUWAL the Swiss EPA
Effect Increased warming of the troposphere due to anthropogenic greenhouse
gases eg from the burning of fossil fuels
Reference Substance Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Reference Unit kg CO2-Equivalent
Source IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climatic Change)
CO2 CH4
CFCs
UV - radiation
AbsorptionReflection
Infraredradiation
Trace gases in th
e a
tmosphere
34
Life Cycle Impact Assessment Global Warming Potential (GWP)
Effect Reduction in the ozone concentration of the Stratosphere due to emissions
such as Chloro-fluoro-carbons (CFCs)
Reference Substance Tri-chloro-fluoro-methane (R11)
Reference Unit kg R11-Equivalent
Source CML (Heijungs Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) 1992
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP)
CFCs Nitrogen oxide
Stratosphere
15 - 50 km Absorption Absorption
UV - radiation
35
Effect Increase in the pH-value of precipitation due to the wash-out of acidifiying gases
eg Sulphur dioxide (SO2) and Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Reference Substance Sulphur dioxide (SO2)
Reference Unit kg SO2-Equivalent
Source CML (Heijungs Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) 1992
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Acidification Potential (AP)
SO 2
NO X
H 2 SO 4 4 HNO 3
36
Effect Excessive nutient input into water and land from substances such as
phosphorus und nitrogen from agriculture combustion processes and effluents
Reference Substance Phosphate (PO4-)
Reference Unit kg PO4- Equivalent
Source CML (Heijungs Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) 1992
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Eutrophication Potential (EP)
Waste water
Air pollution
Fertilisation
PO 4 -3
NO 3 -
NH 4 +
NO X N 2 O
NH 3
37
Hydrocarbons Nitrogen Oxides
Dry and warm climate
Hydrocarbons
Nitrogen Oxides
Ozone
Effect Formation of low level ozone by sunlight instigating the photochemical reaction
of nitrogen oxides with hyrocarbons and volatile organic compounds (VOC)
Reference Substance Ethylene (C2H4)
Reference Unit kg C2H4 -Equivalent
Source Udo de Haes et al 1999
38
Life Cycle Impact Assessment Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential (POCP) - Summer smog
Effect Continuous toxicological impact on humans
(arbitrary estimation)
Reference Substance 14-Di-chloro-benzene (DCB C6H4Cl2)
Reference Unit kg DCB - Equivalent
Source CML (Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) RIVM (National
Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection)
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Human Toxicity Potential (HTP)
Heavy metals
Halogenorganic
compounds
PCB DCB
PAH
Air
Food
Products
39
Effect Continuous toxicological impact on water and soils
(arbitrary estimation)
Reference Substance 14-Di-chloro-benzene (DCB C6H4Cl2)
Reference Unit kg DCB - Equivalent
Source CML (Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) RIVM (National
Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection)
Life Cycle Impact Assessment Aquatic (AETP) and Terrestrial (TETP) = Ecotoxicity Potential (ETP)
(Terrestrial Ecosystem)
Biosphere
Heavy metals
Halogenorganic
compounds PCB
DCB
PAH
Biosphere
(Aquatic ecosystem)
40
Agenda
1 PE International Overview
1 Profile Products and Services
2 Introduction to Life Cycle Assessment
Methodology and Framework
3 Applications of LCA and Business Value
1 Success Stories and Case Studies
4 Operationalization of LCA using GaBi
Software
Building business value long term B
usin
ess V
alu
e
Overview
Orientation
Long-term company
success
Screening
Material Comparison
Maturity of LCA usage
Rapid Prototyping (Generic LCA)
Process amp Resource Efficiency
Eco-design amp sustainable product Innovation
Verifiable BOM BOP amp Compliance
Product Communication amp Verification Continuous operational
optimization
Sustainable Product Portfolio Management
Value Chain optimization
42
43 11112013
Drivers for applying Life Cycle Thinking in industry are
Which reasons
exist
Regulations amp directives Integrate Product Policy (IPP)
Directive on end-of-life vehicle
WEEE and RoHS
Green purchasing program
Customer requests Down stream clients
Value chain
engagement Material stewardship
ldquoWhat ifrdquo scenarios
Communication and
reputation building SocietyNGOs
Authorities
Green funds
Research and academia
Life Cycle Thinking and Product Sustainability Introduction and overview
Business Benefit
Source httpavnirorgdocumentationcongres_avnirdiaposplacvmoteurUnilever_Taylorpdf
Life Cycle Assessment Value Chain Analysis
45
Business Benefit
Business value
bull Understand and improve productsrsquo
environmental footprints
bull EPDs for all its carpet products
globally for verified communication
and reporting
bull Product optimization and innovation
bull Risk Management in the supply chain
Solution
bull Use of GaBi software in-house to track
and improve its productsrsquo life cycle
performance
bull Reduce Recycle Innovative yarn
raquoOur use of LCA with GaBi has evolved to a proactive
assessment of alternatives during the development process
making it a critical tool in helping us achieve our Mission
Zeroreg goalslaquo
Connie Hensler Director Corporate LCA Programs
Interface Inc Source Ramon Arratia
Interface A case of full product responsibility
Life Cycle Assessment Hotspot Identification
LCA of furniture Green Product development
46 Source Ashwini Deodeshmukh Godrej Interio PE Workshop April 2013
47
Solution
bull LCA of packaging
bull Scenario analysis to optimize
packaging design
Sustainability performance
50 less primary energy
60 less plastic
75 fewer CO2 emissions from
transportation
Business advantage
Cost reduction of packaging
across the entire life cycle
Brand enhancement
in container manufacture only compared
to the rigid gallon jug
Packaging Innovation
bdquoLCA gives us a competitive advantage because it gives
us more insight into how to reduce our productsrsquo
footprints find efficiencies and validate and explain those
benefits to customers and consumersrdquo
Chris McGrath vice president for sustainability at Kraft Foods1
Source September 2012 MIT Sloan Management Review
Image Kraft Foods
Material Comparison Daimler Case Study
48
Comparison of concepts for the C-class front-module
bull Material options steel aluminum-steel plastic-steel
bull In terms of primary energy demand the steel version the favorable one followed by
the aluminum-steel option
bull In terms of weight the aluminum-steel version is best
Source Environmental Certificate Mercedes-Benz C-Class 11112013
Life Cycle Assessment PUMA- Shoe Packaging
bull 1 million litres of water saved
bull During transport 500000 litres of diesel is saved
bull If replacement of traditional shopping bags then save up to 275 tons of plastic
Septem
ber
2007
49
bull ~8500 tons less paper will be
consumed
bull 20 million Megajoules of electricity
saved
bull 1 million litres less of fuel oil use
Comparative LCA Sustainable Packaging
11112013 51
Impact Category Credit Energy
Disposal and
Recycling
Downstream
Transport
Primary
Packaging
Secondary
Packaging
Upstream
Transport
Container Glass -11 7 4 100 -2 2
PET 0 19 2 82 -4 1
Beverage Carton -12 134 8 -16 -15 1
Al Can 0 2 1 93 3 0
Source httpwwwindialcacompdfsILCM-2012-Session-6-Vinay-Saranpdf
Environmental Impact of Building Present and Future Scenario
bull Several methods and techniques
being adopted to reduce
environmental impact during the
use phase of the building
bull However impact due to materials
and construction will become
significant when operational
impact has been reduced
bull Cost of resources will increase
further creating burden on the
construction phase
Materials Operation End-of-life
Materials Operation End-of-life
GW
P t C
O2 e
q
Year 2020
Year 2010
GW
P t C
O2 e
q
0
25
50
0
25
50
53
Business Benefit
Image Tata Steel
Business value
bull Marketing tool for product
differentiation and to support
customers with data on the
sustainability of steel
bull Decision making in product
development
bull Identification of hot spots in the steel
value chain to effectively reduce
impacts and resource consumption
Solution
bull Use LCA Software to build product
models covering environmental impacts
bull Interactive reports for EPD creation
raquoLife Cycle Assessment helps us to fully understand
the benefits across the life cycle and assists us in
communicating these to our stakeholderslaquo
Allan Griffin Knowledge Group Leader Sustainability Tata Steel
Development of EPD Tata Steel Example
GaBi is the most widely used product sustainability
solution on the planet
10
bull Helps businesses achieve optimal product
sustainabilty performance
- Environmental
- Social
- Economic
bull GaBi is a modelling reporting amp diagnostic
software tool that drives product sustainability
performance during design planning and
production
bull Powerful LCA tools and databases for product
and process sustainability
Product Sustainability Performance (PSP) GaBi solves the following business challenges
Life Cycle Assessment
bull Design for Environment Product Stewardship
bull Energy-efficiency eco-efficiency
bull Eco-design
bull Sustainable value chains
Life Cycle Costing
bull Design for cost reduction
bull Integration of external cost
Life Cycle Working Environment
bull Developing manufacturing process that address social responsibilities
Life Cycle Reporting
bull Product marketing sustainability labels Environmental Product Declarations and credentials
bull Environmental communication amp sustainability reporting
bull LCA knowledge sharing
11 11112013
The Expert Choice
12
Databases
amp more
Industrial data
GaBi assesses the life cycle of any
producthellip
13
bull hellipbreaking it down into every
part material and process
then analyzing all related
supply chain components
bull hellipfor every phase in its life
cycle (growthmining
manufacturing transport
use end-of-life)
bull hellipfor any quantifiable
sustainability metric (energy
resources water used
emissions and ecological
impact ecological footprint
social impactshellip) enabling
identification of trade-offs
bull to determine the best
product design possible
What is SoFi
SoFi is a software modeling reporting amp diagnostic
platform for the enterprise
bull Helps achieve improved sustainability
performance across operations and the supply chain
- Environmental
- Social
- Economic
bull Aggregates disparate data and presents a complete
visualization of a companyrsquos sustainability performance
bull Diagnoses performance gaps using industry benchmarks
and automatically suggests remedial actions
bull Monitors improvement plans amp sustainability KPIs
bull Reports for internal and external stakeholders
Application areas
z Enterprise energy management bull Facilities amp assets bull Building portfolios
Sustainability reporting bull Responding to sustainability rating organizations bull Improving scores amp rankings
Environmental management bull ISO 14001 EMAS bull Work Safety Reporting
Carbon amp water management bull Carbon Footprint (Scope 12 amp 3) bull Reduction initiatives bull Voluntary amp mandatory reporting
Sustainable supply chain bull Supplier assessment ranking and rating bull Performance management for suppliers
First Accredited Provider amp
Gold Data Partner of CDP ldquoThe high quality SoFi Software solutions from our gold
carbon calculation partner PE INTERNATIONAL have
been tested by an independent third party and meet CDP
standards of greenhouse gas emissions calculation CDP
is delighted to recommend the SoFi Software solutions in
helping companies to measure and manage carbon
performance effectivelyrdquo
Paul Simpson Chief Executive Officer Carbon
Disclosure Project
ldquoGRI is pleased to confirm that SoFi contains precise
GRI content it is the first sustainability reporting tool
which has fulfilled all the requirements of the GRI
Certified Software and Tools Programrdquo
Dr Nelmara Arbex Director of Learning Services
Global Reporting Initiative
PE is a GRI Organizational Stakeholder since 2005 and
has been supporter and sponsor of the GRI
conferences since the launch in 2006
First verified solution by GRI
G4 G31 G3 Content
SoFi Accreditations
Agenda
1 PE International Overview
1 Profile Products and Services
2 Introduction to Life Cycle Assessment
Methodology and Framework
3 Applications of LCA and Business Value
1 Success Stories and Case Studies
4 Operationalization of LCA using GaBi
Software
Principles of Life Cycle Assessment What is LCA
18
Life Cycle Assessment is the compiling and evaluation of the input
and outputs and the potential environmental impacts of a product
system during its lifetime
Definition of Life Cycle Assessment from DIN ISO 14044
LCA
Raw Materials
Final Disposal
Life Cycle Thinkinghellip
A lens to assess your business amp supply chain sustainability
Recycling
Materials
Manufacture
Products
Manufacture
Transportation amp Manufacture
Use
19
20 11112013
Life Cycle Thinking an example for applied Life Cycle Thinking hellip
bull The framework for calculation of Life Cycle Assessments are the ISO-standards
1404014044
bull ISO definition
bull Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is the compiling and evaluation of the input and
outputs and the potential environmental impacts of a product system during its
lifetime
bull The results of Life Cycle Assessments are
bull A quantification of the inputs and outputs for a product life cycle
Life Cycle Inventory
bull A quantification of the potential environmental impacts eg Global Warming Potential
Acidification Potential Ozone Depletion Potential
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Basics of Life Cycle Assessment
21
22 11112013
Life Cycle Thinking Methods amp implementation ndash Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) ISO 1404044
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
Goal and scope
definition
Inventory analysis
Impact assessment
Inte
rpre
tation
LCA framework Direct applications
Product development
and improvement
Strategic planning
Public policy making
Marketing
Other
Basics of Life Cycle Assessment
End of Life Phase Production Phase Use Phase
Manufacture
bull Rotor
bull Nacelle
bull Tower
bull Cables
bull Transport to
site
Construction
bull Site works and
buildings
bull Foundations
bull Erection
End of life
bull Dismantling
bull Recycling
bull Landfill
bull Energy
recovery
Operation
bull Maintenance
bull Replacement
parts
bull Power
generation
23 All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
Basics of Life Cycle Assessment
24
Phases of the
life cycle
Impact
assessment
Energy consumption Raw material consumption
Global warming Summer smog Acidification Over fertilisation
Environmental toxins Waste etc
Production phase Use phase End of Life
Life cycle
stages
Preparation of
raw materials
Manufacturing
Pre-products Production Use
Disposal
Recycling
Deposition
Inventory
analysis
I N P U T R e s o u r c e s
O U T P U T E m i s s i o n s a n d W a s t e
ldquoCradle to gaterdquo
ldquoCradle to graverdquo
LCA Step by step
bull Definition of the goal of the study
bull Agreement on the scope of the project
bull Description of the functional unit ie reference unit
bull Set up of the Life Cycle Inventory
Data collection identification of the relevant material and energy flows
bull Calculation of the Impact Assessment
bull Evaluation and Interpretation of the results
bull Documentation in a detailed report
bull Critical Review
optional to increase the credibility
obligatory for comparative studies
25
26
Task Firstly define the intended Goal of your study in a short statement summarising
- the intended application and reasons for carrying out the study
- the intended audience for communication of results
- whether the results will be used for comparison and will comparative assertions be publicly disclosed
Hints Choose to study a product system you are familiar with For example the goal could be
bull To understand the life cycle impacts of a product a process or a service provided
bull To investigate the trade-offs in making changes to one aspect of a product life cycle
bull To compare the life cycle environmental impacts of two systems providing the same service
bull To understand life cycle environmental impacts of implementing a government policy
The next step will consider the Scope of the study
Step 1 Define the Goal
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
27
Task Outline the Scope of the system under study in a few bullet points
Hints Think about the goal of your study and the product system
bull What is the function of the product system(s) to be studied
bull Does it include the product use phase or end-of-life phase
bull Is the scope cradle to gate or cradle to grave
bull Are there any key co-products produced by the system
bull If you are studying two comparative systems are their common elements to each
system Can these common elements be ignored
The next step will illustrate the system(s) in a flow diagram
Step 2 Outline the Scope
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
28
Task Sketch a simple process flow diagram that illustrates the main life cycle processes that are relevant to your study
Hint The life cycle sketch could include
bull The main life cycle stages eg raw materials processing product use disposal transport steps
bull If you are undertaking a comparative study include both relevant systems
bull Note the functional output of your system
bull Each unit process should be described showing where the process begins and ends
bull Include any key co-products produced by the system
bull Is there any closed looped re-cycling or re-use within the system scope
The next step will illustrate the key inputs and outputs of the system
Step 3 Outline the Scope ndash sketch a flow diagram
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
29
Task Include the key Inputs and Outputs to your system flow diagram and define the System Boundary
Hint The system boundary includes the unit processes within the scope of the study
bull The system boundary should be consistent with the goal of the study
bull Think about the level of detail required for each unit process Are there cut-off criteria
bull If you decide to ignore or delete processes make a note of your reasons
bull Energy inputs and outputs should be included (all types of energy used)
bull You could make a distinction between foreground processes and background processes
The next step will define the Functional Unit of the system
Step 4 Define the System Boundary
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
30
Task Define the Functional Unit for the study
Hint The functional unit provides a reference to which all input and
output data are normalised It shall be clearly defined and
measureable
bull The functional unit should be consistent with the goal of the study
bull Different studies can be compared based on the functional unit
A textile example could be
One square meter of 200 gram square metre jersey fabric dyed black
The next step will define the data to be collected for the life cycle
inventory
Step 5 Define the Functional Unit
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
31
Task List the key life cycle inventory data to be collected
Hint Think about the types of impacts and data requirements
bull Consider all relevant inputs and outputs
bull Include emissions to air discharge to water and solid waste
bull Consider fugitive emissions and ancillary input materials
bull Include recycled materials
bull Define any assumptions or data gaps clearly
The next steps would be to begin data collection data quality review
and modelling
Step 6 Data Collection Preparation
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
Life Cycle Assessment Classification and Characterisation
32 All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
Midpoints indicators
33
Popular problem-oriented (midpoint) methods are
CML indicators developed in The Netherlands
TRACI developed by the US EPA
Other currently used LCIA methods include
bull damage-oriented (endpoint) methods like EPS and Eco-
Indicator99 (Dutch)
bull distance-to-target methods like the Critical Volumes approach of
BUWAL the Swiss EPA
Effect Increased warming of the troposphere due to anthropogenic greenhouse
gases eg from the burning of fossil fuels
Reference Substance Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Reference Unit kg CO2-Equivalent
Source IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climatic Change)
CO2 CH4
CFCs
UV - radiation
AbsorptionReflection
Infraredradiation
Trace gases in th
e a
tmosphere
34
Life Cycle Impact Assessment Global Warming Potential (GWP)
Effect Reduction in the ozone concentration of the Stratosphere due to emissions
such as Chloro-fluoro-carbons (CFCs)
Reference Substance Tri-chloro-fluoro-methane (R11)
Reference Unit kg R11-Equivalent
Source CML (Heijungs Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) 1992
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP)
CFCs Nitrogen oxide
Stratosphere
15 - 50 km Absorption Absorption
UV - radiation
35
Effect Increase in the pH-value of precipitation due to the wash-out of acidifiying gases
eg Sulphur dioxide (SO2) and Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Reference Substance Sulphur dioxide (SO2)
Reference Unit kg SO2-Equivalent
Source CML (Heijungs Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) 1992
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Acidification Potential (AP)
SO 2
NO X
H 2 SO 4 4 HNO 3
36
Effect Excessive nutient input into water and land from substances such as
phosphorus und nitrogen from agriculture combustion processes and effluents
Reference Substance Phosphate (PO4-)
Reference Unit kg PO4- Equivalent
Source CML (Heijungs Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) 1992
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Eutrophication Potential (EP)
Waste water
Air pollution
Fertilisation
PO 4 -3
NO 3 -
NH 4 +
NO X N 2 O
NH 3
37
Hydrocarbons Nitrogen Oxides
Dry and warm climate
Hydrocarbons
Nitrogen Oxides
Ozone
Effect Formation of low level ozone by sunlight instigating the photochemical reaction
of nitrogen oxides with hyrocarbons and volatile organic compounds (VOC)
Reference Substance Ethylene (C2H4)
Reference Unit kg C2H4 -Equivalent
Source Udo de Haes et al 1999
38
Life Cycle Impact Assessment Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential (POCP) - Summer smog
Effect Continuous toxicological impact on humans
(arbitrary estimation)
Reference Substance 14-Di-chloro-benzene (DCB C6H4Cl2)
Reference Unit kg DCB - Equivalent
Source CML (Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) RIVM (National
Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection)
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Human Toxicity Potential (HTP)
Heavy metals
Halogenorganic
compounds
PCB DCB
PAH
Air
Food
Products
39
Effect Continuous toxicological impact on water and soils
(arbitrary estimation)
Reference Substance 14-Di-chloro-benzene (DCB C6H4Cl2)
Reference Unit kg DCB - Equivalent
Source CML (Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) RIVM (National
Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection)
Life Cycle Impact Assessment Aquatic (AETP) and Terrestrial (TETP) = Ecotoxicity Potential (ETP)
(Terrestrial Ecosystem)
Biosphere
Heavy metals
Halogenorganic
compounds PCB
DCB
PAH
Biosphere
(Aquatic ecosystem)
40
Agenda
1 PE International Overview
1 Profile Products and Services
2 Introduction to Life Cycle Assessment
Methodology and Framework
3 Applications of LCA and Business Value
1 Success Stories and Case Studies
4 Operationalization of LCA using GaBi
Software
Building business value long term B
usin
ess V
alu
e
Overview
Orientation
Long-term company
success
Screening
Material Comparison
Maturity of LCA usage
Rapid Prototyping (Generic LCA)
Process amp Resource Efficiency
Eco-design amp sustainable product Innovation
Verifiable BOM BOP amp Compliance
Product Communication amp Verification Continuous operational
optimization
Sustainable Product Portfolio Management
Value Chain optimization
42
43 11112013
Drivers for applying Life Cycle Thinking in industry are
Which reasons
exist
Regulations amp directives Integrate Product Policy (IPP)
Directive on end-of-life vehicle
WEEE and RoHS
Green purchasing program
Customer requests Down stream clients
Value chain
engagement Material stewardship
ldquoWhat ifrdquo scenarios
Communication and
reputation building SocietyNGOs
Authorities
Green funds
Research and academia
Life Cycle Thinking and Product Sustainability Introduction and overview
Business Benefit
Source httpavnirorgdocumentationcongres_avnirdiaposplacvmoteurUnilever_Taylorpdf
Life Cycle Assessment Value Chain Analysis
45
Business Benefit
Business value
bull Understand and improve productsrsquo
environmental footprints
bull EPDs for all its carpet products
globally for verified communication
and reporting
bull Product optimization and innovation
bull Risk Management in the supply chain
Solution
bull Use of GaBi software in-house to track
and improve its productsrsquo life cycle
performance
bull Reduce Recycle Innovative yarn
raquoOur use of LCA with GaBi has evolved to a proactive
assessment of alternatives during the development process
making it a critical tool in helping us achieve our Mission
Zeroreg goalslaquo
Connie Hensler Director Corporate LCA Programs
Interface Inc Source Ramon Arratia
Interface A case of full product responsibility
Life Cycle Assessment Hotspot Identification
LCA of furniture Green Product development
46 Source Ashwini Deodeshmukh Godrej Interio PE Workshop April 2013
47
Solution
bull LCA of packaging
bull Scenario analysis to optimize
packaging design
Sustainability performance
50 less primary energy
60 less plastic
75 fewer CO2 emissions from
transportation
Business advantage
Cost reduction of packaging
across the entire life cycle
Brand enhancement
in container manufacture only compared
to the rigid gallon jug
Packaging Innovation
bdquoLCA gives us a competitive advantage because it gives
us more insight into how to reduce our productsrsquo
footprints find efficiencies and validate and explain those
benefits to customers and consumersrdquo
Chris McGrath vice president for sustainability at Kraft Foods1
Source September 2012 MIT Sloan Management Review
Image Kraft Foods
Material Comparison Daimler Case Study
48
Comparison of concepts for the C-class front-module
bull Material options steel aluminum-steel plastic-steel
bull In terms of primary energy demand the steel version the favorable one followed by
the aluminum-steel option
bull In terms of weight the aluminum-steel version is best
Source Environmental Certificate Mercedes-Benz C-Class 11112013
Life Cycle Assessment PUMA- Shoe Packaging
bull 1 million litres of water saved
bull During transport 500000 litres of diesel is saved
bull If replacement of traditional shopping bags then save up to 275 tons of plastic
Septem
ber
2007
49
bull ~8500 tons less paper will be
consumed
bull 20 million Megajoules of electricity
saved
bull 1 million litres less of fuel oil use
Comparative LCA Sustainable Packaging
11112013 51
Impact Category Credit Energy
Disposal and
Recycling
Downstream
Transport
Primary
Packaging
Secondary
Packaging
Upstream
Transport
Container Glass -11 7 4 100 -2 2
PET 0 19 2 82 -4 1
Beverage Carton -12 134 8 -16 -15 1
Al Can 0 2 1 93 3 0
Source httpwwwindialcacompdfsILCM-2012-Session-6-Vinay-Saranpdf
Environmental Impact of Building Present and Future Scenario
bull Several methods and techniques
being adopted to reduce
environmental impact during the
use phase of the building
bull However impact due to materials
and construction will become
significant when operational
impact has been reduced
bull Cost of resources will increase
further creating burden on the
construction phase
Materials Operation End-of-life
Materials Operation End-of-life
GW
P t C
O2 e
q
Year 2020
Year 2010
GW
P t C
O2 e
q
0
25
50
0
25
50
53
Business Benefit
Image Tata Steel
Business value
bull Marketing tool for product
differentiation and to support
customers with data on the
sustainability of steel
bull Decision making in product
development
bull Identification of hot spots in the steel
value chain to effectively reduce
impacts and resource consumption
Solution
bull Use LCA Software to build product
models covering environmental impacts
bull Interactive reports for EPD creation
raquoLife Cycle Assessment helps us to fully understand
the benefits across the life cycle and assists us in
communicating these to our stakeholderslaquo
Allan Griffin Knowledge Group Leader Sustainability Tata Steel
Development of EPD Tata Steel Example
Product Sustainability Performance (PSP) GaBi solves the following business challenges
Life Cycle Assessment
bull Design for Environment Product Stewardship
bull Energy-efficiency eco-efficiency
bull Eco-design
bull Sustainable value chains
Life Cycle Costing
bull Design for cost reduction
bull Integration of external cost
Life Cycle Working Environment
bull Developing manufacturing process that address social responsibilities
Life Cycle Reporting
bull Product marketing sustainability labels Environmental Product Declarations and credentials
bull Environmental communication amp sustainability reporting
bull LCA knowledge sharing
11 11112013
The Expert Choice
12
Databases
amp more
Industrial data
GaBi assesses the life cycle of any
producthellip
13
bull hellipbreaking it down into every
part material and process
then analyzing all related
supply chain components
bull hellipfor every phase in its life
cycle (growthmining
manufacturing transport
use end-of-life)
bull hellipfor any quantifiable
sustainability metric (energy
resources water used
emissions and ecological
impact ecological footprint
social impactshellip) enabling
identification of trade-offs
bull to determine the best
product design possible
What is SoFi
SoFi is a software modeling reporting amp diagnostic
platform for the enterprise
bull Helps achieve improved sustainability
performance across operations and the supply chain
- Environmental
- Social
- Economic
bull Aggregates disparate data and presents a complete
visualization of a companyrsquos sustainability performance
bull Diagnoses performance gaps using industry benchmarks
and automatically suggests remedial actions
bull Monitors improvement plans amp sustainability KPIs
bull Reports for internal and external stakeholders
Application areas
z Enterprise energy management bull Facilities amp assets bull Building portfolios
Sustainability reporting bull Responding to sustainability rating organizations bull Improving scores amp rankings
Environmental management bull ISO 14001 EMAS bull Work Safety Reporting
Carbon amp water management bull Carbon Footprint (Scope 12 amp 3) bull Reduction initiatives bull Voluntary amp mandatory reporting
Sustainable supply chain bull Supplier assessment ranking and rating bull Performance management for suppliers
First Accredited Provider amp
Gold Data Partner of CDP ldquoThe high quality SoFi Software solutions from our gold
carbon calculation partner PE INTERNATIONAL have
been tested by an independent third party and meet CDP
standards of greenhouse gas emissions calculation CDP
is delighted to recommend the SoFi Software solutions in
helping companies to measure and manage carbon
performance effectivelyrdquo
Paul Simpson Chief Executive Officer Carbon
Disclosure Project
ldquoGRI is pleased to confirm that SoFi contains precise
GRI content it is the first sustainability reporting tool
which has fulfilled all the requirements of the GRI
Certified Software and Tools Programrdquo
Dr Nelmara Arbex Director of Learning Services
Global Reporting Initiative
PE is a GRI Organizational Stakeholder since 2005 and
has been supporter and sponsor of the GRI
conferences since the launch in 2006
First verified solution by GRI
G4 G31 G3 Content
SoFi Accreditations
Agenda
1 PE International Overview
1 Profile Products and Services
2 Introduction to Life Cycle Assessment
Methodology and Framework
3 Applications of LCA and Business Value
1 Success Stories and Case Studies
4 Operationalization of LCA using GaBi
Software
Principles of Life Cycle Assessment What is LCA
18
Life Cycle Assessment is the compiling and evaluation of the input
and outputs and the potential environmental impacts of a product
system during its lifetime
Definition of Life Cycle Assessment from DIN ISO 14044
LCA
Raw Materials
Final Disposal
Life Cycle Thinkinghellip
A lens to assess your business amp supply chain sustainability
Recycling
Materials
Manufacture
Products
Manufacture
Transportation amp Manufacture
Use
19
20 11112013
Life Cycle Thinking an example for applied Life Cycle Thinking hellip
bull The framework for calculation of Life Cycle Assessments are the ISO-standards
1404014044
bull ISO definition
bull Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is the compiling and evaluation of the input and
outputs and the potential environmental impacts of a product system during its
lifetime
bull The results of Life Cycle Assessments are
bull A quantification of the inputs and outputs for a product life cycle
Life Cycle Inventory
bull A quantification of the potential environmental impacts eg Global Warming Potential
Acidification Potential Ozone Depletion Potential
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Basics of Life Cycle Assessment
21
22 11112013
Life Cycle Thinking Methods amp implementation ndash Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) ISO 1404044
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
Goal and scope
definition
Inventory analysis
Impact assessment
Inte
rpre
tation
LCA framework Direct applications
Product development
and improvement
Strategic planning
Public policy making
Marketing
Other
Basics of Life Cycle Assessment
End of Life Phase Production Phase Use Phase
Manufacture
bull Rotor
bull Nacelle
bull Tower
bull Cables
bull Transport to
site
Construction
bull Site works and
buildings
bull Foundations
bull Erection
End of life
bull Dismantling
bull Recycling
bull Landfill
bull Energy
recovery
Operation
bull Maintenance
bull Replacement
parts
bull Power
generation
23 All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
Basics of Life Cycle Assessment
24
Phases of the
life cycle
Impact
assessment
Energy consumption Raw material consumption
Global warming Summer smog Acidification Over fertilisation
Environmental toxins Waste etc
Production phase Use phase End of Life
Life cycle
stages
Preparation of
raw materials
Manufacturing
Pre-products Production Use
Disposal
Recycling
Deposition
Inventory
analysis
I N P U T R e s o u r c e s
O U T P U T E m i s s i o n s a n d W a s t e
ldquoCradle to gaterdquo
ldquoCradle to graverdquo
LCA Step by step
bull Definition of the goal of the study
bull Agreement on the scope of the project
bull Description of the functional unit ie reference unit
bull Set up of the Life Cycle Inventory
Data collection identification of the relevant material and energy flows
bull Calculation of the Impact Assessment
bull Evaluation and Interpretation of the results
bull Documentation in a detailed report
bull Critical Review
optional to increase the credibility
obligatory for comparative studies
25
26
Task Firstly define the intended Goal of your study in a short statement summarising
- the intended application and reasons for carrying out the study
- the intended audience for communication of results
- whether the results will be used for comparison and will comparative assertions be publicly disclosed
Hints Choose to study a product system you are familiar with For example the goal could be
bull To understand the life cycle impacts of a product a process or a service provided
bull To investigate the trade-offs in making changes to one aspect of a product life cycle
bull To compare the life cycle environmental impacts of two systems providing the same service
bull To understand life cycle environmental impacts of implementing a government policy
The next step will consider the Scope of the study
Step 1 Define the Goal
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
27
Task Outline the Scope of the system under study in a few bullet points
Hints Think about the goal of your study and the product system
bull What is the function of the product system(s) to be studied
bull Does it include the product use phase or end-of-life phase
bull Is the scope cradle to gate or cradle to grave
bull Are there any key co-products produced by the system
bull If you are studying two comparative systems are their common elements to each
system Can these common elements be ignored
The next step will illustrate the system(s) in a flow diagram
Step 2 Outline the Scope
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
28
Task Sketch a simple process flow diagram that illustrates the main life cycle processes that are relevant to your study
Hint The life cycle sketch could include
bull The main life cycle stages eg raw materials processing product use disposal transport steps
bull If you are undertaking a comparative study include both relevant systems
bull Note the functional output of your system
bull Each unit process should be described showing where the process begins and ends
bull Include any key co-products produced by the system
bull Is there any closed looped re-cycling or re-use within the system scope
The next step will illustrate the key inputs and outputs of the system
Step 3 Outline the Scope ndash sketch a flow diagram
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
29
Task Include the key Inputs and Outputs to your system flow diagram and define the System Boundary
Hint The system boundary includes the unit processes within the scope of the study
bull The system boundary should be consistent with the goal of the study
bull Think about the level of detail required for each unit process Are there cut-off criteria
bull If you decide to ignore or delete processes make a note of your reasons
bull Energy inputs and outputs should be included (all types of energy used)
bull You could make a distinction between foreground processes and background processes
The next step will define the Functional Unit of the system
Step 4 Define the System Boundary
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
30
Task Define the Functional Unit for the study
Hint The functional unit provides a reference to which all input and
output data are normalised It shall be clearly defined and
measureable
bull The functional unit should be consistent with the goal of the study
bull Different studies can be compared based on the functional unit
A textile example could be
One square meter of 200 gram square metre jersey fabric dyed black
The next step will define the data to be collected for the life cycle
inventory
Step 5 Define the Functional Unit
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
31
Task List the key life cycle inventory data to be collected
Hint Think about the types of impacts and data requirements
bull Consider all relevant inputs and outputs
bull Include emissions to air discharge to water and solid waste
bull Consider fugitive emissions and ancillary input materials
bull Include recycled materials
bull Define any assumptions or data gaps clearly
The next steps would be to begin data collection data quality review
and modelling
Step 6 Data Collection Preparation
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
Life Cycle Assessment Classification and Characterisation
32 All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
Midpoints indicators
33
Popular problem-oriented (midpoint) methods are
CML indicators developed in The Netherlands
TRACI developed by the US EPA
Other currently used LCIA methods include
bull damage-oriented (endpoint) methods like EPS and Eco-
Indicator99 (Dutch)
bull distance-to-target methods like the Critical Volumes approach of
BUWAL the Swiss EPA
Effect Increased warming of the troposphere due to anthropogenic greenhouse
gases eg from the burning of fossil fuels
Reference Substance Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Reference Unit kg CO2-Equivalent
Source IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climatic Change)
CO2 CH4
CFCs
UV - radiation
AbsorptionReflection
Infraredradiation
Trace gases in th
e a
tmosphere
34
Life Cycle Impact Assessment Global Warming Potential (GWP)
Effect Reduction in the ozone concentration of the Stratosphere due to emissions
such as Chloro-fluoro-carbons (CFCs)
Reference Substance Tri-chloro-fluoro-methane (R11)
Reference Unit kg R11-Equivalent
Source CML (Heijungs Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) 1992
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP)
CFCs Nitrogen oxide
Stratosphere
15 - 50 km Absorption Absorption
UV - radiation
35
Effect Increase in the pH-value of precipitation due to the wash-out of acidifiying gases
eg Sulphur dioxide (SO2) and Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Reference Substance Sulphur dioxide (SO2)
Reference Unit kg SO2-Equivalent
Source CML (Heijungs Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) 1992
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Acidification Potential (AP)
SO 2
NO X
H 2 SO 4 4 HNO 3
36
Effect Excessive nutient input into water and land from substances such as
phosphorus und nitrogen from agriculture combustion processes and effluents
Reference Substance Phosphate (PO4-)
Reference Unit kg PO4- Equivalent
Source CML (Heijungs Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) 1992
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Eutrophication Potential (EP)
Waste water
Air pollution
Fertilisation
PO 4 -3
NO 3 -
NH 4 +
NO X N 2 O
NH 3
37
Hydrocarbons Nitrogen Oxides
Dry and warm climate
Hydrocarbons
Nitrogen Oxides
Ozone
Effect Formation of low level ozone by sunlight instigating the photochemical reaction
of nitrogen oxides with hyrocarbons and volatile organic compounds (VOC)
Reference Substance Ethylene (C2H4)
Reference Unit kg C2H4 -Equivalent
Source Udo de Haes et al 1999
38
Life Cycle Impact Assessment Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential (POCP) - Summer smog
Effect Continuous toxicological impact on humans
(arbitrary estimation)
Reference Substance 14-Di-chloro-benzene (DCB C6H4Cl2)
Reference Unit kg DCB - Equivalent
Source CML (Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) RIVM (National
Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection)
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Human Toxicity Potential (HTP)
Heavy metals
Halogenorganic
compounds
PCB DCB
PAH
Air
Food
Products
39
Effect Continuous toxicological impact on water and soils
(arbitrary estimation)
Reference Substance 14-Di-chloro-benzene (DCB C6H4Cl2)
Reference Unit kg DCB - Equivalent
Source CML (Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) RIVM (National
Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection)
Life Cycle Impact Assessment Aquatic (AETP) and Terrestrial (TETP) = Ecotoxicity Potential (ETP)
(Terrestrial Ecosystem)
Biosphere
Heavy metals
Halogenorganic
compounds PCB
DCB
PAH
Biosphere
(Aquatic ecosystem)
40
Agenda
1 PE International Overview
1 Profile Products and Services
2 Introduction to Life Cycle Assessment
Methodology and Framework
3 Applications of LCA and Business Value
1 Success Stories and Case Studies
4 Operationalization of LCA using GaBi
Software
Building business value long term B
usin
ess V
alu
e
Overview
Orientation
Long-term company
success
Screening
Material Comparison
Maturity of LCA usage
Rapid Prototyping (Generic LCA)
Process amp Resource Efficiency
Eco-design amp sustainable product Innovation
Verifiable BOM BOP amp Compliance
Product Communication amp Verification Continuous operational
optimization
Sustainable Product Portfolio Management
Value Chain optimization
42
43 11112013
Drivers for applying Life Cycle Thinking in industry are
Which reasons
exist
Regulations amp directives Integrate Product Policy (IPP)
Directive on end-of-life vehicle
WEEE and RoHS
Green purchasing program
Customer requests Down stream clients
Value chain
engagement Material stewardship
ldquoWhat ifrdquo scenarios
Communication and
reputation building SocietyNGOs
Authorities
Green funds
Research and academia
Life Cycle Thinking and Product Sustainability Introduction and overview
Business Benefit
Source httpavnirorgdocumentationcongres_avnirdiaposplacvmoteurUnilever_Taylorpdf
Life Cycle Assessment Value Chain Analysis
45
Business Benefit
Business value
bull Understand and improve productsrsquo
environmental footprints
bull EPDs for all its carpet products
globally for verified communication
and reporting
bull Product optimization and innovation
bull Risk Management in the supply chain
Solution
bull Use of GaBi software in-house to track
and improve its productsrsquo life cycle
performance
bull Reduce Recycle Innovative yarn
raquoOur use of LCA with GaBi has evolved to a proactive
assessment of alternatives during the development process
making it a critical tool in helping us achieve our Mission
Zeroreg goalslaquo
Connie Hensler Director Corporate LCA Programs
Interface Inc Source Ramon Arratia
Interface A case of full product responsibility
Life Cycle Assessment Hotspot Identification
LCA of furniture Green Product development
46 Source Ashwini Deodeshmukh Godrej Interio PE Workshop April 2013
47
Solution
bull LCA of packaging
bull Scenario analysis to optimize
packaging design
Sustainability performance
50 less primary energy
60 less plastic
75 fewer CO2 emissions from
transportation
Business advantage
Cost reduction of packaging
across the entire life cycle
Brand enhancement
in container manufacture only compared
to the rigid gallon jug
Packaging Innovation
bdquoLCA gives us a competitive advantage because it gives
us more insight into how to reduce our productsrsquo
footprints find efficiencies and validate and explain those
benefits to customers and consumersrdquo
Chris McGrath vice president for sustainability at Kraft Foods1
Source September 2012 MIT Sloan Management Review
Image Kraft Foods
Material Comparison Daimler Case Study
48
Comparison of concepts for the C-class front-module
bull Material options steel aluminum-steel plastic-steel
bull In terms of primary energy demand the steel version the favorable one followed by
the aluminum-steel option
bull In terms of weight the aluminum-steel version is best
Source Environmental Certificate Mercedes-Benz C-Class 11112013
Life Cycle Assessment PUMA- Shoe Packaging
bull 1 million litres of water saved
bull During transport 500000 litres of diesel is saved
bull If replacement of traditional shopping bags then save up to 275 tons of plastic
Septem
ber
2007
49
bull ~8500 tons less paper will be
consumed
bull 20 million Megajoules of electricity
saved
bull 1 million litres less of fuel oil use
Comparative LCA Sustainable Packaging
11112013 51
Impact Category Credit Energy
Disposal and
Recycling
Downstream
Transport
Primary
Packaging
Secondary
Packaging
Upstream
Transport
Container Glass -11 7 4 100 -2 2
PET 0 19 2 82 -4 1
Beverage Carton -12 134 8 -16 -15 1
Al Can 0 2 1 93 3 0
Source httpwwwindialcacompdfsILCM-2012-Session-6-Vinay-Saranpdf
Environmental Impact of Building Present and Future Scenario
bull Several methods and techniques
being adopted to reduce
environmental impact during the
use phase of the building
bull However impact due to materials
and construction will become
significant when operational
impact has been reduced
bull Cost of resources will increase
further creating burden on the
construction phase
Materials Operation End-of-life
Materials Operation End-of-life
GW
P t C
O2 e
q
Year 2020
Year 2010
GW
P t C
O2 e
q
0
25
50
0
25
50
53
Business Benefit
Image Tata Steel
Business value
bull Marketing tool for product
differentiation and to support
customers with data on the
sustainability of steel
bull Decision making in product
development
bull Identification of hot spots in the steel
value chain to effectively reduce
impacts and resource consumption
Solution
bull Use LCA Software to build product
models covering environmental impacts
bull Interactive reports for EPD creation
raquoLife Cycle Assessment helps us to fully understand
the benefits across the life cycle and assists us in
communicating these to our stakeholderslaquo
Allan Griffin Knowledge Group Leader Sustainability Tata Steel
Development of EPD Tata Steel Example
The Expert Choice
12
Databases
amp more
Industrial data
GaBi assesses the life cycle of any
producthellip
13
bull hellipbreaking it down into every
part material and process
then analyzing all related
supply chain components
bull hellipfor every phase in its life
cycle (growthmining
manufacturing transport
use end-of-life)
bull hellipfor any quantifiable
sustainability metric (energy
resources water used
emissions and ecological
impact ecological footprint
social impactshellip) enabling
identification of trade-offs
bull to determine the best
product design possible
What is SoFi
SoFi is a software modeling reporting amp diagnostic
platform for the enterprise
bull Helps achieve improved sustainability
performance across operations and the supply chain
- Environmental
- Social
- Economic
bull Aggregates disparate data and presents a complete
visualization of a companyrsquos sustainability performance
bull Diagnoses performance gaps using industry benchmarks
and automatically suggests remedial actions
bull Monitors improvement plans amp sustainability KPIs
bull Reports for internal and external stakeholders
Application areas
z Enterprise energy management bull Facilities amp assets bull Building portfolios
Sustainability reporting bull Responding to sustainability rating organizations bull Improving scores amp rankings
Environmental management bull ISO 14001 EMAS bull Work Safety Reporting
Carbon amp water management bull Carbon Footprint (Scope 12 amp 3) bull Reduction initiatives bull Voluntary amp mandatory reporting
Sustainable supply chain bull Supplier assessment ranking and rating bull Performance management for suppliers
First Accredited Provider amp
Gold Data Partner of CDP ldquoThe high quality SoFi Software solutions from our gold
carbon calculation partner PE INTERNATIONAL have
been tested by an independent third party and meet CDP
standards of greenhouse gas emissions calculation CDP
is delighted to recommend the SoFi Software solutions in
helping companies to measure and manage carbon
performance effectivelyrdquo
Paul Simpson Chief Executive Officer Carbon
Disclosure Project
ldquoGRI is pleased to confirm that SoFi contains precise
GRI content it is the first sustainability reporting tool
which has fulfilled all the requirements of the GRI
Certified Software and Tools Programrdquo
Dr Nelmara Arbex Director of Learning Services
Global Reporting Initiative
PE is a GRI Organizational Stakeholder since 2005 and
has been supporter and sponsor of the GRI
conferences since the launch in 2006
First verified solution by GRI
G4 G31 G3 Content
SoFi Accreditations
Agenda
1 PE International Overview
1 Profile Products and Services
2 Introduction to Life Cycle Assessment
Methodology and Framework
3 Applications of LCA and Business Value
1 Success Stories and Case Studies
4 Operationalization of LCA using GaBi
Software
Principles of Life Cycle Assessment What is LCA
18
Life Cycle Assessment is the compiling and evaluation of the input
and outputs and the potential environmental impacts of a product
system during its lifetime
Definition of Life Cycle Assessment from DIN ISO 14044
LCA
Raw Materials
Final Disposal
Life Cycle Thinkinghellip
A lens to assess your business amp supply chain sustainability
Recycling
Materials
Manufacture
Products
Manufacture
Transportation amp Manufacture
Use
19
20 11112013
Life Cycle Thinking an example for applied Life Cycle Thinking hellip
bull The framework for calculation of Life Cycle Assessments are the ISO-standards
1404014044
bull ISO definition
bull Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is the compiling and evaluation of the input and
outputs and the potential environmental impacts of a product system during its
lifetime
bull The results of Life Cycle Assessments are
bull A quantification of the inputs and outputs for a product life cycle
Life Cycle Inventory
bull A quantification of the potential environmental impacts eg Global Warming Potential
Acidification Potential Ozone Depletion Potential
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Basics of Life Cycle Assessment
21
22 11112013
Life Cycle Thinking Methods amp implementation ndash Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) ISO 1404044
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
Goal and scope
definition
Inventory analysis
Impact assessment
Inte
rpre
tation
LCA framework Direct applications
Product development
and improvement
Strategic planning
Public policy making
Marketing
Other
Basics of Life Cycle Assessment
End of Life Phase Production Phase Use Phase
Manufacture
bull Rotor
bull Nacelle
bull Tower
bull Cables
bull Transport to
site
Construction
bull Site works and
buildings
bull Foundations
bull Erection
End of life
bull Dismantling
bull Recycling
bull Landfill
bull Energy
recovery
Operation
bull Maintenance
bull Replacement
parts
bull Power
generation
23 All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
Basics of Life Cycle Assessment
24
Phases of the
life cycle
Impact
assessment
Energy consumption Raw material consumption
Global warming Summer smog Acidification Over fertilisation
Environmental toxins Waste etc
Production phase Use phase End of Life
Life cycle
stages
Preparation of
raw materials
Manufacturing
Pre-products Production Use
Disposal
Recycling
Deposition
Inventory
analysis
I N P U T R e s o u r c e s
O U T P U T E m i s s i o n s a n d W a s t e
ldquoCradle to gaterdquo
ldquoCradle to graverdquo
LCA Step by step
bull Definition of the goal of the study
bull Agreement on the scope of the project
bull Description of the functional unit ie reference unit
bull Set up of the Life Cycle Inventory
Data collection identification of the relevant material and energy flows
bull Calculation of the Impact Assessment
bull Evaluation and Interpretation of the results
bull Documentation in a detailed report
bull Critical Review
optional to increase the credibility
obligatory for comparative studies
25
26
Task Firstly define the intended Goal of your study in a short statement summarising
- the intended application and reasons for carrying out the study
- the intended audience for communication of results
- whether the results will be used for comparison and will comparative assertions be publicly disclosed
Hints Choose to study a product system you are familiar with For example the goal could be
bull To understand the life cycle impacts of a product a process or a service provided
bull To investigate the trade-offs in making changes to one aspect of a product life cycle
bull To compare the life cycle environmental impacts of two systems providing the same service
bull To understand life cycle environmental impacts of implementing a government policy
The next step will consider the Scope of the study
Step 1 Define the Goal
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
27
Task Outline the Scope of the system under study in a few bullet points
Hints Think about the goal of your study and the product system
bull What is the function of the product system(s) to be studied
bull Does it include the product use phase or end-of-life phase
bull Is the scope cradle to gate or cradle to grave
bull Are there any key co-products produced by the system
bull If you are studying two comparative systems are their common elements to each
system Can these common elements be ignored
The next step will illustrate the system(s) in a flow diagram
Step 2 Outline the Scope
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
28
Task Sketch a simple process flow diagram that illustrates the main life cycle processes that are relevant to your study
Hint The life cycle sketch could include
bull The main life cycle stages eg raw materials processing product use disposal transport steps
bull If you are undertaking a comparative study include both relevant systems
bull Note the functional output of your system
bull Each unit process should be described showing where the process begins and ends
bull Include any key co-products produced by the system
bull Is there any closed looped re-cycling or re-use within the system scope
The next step will illustrate the key inputs and outputs of the system
Step 3 Outline the Scope ndash sketch a flow diagram
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
29
Task Include the key Inputs and Outputs to your system flow diagram and define the System Boundary
Hint The system boundary includes the unit processes within the scope of the study
bull The system boundary should be consistent with the goal of the study
bull Think about the level of detail required for each unit process Are there cut-off criteria
bull If you decide to ignore or delete processes make a note of your reasons
bull Energy inputs and outputs should be included (all types of energy used)
bull You could make a distinction between foreground processes and background processes
The next step will define the Functional Unit of the system
Step 4 Define the System Boundary
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
30
Task Define the Functional Unit for the study
Hint The functional unit provides a reference to which all input and
output data are normalised It shall be clearly defined and
measureable
bull The functional unit should be consistent with the goal of the study
bull Different studies can be compared based on the functional unit
A textile example could be
One square meter of 200 gram square metre jersey fabric dyed black
The next step will define the data to be collected for the life cycle
inventory
Step 5 Define the Functional Unit
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
31
Task List the key life cycle inventory data to be collected
Hint Think about the types of impacts and data requirements
bull Consider all relevant inputs and outputs
bull Include emissions to air discharge to water and solid waste
bull Consider fugitive emissions and ancillary input materials
bull Include recycled materials
bull Define any assumptions or data gaps clearly
The next steps would be to begin data collection data quality review
and modelling
Step 6 Data Collection Preparation
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
Life Cycle Assessment Classification and Characterisation
32 All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
Midpoints indicators
33
Popular problem-oriented (midpoint) methods are
CML indicators developed in The Netherlands
TRACI developed by the US EPA
Other currently used LCIA methods include
bull damage-oriented (endpoint) methods like EPS and Eco-
Indicator99 (Dutch)
bull distance-to-target methods like the Critical Volumes approach of
BUWAL the Swiss EPA
Effect Increased warming of the troposphere due to anthropogenic greenhouse
gases eg from the burning of fossil fuels
Reference Substance Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Reference Unit kg CO2-Equivalent
Source IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climatic Change)
CO2 CH4
CFCs
UV - radiation
AbsorptionReflection
Infraredradiation
Trace gases in th
e a
tmosphere
34
Life Cycle Impact Assessment Global Warming Potential (GWP)
Effect Reduction in the ozone concentration of the Stratosphere due to emissions
such as Chloro-fluoro-carbons (CFCs)
Reference Substance Tri-chloro-fluoro-methane (R11)
Reference Unit kg R11-Equivalent
Source CML (Heijungs Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) 1992
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP)
CFCs Nitrogen oxide
Stratosphere
15 - 50 km Absorption Absorption
UV - radiation
35
Effect Increase in the pH-value of precipitation due to the wash-out of acidifiying gases
eg Sulphur dioxide (SO2) and Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Reference Substance Sulphur dioxide (SO2)
Reference Unit kg SO2-Equivalent
Source CML (Heijungs Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) 1992
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Acidification Potential (AP)
SO 2
NO X
H 2 SO 4 4 HNO 3
36
Effect Excessive nutient input into water and land from substances such as
phosphorus und nitrogen from agriculture combustion processes and effluents
Reference Substance Phosphate (PO4-)
Reference Unit kg PO4- Equivalent
Source CML (Heijungs Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) 1992
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Eutrophication Potential (EP)
Waste water
Air pollution
Fertilisation
PO 4 -3
NO 3 -
NH 4 +
NO X N 2 O
NH 3
37
Hydrocarbons Nitrogen Oxides
Dry and warm climate
Hydrocarbons
Nitrogen Oxides
Ozone
Effect Formation of low level ozone by sunlight instigating the photochemical reaction
of nitrogen oxides with hyrocarbons and volatile organic compounds (VOC)
Reference Substance Ethylene (C2H4)
Reference Unit kg C2H4 -Equivalent
Source Udo de Haes et al 1999
38
Life Cycle Impact Assessment Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential (POCP) - Summer smog
Effect Continuous toxicological impact on humans
(arbitrary estimation)
Reference Substance 14-Di-chloro-benzene (DCB C6H4Cl2)
Reference Unit kg DCB - Equivalent
Source CML (Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) RIVM (National
Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection)
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Human Toxicity Potential (HTP)
Heavy metals
Halogenorganic
compounds
PCB DCB
PAH
Air
Food
Products
39
Effect Continuous toxicological impact on water and soils
(arbitrary estimation)
Reference Substance 14-Di-chloro-benzene (DCB C6H4Cl2)
Reference Unit kg DCB - Equivalent
Source CML (Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) RIVM (National
Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection)
Life Cycle Impact Assessment Aquatic (AETP) and Terrestrial (TETP) = Ecotoxicity Potential (ETP)
(Terrestrial Ecosystem)
Biosphere
Heavy metals
Halogenorganic
compounds PCB
DCB
PAH
Biosphere
(Aquatic ecosystem)
40
Agenda
1 PE International Overview
1 Profile Products and Services
2 Introduction to Life Cycle Assessment
Methodology and Framework
3 Applications of LCA and Business Value
1 Success Stories and Case Studies
4 Operationalization of LCA using GaBi
Software
Building business value long term B
usin
ess V
alu
e
Overview
Orientation
Long-term company
success
Screening
Material Comparison
Maturity of LCA usage
Rapid Prototyping (Generic LCA)
Process amp Resource Efficiency
Eco-design amp sustainable product Innovation
Verifiable BOM BOP amp Compliance
Product Communication amp Verification Continuous operational
optimization
Sustainable Product Portfolio Management
Value Chain optimization
42
43 11112013
Drivers for applying Life Cycle Thinking in industry are
Which reasons
exist
Regulations amp directives Integrate Product Policy (IPP)
Directive on end-of-life vehicle
WEEE and RoHS
Green purchasing program
Customer requests Down stream clients
Value chain
engagement Material stewardship
ldquoWhat ifrdquo scenarios
Communication and
reputation building SocietyNGOs
Authorities
Green funds
Research and academia
Life Cycle Thinking and Product Sustainability Introduction and overview
Business Benefit
Source httpavnirorgdocumentationcongres_avnirdiaposplacvmoteurUnilever_Taylorpdf
Life Cycle Assessment Value Chain Analysis
45
Business Benefit
Business value
bull Understand and improve productsrsquo
environmental footprints
bull EPDs for all its carpet products
globally for verified communication
and reporting
bull Product optimization and innovation
bull Risk Management in the supply chain
Solution
bull Use of GaBi software in-house to track
and improve its productsrsquo life cycle
performance
bull Reduce Recycle Innovative yarn
raquoOur use of LCA with GaBi has evolved to a proactive
assessment of alternatives during the development process
making it a critical tool in helping us achieve our Mission
Zeroreg goalslaquo
Connie Hensler Director Corporate LCA Programs
Interface Inc Source Ramon Arratia
Interface A case of full product responsibility
Life Cycle Assessment Hotspot Identification
LCA of furniture Green Product development
46 Source Ashwini Deodeshmukh Godrej Interio PE Workshop April 2013
47
Solution
bull LCA of packaging
bull Scenario analysis to optimize
packaging design
Sustainability performance
50 less primary energy
60 less plastic
75 fewer CO2 emissions from
transportation
Business advantage
Cost reduction of packaging
across the entire life cycle
Brand enhancement
in container manufacture only compared
to the rigid gallon jug
Packaging Innovation
bdquoLCA gives us a competitive advantage because it gives
us more insight into how to reduce our productsrsquo
footprints find efficiencies and validate and explain those
benefits to customers and consumersrdquo
Chris McGrath vice president for sustainability at Kraft Foods1
Source September 2012 MIT Sloan Management Review
Image Kraft Foods
Material Comparison Daimler Case Study
48
Comparison of concepts for the C-class front-module
bull Material options steel aluminum-steel plastic-steel
bull In terms of primary energy demand the steel version the favorable one followed by
the aluminum-steel option
bull In terms of weight the aluminum-steel version is best
Source Environmental Certificate Mercedes-Benz C-Class 11112013
Life Cycle Assessment PUMA- Shoe Packaging
bull 1 million litres of water saved
bull During transport 500000 litres of diesel is saved
bull If replacement of traditional shopping bags then save up to 275 tons of plastic
Septem
ber
2007
49
bull ~8500 tons less paper will be
consumed
bull 20 million Megajoules of electricity
saved
bull 1 million litres less of fuel oil use
Comparative LCA Sustainable Packaging
11112013 51
Impact Category Credit Energy
Disposal and
Recycling
Downstream
Transport
Primary
Packaging
Secondary
Packaging
Upstream
Transport
Container Glass -11 7 4 100 -2 2
PET 0 19 2 82 -4 1
Beverage Carton -12 134 8 -16 -15 1
Al Can 0 2 1 93 3 0
Source httpwwwindialcacompdfsILCM-2012-Session-6-Vinay-Saranpdf
Environmental Impact of Building Present and Future Scenario
bull Several methods and techniques
being adopted to reduce
environmental impact during the
use phase of the building
bull However impact due to materials
and construction will become
significant when operational
impact has been reduced
bull Cost of resources will increase
further creating burden on the
construction phase
Materials Operation End-of-life
Materials Operation End-of-life
GW
P t C
O2 e
q
Year 2020
Year 2010
GW
P t C
O2 e
q
0
25
50
0
25
50
53
Business Benefit
Image Tata Steel
Business value
bull Marketing tool for product
differentiation and to support
customers with data on the
sustainability of steel
bull Decision making in product
development
bull Identification of hot spots in the steel
value chain to effectively reduce
impacts and resource consumption
Solution
bull Use LCA Software to build product
models covering environmental impacts
bull Interactive reports for EPD creation
raquoLife Cycle Assessment helps us to fully understand
the benefits across the life cycle and assists us in
communicating these to our stakeholderslaquo
Allan Griffin Knowledge Group Leader Sustainability Tata Steel
Development of EPD Tata Steel Example
GaBi assesses the life cycle of any
producthellip
13
bull hellipbreaking it down into every
part material and process
then analyzing all related
supply chain components
bull hellipfor every phase in its life
cycle (growthmining
manufacturing transport
use end-of-life)
bull hellipfor any quantifiable
sustainability metric (energy
resources water used
emissions and ecological
impact ecological footprint
social impactshellip) enabling
identification of trade-offs
bull to determine the best
product design possible
What is SoFi
SoFi is a software modeling reporting amp diagnostic
platform for the enterprise
bull Helps achieve improved sustainability
performance across operations and the supply chain
- Environmental
- Social
- Economic
bull Aggregates disparate data and presents a complete
visualization of a companyrsquos sustainability performance
bull Diagnoses performance gaps using industry benchmarks
and automatically suggests remedial actions
bull Monitors improvement plans amp sustainability KPIs
bull Reports for internal and external stakeholders
Application areas
z Enterprise energy management bull Facilities amp assets bull Building portfolios
Sustainability reporting bull Responding to sustainability rating organizations bull Improving scores amp rankings
Environmental management bull ISO 14001 EMAS bull Work Safety Reporting
Carbon amp water management bull Carbon Footprint (Scope 12 amp 3) bull Reduction initiatives bull Voluntary amp mandatory reporting
Sustainable supply chain bull Supplier assessment ranking and rating bull Performance management for suppliers
First Accredited Provider amp
Gold Data Partner of CDP ldquoThe high quality SoFi Software solutions from our gold
carbon calculation partner PE INTERNATIONAL have
been tested by an independent third party and meet CDP
standards of greenhouse gas emissions calculation CDP
is delighted to recommend the SoFi Software solutions in
helping companies to measure and manage carbon
performance effectivelyrdquo
Paul Simpson Chief Executive Officer Carbon
Disclosure Project
ldquoGRI is pleased to confirm that SoFi contains precise
GRI content it is the first sustainability reporting tool
which has fulfilled all the requirements of the GRI
Certified Software and Tools Programrdquo
Dr Nelmara Arbex Director of Learning Services
Global Reporting Initiative
PE is a GRI Organizational Stakeholder since 2005 and
has been supporter and sponsor of the GRI
conferences since the launch in 2006
First verified solution by GRI
G4 G31 G3 Content
SoFi Accreditations
Agenda
1 PE International Overview
1 Profile Products and Services
2 Introduction to Life Cycle Assessment
Methodology and Framework
3 Applications of LCA and Business Value
1 Success Stories and Case Studies
4 Operationalization of LCA using GaBi
Software
Principles of Life Cycle Assessment What is LCA
18
Life Cycle Assessment is the compiling and evaluation of the input
and outputs and the potential environmental impacts of a product
system during its lifetime
Definition of Life Cycle Assessment from DIN ISO 14044
LCA
Raw Materials
Final Disposal
Life Cycle Thinkinghellip
A lens to assess your business amp supply chain sustainability
Recycling
Materials
Manufacture
Products
Manufacture
Transportation amp Manufacture
Use
19
20 11112013
Life Cycle Thinking an example for applied Life Cycle Thinking hellip
bull The framework for calculation of Life Cycle Assessments are the ISO-standards
1404014044
bull ISO definition
bull Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is the compiling and evaluation of the input and
outputs and the potential environmental impacts of a product system during its
lifetime
bull The results of Life Cycle Assessments are
bull A quantification of the inputs and outputs for a product life cycle
Life Cycle Inventory
bull A quantification of the potential environmental impacts eg Global Warming Potential
Acidification Potential Ozone Depletion Potential
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Basics of Life Cycle Assessment
21
22 11112013
Life Cycle Thinking Methods amp implementation ndash Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) ISO 1404044
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
Goal and scope
definition
Inventory analysis
Impact assessment
Inte
rpre
tation
LCA framework Direct applications
Product development
and improvement
Strategic planning
Public policy making
Marketing
Other
Basics of Life Cycle Assessment
End of Life Phase Production Phase Use Phase
Manufacture
bull Rotor
bull Nacelle
bull Tower
bull Cables
bull Transport to
site
Construction
bull Site works and
buildings
bull Foundations
bull Erection
End of life
bull Dismantling
bull Recycling
bull Landfill
bull Energy
recovery
Operation
bull Maintenance
bull Replacement
parts
bull Power
generation
23 All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
Basics of Life Cycle Assessment
24
Phases of the
life cycle
Impact
assessment
Energy consumption Raw material consumption
Global warming Summer smog Acidification Over fertilisation
Environmental toxins Waste etc
Production phase Use phase End of Life
Life cycle
stages
Preparation of
raw materials
Manufacturing
Pre-products Production Use
Disposal
Recycling
Deposition
Inventory
analysis
I N P U T R e s o u r c e s
O U T P U T E m i s s i o n s a n d W a s t e
ldquoCradle to gaterdquo
ldquoCradle to graverdquo
LCA Step by step
bull Definition of the goal of the study
bull Agreement on the scope of the project
bull Description of the functional unit ie reference unit
bull Set up of the Life Cycle Inventory
Data collection identification of the relevant material and energy flows
bull Calculation of the Impact Assessment
bull Evaluation and Interpretation of the results
bull Documentation in a detailed report
bull Critical Review
optional to increase the credibility
obligatory for comparative studies
25
26
Task Firstly define the intended Goal of your study in a short statement summarising
- the intended application and reasons for carrying out the study
- the intended audience for communication of results
- whether the results will be used for comparison and will comparative assertions be publicly disclosed
Hints Choose to study a product system you are familiar with For example the goal could be
bull To understand the life cycle impacts of a product a process or a service provided
bull To investigate the trade-offs in making changes to one aspect of a product life cycle
bull To compare the life cycle environmental impacts of two systems providing the same service
bull To understand life cycle environmental impacts of implementing a government policy
The next step will consider the Scope of the study
Step 1 Define the Goal
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
27
Task Outline the Scope of the system under study in a few bullet points
Hints Think about the goal of your study and the product system
bull What is the function of the product system(s) to be studied
bull Does it include the product use phase or end-of-life phase
bull Is the scope cradle to gate or cradle to grave
bull Are there any key co-products produced by the system
bull If you are studying two comparative systems are their common elements to each
system Can these common elements be ignored
The next step will illustrate the system(s) in a flow diagram
Step 2 Outline the Scope
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
28
Task Sketch a simple process flow diagram that illustrates the main life cycle processes that are relevant to your study
Hint The life cycle sketch could include
bull The main life cycle stages eg raw materials processing product use disposal transport steps
bull If you are undertaking a comparative study include both relevant systems
bull Note the functional output of your system
bull Each unit process should be described showing where the process begins and ends
bull Include any key co-products produced by the system
bull Is there any closed looped re-cycling or re-use within the system scope
The next step will illustrate the key inputs and outputs of the system
Step 3 Outline the Scope ndash sketch a flow diagram
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
29
Task Include the key Inputs and Outputs to your system flow diagram and define the System Boundary
Hint The system boundary includes the unit processes within the scope of the study
bull The system boundary should be consistent with the goal of the study
bull Think about the level of detail required for each unit process Are there cut-off criteria
bull If you decide to ignore or delete processes make a note of your reasons
bull Energy inputs and outputs should be included (all types of energy used)
bull You could make a distinction between foreground processes and background processes
The next step will define the Functional Unit of the system
Step 4 Define the System Boundary
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
30
Task Define the Functional Unit for the study
Hint The functional unit provides a reference to which all input and
output data are normalised It shall be clearly defined and
measureable
bull The functional unit should be consistent with the goal of the study
bull Different studies can be compared based on the functional unit
A textile example could be
One square meter of 200 gram square metre jersey fabric dyed black
The next step will define the data to be collected for the life cycle
inventory
Step 5 Define the Functional Unit
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
31
Task List the key life cycle inventory data to be collected
Hint Think about the types of impacts and data requirements
bull Consider all relevant inputs and outputs
bull Include emissions to air discharge to water and solid waste
bull Consider fugitive emissions and ancillary input materials
bull Include recycled materials
bull Define any assumptions or data gaps clearly
The next steps would be to begin data collection data quality review
and modelling
Step 6 Data Collection Preparation
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
Life Cycle Assessment Classification and Characterisation
32 All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
Midpoints indicators
33
Popular problem-oriented (midpoint) methods are
CML indicators developed in The Netherlands
TRACI developed by the US EPA
Other currently used LCIA methods include
bull damage-oriented (endpoint) methods like EPS and Eco-
Indicator99 (Dutch)
bull distance-to-target methods like the Critical Volumes approach of
BUWAL the Swiss EPA
Effect Increased warming of the troposphere due to anthropogenic greenhouse
gases eg from the burning of fossil fuels
Reference Substance Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Reference Unit kg CO2-Equivalent
Source IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climatic Change)
CO2 CH4
CFCs
UV - radiation
AbsorptionReflection
Infraredradiation
Trace gases in th
e a
tmosphere
34
Life Cycle Impact Assessment Global Warming Potential (GWP)
Effect Reduction in the ozone concentration of the Stratosphere due to emissions
such as Chloro-fluoro-carbons (CFCs)
Reference Substance Tri-chloro-fluoro-methane (R11)
Reference Unit kg R11-Equivalent
Source CML (Heijungs Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) 1992
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP)
CFCs Nitrogen oxide
Stratosphere
15 - 50 km Absorption Absorption
UV - radiation
35
Effect Increase in the pH-value of precipitation due to the wash-out of acidifiying gases
eg Sulphur dioxide (SO2) and Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Reference Substance Sulphur dioxide (SO2)
Reference Unit kg SO2-Equivalent
Source CML (Heijungs Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) 1992
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Acidification Potential (AP)
SO 2
NO X
H 2 SO 4 4 HNO 3
36
Effect Excessive nutient input into water and land from substances such as
phosphorus und nitrogen from agriculture combustion processes and effluents
Reference Substance Phosphate (PO4-)
Reference Unit kg PO4- Equivalent
Source CML (Heijungs Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) 1992
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Eutrophication Potential (EP)
Waste water
Air pollution
Fertilisation
PO 4 -3
NO 3 -
NH 4 +
NO X N 2 O
NH 3
37
Hydrocarbons Nitrogen Oxides
Dry and warm climate
Hydrocarbons
Nitrogen Oxides
Ozone
Effect Formation of low level ozone by sunlight instigating the photochemical reaction
of nitrogen oxides with hyrocarbons and volatile organic compounds (VOC)
Reference Substance Ethylene (C2H4)
Reference Unit kg C2H4 -Equivalent
Source Udo de Haes et al 1999
38
Life Cycle Impact Assessment Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential (POCP) - Summer smog
Effect Continuous toxicological impact on humans
(arbitrary estimation)
Reference Substance 14-Di-chloro-benzene (DCB C6H4Cl2)
Reference Unit kg DCB - Equivalent
Source CML (Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) RIVM (National
Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection)
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Human Toxicity Potential (HTP)
Heavy metals
Halogenorganic
compounds
PCB DCB
PAH
Air
Food
Products
39
Effect Continuous toxicological impact on water and soils
(arbitrary estimation)
Reference Substance 14-Di-chloro-benzene (DCB C6H4Cl2)
Reference Unit kg DCB - Equivalent
Source CML (Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) RIVM (National
Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection)
Life Cycle Impact Assessment Aquatic (AETP) and Terrestrial (TETP) = Ecotoxicity Potential (ETP)
(Terrestrial Ecosystem)
Biosphere
Heavy metals
Halogenorganic
compounds PCB
DCB
PAH
Biosphere
(Aquatic ecosystem)
40
Agenda
1 PE International Overview
1 Profile Products and Services
2 Introduction to Life Cycle Assessment
Methodology and Framework
3 Applications of LCA and Business Value
1 Success Stories and Case Studies
4 Operationalization of LCA using GaBi
Software
Building business value long term B
usin
ess V
alu
e
Overview
Orientation
Long-term company
success
Screening
Material Comparison
Maturity of LCA usage
Rapid Prototyping (Generic LCA)
Process amp Resource Efficiency
Eco-design amp sustainable product Innovation
Verifiable BOM BOP amp Compliance
Product Communication amp Verification Continuous operational
optimization
Sustainable Product Portfolio Management
Value Chain optimization
42
43 11112013
Drivers for applying Life Cycle Thinking in industry are
Which reasons
exist
Regulations amp directives Integrate Product Policy (IPP)
Directive on end-of-life vehicle
WEEE and RoHS
Green purchasing program
Customer requests Down stream clients
Value chain
engagement Material stewardship
ldquoWhat ifrdquo scenarios
Communication and
reputation building SocietyNGOs
Authorities
Green funds
Research and academia
Life Cycle Thinking and Product Sustainability Introduction and overview
Business Benefit
Source httpavnirorgdocumentationcongres_avnirdiaposplacvmoteurUnilever_Taylorpdf
Life Cycle Assessment Value Chain Analysis
45
Business Benefit
Business value
bull Understand and improve productsrsquo
environmental footprints
bull EPDs for all its carpet products
globally for verified communication
and reporting
bull Product optimization and innovation
bull Risk Management in the supply chain
Solution
bull Use of GaBi software in-house to track
and improve its productsrsquo life cycle
performance
bull Reduce Recycle Innovative yarn
raquoOur use of LCA with GaBi has evolved to a proactive
assessment of alternatives during the development process
making it a critical tool in helping us achieve our Mission
Zeroreg goalslaquo
Connie Hensler Director Corporate LCA Programs
Interface Inc Source Ramon Arratia
Interface A case of full product responsibility
Life Cycle Assessment Hotspot Identification
LCA of furniture Green Product development
46 Source Ashwini Deodeshmukh Godrej Interio PE Workshop April 2013
47
Solution
bull LCA of packaging
bull Scenario analysis to optimize
packaging design
Sustainability performance
50 less primary energy
60 less plastic
75 fewer CO2 emissions from
transportation
Business advantage
Cost reduction of packaging
across the entire life cycle
Brand enhancement
in container manufacture only compared
to the rigid gallon jug
Packaging Innovation
bdquoLCA gives us a competitive advantage because it gives
us more insight into how to reduce our productsrsquo
footprints find efficiencies and validate and explain those
benefits to customers and consumersrdquo
Chris McGrath vice president for sustainability at Kraft Foods1
Source September 2012 MIT Sloan Management Review
Image Kraft Foods
Material Comparison Daimler Case Study
48
Comparison of concepts for the C-class front-module
bull Material options steel aluminum-steel plastic-steel
bull In terms of primary energy demand the steel version the favorable one followed by
the aluminum-steel option
bull In terms of weight the aluminum-steel version is best
Source Environmental Certificate Mercedes-Benz C-Class 11112013
Life Cycle Assessment PUMA- Shoe Packaging
bull 1 million litres of water saved
bull During transport 500000 litres of diesel is saved
bull If replacement of traditional shopping bags then save up to 275 tons of plastic
Septem
ber
2007
49
bull ~8500 tons less paper will be
consumed
bull 20 million Megajoules of electricity
saved
bull 1 million litres less of fuel oil use
Comparative LCA Sustainable Packaging
11112013 51
Impact Category Credit Energy
Disposal and
Recycling
Downstream
Transport
Primary
Packaging
Secondary
Packaging
Upstream
Transport
Container Glass -11 7 4 100 -2 2
PET 0 19 2 82 -4 1
Beverage Carton -12 134 8 -16 -15 1
Al Can 0 2 1 93 3 0
Source httpwwwindialcacompdfsILCM-2012-Session-6-Vinay-Saranpdf
Environmental Impact of Building Present and Future Scenario
bull Several methods and techniques
being adopted to reduce
environmental impact during the
use phase of the building
bull However impact due to materials
and construction will become
significant when operational
impact has been reduced
bull Cost of resources will increase
further creating burden on the
construction phase
Materials Operation End-of-life
Materials Operation End-of-life
GW
P t C
O2 e
q
Year 2020
Year 2010
GW
P t C
O2 e
q
0
25
50
0
25
50
53
Business Benefit
Image Tata Steel
Business value
bull Marketing tool for product
differentiation and to support
customers with data on the
sustainability of steel
bull Decision making in product
development
bull Identification of hot spots in the steel
value chain to effectively reduce
impacts and resource consumption
Solution
bull Use LCA Software to build product
models covering environmental impacts
bull Interactive reports for EPD creation
raquoLife Cycle Assessment helps us to fully understand
the benefits across the life cycle and assists us in
communicating these to our stakeholderslaquo
Allan Griffin Knowledge Group Leader Sustainability Tata Steel
Development of EPD Tata Steel Example
What is SoFi
SoFi is a software modeling reporting amp diagnostic
platform for the enterprise
bull Helps achieve improved sustainability
performance across operations and the supply chain
- Environmental
- Social
- Economic
bull Aggregates disparate data and presents a complete
visualization of a companyrsquos sustainability performance
bull Diagnoses performance gaps using industry benchmarks
and automatically suggests remedial actions
bull Monitors improvement plans amp sustainability KPIs
bull Reports for internal and external stakeholders
Application areas
z Enterprise energy management bull Facilities amp assets bull Building portfolios
Sustainability reporting bull Responding to sustainability rating organizations bull Improving scores amp rankings
Environmental management bull ISO 14001 EMAS bull Work Safety Reporting
Carbon amp water management bull Carbon Footprint (Scope 12 amp 3) bull Reduction initiatives bull Voluntary amp mandatory reporting
Sustainable supply chain bull Supplier assessment ranking and rating bull Performance management for suppliers
First Accredited Provider amp
Gold Data Partner of CDP ldquoThe high quality SoFi Software solutions from our gold
carbon calculation partner PE INTERNATIONAL have
been tested by an independent third party and meet CDP
standards of greenhouse gas emissions calculation CDP
is delighted to recommend the SoFi Software solutions in
helping companies to measure and manage carbon
performance effectivelyrdquo
Paul Simpson Chief Executive Officer Carbon
Disclosure Project
ldquoGRI is pleased to confirm that SoFi contains precise
GRI content it is the first sustainability reporting tool
which has fulfilled all the requirements of the GRI
Certified Software and Tools Programrdquo
Dr Nelmara Arbex Director of Learning Services
Global Reporting Initiative
PE is a GRI Organizational Stakeholder since 2005 and
has been supporter and sponsor of the GRI
conferences since the launch in 2006
First verified solution by GRI
G4 G31 G3 Content
SoFi Accreditations
Agenda
1 PE International Overview
1 Profile Products and Services
2 Introduction to Life Cycle Assessment
Methodology and Framework
3 Applications of LCA and Business Value
1 Success Stories and Case Studies
4 Operationalization of LCA using GaBi
Software
Principles of Life Cycle Assessment What is LCA
18
Life Cycle Assessment is the compiling and evaluation of the input
and outputs and the potential environmental impacts of a product
system during its lifetime
Definition of Life Cycle Assessment from DIN ISO 14044
LCA
Raw Materials
Final Disposal
Life Cycle Thinkinghellip
A lens to assess your business amp supply chain sustainability
Recycling
Materials
Manufacture
Products
Manufacture
Transportation amp Manufacture
Use
19
20 11112013
Life Cycle Thinking an example for applied Life Cycle Thinking hellip
bull The framework for calculation of Life Cycle Assessments are the ISO-standards
1404014044
bull ISO definition
bull Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is the compiling and evaluation of the input and
outputs and the potential environmental impacts of a product system during its
lifetime
bull The results of Life Cycle Assessments are
bull A quantification of the inputs and outputs for a product life cycle
Life Cycle Inventory
bull A quantification of the potential environmental impacts eg Global Warming Potential
Acidification Potential Ozone Depletion Potential
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Basics of Life Cycle Assessment
21
22 11112013
Life Cycle Thinking Methods amp implementation ndash Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) ISO 1404044
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
Goal and scope
definition
Inventory analysis
Impact assessment
Inte
rpre
tation
LCA framework Direct applications
Product development
and improvement
Strategic planning
Public policy making
Marketing
Other
Basics of Life Cycle Assessment
End of Life Phase Production Phase Use Phase
Manufacture
bull Rotor
bull Nacelle
bull Tower
bull Cables
bull Transport to
site
Construction
bull Site works and
buildings
bull Foundations
bull Erection
End of life
bull Dismantling
bull Recycling
bull Landfill
bull Energy
recovery
Operation
bull Maintenance
bull Replacement
parts
bull Power
generation
23 All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
Basics of Life Cycle Assessment
24
Phases of the
life cycle
Impact
assessment
Energy consumption Raw material consumption
Global warming Summer smog Acidification Over fertilisation
Environmental toxins Waste etc
Production phase Use phase End of Life
Life cycle
stages
Preparation of
raw materials
Manufacturing
Pre-products Production Use
Disposal
Recycling
Deposition
Inventory
analysis
I N P U T R e s o u r c e s
O U T P U T E m i s s i o n s a n d W a s t e
ldquoCradle to gaterdquo
ldquoCradle to graverdquo
LCA Step by step
bull Definition of the goal of the study
bull Agreement on the scope of the project
bull Description of the functional unit ie reference unit
bull Set up of the Life Cycle Inventory
Data collection identification of the relevant material and energy flows
bull Calculation of the Impact Assessment
bull Evaluation and Interpretation of the results
bull Documentation in a detailed report
bull Critical Review
optional to increase the credibility
obligatory for comparative studies
25
26
Task Firstly define the intended Goal of your study in a short statement summarising
- the intended application and reasons for carrying out the study
- the intended audience for communication of results
- whether the results will be used for comparison and will comparative assertions be publicly disclosed
Hints Choose to study a product system you are familiar with For example the goal could be
bull To understand the life cycle impacts of a product a process or a service provided
bull To investigate the trade-offs in making changes to one aspect of a product life cycle
bull To compare the life cycle environmental impacts of two systems providing the same service
bull To understand life cycle environmental impacts of implementing a government policy
The next step will consider the Scope of the study
Step 1 Define the Goal
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
27
Task Outline the Scope of the system under study in a few bullet points
Hints Think about the goal of your study and the product system
bull What is the function of the product system(s) to be studied
bull Does it include the product use phase or end-of-life phase
bull Is the scope cradle to gate or cradle to grave
bull Are there any key co-products produced by the system
bull If you are studying two comparative systems are their common elements to each
system Can these common elements be ignored
The next step will illustrate the system(s) in a flow diagram
Step 2 Outline the Scope
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
28
Task Sketch a simple process flow diagram that illustrates the main life cycle processes that are relevant to your study
Hint The life cycle sketch could include
bull The main life cycle stages eg raw materials processing product use disposal transport steps
bull If you are undertaking a comparative study include both relevant systems
bull Note the functional output of your system
bull Each unit process should be described showing where the process begins and ends
bull Include any key co-products produced by the system
bull Is there any closed looped re-cycling or re-use within the system scope
The next step will illustrate the key inputs and outputs of the system
Step 3 Outline the Scope ndash sketch a flow diagram
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
29
Task Include the key Inputs and Outputs to your system flow diagram and define the System Boundary
Hint The system boundary includes the unit processes within the scope of the study
bull The system boundary should be consistent with the goal of the study
bull Think about the level of detail required for each unit process Are there cut-off criteria
bull If you decide to ignore or delete processes make a note of your reasons
bull Energy inputs and outputs should be included (all types of energy used)
bull You could make a distinction between foreground processes and background processes
The next step will define the Functional Unit of the system
Step 4 Define the System Boundary
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
30
Task Define the Functional Unit for the study
Hint The functional unit provides a reference to which all input and
output data are normalised It shall be clearly defined and
measureable
bull The functional unit should be consistent with the goal of the study
bull Different studies can be compared based on the functional unit
A textile example could be
One square meter of 200 gram square metre jersey fabric dyed black
The next step will define the data to be collected for the life cycle
inventory
Step 5 Define the Functional Unit
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
31
Task List the key life cycle inventory data to be collected
Hint Think about the types of impacts and data requirements
bull Consider all relevant inputs and outputs
bull Include emissions to air discharge to water and solid waste
bull Consider fugitive emissions and ancillary input materials
bull Include recycled materials
bull Define any assumptions or data gaps clearly
The next steps would be to begin data collection data quality review
and modelling
Step 6 Data Collection Preparation
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
Life Cycle Assessment Classification and Characterisation
32 All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
Midpoints indicators
33
Popular problem-oriented (midpoint) methods are
CML indicators developed in The Netherlands
TRACI developed by the US EPA
Other currently used LCIA methods include
bull damage-oriented (endpoint) methods like EPS and Eco-
Indicator99 (Dutch)
bull distance-to-target methods like the Critical Volumes approach of
BUWAL the Swiss EPA
Effect Increased warming of the troposphere due to anthropogenic greenhouse
gases eg from the burning of fossil fuels
Reference Substance Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Reference Unit kg CO2-Equivalent
Source IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climatic Change)
CO2 CH4
CFCs
UV - radiation
AbsorptionReflection
Infraredradiation
Trace gases in th
e a
tmosphere
34
Life Cycle Impact Assessment Global Warming Potential (GWP)
Effect Reduction in the ozone concentration of the Stratosphere due to emissions
such as Chloro-fluoro-carbons (CFCs)
Reference Substance Tri-chloro-fluoro-methane (R11)
Reference Unit kg R11-Equivalent
Source CML (Heijungs Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) 1992
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP)
CFCs Nitrogen oxide
Stratosphere
15 - 50 km Absorption Absorption
UV - radiation
35
Effect Increase in the pH-value of precipitation due to the wash-out of acidifiying gases
eg Sulphur dioxide (SO2) and Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Reference Substance Sulphur dioxide (SO2)
Reference Unit kg SO2-Equivalent
Source CML (Heijungs Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) 1992
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Acidification Potential (AP)
SO 2
NO X
H 2 SO 4 4 HNO 3
36
Effect Excessive nutient input into water and land from substances such as
phosphorus und nitrogen from agriculture combustion processes and effluents
Reference Substance Phosphate (PO4-)
Reference Unit kg PO4- Equivalent
Source CML (Heijungs Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) 1992
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Eutrophication Potential (EP)
Waste water
Air pollution
Fertilisation
PO 4 -3
NO 3 -
NH 4 +
NO X N 2 O
NH 3
37
Hydrocarbons Nitrogen Oxides
Dry and warm climate
Hydrocarbons
Nitrogen Oxides
Ozone
Effect Formation of low level ozone by sunlight instigating the photochemical reaction
of nitrogen oxides with hyrocarbons and volatile organic compounds (VOC)
Reference Substance Ethylene (C2H4)
Reference Unit kg C2H4 -Equivalent
Source Udo de Haes et al 1999
38
Life Cycle Impact Assessment Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential (POCP) - Summer smog
Effect Continuous toxicological impact on humans
(arbitrary estimation)
Reference Substance 14-Di-chloro-benzene (DCB C6H4Cl2)
Reference Unit kg DCB - Equivalent
Source CML (Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) RIVM (National
Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection)
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Human Toxicity Potential (HTP)
Heavy metals
Halogenorganic
compounds
PCB DCB
PAH
Air
Food
Products
39
Effect Continuous toxicological impact on water and soils
(arbitrary estimation)
Reference Substance 14-Di-chloro-benzene (DCB C6H4Cl2)
Reference Unit kg DCB - Equivalent
Source CML (Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) RIVM (National
Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection)
Life Cycle Impact Assessment Aquatic (AETP) and Terrestrial (TETP) = Ecotoxicity Potential (ETP)
(Terrestrial Ecosystem)
Biosphere
Heavy metals
Halogenorganic
compounds PCB
DCB
PAH
Biosphere
(Aquatic ecosystem)
40
Agenda
1 PE International Overview
1 Profile Products and Services
2 Introduction to Life Cycle Assessment
Methodology and Framework
3 Applications of LCA and Business Value
1 Success Stories and Case Studies
4 Operationalization of LCA using GaBi
Software
Building business value long term B
usin
ess V
alu
e
Overview
Orientation
Long-term company
success
Screening
Material Comparison
Maturity of LCA usage
Rapid Prototyping (Generic LCA)
Process amp Resource Efficiency
Eco-design amp sustainable product Innovation
Verifiable BOM BOP amp Compliance
Product Communication amp Verification Continuous operational
optimization
Sustainable Product Portfolio Management
Value Chain optimization
42
43 11112013
Drivers for applying Life Cycle Thinking in industry are
Which reasons
exist
Regulations amp directives Integrate Product Policy (IPP)
Directive on end-of-life vehicle
WEEE and RoHS
Green purchasing program
Customer requests Down stream clients
Value chain
engagement Material stewardship
ldquoWhat ifrdquo scenarios
Communication and
reputation building SocietyNGOs
Authorities
Green funds
Research and academia
Life Cycle Thinking and Product Sustainability Introduction and overview
Business Benefit
Source httpavnirorgdocumentationcongres_avnirdiaposplacvmoteurUnilever_Taylorpdf
Life Cycle Assessment Value Chain Analysis
45
Business Benefit
Business value
bull Understand and improve productsrsquo
environmental footprints
bull EPDs for all its carpet products
globally for verified communication
and reporting
bull Product optimization and innovation
bull Risk Management in the supply chain
Solution
bull Use of GaBi software in-house to track
and improve its productsrsquo life cycle
performance
bull Reduce Recycle Innovative yarn
raquoOur use of LCA with GaBi has evolved to a proactive
assessment of alternatives during the development process
making it a critical tool in helping us achieve our Mission
Zeroreg goalslaquo
Connie Hensler Director Corporate LCA Programs
Interface Inc Source Ramon Arratia
Interface A case of full product responsibility
Life Cycle Assessment Hotspot Identification
LCA of furniture Green Product development
46 Source Ashwini Deodeshmukh Godrej Interio PE Workshop April 2013
47
Solution
bull LCA of packaging
bull Scenario analysis to optimize
packaging design
Sustainability performance
50 less primary energy
60 less plastic
75 fewer CO2 emissions from
transportation
Business advantage
Cost reduction of packaging
across the entire life cycle
Brand enhancement
in container manufacture only compared
to the rigid gallon jug
Packaging Innovation
bdquoLCA gives us a competitive advantage because it gives
us more insight into how to reduce our productsrsquo
footprints find efficiencies and validate and explain those
benefits to customers and consumersrdquo
Chris McGrath vice president for sustainability at Kraft Foods1
Source September 2012 MIT Sloan Management Review
Image Kraft Foods
Material Comparison Daimler Case Study
48
Comparison of concepts for the C-class front-module
bull Material options steel aluminum-steel plastic-steel
bull In terms of primary energy demand the steel version the favorable one followed by
the aluminum-steel option
bull In terms of weight the aluminum-steel version is best
Source Environmental Certificate Mercedes-Benz C-Class 11112013
Life Cycle Assessment PUMA- Shoe Packaging
bull 1 million litres of water saved
bull During transport 500000 litres of diesel is saved
bull If replacement of traditional shopping bags then save up to 275 tons of plastic
Septem
ber
2007
49
bull ~8500 tons less paper will be
consumed
bull 20 million Megajoules of electricity
saved
bull 1 million litres less of fuel oil use
Comparative LCA Sustainable Packaging
11112013 51
Impact Category Credit Energy
Disposal and
Recycling
Downstream
Transport
Primary
Packaging
Secondary
Packaging
Upstream
Transport
Container Glass -11 7 4 100 -2 2
PET 0 19 2 82 -4 1
Beverage Carton -12 134 8 -16 -15 1
Al Can 0 2 1 93 3 0
Source httpwwwindialcacompdfsILCM-2012-Session-6-Vinay-Saranpdf
Environmental Impact of Building Present and Future Scenario
bull Several methods and techniques
being adopted to reduce
environmental impact during the
use phase of the building
bull However impact due to materials
and construction will become
significant when operational
impact has been reduced
bull Cost of resources will increase
further creating burden on the
construction phase
Materials Operation End-of-life
Materials Operation End-of-life
GW
P t C
O2 e
q
Year 2020
Year 2010
GW
P t C
O2 e
q
0
25
50
0
25
50
53
Business Benefit
Image Tata Steel
Business value
bull Marketing tool for product
differentiation and to support
customers with data on the
sustainability of steel
bull Decision making in product
development
bull Identification of hot spots in the steel
value chain to effectively reduce
impacts and resource consumption
Solution
bull Use LCA Software to build product
models covering environmental impacts
bull Interactive reports for EPD creation
raquoLife Cycle Assessment helps us to fully understand
the benefits across the life cycle and assists us in
communicating these to our stakeholderslaquo
Allan Griffin Knowledge Group Leader Sustainability Tata Steel
Development of EPD Tata Steel Example
Application areas
z Enterprise energy management bull Facilities amp assets bull Building portfolios
Sustainability reporting bull Responding to sustainability rating organizations bull Improving scores amp rankings
Environmental management bull ISO 14001 EMAS bull Work Safety Reporting
Carbon amp water management bull Carbon Footprint (Scope 12 amp 3) bull Reduction initiatives bull Voluntary amp mandatory reporting
Sustainable supply chain bull Supplier assessment ranking and rating bull Performance management for suppliers
First Accredited Provider amp
Gold Data Partner of CDP ldquoThe high quality SoFi Software solutions from our gold
carbon calculation partner PE INTERNATIONAL have
been tested by an independent third party and meet CDP
standards of greenhouse gas emissions calculation CDP
is delighted to recommend the SoFi Software solutions in
helping companies to measure and manage carbon
performance effectivelyrdquo
Paul Simpson Chief Executive Officer Carbon
Disclosure Project
ldquoGRI is pleased to confirm that SoFi contains precise
GRI content it is the first sustainability reporting tool
which has fulfilled all the requirements of the GRI
Certified Software and Tools Programrdquo
Dr Nelmara Arbex Director of Learning Services
Global Reporting Initiative
PE is a GRI Organizational Stakeholder since 2005 and
has been supporter and sponsor of the GRI
conferences since the launch in 2006
First verified solution by GRI
G4 G31 G3 Content
SoFi Accreditations
Agenda
1 PE International Overview
1 Profile Products and Services
2 Introduction to Life Cycle Assessment
Methodology and Framework
3 Applications of LCA and Business Value
1 Success Stories and Case Studies
4 Operationalization of LCA using GaBi
Software
Principles of Life Cycle Assessment What is LCA
18
Life Cycle Assessment is the compiling and evaluation of the input
and outputs and the potential environmental impacts of a product
system during its lifetime
Definition of Life Cycle Assessment from DIN ISO 14044
LCA
Raw Materials
Final Disposal
Life Cycle Thinkinghellip
A lens to assess your business amp supply chain sustainability
Recycling
Materials
Manufacture
Products
Manufacture
Transportation amp Manufacture
Use
19
20 11112013
Life Cycle Thinking an example for applied Life Cycle Thinking hellip
bull The framework for calculation of Life Cycle Assessments are the ISO-standards
1404014044
bull ISO definition
bull Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is the compiling and evaluation of the input and
outputs and the potential environmental impacts of a product system during its
lifetime
bull The results of Life Cycle Assessments are
bull A quantification of the inputs and outputs for a product life cycle
Life Cycle Inventory
bull A quantification of the potential environmental impacts eg Global Warming Potential
Acidification Potential Ozone Depletion Potential
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Basics of Life Cycle Assessment
21
22 11112013
Life Cycle Thinking Methods amp implementation ndash Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) ISO 1404044
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
Goal and scope
definition
Inventory analysis
Impact assessment
Inte
rpre
tation
LCA framework Direct applications
Product development
and improvement
Strategic planning
Public policy making
Marketing
Other
Basics of Life Cycle Assessment
End of Life Phase Production Phase Use Phase
Manufacture
bull Rotor
bull Nacelle
bull Tower
bull Cables
bull Transport to
site
Construction
bull Site works and
buildings
bull Foundations
bull Erection
End of life
bull Dismantling
bull Recycling
bull Landfill
bull Energy
recovery
Operation
bull Maintenance
bull Replacement
parts
bull Power
generation
23 All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
Basics of Life Cycle Assessment
24
Phases of the
life cycle
Impact
assessment
Energy consumption Raw material consumption
Global warming Summer smog Acidification Over fertilisation
Environmental toxins Waste etc
Production phase Use phase End of Life
Life cycle
stages
Preparation of
raw materials
Manufacturing
Pre-products Production Use
Disposal
Recycling
Deposition
Inventory
analysis
I N P U T R e s o u r c e s
O U T P U T E m i s s i o n s a n d W a s t e
ldquoCradle to gaterdquo
ldquoCradle to graverdquo
LCA Step by step
bull Definition of the goal of the study
bull Agreement on the scope of the project
bull Description of the functional unit ie reference unit
bull Set up of the Life Cycle Inventory
Data collection identification of the relevant material and energy flows
bull Calculation of the Impact Assessment
bull Evaluation and Interpretation of the results
bull Documentation in a detailed report
bull Critical Review
optional to increase the credibility
obligatory for comparative studies
25
26
Task Firstly define the intended Goal of your study in a short statement summarising
- the intended application and reasons for carrying out the study
- the intended audience for communication of results
- whether the results will be used for comparison and will comparative assertions be publicly disclosed
Hints Choose to study a product system you are familiar with For example the goal could be
bull To understand the life cycle impacts of a product a process or a service provided
bull To investigate the trade-offs in making changes to one aspect of a product life cycle
bull To compare the life cycle environmental impacts of two systems providing the same service
bull To understand life cycle environmental impacts of implementing a government policy
The next step will consider the Scope of the study
Step 1 Define the Goal
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
27
Task Outline the Scope of the system under study in a few bullet points
Hints Think about the goal of your study and the product system
bull What is the function of the product system(s) to be studied
bull Does it include the product use phase or end-of-life phase
bull Is the scope cradle to gate or cradle to grave
bull Are there any key co-products produced by the system
bull If you are studying two comparative systems are their common elements to each
system Can these common elements be ignored
The next step will illustrate the system(s) in a flow diagram
Step 2 Outline the Scope
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
28
Task Sketch a simple process flow diagram that illustrates the main life cycle processes that are relevant to your study
Hint The life cycle sketch could include
bull The main life cycle stages eg raw materials processing product use disposal transport steps
bull If you are undertaking a comparative study include both relevant systems
bull Note the functional output of your system
bull Each unit process should be described showing where the process begins and ends
bull Include any key co-products produced by the system
bull Is there any closed looped re-cycling or re-use within the system scope
The next step will illustrate the key inputs and outputs of the system
Step 3 Outline the Scope ndash sketch a flow diagram
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
29
Task Include the key Inputs and Outputs to your system flow diagram and define the System Boundary
Hint The system boundary includes the unit processes within the scope of the study
bull The system boundary should be consistent with the goal of the study
bull Think about the level of detail required for each unit process Are there cut-off criteria
bull If you decide to ignore or delete processes make a note of your reasons
bull Energy inputs and outputs should be included (all types of energy used)
bull You could make a distinction between foreground processes and background processes
The next step will define the Functional Unit of the system
Step 4 Define the System Boundary
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
30
Task Define the Functional Unit for the study
Hint The functional unit provides a reference to which all input and
output data are normalised It shall be clearly defined and
measureable
bull The functional unit should be consistent with the goal of the study
bull Different studies can be compared based on the functional unit
A textile example could be
One square meter of 200 gram square metre jersey fabric dyed black
The next step will define the data to be collected for the life cycle
inventory
Step 5 Define the Functional Unit
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
31
Task List the key life cycle inventory data to be collected
Hint Think about the types of impacts and data requirements
bull Consider all relevant inputs and outputs
bull Include emissions to air discharge to water and solid waste
bull Consider fugitive emissions and ancillary input materials
bull Include recycled materials
bull Define any assumptions or data gaps clearly
The next steps would be to begin data collection data quality review
and modelling
Step 6 Data Collection Preparation
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
Life Cycle Assessment Classification and Characterisation
32 All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
Midpoints indicators
33
Popular problem-oriented (midpoint) methods are
CML indicators developed in The Netherlands
TRACI developed by the US EPA
Other currently used LCIA methods include
bull damage-oriented (endpoint) methods like EPS and Eco-
Indicator99 (Dutch)
bull distance-to-target methods like the Critical Volumes approach of
BUWAL the Swiss EPA
Effect Increased warming of the troposphere due to anthropogenic greenhouse
gases eg from the burning of fossil fuels
Reference Substance Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Reference Unit kg CO2-Equivalent
Source IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climatic Change)
CO2 CH4
CFCs
UV - radiation
AbsorptionReflection
Infraredradiation
Trace gases in th
e a
tmosphere
34
Life Cycle Impact Assessment Global Warming Potential (GWP)
Effect Reduction in the ozone concentration of the Stratosphere due to emissions
such as Chloro-fluoro-carbons (CFCs)
Reference Substance Tri-chloro-fluoro-methane (R11)
Reference Unit kg R11-Equivalent
Source CML (Heijungs Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) 1992
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP)
CFCs Nitrogen oxide
Stratosphere
15 - 50 km Absorption Absorption
UV - radiation
35
Effect Increase in the pH-value of precipitation due to the wash-out of acidifiying gases
eg Sulphur dioxide (SO2) and Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Reference Substance Sulphur dioxide (SO2)
Reference Unit kg SO2-Equivalent
Source CML (Heijungs Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) 1992
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Acidification Potential (AP)
SO 2
NO X
H 2 SO 4 4 HNO 3
36
Effect Excessive nutient input into water and land from substances such as
phosphorus und nitrogen from agriculture combustion processes and effluents
Reference Substance Phosphate (PO4-)
Reference Unit kg PO4- Equivalent
Source CML (Heijungs Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) 1992
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Eutrophication Potential (EP)
Waste water
Air pollution
Fertilisation
PO 4 -3
NO 3 -
NH 4 +
NO X N 2 O
NH 3
37
Hydrocarbons Nitrogen Oxides
Dry and warm climate
Hydrocarbons
Nitrogen Oxides
Ozone
Effect Formation of low level ozone by sunlight instigating the photochemical reaction
of nitrogen oxides with hyrocarbons and volatile organic compounds (VOC)
Reference Substance Ethylene (C2H4)
Reference Unit kg C2H4 -Equivalent
Source Udo de Haes et al 1999
38
Life Cycle Impact Assessment Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential (POCP) - Summer smog
Effect Continuous toxicological impact on humans
(arbitrary estimation)
Reference Substance 14-Di-chloro-benzene (DCB C6H4Cl2)
Reference Unit kg DCB - Equivalent
Source CML (Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) RIVM (National
Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection)
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Human Toxicity Potential (HTP)
Heavy metals
Halogenorganic
compounds
PCB DCB
PAH
Air
Food
Products
39
Effect Continuous toxicological impact on water and soils
(arbitrary estimation)
Reference Substance 14-Di-chloro-benzene (DCB C6H4Cl2)
Reference Unit kg DCB - Equivalent
Source CML (Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) RIVM (National
Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection)
Life Cycle Impact Assessment Aquatic (AETP) and Terrestrial (TETP) = Ecotoxicity Potential (ETP)
(Terrestrial Ecosystem)
Biosphere
Heavy metals
Halogenorganic
compounds PCB
DCB
PAH
Biosphere
(Aquatic ecosystem)
40
Agenda
1 PE International Overview
1 Profile Products and Services
2 Introduction to Life Cycle Assessment
Methodology and Framework
3 Applications of LCA and Business Value
1 Success Stories and Case Studies
4 Operationalization of LCA using GaBi
Software
Building business value long term B
usin
ess V
alu
e
Overview
Orientation
Long-term company
success
Screening
Material Comparison
Maturity of LCA usage
Rapid Prototyping (Generic LCA)
Process amp Resource Efficiency
Eco-design amp sustainable product Innovation
Verifiable BOM BOP amp Compliance
Product Communication amp Verification Continuous operational
optimization
Sustainable Product Portfolio Management
Value Chain optimization
42
43 11112013
Drivers for applying Life Cycle Thinking in industry are
Which reasons
exist
Regulations amp directives Integrate Product Policy (IPP)
Directive on end-of-life vehicle
WEEE and RoHS
Green purchasing program
Customer requests Down stream clients
Value chain
engagement Material stewardship
ldquoWhat ifrdquo scenarios
Communication and
reputation building SocietyNGOs
Authorities
Green funds
Research and academia
Life Cycle Thinking and Product Sustainability Introduction and overview
Business Benefit
Source httpavnirorgdocumentationcongres_avnirdiaposplacvmoteurUnilever_Taylorpdf
Life Cycle Assessment Value Chain Analysis
45
Business Benefit
Business value
bull Understand and improve productsrsquo
environmental footprints
bull EPDs for all its carpet products
globally for verified communication
and reporting
bull Product optimization and innovation
bull Risk Management in the supply chain
Solution
bull Use of GaBi software in-house to track
and improve its productsrsquo life cycle
performance
bull Reduce Recycle Innovative yarn
raquoOur use of LCA with GaBi has evolved to a proactive
assessment of alternatives during the development process
making it a critical tool in helping us achieve our Mission
Zeroreg goalslaquo
Connie Hensler Director Corporate LCA Programs
Interface Inc Source Ramon Arratia
Interface A case of full product responsibility
Life Cycle Assessment Hotspot Identification
LCA of furniture Green Product development
46 Source Ashwini Deodeshmukh Godrej Interio PE Workshop April 2013
47
Solution
bull LCA of packaging
bull Scenario analysis to optimize
packaging design
Sustainability performance
50 less primary energy
60 less plastic
75 fewer CO2 emissions from
transportation
Business advantage
Cost reduction of packaging
across the entire life cycle
Brand enhancement
in container manufacture only compared
to the rigid gallon jug
Packaging Innovation
bdquoLCA gives us a competitive advantage because it gives
us more insight into how to reduce our productsrsquo
footprints find efficiencies and validate and explain those
benefits to customers and consumersrdquo
Chris McGrath vice president for sustainability at Kraft Foods1
Source September 2012 MIT Sloan Management Review
Image Kraft Foods
Material Comparison Daimler Case Study
48
Comparison of concepts for the C-class front-module
bull Material options steel aluminum-steel plastic-steel
bull In terms of primary energy demand the steel version the favorable one followed by
the aluminum-steel option
bull In terms of weight the aluminum-steel version is best
Source Environmental Certificate Mercedes-Benz C-Class 11112013
Life Cycle Assessment PUMA- Shoe Packaging
bull 1 million litres of water saved
bull During transport 500000 litres of diesel is saved
bull If replacement of traditional shopping bags then save up to 275 tons of plastic
Septem
ber
2007
49
bull ~8500 tons less paper will be
consumed
bull 20 million Megajoules of electricity
saved
bull 1 million litres less of fuel oil use
Comparative LCA Sustainable Packaging
11112013 51
Impact Category Credit Energy
Disposal and
Recycling
Downstream
Transport
Primary
Packaging
Secondary
Packaging
Upstream
Transport
Container Glass -11 7 4 100 -2 2
PET 0 19 2 82 -4 1
Beverage Carton -12 134 8 -16 -15 1
Al Can 0 2 1 93 3 0
Source httpwwwindialcacompdfsILCM-2012-Session-6-Vinay-Saranpdf
Environmental Impact of Building Present and Future Scenario
bull Several methods and techniques
being adopted to reduce
environmental impact during the
use phase of the building
bull However impact due to materials
and construction will become
significant when operational
impact has been reduced
bull Cost of resources will increase
further creating burden on the
construction phase
Materials Operation End-of-life
Materials Operation End-of-life
GW
P t C
O2 e
q
Year 2020
Year 2010
GW
P t C
O2 e
q
0
25
50
0
25
50
53
Business Benefit
Image Tata Steel
Business value
bull Marketing tool for product
differentiation and to support
customers with data on the
sustainability of steel
bull Decision making in product
development
bull Identification of hot spots in the steel
value chain to effectively reduce
impacts and resource consumption
Solution
bull Use LCA Software to build product
models covering environmental impacts
bull Interactive reports for EPD creation
raquoLife Cycle Assessment helps us to fully understand
the benefits across the life cycle and assists us in
communicating these to our stakeholderslaquo
Allan Griffin Knowledge Group Leader Sustainability Tata Steel
Development of EPD Tata Steel Example
First Accredited Provider amp
Gold Data Partner of CDP ldquoThe high quality SoFi Software solutions from our gold
carbon calculation partner PE INTERNATIONAL have
been tested by an independent third party and meet CDP
standards of greenhouse gas emissions calculation CDP
is delighted to recommend the SoFi Software solutions in
helping companies to measure and manage carbon
performance effectivelyrdquo
Paul Simpson Chief Executive Officer Carbon
Disclosure Project
ldquoGRI is pleased to confirm that SoFi contains precise
GRI content it is the first sustainability reporting tool
which has fulfilled all the requirements of the GRI
Certified Software and Tools Programrdquo
Dr Nelmara Arbex Director of Learning Services
Global Reporting Initiative
PE is a GRI Organizational Stakeholder since 2005 and
has been supporter and sponsor of the GRI
conferences since the launch in 2006
First verified solution by GRI
G4 G31 G3 Content
SoFi Accreditations
Agenda
1 PE International Overview
1 Profile Products and Services
2 Introduction to Life Cycle Assessment
Methodology and Framework
3 Applications of LCA and Business Value
1 Success Stories and Case Studies
4 Operationalization of LCA using GaBi
Software
Principles of Life Cycle Assessment What is LCA
18
Life Cycle Assessment is the compiling and evaluation of the input
and outputs and the potential environmental impacts of a product
system during its lifetime
Definition of Life Cycle Assessment from DIN ISO 14044
LCA
Raw Materials
Final Disposal
Life Cycle Thinkinghellip
A lens to assess your business amp supply chain sustainability
Recycling
Materials
Manufacture
Products
Manufacture
Transportation amp Manufacture
Use
19
20 11112013
Life Cycle Thinking an example for applied Life Cycle Thinking hellip
bull The framework for calculation of Life Cycle Assessments are the ISO-standards
1404014044
bull ISO definition
bull Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is the compiling and evaluation of the input and
outputs and the potential environmental impacts of a product system during its
lifetime
bull The results of Life Cycle Assessments are
bull A quantification of the inputs and outputs for a product life cycle
Life Cycle Inventory
bull A quantification of the potential environmental impacts eg Global Warming Potential
Acidification Potential Ozone Depletion Potential
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Basics of Life Cycle Assessment
21
22 11112013
Life Cycle Thinking Methods amp implementation ndash Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) ISO 1404044
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
Goal and scope
definition
Inventory analysis
Impact assessment
Inte
rpre
tation
LCA framework Direct applications
Product development
and improvement
Strategic planning
Public policy making
Marketing
Other
Basics of Life Cycle Assessment
End of Life Phase Production Phase Use Phase
Manufacture
bull Rotor
bull Nacelle
bull Tower
bull Cables
bull Transport to
site
Construction
bull Site works and
buildings
bull Foundations
bull Erection
End of life
bull Dismantling
bull Recycling
bull Landfill
bull Energy
recovery
Operation
bull Maintenance
bull Replacement
parts
bull Power
generation
23 All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
Basics of Life Cycle Assessment
24
Phases of the
life cycle
Impact
assessment
Energy consumption Raw material consumption
Global warming Summer smog Acidification Over fertilisation
Environmental toxins Waste etc
Production phase Use phase End of Life
Life cycle
stages
Preparation of
raw materials
Manufacturing
Pre-products Production Use
Disposal
Recycling
Deposition
Inventory
analysis
I N P U T R e s o u r c e s
O U T P U T E m i s s i o n s a n d W a s t e
ldquoCradle to gaterdquo
ldquoCradle to graverdquo
LCA Step by step
bull Definition of the goal of the study
bull Agreement on the scope of the project
bull Description of the functional unit ie reference unit
bull Set up of the Life Cycle Inventory
Data collection identification of the relevant material and energy flows
bull Calculation of the Impact Assessment
bull Evaluation and Interpretation of the results
bull Documentation in a detailed report
bull Critical Review
optional to increase the credibility
obligatory for comparative studies
25
26
Task Firstly define the intended Goal of your study in a short statement summarising
- the intended application and reasons for carrying out the study
- the intended audience for communication of results
- whether the results will be used for comparison and will comparative assertions be publicly disclosed
Hints Choose to study a product system you are familiar with For example the goal could be
bull To understand the life cycle impacts of a product a process or a service provided
bull To investigate the trade-offs in making changes to one aspect of a product life cycle
bull To compare the life cycle environmental impacts of two systems providing the same service
bull To understand life cycle environmental impacts of implementing a government policy
The next step will consider the Scope of the study
Step 1 Define the Goal
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
27
Task Outline the Scope of the system under study in a few bullet points
Hints Think about the goal of your study and the product system
bull What is the function of the product system(s) to be studied
bull Does it include the product use phase or end-of-life phase
bull Is the scope cradle to gate or cradle to grave
bull Are there any key co-products produced by the system
bull If you are studying two comparative systems are their common elements to each
system Can these common elements be ignored
The next step will illustrate the system(s) in a flow diagram
Step 2 Outline the Scope
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
28
Task Sketch a simple process flow diagram that illustrates the main life cycle processes that are relevant to your study
Hint The life cycle sketch could include
bull The main life cycle stages eg raw materials processing product use disposal transport steps
bull If you are undertaking a comparative study include both relevant systems
bull Note the functional output of your system
bull Each unit process should be described showing where the process begins and ends
bull Include any key co-products produced by the system
bull Is there any closed looped re-cycling or re-use within the system scope
The next step will illustrate the key inputs and outputs of the system
Step 3 Outline the Scope ndash sketch a flow diagram
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
29
Task Include the key Inputs and Outputs to your system flow diagram and define the System Boundary
Hint The system boundary includes the unit processes within the scope of the study
bull The system boundary should be consistent with the goal of the study
bull Think about the level of detail required for each unit process Are there cut-off criteria
bull If you decide to ignore or delete processes make a note of your reasons
bull Energy inputs and outputs should be included (all types of energy used)
bull You could make a distinction between foreground processes and background processes
The next step will define the Functional Unit of the system
Step 4 Define the System Boundary
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
30
Task Define the Functional Unit for the study
Hint The functional unit provides a reference to which all input and
output data are normalised It shall be clearly defined and
measureable
bull The functional unit should be consistent with the goal of the study
bull Different studies can be compared based on the functional unit
A textile example could be
One square meter of 200 gram square metre jersey fabric dyed black
The next step will define the data to be collected for the life cycle
inventory
Step 5 Define the Functional Unit
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
31
Task List the key life cycle inventory data to be collected
Hint Think about the types of impacts and data requirements
bull Consider all relevant inputs and outputs
bull Include emissions to air discharge to water and solid waste
bull Consider fugitive emissions and ancillary input materials
bull Include recycled materials
bull Define any assumptions or data gaps clearly
The next steps would be to begin data collection data quality review
and modelling
Step 6 Data Collection Preparation
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
Life Cycle Assessment Classification and Characterisation
32 All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
Midpoints indicators
33
Popular problem-oriented (midpoint) methods are
CML indicators developed in The Netherlands
TRACI developed by the US EPA
Other currently used LCIA methods include
bull damage-oriented (endpoint) methods like EPS and Eco-
Indicator99 (Dutch)
bull distance-to-target methods like the Critical Volumes approach of
BUWAL the Swiss EPA
Effect Increased warming of the troposphere due to anthropogenic greenhouse
gases eg from the burning of fossil fuels
Reference Substance Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Reference Unit kg CO2-Equivalent
Source IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climatic Change)
CO2 CH4
CFCs
UV - radiation
AbsorptionReflection
Infraredradiation
Trace gases in th
e a
tmosphere
34
Life Cycle Impact Assessment Global Warming Potential (GWP)
Effect Reduction in the ozone concentration of the Stratosphere due to emissions
such as Chloro-fluoro-carbons (CFCs)
Reference Substance Tri-chloro-fluoro-methane (R11)
Reference Unit kg R11-Equivalent
Source CML (Heijungs Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) 1992
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP)
CFCs Nitrogen oxide
Stratosphere
15 - 50 km Absorption Absorption
UV - radiation
35
Effect Increase in the pH-value of precipitation due to the wash-out of acidifiying gases
eg Sulphur dioxide (SO2) and Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Reference Substance Sulphur dioxide (SO2)
Reference Unit kg SO2-Equivalent
Source CML (Heijungs Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) 1992
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Acidification Potential (AP)
SO 2
NO X
H 2 SO 4 4 HNO 3
36
Effect Excessive nutient input into water and land from substances such as
phosphorus und nitrogen from agriculture combustion processes and effluents
Reference Substance Phosphate (PO4-)
Reference Unit kg PO4- Equivalent
Source CML (Heijungs Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) 1992
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Eutrophication Potential (EP)
Waste water
Air pollution
Fertilisation
PO 4 -3
NO 3 -
NH 4 +
NO X N 2 O
NH 3
37
Hydrocarbons Nitrogen Oxides
Dry and warm climate
Hydrocarbons
Nitrogen Oxides
Ozone
Effect Formation of low level ozone by sunlight instigating the photochemical reaction
of nitrogen oxides with hyrocarbons and volatile organic compounds (VOC)
Reference Substance Ethylene (C2H4)
Reference Unit kg C2H4 -Equivalent
Source Udo de Haes et al 1999
38
Life Cycle Impact Assessment Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential (POCP) - Summer smog
Effect Continuous toxicological impact on humans
(arbitrary estimation)
Reference Substance 14-Di-chloro-benzene (DCB C6H4Cl2)
Reference Unit kg DCB - Equivalent
Source CML (Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) RIVM (National
Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection)
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Human Toxicity Potential (HTP)
Heavy metals
Halogenorganic
compounds
PCB DCB
PAH
Air
Food
Products
39
Effect Continuous toxicological impact on water and soils
(arbitrary estimation)
Reference Substance 14-Di-chloro-benzene (DCB C6H4Cl2)
Reference Unit kg DCB - Equivalent
Source CML (Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) RIVM (National
Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection)
Life Cycle Impact Assessment Aquatic (AETP) and Terrestrial (TETP) = Ecotoxicity Potential (ETP)
(Terrestrial Ecosystem)
Biosphere
Heavy metals
Halogenorganic
compounds PCB
DCB
PAH
Biosphere
(Aquatic ecosystem)
40
Agenda
1 PE International Overview
1 Profile Products and Services
2 Introduction to Life Cycle Assessment
Methodology and Framework
3 Applications of LCA and Business Value
1 Success Stories and Case Studies
4 Operationalization of LCA using GaBi
Software
Building business value long term B
usin
ess V
alu
e
Overview
Orientation
Long-term company
success
Screening
Material Comparison
Maturity of LCA usage
Rapid Prototyping (Generic LCA)
Process amp Resource Efficiency
Eco-design amp sustainable product Innovation
Verifiable BOM BOP amp Compliance
Product Communication amp Verification Continuous operational
optimization
Sustainable Product Portfolio Management
Value Chain optimization
42
43 11112013
Drivers for applying Life Cycle Thinking in industry are
Which reasons
exist
Regulations amp directives Integrate Product Policy (IPP)
Directive on end-of-life vehicle
WEEE and RoHS
Green purchasing program
Customer requests Down stream clients
Value chain
engagement Material stewardship
ldquoWhat ifrdquo scenarios
Communication and
reputation building SocietyNGOs
Authorities
Green funds
Research and academia
Life Cycle Thinking and Product Sustainability Introduction and overview
Business Benefit
Source httpavnirorgdocumentationcongres_avnirdiaposplacvmoteurUnilever_Taylorpdf
Life Cycle Assessment Value Chain Analysis
45
Business Benefit
Business value
bull Understand and improve productsrsquo
environmental footprints
bull EPDs for all its carpet products
globally for verified communication
and reporting
bull Product optimization and innovation
bull Risk Management in the supply chain
Solution
bull Use of GaBi software in-house to track
and improve its productsrsquo life cycle
performance
bull Reduce Recycle Innovative yarn
raquoOur use of LCA with GaBi has evolved to a proactive
assessment of alternatives during the development process
making it a critical tool in helping us achieve our Mission
Zeroreg goalslaquo
Connie Hensler Director Corporate LCA Programs
Interface Inc Source Ramon Arratia
Interface A case of full product responsibility
Life Cycle Assessment Hotspot Identification
LCA of furniture Green Product development
46 Source Ashwini Deodeshmukh Godrej Interio PE Workshop April 2013
47
Solution
bull LCA of packaging
bull Scenario analysis to optimize
packaging design
Sustainability performance
50 less primary energy
60 less plastic
75 fewer CO2 emissions from
transportation
Business advantage
Cost reduction of packaging
across the entire life cycle
Brand enhancement
in container manufacture only compared
to the rigid gallon jug
Packaging Innovation
bdquoLCA gives us a competitive advantage because it gives
us more insight into how to reduce our productsrsquo
footprints find efficiencies and validate and explain those
benefits to customers and consumersrdquo
Chris McGrath vice president for sustainability at Kraft Foods1
Source September 2012 MIT Sloan Management Review
Image Kraft Foods
Material Comparison Daimler Case Study
48
Comparison of concepts for the C-class front-module
bull Material options steel aluminum-steel plastic-steel
bull In terms of primary energy demand the steel version the favorable one followed by
the aluminum-steel option
bull In terms of weight the aluminum-steel version is best
Source Environmental Certificate Mercedes-Benz C-Class 11112013
Life Cycle Assessment PUMA- Shoe Packaging
bull 1 million litres of water saved
bull During transport 500000 litres of diesel is saved
bull If replacement of traditional shopping bags then save up to 275 tons of plastic
Septem
ber
2007
49
bull ~8500 tons less paper will be
consumed
bull 20 million Megajoules of electricity
saved
bull 1 million litres less of fuel oil use
Comparative LCA Sustainable Packaging
11112013 51
Impact Category Credit Energy
Disposal and
Recycling
Downstream
Transport
Primary
Packaging
Secondary
Packaging
Upstream
Transport
Container Glass -11 7 4 100 -2 2
PET 0 19 2 82 -4 1
Beverage Carton -12 134 8 -16 -15 1
Al Can 0 2 1 93 3 0
Source httpwwwindialcacompdfsILCM-2012-Session-6-Vinay-Saranpdf
Environmental Impact of Building Present and Future Scenario
bull Several methods and techniques
being adopted to reduce
environmental impact during the
use phase of the building
bull However impact due to materials
and construction will become
significant when operational
impact has been reduced
bull Cost of resources will increase
further creating burden on the
construction phase
Materials Operation End-of-life
Materials Operation End-of-life
GW
P t C
O2 e
q
Year 2020
Year 2010
GW
P t C
O2 e
q
0
25
50
0
25
50
53
Business Benefit
Image Tata Steel
Business value
bull Marketing tool for product
differentiation and to support
customers with data on the
sustainability of steel
bull Decision making in product
development
bull Identification of hot spots in the steel
value chain to effectively reduce
impacts and resource consumption
Solution
bull Use LCA Software to build product
models covering environmental impacts
bull Interactive reports for EPD creation
raquoLife Cycle Assessment helps us to fully understand
the benefits across the life cycle and assists us in
communicating these to our stakeholderslaquo
Allan Griffin Knowledge Group Leader Sustainability Tata Steel
Development of EPD Tata Steel Example
Agenda
1 PE International Overview
1 Profile Products and Services
2 Introduction to Life Cycle Assessment
Methodology and Framework
3 Applications of LCA and Business Value
1 Success Stories and Case Studies
4 Operationalization of LCA using GaBi
Software
Principles of Life Cycle Assessment What is LCA
18
Life Cycle Assessment is the compiling and evaluation of the input
and outputs and the potential environmental impacts of a product
system during its lifetime
Definition of Life Cycle Assessment from DIN ISO 14044
LCA
Raw Materials
Final Disposal
Life Cycle Thinkinghellip
A lens to assess your business amp supply chain sustainability
Recycling
Materials
Manufacture
Products
Manufacture
Transportation amp Manufacture
Use
19
20 11112013
Life Cycle Thinking an example for applied Life Cycle Thinking hellip
bull The framework for calculation of Life Cycle Assessments are the ISO-standards
1404014044
bull ISO definition
bull Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is the compiling and evaluation of the input and
outputs and the potential environmental impacts of a product system during its
lifetime
bull The results of Life Cycle Assessments are
bull A quantification of the inputs and outputs for a product life cycle
Life Cycle Inventory
bull A quantification of the potential environmental impacts eg Global Warming Potential
Acidification Potential Ozone Depletion Potential
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Basics of Life Cycle Assessment
21
22 11112013
Life Cycle Thinking Methods amp implementation ndash Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) ISO 1404044
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
Goal and scope
definition
Inventory analysis
Impact assessment
Inte
rpre
tation
LCA framework Direct applications
Product development
and improvement
Strategic planning
Public policy making
Marketing
Other
Basics of Life Cycle Assessment
End of Life Phase Production Phase Use Phase
Manufacture
bull Rotor
bull Nacelle
bull Tower
bull Cables
bull Transport to
site
Construction
bull Site works and
buildings
bull Foundations
bull Erection
End of life
bull Dismantling
bull Recycling
bull Landfill
bull Energy
recovery
Operation
bull Maintenance
bull Replacement
parts
bull Power
generation
23 All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
Basics of Life Cycle Assessment
24
Phases of the
life cycle
Impact
assessment
Energy consumption Raw material consumption
Global warming Summer smog Acidification Over fertilisation
Environmental toxins Waste etc
Production phase Use phase End of Life
Life cycle
stages
Preparation of
raw materials
Manufacturing
Pre-products Production Use
Disposal
Recycling
Deposition
Inventory
analysis
I N P U T R e s o u r c e s
O U T P U T E m i s s i o n s a n d W a s t e
ldquoCradle to gaterdquo
ldquoCradle to graverdquo
LCA Step by step
bull Definition of the goal of the study
bull Agreement on the scope of the project
bull Description of the functional unit ie reference unit
bull Set up of the Life Cycle Inventory
Data collection identification of the relevant material and energy flows
bull Calculation of the Impact Assessment
bull Evaluation and Interpretation of the results
bull Documentation in a detailed report
bull Critical Review
optional to increase the credibility
obligatory for comparative studies
25
26
Task Firstly define the intended Goal of your study in a short statement summarising
- the intended application and reasons for carrying out the study
- the intended audience for communication of results
- whether the results will be used for comparison and will comparative assertions be publicly disclosed
Hints Choose to study a product system you are familiar with For example the goal could be
bull To understand the life cycle impacts of a product a process or a service provided
bull To investigate the trade-offs in making changes to one aspect of a product life cycle
bull To compare the life cycle environmental impacts of two systems providing the same service
bull To understand life cycle environmental impacts of implementing a government policy
The next step will consider the Scope of the study
Step 1 Define the Goal
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
27
Task Outline the Scope of the system under study in a few bullet points
Hints Think about the goal of your study and the product system
bull What is the function of the product system(s) to be studied
bull Does it include the product use phase or end-of-life phase
bull Is the scope cradle to gate or cradle to grave
bull Are there any key co-products produced by the system
bull If you are studying two comparative systems are their common elements to each
system Can these common elements be ignored
The next step will illustrate the system(s) in a flow diagram
Step 2 Outline the Scope
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
28
Task Sketch a simple process flow diagram that illustrates the main life cycle processes that are relevant to your study
Hint The life cycle sketch could include
bull The main life cycle stages eg raw materials processing product use disposal transport steps
bull If you are undertaking a comparative study include both relevant systems
bull Note the functional output of your system
bull Each unit process should be described showing where the process begins and ends
bull Include any key co-products produced by the system
bull Is there any closed looped re-cycling or re-use within the system scope
The next step will illustrate the key inputs and outputs of the system
Step 3 Outline the Scope ndash sketch a flow diagram
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
29
Task Include the key Inputs and Outputs to your system flow diagram and define the System Boundary
Hint The system boundary includes the unit processes within the scope of the study
bull The system boundary should be consistent with the goal of the study
bull Think about the level of detail required for each unit process Are there cut-off criteria
bull If you decide to ignore or delete processes make a note of your reasons
bull Energy inputs and outputs should be included (all types of energy used)
bull You could make a distinction between foreground processes and background processes
The next step will define the Functional Unit of the system
Step 4 Define the System Boundary
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
30
Task Define the Functional Unit for the study
Hint The functional unit provides a reference to which all input and
output data are normalised It shall be clearly defined and
measureable
bull The functional unit should be consistent with the goal of the study
bull Different studies can be compared based on the functional unit
A textile example could be
One square meter of 200 gram square metre jersey fabric dyed black
The next step will define the data to be collected for the life cycle
inventory
Step 5 Define the Functional Unit
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
31
Task List the key life cycle inventory data to be collected
Hint Think about the types of impacts and data requirements
bull Consider all relevant inputs and outputs
bull Include emissions to air discharge to water and solid waste
bull Consider fugitive emissions and ancillary input materials
bull Include recycled materials
bull Define any assumptions or data gaps clearly
The next steps would be to begin data collection data quality review
and modelling
Step 6 Data Collection Preparation
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
Life Cycle Assessment Classification and Characterisation
32 All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
Midpoints indicators
33
Popular problem-oriented (midpoint) methods are
CML indicators developed in The Netherlands
TRACI developed by the US EPA
Other currently used LCIA methods include
bull damage-oriented (endpoint) methods like EPS and Eco-
Indicator99 (Dutch)
bull distance-to-target methods like the Critical Volumes approach of
BUWAL the Swiss EPA
Effect Increased warming of the troposphere due to anthropogenic greenhouse
gases eg from the burning of fossil fuels
Reference Substance Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Reference Unit kg CO2-Equivalent
Source IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climatic Change)
CO2 CH4
CFCs
UV - radiation
AbsorptionReflection
Infraredradiation
Trace gases in th
e a
tmosphere
34
Life Cycle Impact Assessment Global Warming Potential (GWP)
Effect Reduction in the ozone concentration of the Stratosphere due to emissions
such as Chloro-fluoro-carbons (CFCs)
Reference Substance Tri-chloro-fluoro-methane (R11)
Reference Unit kg R11-Equivalent
Source CML (Heijungs Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) 1992
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP)
CFCs Nitrogen oxide
Stratosphere
15 - 50 km Absorption Absorption
UV - radiation
35
Effect Increase in the pH-value of precipitation due to the wash-out of acidifiying gases
eg Sulphur dioxide (SO2) and Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Reference Substance Sulphur dioxide (SO2)
Reference Unit kg SO2-Equivalent
Source CML (Heijungs Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) 1992
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Acidification Potential (AP)
SO 2
NO X
H 2 SO 4 4 HNO 3
36
Effect Excessive nutient input into water and land from substances such as
phosphorus und nitrogen from agriculture combustion processes and effluents
Reference Substance Phosphate (PO4-)
Reference Unit kg PO4- Equivalent
Source CML (Heijungs Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) 1992
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Eutrophication Potential (EP)
Waste water
Air pollution
Fertilisation
PO 4 -3
NO 3 -
NH 4 +
NO X N 2 O
NH 3
37
Hydrocarbons Nitrogen Oxides
Dry and warm climate
Hydrocarbons
Nitrogen Oxides
Ozone
Effect Formation of low level ozone by sunlight instigating the photochemical reaction
of nitrogen oxides with hyrocarbons and volatile organic compounds (VOC)
Reference Substance Ethylene (C2H4)
Reference Unit kg C2H4 -Equivalent
Source Udo de Haes et al 1999
38
Life Cycle Impact Assessment Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential (POCP) - Summer smog
Effect Continuous toxicological impact on humans
(arbitrary estimation)
Reference Substance 14-Di-chloro-benzene (DCB C6H4Cl2)
Reference Unit kg DCB - Equivalent
Source CML (Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) RIVM (National
Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection)
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Human Toxicity Potential (HTP)
Heavy metals
Halogenorganic
compounds
PCB DCB
PAH
Air
Food
Products
39
Effect Continuous toxicological impact on water and soils
(arbitrary estimation)
Reference Substance 14-Di-chloro-benzene (DCB C6H4Cl2)
Reference Unit kg DCB - Equivalent
Source CML (Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) RIVM (National
Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection)
Life Cycle Impact Assessment Aquatic (AETP) and Terrestrial (TETP) = Ecotoxicity Potential (ETP)
(Terrestrial Ecosystem)
Biosphere
Heavy metals
Halogenorganic
compounds PCB
DCB
PAH
Biosphere
(Aquatic ecosystem)
40
Agenda
1 PE International Overview
1 Profile Products and Services
2 Introduction to Life Cycle Assessment
Methodology and Framework
3 Applications of LCA and Business Value
1 Success Stories and Case Studies
4 Operationalization of LCA using GaBi
Software
Building business value long term B
usin
ess V
alu
e
Overview
Orientation
Long-term company
success
Screening
Material Comparison
Maturity of LCA usage
Rapid Prototyping (Generic LCA)
Process amp Resource Efficiency
Eco-design amp sustainable product Innovation
Verifiable BOM BOP amp Compliance
Product Communication amp Verification Continuous operational
optimization
Sustainable Product Portfolio Management
Value Chain optimization
42
43 11112013
Drivers for applying Life Cycle Thinking in industry are
Which reasons
exist
Regulations amp directives Integrate Product Policy (IPP)
Directive on end-of-life vehicle
WEEE and RoHS
Green purchasing program
Customer requests Down stream clients
Value chain
engagement Material stewardship
ldquoWhat ifrdquo scenarios
Communication and
reputation building SocietyNGOs
Authorities
Green funds
Research and academia
Life Cycle Thinking and Product Sustainability Introduction and overview
Business Benefit
Source httpavnirorgdocumentationcongres_avnirdiaposplacvmoteurUnilever_Taylorpdf
Life Cycle Assessment Value Chain Analysis
45
Business Benefit
Business value
bull Understand and improve productsrsquo
environmental footprints
bull EPDs for all its carpet products
globally for verified communication
and reporting
bull Product optimization and innovation
bull Risk Management in the supply chain
Solution
bull Use of GaBi software in-house to track
and improve its productsrsquo life cycle
performance
bull Reduce Recycle Innovative yarn
raquoOur use of LCA with GaBi has evolved to a proactive
assessment of alternatives during the development process
making it a critical tool in helping us achieve our Mission
Zeroreg goalslaquo
Connie Hensler Director Corporate LCA Programs
Interface Inc Source Ramon Arratia
Interface A case of full product responsibility
Life Cycle Assessment Hotspot Identification
LCA of furniture Green Product development
46 Source Ashwini Deodeshmukh Godrej Interio PE Workshop April 2013
47
Solution
bull LCA of packaging
bull Scenario analysis to optimize
packaging design
Sustainability performance
50 less primary energy
60 less plastic
75 fewer CO2 emissions from
transportation
Business advantage
Cost reduction of packaging
across the entire life cycle
Brand enhancement
in container manufacture only compared
to the rigid gallon jug
Packaging Innovation
bdquoLCA gives us a competitive advantage because it gives
us more insight into how to reduce our productsrsquo
footprints find efficiencies and validate and explain those
benefits to customers and consumersrdquo
Chris McGrath vice president for sustainability at Kraft Foods1
Source September 2012 MIT Sloan Management Review
Image Kraft Foods
Material Comparison Daimler Case Study
48
Comparison of concepts for the C-class front-module
bull Material options steel aluminum-steel plastic-steel
bull In terms of primary energy demand the steel version the favorable one followed by
the aluminum-steel option
bull In terms of weight the aluminum-steel version is best
Source Environmental Certificate Mercedes-Benz C-Class 11112013
Life Cycle Assessment PUMA- Shoe Packaging
bull 1 million litres of water saved
bull During transport 500000 litres of diesel is saved
bull If replacement of traditional shopping bags then save up to 275 tons of plastic
Septem
ber
2007
49
bull ~8500 tons less paper will be
consumed
bull 20 million Megajoules of electricity
saved
bull 1 million litres less of fuel oil use
Comparative LCA Sustainable Packaging
11112013 51
Impact Category Credit Energy
Disposal and
Recycling
Downstream
Transport
Primary
Packaging
Secondary
Packaging
Upstream
Transport
Container Glass -11 7 4 100 -2 2
PET 0 19 2 82 -4 1
Beverage Carton -12 134 8 -16 -15 1
Al Can 0 2 1 93 3 0
Source httpwwwindialcacompdfsILCM-2012-Session-6-Vinay-Saranpdf
Environmental Impact of Building Present and Future Scenario
bull Several methods and techniques
being adopted to reduce
environmental impact during the
use phase of the building
bull However impact due to materials
and construction will become
significant when operational
impact has been reduced
bull Cost of resources will increase
further creating burden on the
construction phase
Materials Operation End-of-life
Materials Operation End-of-life
GW
P t C
O2 e
q
Year 2020
Year 2010
GW
P t C
O2 e
q
0
25
50
0
25
50
53
Business Benefit
Image Tata Steel
Business value
bull Marketing tool for product
differentiation and to support
customers with data on the
sustainability of steel
bull Decision making in product
development
bull Identification of hot spots in the steel
value chain to effectively reduce
impacts and resource consumption
Solution
bull Use LCA Software to build product
models covering environmental impacts
bull Interactive reports for EPD creation
raquoLife Cycle Assessment helps us to fully understand
the benefits across the life cycle and assists us in
communicating these to our stakeholderslaquo
Allan Griffin Knowledge Group Leader Sustainability Tata Steel
Development of EPD Tata Steel Example
Principles of Life Cycle Assessment What is LCA
18
Life Cycle Assessment is the compiling and evaluation of the input
and outputs and the potential environmental impacts of a product
system during its lifetime
Definition of Life Cycle Assessment from DIN ISO 14044
LCA
Raw Materials
Final Disposal
Life Cycle Thinkinghellip
A lens to assess your business amp supply chain sustainability
Recycling
Materials
Manufacture
Products
Manufacture
Transportation amp Manufacture
Use
19
20 11112013
Life Cycle Thinking an example for applied Life Cycle Thinking hellip
bull The framework for calculation of Life Cycle Assessments are the ISO-standards
1404014044
bull ISO definition
bull Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is the compiling and evaluation of the input and
outputs and the potential environmental impacts of a product system during its
lifetime
bull The results of Life Cycle Assessments are
bull A quantification of the inputs and outputs for a product life cycle
Life Cycle Inventory
bull A quantification of the potential environmental impacts eg Global Warming Potential
Acidification Potential Ozone Depletion Potential
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Basics of Life Cycle Assessment
21
22 11112013
Life Cycle Thinking Methods amp implementation ndash Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) ISO 1404044
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
Goal and scope
definition
Inventory analysis
Impact assessment
Inte
rpre
tation
LCA framework Direct applications
Product development
and improvement
Strategic planning
Public policy making
Marketing
Other
Basics of Life Cycle Assessment
End of Life Phase Production Phase Use Phase
Manufacture
bull Rotor
bull Nacelle
bull Tower
bull Cables
bull Transport to
site
Construction
bull Site works and
buildings
bull Foundations
bull Erection
End of life
bull Dismantling
bull Recycling
bull Landfill
bull Energy
recovery
Operation
bull Maintenance
bull Replacement
parts
bull Power
generation
23 All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
Basics of Life Cycle Assessment
24
Phases of the
life cycle
Impact
assessment
Energy consumption Raw material consumption
Global warming Summer smog Acidification Over fertilisation
Environmental toxins Waste etc
Production phase Use phase End of Life
Life cycle
stages
Preparation of
raw materials
Manufacturing
Pre-products Production Use
Disposal
Recycling
Deposition
Inventory
analysis
I N P U T R e s o u r c e s
O U T P U T E m i s s i o n s a n d W a s t e
ldquoCradle to gaterdquo
ldquoCradle to graverdquo
LCA Step by step
bull Definition of the goal of the study
bull Agreement on the scope of the project
bull Description of the functional unit ie reference unit
bull Set up of the Life Cycle Inventory
Data collection identification of the relevant material and energy flows
bull Calculation of the Impact Assessment
bull Evaluation and Interpretation of the results
bull Documentation in a detailed report
bull Critical Review
optional to increase the credibility
obligatory for comparative studies
25
26
Task Firstly define the intended Goal of your study in a short statement summarising
- the intended application and reasons for carrying out the study
- the intended audience for communication of results
- whether the results will be used for comparison and will comparative assertions be publicly disclosed
Hints Choose to study a product system you are familiar with For example the goal could be
bull To understand the life cycle impacts of a product a process or a service provided
bull To investigate the trade-offs in making changes to one aspect of a product life cycle
bull To compare the life cycle environmental impacts of two systems providing the same service
bull To understand life cycle environmental impacts of implementing a government policy
The next step will consider the Scope of the study
Step 1 Define the Goal
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
27
Task Outline the Scope of the system under study in a few bullet points
Hints Think about the goal of your study and the product system
bull What is the function of the product system(s) to be studied
bull Does it include the product use phase or end-of-life phase
bull Is the scope cradle to gate or cradle to grave
bull Are there any key co-products produced by the system
bull If you are studying two comparative systems are their common elements to each
system Can these common elements be ignored
The next step will illustrate the system(s) in a flow diagram
Step 2 Outline the Scope
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
28
Task Sketch a simple process flow diagram that illustrates the main life cycle processes that are relevant to your study
Hint The life cycle sketch could include
bull The main life cycle stages eg raw materials processing product use disposal transport steps
bull If you are undertaking a comparative study include both relevant systems
bull Note the functional output of your system
bull Each unit process should be described showing where the process begins and ends
bull Include any key co-products produced by the system
bull Is there any closed looped re-cycling or re-use within the system scope
The next step will illustrate the key inputs and outputs of the system
Step 3 Outline the Scope ndash sketch a flow diagram
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
29
Task Include the key Inputs and Outputs to your system flow diagram and define the System Boundary
Hint The system boundary includes the unit processes within the scope of the study
bull The system boundary should be consistent with the goal of the study
bull Think about the level of detail required for each unit process Are there cut-off criteria
bull If you decide to ignore or delete processes make a note of your reasons
bull Energy inputs and outputs should be included (all types of energy used)
bull You could make a distinction between foreground processes and background processes
The next step will define the Functional Unit of the system
Step 4 Define the System Boundary
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
30
Task Define the Functional Unit for the study
Hint The functional unit provides a reference to which all input and
output data are normalised It shall be clearly defined and
measureable
bull The functional unit should be consistent with the goal of the study
bull Different studies can be compared based on the functional unit
A textile example could be
One square meter of 200 gram square metre jersey fabric dyed black
The next step will define the data to be collected for the life cycle
inventory
Step 5 Define the Functional Unit
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
31
Task List the key life cycle inventory data to be collected
Hint Think about the types of impacts and data requirements
bull Consider all relevant inputs and outputs
bull Include emissions to air discharge to water and solid waste
bull Consider fugitive emissions and ancillary input materials
bull Include recycled materials
bull Define any assumptions or data gaps clearly
The next steps would be to begin data collection data quality review
and modelling
Step 6 Data Collection Preparation
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
Life Cycle Assessment Classification and Characterisation
32 All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
Midpoints indicators
33
Popular problem-oriented (midpoint) methods are
CML indicators developed in The Netherlands
TRACI developed by the US EPA
Other currently used LCIA methods include
bull damage-oriented (endpoint) methods like EPS and Eco-
Indicator99 (Dutch)
bull distance-to-target methods like the Critical Volumes approach of
BUWAL the Swiss EPA
Effect Increased warming of the troposphere due to anthropogenic greenhouse
gases eg from the burning of fossil fuels
Reference Substance Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Reference Unit kg CO2-Equivalent
Source IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climatic Change)
CO2 CH4
CFCs
UV - radiation
AbsorptionReflection
Infraredradiation
Trace gases in th
e a
tmosphere
34
Life Cycle Impact Assessment Global Warming Potential (GWP)
Effect Reduction in the ozone concentration of the Stratosphere due to emissions
such as Chloro-fluoro-carbons (CFCs)
Reference Substance Tri-chloro-fluoro-methane (R11)
Reference Unit kg R11-Equivalent
Source CML (Heijungs Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) 1992
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP)
CFCs Nitrogen oxide
Stratosphere
15 - 50 km Absorption Absorption
UV - radiation
35
Effect Increase in the pH-value of precipitation due to the wash-out of acidifiying gases
eg Sulphur dioxide (SO2) and Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Reference Substance Sulphur dioxide (SO2)
Reference Unit kg SO2-Equivalent
Source CML (Heijungs Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) 1992
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Acidification Potential (AP)
SO 2
NO X
H 2 SO 4 4 HNO 3
36
Effect Excessive nutient input into water and land from substances such as
phosphorus und nitrogen from agriculture combustion processes and effluents
Reference Substance Phosphate (PO4-)
Reference Unit kg PO4- Equivalent
Source CML (Heijungs Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) 1992
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Eutrophication Potential (EP)
Waste water
Air pollution
Fertilisation
PO 4 -3
NO 3 -
NH 4 +
NO X N 2 O
NH 3
37
Hydrocarbons Nitrogen Oxides
Dry and warm climate
Hydrocarbons
Nitrogen Oxides
Ozone
Effect Formation of low level ozone by sunlight instigating the photochemical reaction
of nitrogen oxides with hyrocarbons and volatile organic compounds (VOC)
Reference Substance Ethylene (C2H4)
Reference Unit kg C2H4 -Equivalent
Source Udo de Haes et al 1999
38
Life Cycle Impact Assessment Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential (POCP) - Summer smog
Effect Continuous toxicological impact on humans
(arbitrary estimation)
Reference Substance 14-Di-chloro-benzene (DCB C6H4Cl2)
Reference Unit kg DCB - Equivalent
Source CML (Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) RIVM (National
Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection)
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Human Toxicity Potential (HTP)
Heavy metals
Halogenorganic
compounds
PCB DCB
PAH
Air
Food
Products
39
Effect Continuous toxicological impact on water and soils
(arbitrary estimation)
Reference Substance 14-Di-chloro-benzene (DCB C6H4Cl2)
Reference Unit kg DCB - Equivalent
Source CML (Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) RIVM (National
Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection)
Life Cycle Impact Assessment Aquatic (AETP) and Terrestrial (TETP) = Ecotoxicity Potential (ETP)
(Terrestrial Ecosystem)
Biosphere
Heavy metals
Halogenorganic
compounds PCB
DCB
PAH
Biosphere
(Aquatic ecosystem)
40
Agenda
1 PE International Overview
1 Profile Products and Services
2 Introduction to Life Cycle Assessment
Methodology and Framework
3 Applications of LCA and Business Value
1 Success Stories and Case Studies
4 Operationalization of LCA using GaBi
Software
Building business value long term B
usin
ess V
alu
e
Overview
Orientation
Long-term company
success
Screening
Material Comparison
Maturity of LCA usage
Rapid Prototyping (Generic LCA)
Process amp Resource Efficiency
Eco-design amp sustainable product Innovation
Verifiable BOM BOP amp Compliance
Product Communication amp Verification Continuous operational
optimization
Sustainable Product Portfolio Management
Value Chain optimization
42
43 11112013
Drivers for applying Life Cycle Thinking in industry are
Which reasons
exist
Regulations amp directives Integrate Product Policy (IPP)
Directive on end-of-life vehicle
WEEE and RoHS
Green purchasing program
Customer requests Down stream clients
Value chain
engagement Material stewardship
ldquoWhat ifrdquo scenarios
Communication and
reputation building SocietyNGOs
Authorities
Green funds
Research and academia
Life Cycle Thinking and Product Sustainability Introduction and overview
Business Benefit
Source httpavnirorgdocumentationcongres_avnirdiaposplacvmoteurUnilever_Taylorpdf
Life Cycle Assessment Value Chain Analysis
45
Business Benefit
Business value
bull Understand and improve productsrsquo
environmental footprints
bull EPDs for all its carpet products
globally for verified communication
and reporting
bull Product optimization and innovation
bull Risk Management in the supply chain
Solution
bull Use of GaBi software in-house to track
and improve its productsrsquo life cycle
performance
bull Reduce Recycle Innovative yarn
raquoOur use of LCA with GaBi has evolved to a proactive
assessment of alternatives during the development process
making it a critical tool in helping us achieve our Mission
Zeroreg goalslaquo
Connie Hensler Director Corporate LCA Programs
Interface Inc Source Ramon Arratia
Interface A case of full product responsibility
Life Cycle Assessment Hotspot Identification
LCA of furniture Green Product development
46 Source Ashwini Deodeshmukh Godrej Interio PE Workshop April 2013
47
Solution
bull LCA of packaging
bull Scenario analysis to optimize
packaging design
Sustainability performance
50 less primary energy
60 less plastic
75 fewer CO2 emissions from
transportation
Business advantage
Cost reduction of packaging
across the entire life cycle
Brand enhancement
in container manufacture only compared
to the rigid gallon jug
Packaging Innovation
bdquoLCA gives us a competitive advantage because it gives
us more insight into how to reduce our productsrsquo
footprints find efficiencies and validate and explain those
benefits to customers and consumersrdquo
Chris McGrath vice president for sustainability at Kraft Foods1
Source September 2012 MIT Sloan Management Review
Image Kraft Foods
Material Comparison Daimler Case Study
48
Comparison of concepts for the C-class front-module
bull Material options steel aluminum-steel plastic-steel
bull In terms of primary energy demand the steel version the favorable one followed by
the aluminum-steel option
bull In terms of weight the aluminum-steel version is best
Source Environmental Certificate Mercedes-Benz C-Class 11112013
Life Cycle Assessment PUMA- Shoe Packaging
bull 1 million litres of water saved
bull During transport 500000 litres of diesel is saved
bull If replacement of traditional shopping bags then save up to 275 tons of plastic
Septem
ber
2007
49
bull ~8500 tons less paper will be
consumed
bull 20 million Megajoules of electricity
saved
bull 1 million litres less of fuel oil use
Comparative LCA Sustainable Packaging
11112013 51
Impact Category Credit Energy
Disposal and
Recycling
Downstream
Transport
Primary
Packaging
Secondary
Packaging
Upstream
Transport
Container Glass -11 7 4 100 -2 2
PET 0 19 2 82 -4 1
Beverage Carton -12 134 8 -16 -15 1
Al Can 0 2 1 93 3 0
Source httpwwwindialcacompdfsILCM-2012-Session-6-Vinay-Saranpdf
Environmental Impact of Building Present and Future Scenario
bull Several methods and techniques
being adopted to reduce
environmental impact during the
use phase of the building
bull However impact due to materials
and construction will become
significant when operational
impact has been reduced
bull Cost of resources will increase
further creating burden on the
construction phase
Materials Operation End-of-life
Materials Operation End-of-life
GW
P t C
O2 e
q
Year 2020
Year 2010
GW
P t C
O2 e
q
0
25
50
0
25
50
53
Business Benefit
Image Tata Steel
Business value
bull Marketing tool for product
differentiation and to support
customers with data on the
sustainability of steel
bull Decision making in product
development
bull Identification of hot spots in the steel
value chain to effectively reduce
impacts and resource consumption
Solution
bull Use LCA Software to build product
models covering environmental impacts
bull Interactive reports for EPD creation
raquoLife Cycle Assessment helps us to fully understand
the benefits across the life cycle and assists us in
communicating these to our stakeholderslaquo
Allan Griffin Knowledge Group Leader Sustainability Tata Steel
Development of EPD Tata Steel Example
Raw Materials
Final Disposal
Life Cycle Thinkinghellip
A lens to assess your business amp supply chain sustainability
Recycling
Materials
Manufacture
Products
Manufacture
Transportation amp Manufacture
Use
19
20 11112013
Life Cycle Thinking an example for applied Life Cycle Thinking hellip
bull The framework for calculation of Life Cycle Assessments are the ISO-standards
1404014044
bull ISO definition
bull Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is the compiling and evaluation of the input and
outputs and the potential environmental impacts of a product system during its
lifetime
bull The results of Life Cycle Assessments are
bull A quantification of the inputs and outputs for a product life cycle
Life Cycle Inventory
bull A quantification of the potential environmental impacts eg Global Warming Potential
Acidification Potential Ozone Depletion Potential
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Basics of Life Cycle Assessment
21
22 11112013
Life Cycle Thinking Methods amp implementation ndash Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) ISO 1404044
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
Goal and scope
definition
Inventory analysis
Impact assessment
Inte
rpre
tation
LCA framework Direct applications
Product development
and improvement
Strategic planning
Public policy making
Marketing
Other
Basics of Life Cycle Assessment
End of Life Phase Production Phase Use Phase
Manufacture
bull Rotor
bull Nacelle
bull Tower
bull Cables
bull Transport to
site
Construction
bull Site works and
buildings
bull Foundations
bull Erection
End of life
bull Dismantling
bull Recycling
bull Landfill
bull Energy
recovery
Operation
bull Maintenance
bull Replacement
parts
bull Power
generation
23 All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
Basics of Life Cycle Assessment
24
Phases of the
life cycle
Impact
assessment
Energy consumption Raw material consumption
Global warming Summer smog Acidification Over fertilisation
Environmental toxins Waste etc
Production phase Use phase End of Life
Life cycle
stages
Preparation of
raw materials
Manufacturing
Pre-products Production Use
Disposal
Recycling
Deposition
Inventory
analysis
I N P U T R e s o u r c e s
O U T P U T E m i s s i o n s a n d W a s t e
ldquoCradle to gaterdquo
ldquoCradle to graverdquo
LCA Step by step
bull Definition of the goal of the study
bull Agreement on the scope of the project
bull Description of the functional unit ie reference unit
bull Set up of the Life Cycle Inventory
Data collection identification of the relevant material and energy flows
bull Calculation of the Impact Assessment
bull Evaluation and Interpretation of the results
bull Documentation in a detailed report
bull Critical Review
optional to increase the credibility
obligatory for comparative studies
25
26
Task Firstly define the intended Goal of your study in a short statement summarising
- the intended application and reasons for carrying out the study
- the intended audience for communication of results
- whether the results will be used for comparison and will comparative assertions be publicly disclosed
Hints Choose to study a product system you are familiar with For example the goal could be
bull To understand the life cycle impacts of a product a process or a service provided
bull To investigate the trade-offs in making changes to one aspect of a product life cycle
bull To compare the life cycle environmental impacts of two systems providing the same service
bull To understand life cycle environmental impacts of implementing a government policy
The next step will consider the Scope of the study
Step 1 Define the Goal
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
27
Task Outline the Scope of the system under study in a few bullet points
Hints Think about the goal of your study and the product system
bull What is the function of the product system(s) to be studied
bull Does it include the product use phase or end-of-life phase
bull Is the scope cradle to gate or cradle to grave
bull Are there any key co-products produced by the system
bull If you are studying two comparative systems are their common elements to each
system Can these common elements be ignored
The next step will illustrate the system(s) in a flow diagram
Step 2 Outline the Scope
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
28
Task Sketch a simple process flow diagram that illustrates the main life cycle processes that are relevant to your study
Hint The life cycle sketch could include
bull The main life cycle stages eg raw materials processing product use disposal transport steps
bull If you are undertaking a comparative study include both relevant systems
bull Note the functional output of your system
bull Each unit process should be described showing where the process begins and ends
bull Include any key co-products produced by the system
bull Is there any closed looped re-cycling or re-use within the system scope
The next step will illustrate the key inputs and outputs of the system
Step 3 Outline the Scope ndash sketch a flow diagram
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
29
Task Include the key Inputs and Outputs to your system flow diagram and define the System Boundary
Hint The system boundary includes the unit processes within the scope of the study
bull The system boundary should be consistent with the goal of the study
bull Think about the level of detail required for each unit process Are there cut-off criteria
bull If you decide to ignore or delete processes make a note of your reasons
bull Energy inputs and outputs should be included (all types of energy used)
bull You could make a distinction between foreground processes and background processes
The next step will define the Functional Unit of the system
Step 4 Define the System Boundary
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
30
Task Define the Functional Unit for the study
Hint The functional unit provides a reference to which all input and
output data are normalised It shall be clearly defined and
measureable
bull The functional unit should be consistent with the goal of the study
bull Different studies can be compared based on the functional unit
A textile example could be
One square meter of 200 gram square metre jersey fabric dyed black
The next step will define the data to be collected for the life cycle
inventory
Step 5 Define the Functional Unit
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
31
Task List the key life cycle inventory data to be collected
Hint Think about the types of impacts and data requirements
bull Consider all relevant inputs and outputs
bull Include emissions to air discharge to water and solid waste
bull Consider fugitive emissions and ancillary input materials
bull Include recycled materials
bull Define any assumptions or data gaps clearly
The next steps would be to begin data collection data quality review
and modelling
Step 6 Data Collection Preparation
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
Life Cycle Assessment Classification and Characterisation
32 All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
Midpoints indicators
33
Popular problem-oriented (midpoint) methods are
CML indicators developed in The Netherlands
TRACI developed by the US EPA
Other currently used LCIA methods include
bull damage-oriented (endpoint) methods like EPS and Eco-
Indicator99 (Dutch)
bull distance-to-target methods like the Critical Volumes approach of
BUWAL the Swiss EPA
Effect Increased warming of the troposphere due to anthropogenic greenhouse
gases eg from the burning of fossil fuels
Reference Substance Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Reference Unit kg CO2-Equivalent
Source IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climatic Change)
CO2 CH4
CFCs
UV - radiation
AbsorptionReflection
Infraredradiation
Trace gases in th
e a
tmosphere
34
Life Cycle Impact Assessment Global Warming Potential (GWP)
Effect Reduction in the ozone concentration of the Stratosphere due to emissions
such as Chloro-fluoro-carbons (CFCs)
Reference Substance Tri-chloro-fluoro-methane (R11)
Reference Unit kg R11-Equivalent
Source CML (Heijungs Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) 1992
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP)
CFCs Nitrogen oxide
Stratosphere
15 - 50 km Absorption Absorption
UV - radiation
35
Effect Increase in the pH-value of precipitation due to the wash-out of acidifiying gases
eg Sulphur dioxide (SO2) and Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Reference Substance Sulphur dioxide (SO2)
Reference Unit kg SO2-Equivalent
Source CML (Heijungs Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) 1992
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Acidification Potential (AP)
SO 2
NO X
H 2 SO 4 4 HNO 3
36
Effect Excessive nutient input into water and land from substances such as
phosphorus und nitrogen from agriculture combustion processes and effluents
Reference Substance Phosphate (PO4-)
Reference Unit kg PO4- Equivalent
Source CML (Heijungs Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) 1992
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Eutrophication Potential (EP)
Waste water
Air pollution
Fertilisation
PO 4 -3
NO 3 -
NH 4 +
NO X N 2 O
NH 3
37
Hydrocarbons Nitrogen Oxides
Dry and warm climate
Hydrocarbons
Nitrogen Oxides
Ozone
Effect Formation of low level ozone by sunlight instigating the photochemical reaction
of nitrogen oxides with hyrocarbons and volatile organic compounds (VOC)
Reference Substance Ethylene (C2H4)
Reference Unit kg C2H4 -Equivalent
Source Udo de Haes et al 1999
38
Life Cycle Impact Assessment Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential (POCP) - Summer smog
Effect Continuous toxicological impact on humans
(arbitrary estimation)
Reference Substance 14-Di-chloro-benzene (DCB C6H4Cl2)
Reference Unit kg DCB - Equivalent
Source CML (Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) RIVM (National
Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection)
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Human Toxicity Potential (HTP)
Heavy metals
Halogenorganic
compounds
PCB DCB
PAH
Air
Food
Products
39
Effect Continuous toxicological impact on water and soils
(arbitrary estimation)
Reference Substance 14-Di-chloro-benzene (DCB C6H4Cl2)
Reference Unit kg DCB - Equivalent
Source CML (Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) RIVM (National
Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection)
Life Cycle Impact Assessment Aquatic (AETP) and Terrestrial (TETP) = Ecotoxicity Potential (ETP)
(Terrestrial Ecosystem)
Biosphere
Heavy metals
Halogenorganic
compounds PCB
DCB
PAH
Biosphere
(Aquatic ecosystem)
40
Agenda
1 PE International Overview
1 Profile Products and Services
2 Introduction to Life Cycle Assessment
Methodology and Framework
3 Applications of LCA and Business Value
1 Success Stories and Case Studies
4 Operationalization of LCA using GaBi
Software
Building business value long term B
usin
ess V
alu
e
Overview
Orientation
Long-term company
success
Screening
Material Comparison
Maturity of LCA usage
Rapid Prototyping (Generic LCA)
Process amp Resource Efficiency
Eco-design amp sustainable product Innovation
Verifiable BOM BOP amp Compliance
Product Communication amp Verification Continuous operational
optimization
Sustainable Product Portfolio Management
Value Chain optimization
42
43 11112013
Drivers for applying Life Cycle Thinking in industry are
Which reasons
exist
Regulations amp directives Integrate Product Policy (IPP)
Directive on end-of-life vehicle
WEEE and RoHS
Green purchasing program
Customer requests Down stream clients
Value chain
engagement Material stewardship
ldquoWhat ifrdquo scenarios
Communication and
reputation building SocietyNGOs
Authorities
Green funds
Research and academia
Life Cycle Thinking and Product Sustainability Introduction and overview
Business Benefit
Source httpavnirorgdocumentationcongres_avnirdiaposplacvmoteurUnilever_Taylorpdf
Life Cycle Assessment Value Chain Analysis
45
Business Benefit
Business value
bull Understand and improve productsrsquo
environmental footprints
bull EPDs for all its carpet products
globally for verified communication
and reporting
bull Product optimization and innovation
bull Risk Management in the supply chain
Solution
bull Use of GaBi software in-house to track
and improve its productsrsquo life cycle
performance
bull Reduce Recycle Innovative yarn
raquoOur use of LCA with GaBi has evolved to a proactive
assessment of alternatives during the development process
making it a critical tool in helping us achieve our Mission
Zeroreg goalslaquo
Connie Hensler Director Corporate LCA Programs
Interface Inc Source Ramon Arratia
Interface A case of full product responsibility
Life Cycle Assessment Hotspot Identification
LCA of furniture Green Product development
46 Source Ashwini Deodeshmukh Godrej Interio PE Workshop April 2013
47
Solution
bull LCA of packaging
bull Scenario analysis to optimize
packaging design
Sustainability performance
50 less primary energy
60 less plastic
75 fewer CO2 emissions from
transportation
Business advantage
Cost reduction of packaging
across the entire life cycle
Brand enhancement
in container manufacture only compared
to the rigid gallon jug
Packaging Innovation
bdquoLCA gives us a competitive advantage because it gives
us more insight into how to reduce our productsrsquo
footprints find efficiencies and validate and explain those
benefits to customers and consumersrdquo
Chris McGrath vice president for sustainability at Kraft Foods1
Source September 2012 MIT Sloan Management Review
Image Kraft Foods
Material Comparison Daimler Case Study
48
Comparison of concepts for the C-class front-module
bull Material options steel aluminum-steel plastic-steel
bull In terms of primary energy demand the steel version the favorable one followed by
the aluminum-steel option
bull In terms of weight the aluminum-steel version is best
Source Environmental Certificate Mercedes-Benz C-Class 11112013
Life Cycle Assessment PUMA- Shoe Packaging
bull 1 million litres of water saved
bull During transport 500000 litres of diesel is saved
bull If replacement of traditional shopping bags then save up to 275 tons of plastic
Septem
ber
2007
49
bull ~8500 tons less paper will be
consumed
bull 20 million Megajoules of electricity
saved
bull 1 million litres less of fuel oil use
Comparative LCA Sustainable Packaging
11112013 51
Impact Category Credit Energy
Disposal and
Recycling
Downstream
Transport
Primary
Packaging
Secondary
Packaging
Upstream
Transport
Container Glass -11 7 4 100 -2 2
PET 0 19 2 82 -4 1
Beverage Carton -12 134 8 -16 -15 1
Al Can 0 2 1 93 3 0
Source httpwwwindialcacompdfsILCM-2012-Session-6-Vinay-Saranpdf
Environmental Impact of Building Present and Future Scenario
bull Several methods and techniques
being adopted to reduce
environmental impact during the
use phase of the building
bull However impact due to materials
and construction will become
significant when operational
impact has been reduced
bull Cost of resources will increase
further creating burden on the
construction phase
Materials Operation End-of-life
Materials Operation End-of-life
GW
P t C
O2 e
q
Year 2020
Year 2010
GW
P t C
O2 e
q
0
25
50
0
25
50
53
Business Benefit
Image Tata Steel
Business value
bull Marketing tool for product
differentiation and to support
customers with data on the
sustainability of steel
bull Decision making in product
development
bull Identification of hot spots in the steel
value chain to effectively reduce
impacts and resource consumption
Solution
bull Use LCA Software to build product
models covering environmental impacts
bull Interactive reports for EPD creation
raquoLife Cycle Assessment helps us to fully understand
the benefits across the life cycle and assists us in
communicating these to our stakeholderslaquo
Allan Griffin Knowledge Group Leader Sustainability Tata Steel
Development of EPD Tata Steel Example
20 11112013
Life Cycle Thinking an example for applied Life Cycle Thinking hellip
bull The framework for calculation of Life Cycle Assessments are the ISO-standards
1404014044
bull ISO definition
bull Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is the compiling and evaluation of the input and
outputs and the potential environmental impacts of a product system during its
lifetime
bull The results of Life Cycle Assessments are
bull A quantification of the inputs and outputs for a product life cycle
Life Cycle Inventory
bull A quantification of the potential environmental impacts eg Global Warming Potential
Acidification Potential Ozone Depletion Potential
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Basics of Life Cycle Assessment
21
22 11112013
Life Cycle Thinking Methods amp implementation ndash Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) ISO 1404044
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
Goal and scope
definition
Inventory analysis
Impact assessment
Inte
rpre
tation
LCA framework Direct applications
Product development
and improvement
Strategic planning
Public policy making
Marketing
Other
Basics of Life Cycle Assessment
End of Life Phase Production Phase Use Phase
Manufacture
bull Rotor
bull Nacelle
bull Tower
bull Cables
bull Transport to
site
Construction
bull Site works and
buildings
bull Foundations
bull Erection
End of life
bull Dismantling
bull Recycling
bull Landfill
bull Energy
recovery
Operation
bull Maintenance
bull Replacement
parts
bull Power
generation
23 All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
Basics of Life Cycle Assessment
24
Phases of the
life cycle
Impact
assessment
Energy consumption Raw material consumption
Global warming Summer smog Acidification Over fertilisation
Environmental toxins Waste etc
Production phase Use phase End of Life
Life cycle
stages
Preparation of
raw materials
Manufacturing
Pre-products Production Use
Disposal
Recycling
Deposition
Inventory
analysis
I N P U T R e s o u r c e s
O U T P U T E m i s s i o n s a n d W a s t e
ldquoCradle to gaterdquo
ldquoCradle to graverdquo
LCA Step by step
bull Definition of the goal of the study
bull Agreement on the scope of the project
bull Description of the functional unit ie reference unit
bull Set up of the Life Cycle Inventory
Data collection identification of the relevant material and energy flows
bull Calculation of the Impact Assessment
bull Evaluation and Interpretation of the results
bull Documentation in a detailed report
bull Critical Review
optional to increase the credibility
obligatory for comparative studies
25
26
Task Firstly define the intended Goal of your study in a short statement summarising
- the intended application and reasons for carrying out the study
- the intended audience for communication of results
- whether the results will be used for comparison and will comparative assertions be publicly disclosed
Hints Choose to study a product system you are familiar with For example the goal could be
bull To understand the life cycle impacts of a product a process or a service provided
bull To investigate the trade-offs in making changes to one aspect of a product life cycle
bull To compare the life cycle environmental impacts of two systems providing the same service
bull To understand life cycle environmental impacts of implementing a government policy
The next step will consider the Scope of the study
Step 1 Define the Goal
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
27
Task Outline the Scope of the system under study in a few bullet points
Hints Think about the goal of your study and the product system
bull What is the function of the product system(s) to be studied
bull Does it include the product use phase or end-of-life phase
bull Is the scope cradle to gate or cradle to grave
bull Are there any key co-products produced by the system
bull If you are studying two comparative systems are their common elements to each
system Can these common elements be ignored
The next step will illustrate the system(s) in a flow diagram
Step 2 Outline the Scope
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
28
Task Sketch a simple process flow diagram that illustrates the main life cycle processes that are relevant to your study
Hint The life cycle sketch could include
bull The main life cycle stages eg raw materials processing product use disposal transport steps
bull If you are undertaking a comparative study include both relevant systems
bull Note the functional output of your system
bull Each unit process should be described showing where the process begins and ends
bull Include any key co-products produced by the system
bull Is there any closed looped re-cycling or re-use within the system scope
The next step will illustrate the key inputs and outputs of the system
Step 3 Outline the Scope ndash sketch a flow diagram
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
29
Task Include the key Inputs and Outputs to your system flow diagram and define the System Boundary
Hint The system boundary includes the unit processes within the scope of the study
bull The system boundary should be consistent with the goal of the study
bull Think about the level of detail required for each unit process Are there cut-off criteria
bull If you decide to ignore or delete processes make a note of your reasons
bull Energy inputs and outputs should be included (all types of energy used)
bull You could make a distinction between foreground processes and background processes
The next step will define the Functional Unit of the system
Step 4 Define the System Boundary
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
30
Task Define the Functional Unit for the study
Hint The functional unit provides a reference to which all input and
output data are normalised It shall be clearly defined and
measureable
bull The functional unit should be consistent with the goal of the study
bull Different studies can be compared based on the functional unit
A textile example could be
One square meter of 200 gram square metre jersey fabric dyed black
The next step will define the data to be collected for the life cycle
inventory
Step 5 Define the Functional Unit
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
31
Task List the key life cycle inventory data to be collected
Hint Think about the types of impacts and data requirements
bull Consider all relevant inputs and outputs
bull Include emissions to air discharge to water and solid waste
bull Consider fugitive emissions and ancillary input materials
bull Include recycled materials
bull Define any assumptions or data gaps clearly
The next steps would be to begin data collection data quality review
and modelling
Step 6 Data Collection Preparation
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
Life Cycle Assessment Classification and Characterisation
32 All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
Midpoints indicators
33
Popular problem-oriented (midpoint) methods are
CML indicators developed in The Netherlands
TRACI developed by the US EPA
Other currently used LCIA methods include
bull damage-oriented (endpoint) methods like EPS and Eco-
Indicator99 (Dutch)
bull distance-to-target methods like the Critical Volumes approach of
BUWAL the Swiss EPA
Effect Increased warming of the troposphere due to anthropogenic greenhouse
gases eg from the burning of fossil fuels
Reference Substance Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Reference Unit kg CO2-Equivalent
Source IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climatic Change)
CO2 CH4
CFCs
UV - radiation
AbsorptionReflection
Infraredradiation
Trace gases in th
e a
tmosphere
34
Life Cycle Impact Assessment Global Warming Potential (GWP)
Effect Reduction in the ozone concentration of the Stratosphere due to emissions
such as Chloro-fluoro-carbons (CFCs)
Reference Substance Tri-chloro-fluoro-methane (R11)
Reference Unit kg R11-Equivalent
Source CML (Heijungs Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) 1992
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP)
CFCs Nitrogen oxide
Stratosphere
15 - 50 km Absorption Absorption
UV - radiation
35
Effect Increase in the pH-value of precipitation due to the wash-out of acidifiying gases
eg Sulphur dioxide (SO2) and Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Reference Substance Sulphur dioxide (SO2)
Reference Unit kg SO2-Equivalent
Source CML (Heijungs Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) 1992
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Acidification Potential (AP)
SO 2
NO X
H 2 SO 4 4 HNO 3
36
Effect Excessive nutient input into water and land from substances such as
phosphorus und nitrogen from agriculture combustion processes and effluents
Reference Substance Phosphate (PO4-)
Reference Unit kg PO4- Equivalent
Source CML (Heijungs Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) 1992
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Eutrophication Potential (EP)
Waste water
Air pollution
Fertilisation
PO 4 -3
NO 3 -
NH 4 +
NO X N 2 O
NH 3
37
Hydrocarbons Nitrogen Oxides
Dry and warm climate
Hydrocarbons
Nitrogen Oxides
Ozone
Effect Formation of low level ozone by sunlight instigating the photochemical reaction
of nitrogen oxides with hyrocarbons and volatile organic compounds (VOC)
Reference Substance Ethylene (C2H4)
Reference Unit kg C2H4 -Equivalent
Source Udo de Haes et al 1999
38
Life Cycle Impact Assessment Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential (POCP) - Summer smog
Effect Continuous toxicological impact on humans
(arbitrary estimation)
Reference Substance 14-Di-chloro-benzene (DCB C6H4Cl2)
Reference Unit kg DCB - Equivalent
Source CML (Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) RIVM (National
Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection)
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Human Toxicity Potential (HTP)
Heavy metals
Halogenorganic
compounds
PCB DCB
PAH
Air
Food
Products
39
Effect Continuous toxicological impact on water and soils
(arbitrary estimation)
Reference Substance 14-Di-chloro-benzene (DCB C6H4Cl2)
Reference Unit kg DCB - Equivalent
Source CML (Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) RIVM (National
Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection)
Life Cycle Impact Assessment Aquatic (AETP) and Terrestrial (TETP) = Ecotoxicity Potential (ETP)
(Terrestrial Ecosystem)
Biosphere
Heavy metals
Halogenorganic
compounds PCB
DCB
PAH
Biosphere
(Aquatic ecosystem)
40
Agenda
1 PE International Overview
1 Profile Products and Services
2 Introduction to Life Cycle Assessment
Methodology and Framework
3 Applications of LCA and Business Value
1 Success Stories and Case Studies
4 Operationalization of LCA using GaBi
Software
Building business value long term B
usin
ess V
alu
e
Overview
Orientation
Long-term company
success
Screening
Material Comparison
Maturity of LCA usage
Rapid Prototyping (Generic LCA)
Process amp Resource Efficiency
Eco-design amp sustainable product Innovation
Verifiable BOM BOP amp Compliance
Product Communication amp Verification Continuous operational
optimization
Sustainable Product Portfolio Management
Value Chain optimization
42
43 11112013
Drivers for applying Life Cycle Thinking in industry are
Which reasons
exist
Regulations amp directives Integrate Product Policy (IPP)
Directive on end-of-life vehicle
WEEE and RoHS
Green purchasing program
Customer requests Down stream clients
Value chain
engagement Material stewardship
ldquoWhat ifrdquo scenarios
Communication and
reputation building SocietyNGOs
Authorities
Green funds
Research and academia
Life Cycle Thinking and Product Sustainability Introduction and overview
Business Benefit
Source httpavnirorgdocumentationcongres_avnirdiaposplacvmoteurUnilever_Taylorpdf
Life Cycle Assessment Value Chain Analysis
45
Business Benefit
Business value
bull Understand and improve productsrsquo
environmental footprints
bull EPDs for all its carpet products
globally for verified communication
and reporting
bull Product optimization and innovation
bull Risk Management in the supply chain
Solution
bull Use of GaBi software in-house to track
and improve its productsrsquo life cycle
performance
bull Reduce Recycle Innovative yarn
raquoOur use of LCA with GaBi has evolved to a proactive
assessment of alternatives during the development process
making it a critical tool in helping us achieve our Mission
Zeroreg goalslaquo
Connie Hensler Director Corporate LCA Programs
Interface Inc Source Ramon Arratia
Interface A case of full product responsibility
Life Cycle Assessment Hotspot Identification
LCA of furniture Green Product development
46 Source Ashwini Deodeshmukh Godrej Interio PE Workshop April 2013
47
Solution
bull LCA of packaging
bull Scenario analysis to optimize
packaging design
Sustainability performance
50 less primary energy
60 less plastic
75 fewer CO2 emissions from
transportation
Business advantage
Cost reduction of packaging
across the entire life cycle
Brand enhancement
in container manufacture only compared
to the rigid gallon jug
Packaging Innovation
bdquoLCA gives us a competitive advantage because it gives
us more insight into how to reduce our productsrsquo
footprints find efficiencies and validate and explain those
benefits to customers and consumersrdquo
Chris McGrath vice president for sustainability at Kraft Foods1
Source September 2012 MIT Sloan Management Review
Image Kraft Foods
Material Comparison Daimler Case Study
48
Comparison of concepts for the C-class front-module
bull Material options steel aluminum-steel plastic-steel
bull In terms of primary energy demand the steel version the favorable one followed by
the aluminum-steel option
bull In terms of weight the aluminum-steel version is best
Source Environmental Certificate Mercedes-Benz C-Class 11112013
Life Cycle Assessment PUMA- Shoe Packaging
bull 1 million litres of water saved
bull During transport 500000 litres of diesel is saved
bull If replacement of traditional shopping bags then save up to 275 tons of plastic
Septem
ber
2007
49
bull ~8500 tons less paper will be
consumed
bull 20 million Megajoules of electricity
saved
bull 1 million litres less of fuel oil use
Comparative LCA Sustainable Packaging
11112013 51
Impact Category Credit Energy
Disposal and
Recycling
Downstream
Transport
Primary
Packaging
Secondary
Packaging
Upstream
Transport
Container Glass -11 7 4 100 -2 2
PET 0 19 2 82 -4 1
Beverage Carton -12 134 8 -16 -15 1
Al Can 0 2 1 93 3 0
Source httpwwwindialcacompdfsILCM-2012-Session-6-Vinay-Saranpdf
Environmental Impact of Building Present and Future Scenario
bull Several methods and techniques
being adopted to reduce
environmental impact during the
use phase of the building
bull However impact due to materials
and construction will become
significant when operational
impact has been reduced
bull Cost of resources will increase
further creating burden on the
construction phase
Materials Operation End-of-life
Materials Operation End-of-life
GW
P t C
O2 e
q
Year 2020
Year 2010
GW
P t C
O2 e
q
0
25
50
0
25
50
53
Business Benefit
Image Tata Steel
Business value
bull Marketing tool for product
differentiation and to support
customers with data on the
sustainability of steel
bull Decision making in product
development
bull Identification of hot spots in the steel
value chain to effectively reduce
impacts and resource consumption
Solution
bull Use LCA Software to build product
models covering environmental impacts
bull Interactive reports for EPD creation
raquoLife Cycle Assessment helps us to fully understand
the benefits across the life cycle and assists us in
communicating these to our stakeholderslaquo
Allan Griffin Knowledge Group Leader Sustainability Tata Steel
Development of EPD Tata Steel Example
bull The framework for calculation of Life Cycle Assessments are the ISO-standards
1404014044
bull ISO definition
bull Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is the compiling and evaluation of the input and
outputs and the potential environmental impacts of a product system during its
lifetime
bull The results of Life Cycle Assessments are
bull A quantification of the inputs and outputs for a product life cycle
Life Cycle Inventory
bull A quantification of the potential environmental impacts eg Global Warming Potential
Acidification Potential Ozone Depletion Potential
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Basics of Life Cycle Assessment
21
22 11112013
Life Cycle Thinking Methods amp implementation ndash Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) ISO 1404044
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
Goal and scope
definition
Inventory analysis
Impact assessment
Inte
rpre
tation
LCA framework Direct applications
Product development
and improvement
Strategic planning
Public policy making
Marketing
Other
Basics of Life Cycle Assessment
End of Life Phase Production Phase Use Phase
Manufacture
bull Rotor
bull Nacelle
bull Tower
bull Cables
bull Transport to
site
Construction
bull Site works and
buildings
bull Foundations
bull Erection
End of life
bull Dismantling
bull Recycling
bull Landfill
bull Energy
recovery
Operation
bull Maintenance
bull Replacement
parts
bull Power
generation
23 All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
Basics of Life Cycle Assessment
24
Phases of the
life cycle
Impact
assessment
Energy consumption Raw material consumption
Global warming Summer smog Acidification Over fertilisation
Environmental toxins Waste etc
Production phase Use phase End of Life
Life cycle
stages
Preparation of
raw materials
Manufacturing
Pre-products Production Use
Disposal
Recycling
Deposition
Inventory
analysis
I N P U T R e s o u r c e s
O U T P U T E m i s s i o n s a n d W a s t e
ldquoCradle to gaterdquo
ldquoCradle to graverdquo
LCA Step by step
bull Definition of the goal of the study
bull Agreement on the scope of the project
bull Description of the functional unit ie reference unit
bull Set up of the Life Cycle Inventory
Data collection identification of the relevant material and energy flows
bull Calculation of the Impact Assessment
bull Evaluation and Interpretation of the results
bull Documentation in a detailed report
bull Critical Review
optional to increase the credibility
obligatory for comparative studies
25
26
Task Firstly define the intended Goal of your study in a short statement summarising
- the intended application and reasons for carrying out the study
- the intended audience for communication of results
- whether the results will be used for comparison and will comparative assertions be publicly disclosed
Hints Choose to study a product system you are familiar with For example the goal could be
bull To understand the life cycle impacts of a product a process or a service provided
bull To investigate the trade-offs in making changes to one aspect of a product life cycle
bull To compare the life cycle environmental impacts of two systems providing the same service
bull To understand life cycle environmental impacts of implementing a government policy
The next step will consider the Scope of the study
Step 1 Define the Goal
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
27
Task Outline the Scope of the system under study in a few bullet points
Hints Think about the goal of your study and the product system
bull What is the function of the product system(s) to be studied
bull Does it include the product use phase or end-of-life phase
bull Is the scope cradle to gate or cradle to grave
bull Are there any key co-products produced by the system
bull If you are studying two comparative systems are their common elements to each
system Can these common elements be ignored
The next step will illustrate the system(s) in a flow diagram
Step 2 Outline the Scope
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
28
Task Sketch a simple process flow diagram that illustrates the main life cycle processes that are relevant to your study
Hint The life cycle sketch could include
bull The main life cycle stages eg raw materials processing product use disposal transport steps
bull If you are undertaking a comparative study include both relevant systems
bull Note the functional output of your system
bull Each unit process should be described showing where the process begins and ends
bull Include any key co-products produced by the system
bull Is there any closed looped re-cycling or re-use within the system scope
The next step will illustrate the key inputs and outputs of the system
Step 3 Outline the Scope ndash sketch a flow diagram
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
29
Task Include the key Inputs and Outputs to your system flow diagram and define the System Boundary
Hint The system boundary includes the unit processes within the scope of the study
bull The system boundary should be consistent with the goal of the study
bull Think about the level of detail required for each unit process Are there cut-off criteria
bull If you decide to ignore or delete processes make a note of your reasons
bull Energy inputs and outputs should be included (all types of energy used)
bull You could make a distinction between foreground processes and background processes
The next step will define the Functional Unit of the system
Step 4 Define the System Boundary
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
30
Task Define the Functional Unit for the study
Hint The functional unit provides a reference to which all input and
output data are normalised It shall be clearly defined and
measureable
bull The functional unit should be consistent with the goal of the study
bull Different studies can be compared based on the functional unit
A textile example could be
One square meter of 200 gram square metre jersey fabric dyed black
The next step will define the data to be collected for the life cycle
inventory
Step 5 Define the Functional Unit
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
31
Task List the key life cycle inventory data to be collected
Hint Think about the types of impacts and data requirements
bull Consider all relevant inputs and outputs
bull Include emissions to air discharge to water and solid waste
bull Consider fugitive emissions and ancillary input materials
bull Include recycled materials
bull Define any assumptions or data gaps clearly
The next steps would be to begin data collection data quality review
and modelling
Step 6 Data Collection Preparation
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
Life Cycle Assessment Classification and Characterisation
32 All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
Midpoints indicators
33
Popular problem-oriented (midpoint) methods are
CML indicators developed in The Netherlands
TRACI developed by the US EPA
Other currently used LCIA methods include
bull damage-oriented (endpoint) methods like EPS and Eco-
Indicator99 (Dutch)
bull distance-to-target methods like the Critical Volumes approach of
BUWAL the Swiss EPA
Effect Increased warming of the troposphere due to anthropogenic greenhouse
gases eg from the burning of fossil fuels
Reference Substance Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Reference Unit kg CO2-Equivalent
Source IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climatic Change)
CO2 CH4
CFCs
UV - radiation
AbsorptionReflection
Infraredradiation
Trace gases in th
e a
tmosphere
34
Life Cycle Impact Assessment Global Warming Potential (GWP)
Effect Reduction in the ozone concentration of the Stratosphere due to emissions
such as Chloro-fluoro-carbons (CFCs)
Reference Substance Tri-chloro-fluoro-methane (R11)
Reference Unit kg R11-Equivalent
Source CML (Heijungs Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) 1992
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP)
CFCs Nitrogen oxide
Stratosphere
15 - 50 km Absorption Absorption
UV - radiation
35
Effect Increase in the pH-value of precipitation due to the wash-out of acidifiying gases
eg Sulphur dioxide (SO2) and Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Reference Substance Sulphur dioxide (SO2)
Reference Unit kg SO2-Equivalent
Source CML (Heijungs Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) 1992
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Acidification Potential (AP)
SO 2
NO X
H 2 SO 4 4 HNO 3
36
Effect Excessive nutient input into water and land from substances such as
phosphorus und nitrogen from agriculture combustion processes and effluents
Reference Substance Phosphate (PO4-)
Reference Unit kg PO4- Equivalent
Source CML (Heijungs Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) 1992
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Eutrophication Potential (EP)
Waste water
Air pollution
Fertilisation
PO 4 -3
NO 3 -
NH 4 +
NO X N 2 O
NH 3
37
Hydrocarbons Nitrogen Oxides
Dry and warm climate
Hydrocarbons
Nitrogen Oxides
Ozone
Effect Formation of low level ozone by sunlight instigating the photochemical reaction
of nitrogen oxides with hyrocarbons and volatile organic compounds (VOC)
Reference Substance Ethylene (C2H4)
Reference Unit kg C2H4 -Equivalent
Source Udo de Haes et al 1999
38
Life Cycle Impact Assessment Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential (POCP) - Summer smog
Effect Continuous toxicological impact on humans
(arbitrary estimation)
Reference Substance 14-Di-chloro-benzene (DCB C6H4Cl2)
Reference Unit kg DCB - Equivalent
Source CML (Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) RIVM (National
Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection)
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Human Toxicity Potential (HTP)
Heavy metals
Halogenorganic
compounds
PCB DCB
PAH
Air
Food
Products
39
Effect Continuous toxicological impact on water and soils
(arbitrary estimation)
Reference Substance 14-Di-chloro-benzene (DCB C6H4Cl2)
Reference Unit kg DCB - Equivalent
Source CML (Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) RIVM (National
Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection)
Life Cycle Impact Assessment Aquatic (AETP) and Terrestrial (TETP) = Ecotoxicity Potential (ETP)
(Terrestrial Ecosystem)
Biosphere
Heavy metals
Halogenorganic
compounds PCB
DCB
PAH
Biosphere
(Aquatic ecosystem)
40
Agenda
1 PE International Overview
1 Profile Products and Services
2 Introduction to Life Cycle Assessment
Methodology and Framework
3 Applications of LCA and Business Value
1 Success Stories and Case Studies
4 Operationalization of LCA using GaBi
Software
Building business value long term B
usin
ess V
alu
e
Overview
Orientation
Long-term company
success
Screening
Material Comparison
Maturity of LCA usage
Rapid Prototyping (Generic LCA)
Process amp Resource Efficiency
Eco-design amp sustainable product Innovation
Verifiable BOM BOP amp Compliance
Product Communication amp Verification Continuous operational
optimization
Sustainable Product Portfolio Management
Value Chain optimization
42
43 11112013
Drivers for applying Life Cycle Thinking in industry are
Which reasons
exist
Regulations amp directives Integrate Product Policy (IPP)
Directive on end-of-life vehicle
WEEE and RoHS
Green purchasing program
Customer requests Down stream clients
Value chain
engagement Material stewardship
ldquoWhat ifrdquo scenarios
Communication and
reputation building SocietyNGOs
Authorities
Green funds
Research and academia
Life Cycle Thinking and Product Sustainability Introduction and overview
Business Benefit
Source httpavnirorgdocumentationcongres_avnirdiaposplacvmoteurUnilever_Taylorpdf
Life Cycle Assessment Value Chain Analysis
45
Business Benefit
Business value
bull Understand and improve productsrsquo
environmental footprints
bull EPDs for all its carpet products
globally for verified communication
and reporting
bull Product optimization and innovation
bull Risk Management in the supply chain
Solution
bull Use of GaBi software in-house to track
and improve its productsrsquo life cycle
performance
bull Reduce Recycle Innovative yarn
raquoOur use of LCA with GaBi has evolved to a proactive
assessment of alternatives during the development process
making it a critical tool in helping us achieve our Mission
Zeroreg goalslaquo
Connie Hensler Director Corporate LCA Programs
Interface Inc Source Ramon Arratia
Interface A case of full product responsibility
Life Cycle Assessment Hotspot Identification
LCA of furniture Green Product development
46 Source Ashwini Deodeshmukh Godrej Interio PE Workshop April 2013
47
Solution
bull LCA of packaging
bull Scenario analysis to optimize
packaging design
Sustainability performance
50 less primary energy
60 less plastic
75 fewer CO2 emissions from
transportation
Business advantage
Cost reduction of packaging
across the entire life cycle
Brand enhancement
in container manufacture only compared
to the rigid gallon jug
Packaging Innovation
bdquoLCA gives us a competitive advantage because it gives
us more insight into how to reduce our productsrsquo
footprints find efficiencies and validate and explain those
benefits to customers and consumersrdquo
Chris McGrath vice president for sustainability at Kraft Foods1
Source September 2012 MIT Sloan Management Review
Image Kraft Foods
Material Comparison Daimler Case Study
48
Comparison of concepts for the C-class front-module
bull Material options steel aluminum-steel plastic-steel
bull In terms of primary energy demand the steel version the favorable one followed by
the aluminum-steel option
bull In terms of weight the aluminum-steel version is best
Source Environmental Certificate Mercedes-Benz C-Class 11112013
Life Cycle Assessment PUMA- Shoe Packaging
bull 1 million litres of water saved
bull During transport 500000 litres of diesel is saved
bull If replacement of traditional shopping bags then save up to 275 tons of plastic
Septem
ber
2007
49
bull ~8500 tons less paper will be
consumed
bull 20 million Megajoules of electricity
saved
bull 1 million litres less of fuel oil use
Comparative LCA Sustainable Packaging
11112013 51
Impact Category Credit Energy
Disposal and
Recycling
Downstream
Transport
Primary
Packaging
Secondary
Packaging
Upstream
Transport
Container Glass -11 7 4 100 -2 2
PET 0 19 2 82 -4 1
Beverage Carton -12 134 8 -16 -15 1
Al Can 0 2 1 93 3 0
Source httpwwwindialcacompdfsILCM-2012-Session-6-Vinay-Saranpdf
Environmental Impact of Building Present and Future Scenario
bull Several methods and techniques
being adopted to reduce
environmental impact during the
use phase of the building
bull However impact due to materials
and construction will become
significant when operational
impact has been reduced
bull Cost of resources will increase
further creating burden on the
construction phase
Materials Operation End-of-life
Materials Operation End-of-life
GW
P t C
O2 e
q
Year 2020
Year 2010
GW
P t C
O2 e
q
0
25
50
0
25
50
53
Business Benefit
Image Tata Steel
Business value
bull Marketing tool for product
differentiation and to support
customers with data on the
sustainability of steel
bull Decision making in product
development
bull Identification of hot spots in the steel
value chain to effectively reduce
impacts and resource consumption
Solution
bull Use LCA Software to build product
models covering environmental impacts
bull Interactive reports for EPD creation
raquoLife Cycle Assessment helps us to fully understand
the benefits across the life cycle and assists us in
communicating these to our stakeholderslaquo
Allan Griffin Knowledge Group Leader Sustainability Tata Steel
Development of EPD Tata Steel Example
22 11112013
Life Cycle Thinking Methods amp implementation ndash Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) ISO 1404044
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
Goal and scope
definition
Inventory analysis
Impact assessment
Inte
rpre
tation
LCA framework Direct applications
Product development
and improvement
Strategic planning
Public policy making
Marketing
Other
Basics of Life Cycle Assessment
End of Life Phase Production Phase Use Phase
Manufacture
bull Rotor
bull Nacelle
bull Tower
bull Cables
bull Transport to
site
Construction
bull Site works and
buildings
bull Foundations
bull Erection
End of life
bull Dismantling
bull Recycling
bull Landfill
bull Energy
recovery
Operation
bull Maintenance
bull Replacement
parts
bull Power
generation
23 All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
Basics of Life Cycle Assessment
24
Phases of the
life cycle
Impact
assessment
Energy consumption Raw material consumption
Global warming Summer smog Acidification Over fertilisation
Environmental toxins Waste etc
Production phase Use phase End of Life
Life cycle
stages
Preparation of
raw materials
Manufacturing
Pre-products Production Use
Disposal
Recycling
Deposition
Inventory
analysis
I N P U T R e s o u r c e s
O U T P U T E m i s s i o n s a n d W a s t e
ldquoCradle to gaterdquo
ldquoCradle to graverdquo
LCA Step by step
bull Definition of the goal of the study
bull Agreement on the scope of the project
bull Description of the functional unit ie reference unit
bull Set up of the Life Cycle Inventory
Data collection identification of the relevant material and energy flows
bull Calculation of the Impact Assessment
bull Evaluation and Interpretation of the results
bull Documentation in a detailed report
bull Critical Review
optional to increase the credibility
obligatory for comparative studies
25
26
Task Firstly define the intended Goal of your study in a short statement summarising
- the intended application and reasons for carrying out the study
- the intended audience for communication of results
- whether the results will be used for comparison and will comparative assertions be publicly disclosed
Hints Choose to study a product system you are familiar with For example the goal could be
bull To understand the life cycle impacts of a product a process or a service provided
bull To investigate the trade-offs in making changes to one aspect of a product life cycle
bull To compare the life cycle environmental impacts of two systems providing the same service
bull To understand life cycle environmental impacts of implementing a government policy
The next step will consider the Scope of the study
Step 1 Define the Goal
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
27
Task Outline the Scope of the system under study in a few bullet points
Hints Think about the goal of your study and the product system
bull What is the function of the product system(s) to be studied
bull Does it include the product use phase or end-of-life phase
bull Is the scope cradle to gate or cradle to grave
bull Are there any key co-products produced by the system
bull If you are studying two comparative systems are their common elements to each
system Can these common elements be ignored
The next step will illustrate the system(s) in a flow diagram
Step 2 Outline the Scope
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
28
Task Sketch a simple process flow diagram that illustrates the main life cycle processes that are relevant to your study
Hint The life cycle sketch could include
bull The main life cycle stages eg raw materials processing product use disposal transport steps
bull If you are undertaking a comparative study include both relevant systems
bull Note the functional output of your system
bull Each unit process should be described showing where the process begins and ends
bull Include any key co-products produced by the system
bull Is there any closed looped re-cycling or re-use within the system scope
The next step will illustrate the key inputs and outputs of the system
Step 3 Outline the Scope ndash sketch a flow diagram
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
29
Task Include the key Inputs and Outputs to your system flow diagram and define the System Boundary
Hint The system boundary includes the unit processes within the scope of the study
bull The system boundary should be consistent with the goal of the study
bull Think about the level of detail required for each unit process Are there cut-off criteria
bull If you decide to ignore or delete processes make a note of your reasons
bull Energy inputs and outputs should be included (all types of energy used)
bull You could make a distinction between foreground processes and background processes
The next step will define the Functional Unit of the system
Step 4 Define the System Boundary
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
30
Task Define the Functional Unit for the study
Hint The functional unit provides a reference to which all input and
output data are normalised It shall be clearly defined and
measureable
bull The functional unit should be consistent with the goal of the study
bull Different studies can be compared based on the functional unit
A textile example could be
One square meter of 200 gram square metre jersey fabric dyed black
The next step will define the data to be collected for the life cycle
inventory
Step 5 Define the Functional Unit
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
31
Task List the key life cycle inventory data to be collected
Hint Think about the types of impacts and data requirements
bull Consider all relevant inputs and outputs
bull Include emissions to air discharge to water and solid waste
bull Consider fugitive emissions and ancillary input materials
bull Include recycled materials
bull Define any assumptions or data gaps clearly
The next steps would be to begin data collection data quality review
and modelling
Step 6 Data Collection Preparation
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
Life Cycle Assessment Classification and Characterisation
32 All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
Midpoints indicators
33
Popular problem-oriented (midpoint) methods are
CML indicators developed in The Netherlands
TRACI developed by the US EPA
Other currently used LCIA methods include
bull damage-oriented (endpoint) methods like EPS and Eco-
Indicator99 (Dutch)
bull distance-to-target methods like the Critical Volumes approach of
BUWAL the Swiss EPA
Effect Increased warming of the troposphere due to anthropogenic greenhouse
gases eg from the burning of fossil fuels
Reference Substance Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Reference Unit kg CO2-Equivalent
Source IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climatic Change)
CO2 CH4
CFCs
UV - radiation
AbsorptionReflection
Infraredradiation
Trace gases in th
e a
tmosphere
34
Life Cycle Impact Assessment Global Warming Potential (GWP)
Effect Reduction in the ozone concentration of the Stratosphere due to emissions
such as Chloro-fluoro-carbons (CFCs)
Reference Substance Tri-chloro-fluoro-methane (R11)
Reference Unit kg R11-Equivalent
Source CML (Heijungs Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) 1992
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP)
CFCs Nitrogen oxide
Stratosphere
15 - 50 km Absorption Absorption
UV - radiation
35
Effect Increase in the pH-value of precipitation due to the wash-out of acidifiying gases
eg Sulphur dioxide (SO2) and Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Reference Substance Sulphur dioxide (SO2)
Reference Unit kg SO2-Equivalent
Source CML (Heijungs Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) 1992
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Acidification Potential (AP)
SO 2
NO X
H 2 SO 4 4 HNO 3
36
Effect Excessive nutient input into water and land from substances such as
phosphorus und nitrogen from agriculture combustion processes and effluents
Reference Substance Phosphate (PO4-)
Reference Unit kg PO4- Equivalent
Source CML (Heijungs Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) 1992
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Eutrophication Potential (EP)
Waste water
Air pollution
Fertilisation
PO 4 -3
NO 3 -
NH 4 +
NO X N 2 O
NH 3
37
Hydrocarbons Nitrogen Oxides
Dry and warm climate
Hydrocarbons
Nitrogen Oxides
Ozone
Effect Formation of low level ozone by sunlight instigating the photochemical reaction
of nitrogen oxides with hyrocarbons and volatile organic compounds (VOC)
Reference Substance Ethylene (C2H4)
Reference Unit kg C2H4 -Equivalent
Source Udo de Haes et al 1999
38
Life Cycle Impact Assessment Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential (POCP) - Summer smog
Effect Continuous toxicological impact on humans
(arbitrary estimation)
Reference Substance 14-Di-chloro-benzene (DCB C6H4Cl2)
Reference Unit kg DCB - Equivalent
Source CML (Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) RIVM (National
Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection)
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Human Toxicity Potential (HTP)
Heavy metals
Halogenorganic
compounds
PCB DCB
PAH
Air
Food
Products
39
Effect Continuous toxicological impact on water and soils
(arbitrary estimation)
Reference Substance 14-Di-chloro-benzene (DCB C6H4Cl2)
Reference Unit kg DCB - Equivalent
Source CML (Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) RIVM (National
Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection)
Life Cycle Impact Assessment Aquatic (AETP) and Terrestrial (TETP) = Ecotoxicity Potential (ETP)
(Terrestrial Ecosystem)
Biosphere
Heavy metals
Halogenorganic
compounds PCB
DCB
PAH
Biosphere
(Aquatic ecosystem)
40
Agenda
1 PE International Overview
1 Profile Products and Services
2 Introduction to Life Cycle Assessment
Methodology and Framework
3 Applications of LCA and Business Value
1 Success Stories and Case Studies
4 Operationalization of LCA using GaBi
Software
Building business value long term B
usin
ess V
alu
e
Overview
Orientation
Long-term company
success
Screening
Material Comparison
Maturity of LCA usage
Rapid Prototyping (Generic LCA)
Process amp Resource Efficiency
Eco-design amp sustainable product Innovation
Verifiable BOM BOP amp Compliance
Product Communication amp Verification Continuous operational
optimization
Sustainable Product Portfolio Management
Value Chain optimization
42
43 11112013
Drivers for applying Life Cycle Thinking in industry are
Which reasons
exist
Regulations amp directives Integrate Product Policy (IPP)
Directive on end-of-life vehicle
WEEE and RoHS
Green purchasing program
Customer requests Down stream clients
Value chain
engagement Material stewardship
ldquoWhat ifrdquo scenarios
Communication and
reputation building SocietyNGOs
Authorities
Green funds
Research and academia
Life Cycle Thinking and Product Sustainability Introduction and overview
Business Benefit
Source httpavnirorgdocumentationcongres_avnirdiaposplacvmoteurUnilever_Taylorpdf
Life Cycle Assessment Value Chain Analysis
45
Business Benefit
Business value
bull Understand and improve productsrsquo
environmental footprints
bull EPDs for all its carpet products
globally for verified communication
and reporting
bull Product optimization and innovation
bull Risk Management in the supply chain
Solution
bull Use of GaBi software in-house to track
and improve its productsrsquo life cycle
performance
bull Reduce Recycle Innovative yarn
raquoOur use of LCA with GaBi has evolved to a proactive
assessment of alternatives during the development process
making it a critical tool in helping us achieve our Mission
Zeroreg goalslaquo
Connie Hensler Director Corporate LCA Programs
Interface Inc Source Ramon Arratia
Interface A case of full product responsibility
Life Cycle Assessment Hotspot Identification
LCA of furniture Green Product development
46 Source Ashwini Deodeshmukh Godrej Interio PE Workshop April 2013
47
Solution
bull LCA of packaging
bull Scenario analysis to optimize
packaging design
Sustainability performance
50 less primary energy
60 less plastic
75 fewer CO2 emissions from
transportation
Business advantage
Cost reduction of packaging
across the entire life cycle
Brand enhancement
in container manufacture only compared
to the rigid gallon jug
Packaging Innovation
bdquoLCA gives us a competitive advantage because it gives
us more insight into how to reduce our productsrsquo
footprints find efficiencies and validate and explain those
benefits to customers and consumersrdquo
Chris McGrath vice president for sustainability at Kraft Foods1
Source September 2012 MIT Sloan Management Review
Image Kraft Foods
Material Comparison Daimler Case Study
48
Comparison of concepts for the C-class front-module
bull Material options steel aluminum-steel plastic-steel
bull In terms of primary energy demand the steel version the favorable one followed by
the aluminum-steel option
bull In terms of weight the aluminum-steel version is best
Source Environmental Certificate Mercedes-Benz C-Class 11112013
Life Cycle Assessment PUMA- Shoe Packaging
bull 1 million litres of water saved
bull During transport 500000 litres of diesel is saved
bull If replacement of traditional shopping bags then save up to 275 tons of plastic
Septem
ber
2007
49
bull ~8500 tons less paper will be
consumed
bull 20 million Megajoules of electricity
saved
bull 1 million litres less of fuel oil use
Comparative LCA Sustainable Packaging
11112013 51
Impact Category Credit Energy
Disposal and
Recycling
Downstream
Transport
Primary
Packaging
Secondary
Packaging
Upstream
Transport
Container Glass -11 7 4 100 -2 2
PET 0 19 2 82 -4 1
Beverage Carton -12 134 8 -16 -15 1
Al Can 0 2 1 93 3 0
Source httpwwwindialcacompdfsILCM-2012-Session-6-Vinay-Saranpdf
Environmental Impact of Building Present and Future Scenario
bull Several methods and techniques
being adopted to reduce
environmental impact during the
use phase of the building
bull However impact due to materials
and construction will become
significant when operational
impact has been reduced
bull Cost of resources will increase
further creating burden on the
construction phase
Materials Operation End-of-life
Materials Operation End-of-life
GW
P t C
O2 e
q
Year 2020
Year 2010
GW
P t C
O2 e
q
0
25
50
0
25
50
53
Business Benefit
Image Tata Steel
Business value
bull Marketing tool for product
differentiation and to support
customers with data on the
sustainability of steel
bull Decision making in product
development
bull Identification of hot spots in the steel
value chain to effectively reduce
impacts and resource consumption
Solution
bull Use LCA Software to build product
models covering environmental impacts
bull Interactive reports for EPD creation
raquoLife Cycle Assessment helps us to fully understand
the benefits across the life cycle and assists us in
communicating these to our stakeholderslaquo
Allan Griffin Knowledge Group Leader Sustainability Tata Steel
Development of EPD Tata Steel Example
Basics of Life Cycle Assessment
End of Life Phase Production Phase Use Phase
Manufacture
bull Rotor
bull Nacelle
bull Tower
bull Cables
bull Transport to
site
Construction
bull Site works and
buildings
bull Foundations
bull Erection
End of life
bull Dismantling
bull Recycling
bull Landfill
bull Energy
recovery
Operation
bull Maintenance
bull Replacement
parts
bull Power
generation
23 All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
Basics of Life Cycle Assessment
24
Phases of the
life cycle
Impact
assessment
Energy consumption Raw material consumption
Global warming Summer smog Acidification Over fertilisation
Environmental toxins Waste etc
Production phase Use phase End of Life
Life cycle
stages
Preparation of
raw materials
Manufacturing
Pre-products Production Use
Disposal
Recycling
Deposition
Inventory
analysis
I N P U T R e s o u r c e s
O U T P U T E m i s s i o n s a n d W a s t e
ldquoCradle to gaterdquo
ldquoCradle to graverdquo
LCA Step by step
bull Definition of the goal of the study
bull Agreement on the scope of the project
bull Description of the functional unit ie reference unit
bull Set up of the Life Cycle Inventory
Data collection identification of the relevant material and energy flows
bull Calculation of the Impact Assessment
bull Evaluation and Interpretation of the results
bull Documentation in a detailed report
bull Critical Review
optional to increase the credibility
obligatory for comparative studies
25
26
Task Firstly define the intended Goal of your study in a short statement summarising
- the intended application and reasons for carrying out the study
- the intended audience for communication of results
- whether the results will be used for comparison and will comparative assertions be publicly disclosed
Hints Choose to study a product system you are familiar with For example the goal could be
bull To understand the life cycle impacts of a product a process or a service provided
bull To investigate the trade-offs in making changes to one aspect of a product life cycle
bull To compare the life cycle environmental impacts of two systems providing the same service
bull To understand life cycle environmental impacts of implementing a government policy
The next step will consider the Scope of the study
Step 1 Define the Goal
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
27
Task Outline the Scope of the system under study in a few bullet points
Hints Think about the goal of your study and the product system
bull What is the function of the product system(s) to be studied
bull Does it include the product use phase or end-of-life phase
bull Is the scope cradle to gate or cradle to grave
bull Are there any key co-products produced by the system
bull If you are studying two comparative systems are their common elements to each
system Can these common elements be ignored
The next step will illustrate the system(s) in a flow diagram
Step 2 Outline the Scope
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
28
Task Sketch a simple process flow diagram that illustrates the main life cycle processes that are relevant to your study
Hint The life cycle sketch could include
bull The main life cycle stages eg raw materials processing product use disposal transport steps
bull If you are undertaking a comparative study include both relevant systems
bull Note the functional output of your system
bull Each unit process should be described showing where the process begins and ends
bull Include any key co-products produced by the system
bull Is there any closed looped re-cycling or re-use within the system scope
The next step will illustrate the key inputs and outputs of the system
Step 3 Outline the Scope ndash sketch a flow diagram
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
29
Task Include the key Inputs and Outputs to your system flow diagram and define the System Boundary
Hint The system boundary includes the unit processes within the scope of the study
bull The system boundary should be consistent with the goal of the study
bull Think about the level of detail required for each unit process Are there cut-off criteria
bull If you decide to ignore or delete processes make a note of your reasons
bull Energy inputs and outputs should be included (all types of energy used)
bull You could make a distinction between foreground processes and background processes
The next step will define the Functional Unit of the system
Step 4 Define the System Boundary
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
30
Task Define the Functional Unit for the study
Hint The functional unit provides a reference to which all input and
output data are normalised It shall be clearly defined and
measureable
bull The functional unit should be consistent with the goal of the study
bull Different studies can be compared based on the functional unit
A textile example could be
One square meter of 200 gram square metre jersey fabric dyed black
The next step will define the data to be collected for the life cycle
inventory
Step 5 Define the Functional Unit
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
31
Task List the key life cycle inventory data to be collected
Hint Think about the types of impacts and data requirements
bull Consider all relevant inputs and outputs
bull Include emissions to air discharge to water and solid waste
bull Consider fugitive emissions and ancillary input materials
bull Include recycled materials
bull Define any assumptions or data gaps clearly
The next steps would be to begin data collection data quality review
and modelling
Step 6 Data Collection Preparation
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
Life Cycle Assessment Classification and Characterisation
32 All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
Midpoints indicators
33
Popular problem-oriented (midpoint) methods are
CML indicators developed in The Netherlands
TRACI developed by the US EPA
Other currently used LCIA methods include
bull damage-oriented (endpoint) methods like EPS and Eco-
Indicator99 (Dutch)
bull distance-to-target methods like the Critical Volumes approach of
BUWAL the Swiss EPA
Effect Increased warming of the troposphere due to anthropogenic greenhouse
gases eg from the burning of fossil fuels
Reference Substance Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Reference Unit kg CO2-Equivalent
Source IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climatic Change)
CO2 CH4
CFCs
UV - radiation
AbsorptionReflection
Infraredradiation
Trace gases in th
e a
tmosphere
34
Life Cycle Impact Assessment Global Warming Potential (GWP)
Effect Reduction in the ozone concentration of the Stratosphere due to emissions
such as Chloro-fluoro-carbons (CFCs)
Reference Substance Tri-chloro-fluoro-methane (R11)
Reference Unit kg R11-Equivalent
Source CML (Heijungs Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) 1992
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP)
CFCs Nitrogen oxide
Stratosphere
15 - 50 km Absorption Absorption
UV - radiation
35
Effect Increase in the pH-value of precipitation due to the wash-out of acidifiying gases
eg Sulphur dioxide (SO2) and Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Reference Substance Sulphur dioxide (SO2)
Reference Unit kg SO2-Equivalent
Source CML (Heijungs Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) 1992
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Acidification Potential (AP)
SO 2
NO X
H 2 SO 4 4 HNO 3
36
Effect Excessive nutient input into water and land from substances such as
phosphorus und nitrogen from agriculture combustion processes and effluents
Reference Substance Phosphate (PO4-)
Reference Unit kg PO4- Equivalent
Source CML (Heijungs Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) 1992
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Eutrophication Potential (EP)
Waste water
Air pollution
Fertilisation
PO 4 -3
NO 3 -
NH 4 +
NO X N 2 O
NH 3
37
Hydrocarbons Nitrogen Oxides
Dry and warm climate
Hydrocarbons
Nitrogen Oxides
Ozone
Effect Formation of low level ozone by sunlight instigating the photochemical reaction
of nitrogen oxides with hyrocarbons and volatile organic compounds (VOC)
Reference Substance Ethylene (C2H4)
Reference Unit kg C2H4 -Equivalent
Source Udo de Haes et al 1999
38
Life Cycle Impact Assessment Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential (POCP) - Summer smog
Effect Continuous toxicological impact on humans
(arbitrary estimation)
Reference Substance 14-Di-chloro-benzene (DCB C6H4Cl2)
Reference Unit kg DCB - Equivalent
Source CML (Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) RIVM (National
Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection)
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Human Toxicity Potential (HTP)
Heavy metals
Halogenorganic
compounds
PCB DCB
PAH
Air
Food
Products
39
Effect Continuous toxicological impact on water and soils
(arbitrary estimation)
Reference Substance 14-Di-chloro-benzene (DCB C6H4Cl2)
Reference Unit kg DCB - Equivalent
Source CML (Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) RIVM (National
Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection)
Life Cycle Impact Assessment Aquatic (AETP) and Terrestrial (TETP) = Ecotoxicity Potential (ETP)
(Terrestrial Ecosystem)
Biosphere
Heavy metals
Halogenorganic
compounds PCB
DCB
PAH
Biosphere
(Aquatic ecosystem)
40
Agenda
1 PE International Overview
1 Profile Products and Services
2 Introduction to Life Cycle Assessment
Methodology and Framework
3 Applications of LCA and Business Value
1 Success Stories and Case Studies
4 Operationalization of LCA using GaBi
Software
Building business value long term B
usin
ess V
alu
e
Overview
Orientation
Long-term company
success
Screening
Material Comparison
Maturity of LCA usage
Rapid Prototyping (Generic LCA)
Process amp Resource Efficiency
Eco-design amp sustainable product Innovation
Verifiable BOM BOP amp Compliance
Product Communication amp Verification Continuous operational
optimization
Sustainable Product Portfolio Management
Value Chain optimization
42
43 11112013
Drivers for applying Life Cycle Thinking in industry are
Which reasons
exist
Regulations amp directives Integrate Product Policy (IPP)
Directive on end-of-life vehicle
WEEE and RoHS
Green purchasing program
Customer requests Down stream clients
Value chain
engagement Material stewardship
ldquoWhat ifrdquo scenarios
Communication and
reputation building SocietyNGOs
Authorities
Green funds
Research and academia
Life Cycle Thinking and Product Sustainability Introduction and overview
Business Benefit
Source httpavnirorgdocumentationcongres_avnirdiaposplacvmoteurUnilever_Taylorpdf
Life Cycle Assessment Value Chain Analysis
45
Business Benefit
Business value
bull Understand and improve productsrsquo
environmental footprints
bull EPDs for all its carpet products
globally for verified communication
and reporting
bull Product optimization and innovation
bull Risk Management in the supply chain
Solution
bull Use of GaBi software in-house to track
and improve its productsrsquo life cycle
performance
bull Reduce Recycle Innovative yarn
raquoOur use of LCA with GaBi has evolved to a proactive
assessment of alternatives during the development process
making it a critical tool in helping us achieve our Mission
Zeroreg goalslaquo
Connie Hensler Director Corporate LCA Programs
Interface Inc Source Ramon Arratia
Interface A case of full product responsibility
Life Cycle Assessment Hotspot Identification
LCA of furniture Green Product development
46 Source Ashwini Deodeshmukh Godrej Interio PE Workshop April 2013
47
Solution
bull LCA of packaging
bull Scenario analysis to optimize
packaging design
Sustainability performance
50 less primary energy
60 less plastic
75 fewer CO2 emissions from
transportation
Business advantage
Cost reduction of packaging
across the entire life cycle
Brand enhancement
in container manufacture only compared
to the rigid gallon jug
Packaging Innovation
bdquoLCA gives us a competitive advantage because it gives
us more insight into how to reduce our productsrsquo
footprints find efficiencies and validate and explain those
benefits to customers and consumersrdquo
Chris McGrath vice president for sustainability at Kraft Foods1
Source September 2012 MIT Sloan Management Review
Image Kraft Foods
Material Comparison Daimler Case Study
48
Comparison of concepts for the C-class front-module
bull Material options steel aluminum-steel plastic-steel
bull In terms of primary energy demand the steel version the favorable one followed by
the aluminum-steel option
bull In terms of weight the aluminum-steel version is best
Source Environmental Certificate Mercedes-Benz C-Class 11112013
Life Cycle Assessment PUMA- Shoe Packaging
bull 1 million litres of water saved
bull During transport 500000 litres of diesel is saved
bull If replacement of traditional shopping bags then save up to 275 tons of plastic
Septem
ber
2007
49
bull ~8500 tons less paper will be
consumed
bull 20 million Megajoules of electricity
saved
bull 1 million litres less of fuel oil use
Comparative LCA Sustainable Packaging
11112013 51
Impact Category Credit Energy
Disposal and
Recycling
Downstream
Transport
Primary
Packaging
Secondary
Packaging
Upstream
Transport
Container Glass -11 7 4 100 -2 2
PET 0 19 2 82 -4 1
Beverage Carton -12 134 8 -16 -15 1
Al Can 0 2 1 93 3 0
Source httpwwwindialcacompdfsILCM-2012-Session-6-Vinay-Saranpdf
Environmental Impact of Building Present and Future Scenario
bull Several methods and techniques
being adopted to reduce
environmental impact during the
use phase of the building
bull However impact due to materials
and construction will become
significant when operational
impact has been reduced
bull Cost of resources will increase
further creating burden on the
construction phase
Materials Operation End-of-life
Materials Operation End-of-life
GW
P t C
O2 e
q
Year 2020
Year 2010
GW
P t C
O2 e
q
0
25
50
0
25
50
53
Business Benefit
Image Tata Steel
Business value
bull Marketing tool for product
differentiation and to support
customers with data on the
sustainability of steel
bull Decision making in product
development
bull Identification of hot spots in the steel
value chain to effectively reduce
impacts and resource consumption
Solution
bull Use LCA Software to build product
models covering environmental impacts
bull Interactive reports for EPD creation
raquoLife Cycle Assessment helps us to fully understand
the benefits across the life cycle and assists us in
communicating these to our stakeholderslaquo
Allan Griffin Knowledge Group Leader Sustainability Tata Steel
Development of EPD Tata Steel Example
Basics of Life Cycle Assessment
24
Phases of the
life cycle
Impact
assessment
Energy consumption Raw material consumption
Global warming Summer smog Acidification Over fertilisation
Environmental toxins Waste etc
Production phase Use phase End of Life
Life cycle
stages
Preparation of
raw materials
Manufacturing
Pre-products Production Use
Disposal
Recycling
Deposition
Inventory
analysis
I N P U T R e s o u r c e s
O U T P U T E m i s s i o n s a n d W a s t e
ldquoCradle to gaterdquo
ldquoCradle to graverdquo
LCA Step by step
bull Definition of the goal of the study
bull Agreement on the scope of the project
bull Description of the functional unit ie reference unit
bull Set up of the Life Cycle Inventory
Data collection identification of the relevant material and energy flows
bull Calculation of the Impact Assessment
bull Evaluation and Interpretation of the results
bull Documentation in a detailed report
bull Critical Review
optional to increase the credibility
obligatory for comparative studies
25
26
Task Firstly define the intended Goal of your study in a short statement summarising
- the intended application and reasons for carrying out the study
- the intended audience for communication of results
- whether the results will be used for comparison and will comparative assertions be publicly disclosed
Hints Choose to study a product system you are familiar with For example the goal could be
bull To understand the life cycle impacts of a product a process or a service provided
bull To investigate the trade-offs in making changes to one aspect of a product life cycle
bull To compare the life cycle environmental impacts of two systems providing the same service
bull To understand life cycle environmental impacts of implementing a government policy
The next step will consider the Scope of the study
Step 1 Define the Goal
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
27
Task Outline the Scope of the system under study in a few bullet points
Hints Think about the goal of your study and the product system
bull What is the function of the product system(s) to be studied
bull Does it include the product use phase or end-of-life phase
bull Is the scope cradle to gate or cradle to grave
bull Are there any key co-products produced by the system
bull If you are studying two comparative systems are their common elements to each
system Can these common elements be ignored
The next step will illustrate the system(s) in a flow diagram
Step 2 Outline the Scope
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
28
Task Sketch a simple process flow diagram that illustrates the main life cycle processes that are relevant to your study
Hint The life cycle sketch could include
bull The main life cycle stages eg raw materials processing product use disposal transport steps
bull If you are undertaking a comparative study include both relevant systems
bull Note the functional output of your system
bull Each unit process should be described showing where the process begins and ends
bull Include any key co-products produced by the system
bull Is there any closed looped re-cycling or re-use within the system scope
The next step will illustrate the key inputs and outputs of the system
Step 3 Outline the Scope ndash sketch a flow diagram
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
29
Task Include the key Inputs and Outputs to your system flow diagram and define the System Boundary
Hint The system boundary includes the unit processes within the scope of the study
bull The system boundary should be consistent with the goal of the study
bull Think about the level of detail required for each unit process Are there cut-off criteria
bull If you decide to ignore or delete processes make a note of your reasons
bull Energy inputs and outputs should be included (all types of energy used)
bull You could make a distinction between foreground processes and background processes
The next step will define the Functional Unit of the system
Step 4 Define the System Boundary
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
30
Task Define the Functional Unit for the study
Hint The functional unit provides a reference to which all input and
output data are normalised It shall be clearly defined and
measureable
bull The functional unit should be consistent with the goal of the study
bull Different studies can be compared based on the functional unit
A textile example could be
One square meter of 200 gram square metre jersey fabric dyed black
The next step will define the data to be collected for the life cycle
inventory
Step 5 Define the Functional Unit
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
31
Task List the key life cycle inventory data to be collected
Hint Think about the types of impacts and data requirements
bull Consider all relevant inputs and outputs
bull Include emissions to air discharge to water and solid waste
bull Consider fugitive emissions and ancillary input materials
bull Include recycled materials
bull Define any assumptions or data gaps clearly
The next steps would be to begin data collection data quality review
and modelling
Step 6 Data Collection Preparation
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
Life Cycle Assessment Classification and Characterisation
32 All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
Midpoints indicators
33
Popular problem-oriented (midpoint) methods are
CML indicators developed in The Netherlands
TRACI developed by the US EPA
Other currently used LCIA methods include
bull damage-oriented (endpoint) methods like EPS and Eco-
Indicator99 (Dutch)
bull distance-to-target methods like the Critical Volumes approach of
BUWAL the Swiss EPA
Effect Increased warming of the troposphere due to anthropogenic greenhouse
gases eg from the burning of fossil fuels
Reference Substance Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Reference Unit kg CO2-Equivalent
Source IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climatic Change)
CO2 CH4
CFCs
UV - radiation
AbsorptionReflection
Infraredradiation
Trace gases in th
e a
tmosphere
34
Life Cycle Impact Assessment Global Warming Potential (GWP)
Effect Reduction in the ozone concentration of the Stratosphere due to emissions
such as Chloro-fluoro-carbons (CFCs)
Reference Substance Tri-chloro-fluoro-methane (R11)
Reference Unit kg R11-Equivalent
Source CML (Heijungs Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) 1992
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP)
CFCs Nitrogen oxide
Stratosphere
15 - 50 km Absorption Absorption
UV - radiation
35
Effect Increase in the pH-value of precipitation due to the wash-out of acidifiying gases
eg Sulphur dioxide (SO2) and Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Reference Substance Sulphur dioxide (SO2)
Reference Unit kg SO2-Equivalent
Source CML (Heijungs Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) 1992
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Acidification Potential (AP)
SO 2
NO X
H 2 SO 4 4 HNO 3
36
Effect Excessive nutient input into water and land from substances such as
phosphorus und nitrogen from agriculture combustion processes and effluents
Reference Substance Phosphate (PO4-)
Reference Unit kg PO4- Equivalent
Source CML (Heijungs Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) 1992
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Eutrophication Potential (EP)
Waste water
Air pollution
Fertilisation
PO 4 -3
NO 3 -
NH 4 +
NO X N 2 O
NH 3
37
Hydrocarbons Nitrogen Oxides
Dry and warm climate
Hydrocarbons
Nitrogen Oxides
Ozone
Effect Formation of low level ozone by sunlight instigating the photochemical reaction
of nitrogen oxides with hyrocarbons and volatile organic compounds (VOC)
Reference Substance Ethylene (C2H4)
Reference Unit kg C2H4 -Equivalent
Source Udo de Haes et al 1999
38
Life Cycle Impact Assessment Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential (POCP) - Summer smog
Effect Continuous toxicological impact on humans
(arbitrary estimation)
Reference Substance 14-Di-chloro-benzene (DCB C6H4Cl2)
Reference Unit kg DCB - Equivalent
Source CML (Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) RIVM (National
Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection)
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Human Toxicity Potential (HTP)
Heavy metals
Halogenorganic
compounds
PCB DCB
PAH
Air
Food
Products
39
Effect Continuous toxicological impact on water and soils
(arbitrary estimation)
Reference Substance 14-Di-chloro-benzene (DCB C6H4Cl2)
Reference Unit kg DCB - Equivalent
Source CML (Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) RIVM (National
Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection)
Life Cycle Impact Assessment Aquatic (AETP) and Terrestrial (TETP) = Ecotoxicity Potential (ETP)
(Terrestrial Ecosystem)
Biosphere
Heavy metals
Halogenorganic
compounds PCB
DCB
PAH
Biosphere
(Aquatic ecosystem)
40
Agenda
1 PE International Overview
1 Profile Products and Services
2 Introduction to Life Cycle Assessment
Methodology and Framework
3 Applications of LCA and Business Value
1 Success Stories and Case Studies
4 Operationalization of LCA using GaBi
Software
Building business value long term B
usin
ess V
alu
e
Overview
Orientation
Long-term company
success
Screening
Material Comparison
Maturity of LCA usage
Rapid Prototyping (Generic LCA)
Process amp Resource Efficiency
Eco-design amp sustainable product Innovation
Verifiable BOM BOP amp Compliance
Product Communication amp Verification Continuous operational
optimization
Sustainable Product Portfolio Management
Value Chain optimization
42
43 11112013
Drivers for applying Life Cycle Thinking in industry are
Which reasons
exist
Regulations amp directives Integrate Product Policy (IPP)
Directive on end-of-life vehicle
WEEE and RoHS
Green purchasing program
Customer requests Down stream clients
Value chain
engagement Material stewardship
ldquoWhat ifrdquo scenarios
Communication and
reputation building SocietyNGOs
Authorities
Green funds
Research and academia
Life Cycle Thinking and Product Sustainability Introduction and overview
Business Benefit
Source httpavnirorgdocumentationcongres_avnirdiaposplacvmoteurUnilever_Taylorpdf
Life Cycle Assessment Value Chain Analysis
45
Business Benefit
Business value
bull Understand and improve productsrsquo
environmental footprints
bull EPDs for all its carpet products
globally for verified communication
and reporting
bull Product optimization and innovation
bull Risk Management in the supply chain
Solution
bull Use of GaBi software in-house to track
and improve its productsrsquo life cycle
performance
bull Reduce Recycle Innovative yarn
raquoOur use of LCA with GaBi has evolved to a proactive
assessment of alternatives during the development process
making it a critical tool in helping us achieve our Mission
Zeroreg goalslaquo
Connie Hensler Director Corporate LCA Programs
Interface Inc Source Ramon Arratia
Interface A case of full product responsibility
Life Cycle Assessment Hotspot Identification
LCA of furniture Green Product development
46 Source Ashwini Deodeshmukh Godrej Interio PE Workshop April 2013
47
Solution
bull LCA of packaging
bull Scenario analysis to optimize
packaging design
Sustainability performance
50 less primary energy
60 less plastic
75 fewer CO2 emissions from
transportation
Business advantage
Cost reduction of packaging
across the entire life cycle
Brand enhancement
in container manufacture only compared
to the rigid gallon jug
Packaging Innovation
bdquoLCA gives us a competitive advantage because it gives
us more insight into how to reduce our productsrsquo
footprints find efficiencies and validate and explain those
benefits to customers and consumersrdquo
Chris McGrath vice president for sustainability at Kraft Foods1
Source September 2012 MIT Sloan Management Review
Image Kraft Foods
Material Comparison Daimler Case Study
48
Comparison of concepts for the C-class front-module
bull Material options steel aluminum-steel plastic-steel
bull In terms of primary energy demand the steel version the favorable one followed by
the aluminum-steel option
bull In terms of weight the aluminum-steel version is best
Source Environmental Certificate Mercedes-Benz C-Class 11112013
Life Cycle Assessment PUMA- Shoe Packaging
bull 1 million litres of water saved
bull During transport 500000 litres of diesel is saved
bull If replacement of traditional shopping bags then save up to 275 tons of plastic
Septem
ber
2007
49
bull ~8500 tons less paper will be
consumed
bull 20 million Megajoules of electricity
saved
bull 1 million litres less of fuel oil use
Comparative LCA Sustainable Packaging
11112013 51
Impact Category Credit Energy
Disposal and
Recycling
Downstream
Transport
Primary
Packaging
Secondary
Packaging
Upstream
Transport
Container Glass -11 7 4 100 -2 2
PET 0 19 2 82 -4 1
Beverage Carton -12 134 8 -16 -15 1
Al Can 0 2 1 93 3 0
Source httpwwwindialcacompdfsILCM-2012-Session-6-Vinay-Saranpdf
Environmental Impact of Building Present and Future Scenario
bull Several methods and techniques
being adopted to reduce
environmental impact during the
use phase of the building
bull However impact due to materials
and construction will become
significant when operational
impact has been reduced
bull Cost of resources will increase
further creating burden on the
construction phase
Materials Operation End-of-life
Materials Operation End-of-life
GW
P t C
O2 e
q
Year 2020
Year 2010
GW
P t C
O2 e
q
0
25
50
0
25
50
53
Business Benefit
Image Tata Steel
Business value
bull Marketing tool for product
differentiation and to support
customers with data on the
sustainability of steel
bull Decision making in product
development
bull Identification of hot spots in the steel
value chain to effectively reduce
impacts and resource consumption
Solution
bull Use LCA Software to build product
models covering environmental impacts
bull Interactive reports for EPD creation
raquoLife Cycle Assessment helps us to fully understand
the benefits across the life cycle and assists us in
communicating these to our stakeholderslaquo
Allan Griffin Knowledge Group Leader Sustainability Tata Steel
Development of EPD Tata Steel Example
LCA Step by step
bull Definition of the goal of the study
bull Agreement on the scope of the project
bull Description of the functional unit ie reference unit
bull Set up of the Life Cycle Inventory
Data collection identification of the relevant material and energy flows
bull Calculation of the Impact Assessment
bull Evaluation and Interpretation of the results
bull Documentation in a detailed report
bull Critical Review
optional to increase the credibility
obligatory for comparative studies
25
26
Task Firstly define the intended Goal of your study in a short statement summarising
- the intended application and reasons for carrying out the study
- the intended audience for communication of results
- whether the results will be used for comparison and will comparative assertions be publicly disclosed
Hints Choose to study a product system you are familiar with For example the goal could be
bull To understand the life cycle impacts of a product a process or a service provided
bull To investigate the trade-offs in making changes to one aspect of a product life cycle
bull To compare the life cycle environmental impacts of two systems providing the same service
bull To understand life cycle environmental impacts of implementing a government policy
The next step will consider the Scope of the study
Step 1 Define the Goal
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
27
Task Outline the Scope of the system under study in a few bullet points
Hints Think about the goal of your study and the product system
bull What is the function of the product system(s) to be studied
bull Does it include the product use phase or end-of-life phase
bull Is the scope cradle to gate or cradle to grave
bull Are there any key co-products produced by the system
bull If you are studying two comparative systems are their common elements to each
system Can these common elements be ignored
The next step will illustrate the system(s) in a flow diagram
Step 2 Outline the Scope
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
28
Task Sketch a simple process flow diagram that illustrates the main life cycle processes that are relevant to your study
Hint The life cycle sketch could include
bull The main life cycle stages eg raw materials processing product use disposal transport steps
bull If you are undertaking a comparative study include both relevant systems
bull Note the functional output of your system
bull Each unit process should be described showing where the process begins and ends
bull Include any key co-products produced by the system
bull Is there any closed looped re-cycling or re-use within the system scope
The next step will illustrate the key inputs and outputs of the system
Step 3 Outline the Scope ndash sketch a flow diagram
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
29
Task Include the key Inputs and Outputs to your system flow diagram and define the System Boundary
Hint The system boundary includes the unit processes within the scope of the study
bull The system boundary should be consistent with the goal of the study
bull Think about the level of detail required for each unit process Are there cut-off criteria
bull If you decide to ignore or delete processes make a note of your reasons
bull Energy inputs and outputs should be included (all types of energy used)
bull You could make a distinction between foreground processes and background processes
The next step will define the Functional Unit of the system
Step 4 Define the System Boundary
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
30
Task Define the Functional Unit for the study
Hint The functional unit provides a reference to which all input and
output data are normalised It shall be clearly defined and
measureable
bull The functional unit should be consistent with the goal of the study
bull Different studies can be compared based on the functional unit
A textile example could be
One square meter of 200 gram square metre jersey fabric dyed black
The next step will define the data to be collected for the life cycle
inventory
Step 5 Define the Functional Unit
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
31
Task List the key life cycle inventory data to be collected
Hint Think about the types of impacts and data requirements
bull Consider all relevant inputs and outputs
bull Include emissions to air discharge to water and solid waste
bull Consider fugitive emissions and ancillary input materials
bull Include recycled materials
bull Define any assumptions or data gaps clearly
The next steps would be to begin data collection data quality review
and modelling
Step 6 Data Collection Preparation
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
Life Cycle Assessment Classification and Characterisation
32 All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
Midpoints indicators
33
Popular problem-oriented (midpoint) methods are
CML indicators developed in The Netherlands
TRACI developed by the US EPA
Other currently used LCIA methods include
bull damage-oriented (endpoint) methods like EPS and Eco-
Indicator99 (Dutch)
bull distance-to-target methods like the Critical Volumes approach of
BUWAL the Swiss EPA
Effect Increased warming of the troposphere due to anthropogenic greenhouse
gases eg from the burning of fossil fuels
Reference Substance Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Reference Unit kg CO2-Equivalent
Source IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climatic Change)
CO2 CH4
CFCs
UV - radiation
AbsorptionReflection
Infraredradiation
Trace gases in th
e a
tmosphere
34
Life Cycle Impact Assessment Global Warming Potential (GWP)
Effect Reduction in the ozone concentration of the Stratosphere due to emissions
such as Chloro-fluoro-carbons (CFCs)
Reference Substance Tri-chloro-fluoro-methane (R11)
Reference Unit kg R11-Equivalent
Source CML (Heijungs Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) 1992
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP)
CFCs Nitrogen oxide
Stratosphere
15 - 50 km Absorption Absorption
UV - radiation
35
Effect Increase in the pH-value of precipitation due to the wash-out of acidifiying gases
eg Sulphur dioxide (SO2) and Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Reference Substance Sulphur dioxide (SO2)
Reference Unit kg SO2-Equivalent
Source CML (Heijungs Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) 1992
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Acidification Potential (AP)
SO 2
NO X
H 2 SO 4 4 HNO 3
36
Effect Excessive nutient input into water and land from substances such as
phosphorus und nitrogen from agriculture combustion processes and effluents
Reference Substance Phosphate (PO4-)
Reference Unit kg PO4- Equivalent
Source CML (Heijungs Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) 1992
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Eutrophication Potential (EP)
Waste water
Air pollution
Fertilisation
PO 4 -3
NO 3 -
NH 4 +
NO X N 2 O
NH 3
37
Hydrocarbons Nitrogen Oxides
Dry and warm climate
Hydrocarbons
Nitrogen Oxides
Ozone
Effect Formation of low level ozone by sunlight instigating the photochemical reaction
of nitrogen oxides with hyrocarbons and volatile organic compounds (VOC)
Reference Substance Ethylene (C2H4)
Reference Unit kg C2H4 -Equivalent
Source Udo de Haes et al 1999
38
Life Cycle Impact Assessment Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential (POCP) - Summer smog
Effect Continuous toxicological impact on humans
(arbitrary estimation)
Reference Substance 14-Di-chloro-benzene (DCB C6H4Cl2)
Reference Unit kg DCB - Equivalent
Source CML (Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) RIVM (National
Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection)
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Human Toxicity Potential (HTP)
Heavy metals
Halogenorganic
compounds
PCB DCB
PAH
Air
Food
Products
39
Effect Continuous toxicological impact on water and soils
(arbitrary estimation)
Reference Substance 14-Di-chloro-benzene (DCB C6H4Cl2)
Reference Unit kg DCB - Equivalent
Source CML (Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) RIVM (National
Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection)
Life Cycle Impact Assessment Aquatic (AETP) and Terrestrial (TETP) = Ecotoxicity Potential (ETP)
(Terrestrial Ecosystem)
Biosphere
Heavy metals
Halogenorganic
compounds PCB
DCB
PAH
Biosphere
(Aquatic ecosystem)
40
Agenda
1 PE International Overview
1 Profile Products and Services
2 Introduction to Life Cycle Assessment
Methodology and Framework
3 Applications of LCA and Business Value
1 Success Stories and Case Studies
4 Operationalization of LCA using GaBi
Software
Building business value long term B
usin
ess V
alu
e
Overview
Orientation
Long-term company
success
Screening
Material Comparison
Maturity of LCA usage
Rapid Prototyping (Generic LCA)
Process amp Resource Efficiency
Eco-design amp sustainable product Innovation
Verifiable BOM BOP amp Compliance
Product Communication amp Verification Continuous operational
optimization
Sustainable Product Portfolio Management
Value Chain optimization
42
43 11112013
Drivers for applying Life Cycle Thinking in industry are
Which reasons
exist
Regulations amp directives Integrate Product Policy (IPP)
Directive on end-of-life vehicle
WEEE and RoHS
Green purchasing program
Customer requests Down stream clients
Value chain
engagement Material stewardship
ldquoWhat ifrdquo scenarios
Communication and
reputation building SocietyNGOs
Authorities
Green funds
Research and academia
Life Cycle Thinking and Product Sustainability Introduction and overview
Business Benefit
Source httpavnirorgdocumentationcongres_avnirdiaposplacvmoteurUnilever_Taylorpdf
Life Cycle Assessment Value Chain Analysis
45
Business Benefit
Business value
bull Understand and improve productsrsquo
environmental footprints
bull EPDs for all its carpet products
globally for verified communication
and reporting
bull Product optimization and innovation
bull Risk Management in the supply chain
Solution
bull Use of GaBi software in-house to track
and improve its productsrsquo life cycle
performance
bull Reduce Recycle Innovative yarn
raquoOur use of LCA with GaBi has evolved to a proactive
assessment of alternatives during the development process
making it a critical tool in helping us achieve our Mission
Zeroreg goalslaquo
Connie Hensler Director Corporate LCA Programs
Interface Inc Source Ramon Arratia
Interface A case of full product responsibility
Life Cycle Assessment Hotspot Identification
LCA of furniture Green Product development
46 Source Ashwini Deodeshmukh Godrej Interio PE Workshop April 2013
47
Solution
bull LCA of packaging
bull Scenario analysis to optimize
packaging design
Sustainability performance
50 less primary energy
60 less plastic
75 fewer CO2 emissions from
transportation
Business advantage
Cost reduction of packaging
across the entire life cycle
Brand enhancement
in container manufacture only compared
to the rigid gallon jug
Packaging Innovation
bdquoLCA gives us a competitive advantage because it gives
us more insight into how to reduce our productsrsquo
footprints find efficiencies and validate and explain those
benefits to customers and consumersrdquo
Chris McGrath vice president for sustainability at Kraft Foods1
Source September 2012 MIT Sloan Management Review
Image Kraft Foods
Material Comparison Daimler Case Study
48
Comparison of concepts for the C-class front-module
bull Material options steel aluminum-steel plastic-steel
bull In terms of primary energy demand the steel version the favorable one followed by
the aluminum-steel option
bull In terms of weight the aluminum-steel version is best
Source Environmental Certificate Mercedes-Benz C-Class 11112013
Life Cycle Assessment PUMA- Shoe Packaging
bull 1 million litres of water saved
bull During transport 500000 litres of diesel is saved
bull If replacement of traditional shopping bags then save up to 275 tons of plastic
Septem
ber
2007
49
bull ~8500 tons less paper will be
consumed
bull 20 million Megajoules of electricity
saved
bull 1 million litres less of fuel oil use
Comparative LCA Sustainable Packaging
11112013 51
Impact Category Credit Energy
Disposal and
Recycling
Downstream
Transport
Primary
Packaging
Secondary
Packaging
Upstream
Transport
Container Glass -11 7 4 100 -2 2
PET 0 19 2 82 -4 1
Beverage Carton -12 134 8 -16 -15 1
Al Can 0 2 1 93 3 0
Source httpwwwindialcacompdfsILCM-2012-Session-6-Vinay-Saranpdf
Environmental Impact of Building Present and Future Scenario
bull Several methods and techniques
being adopted to reduce
environmental impact during the
use phase of the building
bull However impact due to materials
and construction will become
significant when operational
impact has been reduced
bull Cost of resources will increase
further creating burden on the
construction phase
Materials Operation End-of-life
Materials Operation End-of-life
GW
P t C
O2 e
q
Year 2020
Year 2010
GW
P t C
O2 e
q
0
25
50
0
25
50
53
Business Benefit
Image Tata Steel
Business value
bull Marketing tool for product
differentiation and to support
customers with data on the
sustainability of steel
bull Decision making in product
development
bull Identification of hot spots in the steel
value chain to effectively reduce
impacts and resource consumption
Solution
bull Use LCA Software to build product
models covering environmental impacts
bull Interactive reports for EPD creation
raquoLife Cycle Assessment helps us to fully understand
the benefits across the life cycle and assists us in
communicating these to our stakeholderslaquo
Allan Griffin Knowledge Group Leader Sustainability Tata Steel
Development of EPD Tata Steel Example
26
Task Firstly define the intended Goal of your study in a short statement summarising
- the intended application and reasons for carrying out the study
- the intended audience for communication of results
- whether the results will be used for comparison and will comparative assertions be publicly disclosed
Hints Choose to study a product system you are familiar with For example the goal could be
bull To understand the life cycle impacts of a product a process or a service provided
bull To investigate the trade-offs in making changes to one aspect of a product life cycle
bull To compare the life cycle environmental impacts of two systems providing the same service
bull To understand life cycle environmental impacts of implementing a government policy
The next step will consider the Scope of the study
Step 1 Define the Goal
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
27
Task Outline the Scope of the system under study in a few bullet points
Hints Think about the goal of your study and the product system
bull What is the function of the product system(s) to be studied
bull Does it include the product use phase or end-of-life phase
bull Is the scope cradle to gate or cradle to grave
bull Are there any key co-products produced by the system
bull If you are studying two comparative systems are their common elements to each
system Can these common elements be ignored
The next step will illustrate the system(s) in a flow diagram
Step 2 Outline the Scope
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
28
Task Sketch a simple process flow diagram that illustrates the main life cycle processes that are relevant to your study
Hint The life cycle sketch could include
bull The main life cycle stages eg raw materials processing product use disposal transport steps
bull If you are undertaking a comparative study include both relevant systems
bull Note the functional output of your system
bull Each unit process should be described showing where the process begins and ends
bull Include any key co-products produced by the system
bull Is there any closed looped re-cycling or re-use within the system scope
The next step will illustrate the key inputs and outputs of the system
Step 3 Outline the Scope ndash sketch a flow diagram
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
29
Task Include the key Inputs and Outputs to your system flow diagram and define the System Boundary
Hint The system boundary includes the unit processes within the scope of the study
bull The system boundary should be consistent with the goal of the study
bull Think about the level of detail required for each unit process Are there cut-off criteria
bull If you decide to ignore or delete processes make a note of your reasons
bull Energy inputs and outputs should be included (all types of energy used)
bull You could make a distinction between foreground processes and background processes
The next step will define the Functional Unit of the system
Step 4 Define the System Boundary
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
30
Task Define the Functional Unit for the study
Hint The functional unit provides a reference to which all input and
output data are normalised It shall be clearly defined and
measureable
bull The functional unit should be consistent with the goal of the study
bull Different studies can be compared based on the functional unit
A textile example could be
One square meter of 200 gram square metre jersey fabric dyed black
The next step will define the data to be collected for the life cycle
inventory
Step 5 Define the Functional Unit
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
31
Task List the key life cycle inventory data to be collected
Hint Think about the types of impacts and data requirements
bull Consider all relevant inputs and outputs
bull Include emissions to air discharge to water and solid waste
bull Consider fugitive emissions and ancillary input materials
bull Include recycled materials
bull Define any assumptions or data gaps clearly
The next steps would be to begin data collection data quality review
and modelling
Step 6 Data Collection Preparation
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
Life Cycle Assessment Classification and Characterisation
32 All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
Midpoints indicators
33
Popular problem-oriented (midpoint) methods are
CML indicators developed in The Netherlands
TRACI developed by the US EPA
Other currently used LCIA methods include
bull damage-oriented (endpoint) methods like EPS and Eco-
Indicator99 (Dutch)
bull distance-to-target methods like the Critical Volumes approach of
BUWAL the Swiss EPA
Effect Increased warming of the troposphere due to anthropogenic greenhouse
gases eg from the burning of fossil fuels
Reference Substance Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Reference Unit kg CO2-Equivalent
Source IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climatic Change)
CO2 CH4
CFCs
UV - radiation
AbsorptionReflection
Infraredradiation
Trace gases in th
e a
tmosphere
34
Life Cycle Impact Assessment Global Warming Potential (GWP)
Effect Reduction in the ozone concentration of the Stratosphere due to emissions
such as Chloro-fluoro-carbons (CFCs)
Reference Substance Tri-chloro-fluoro-methane (R11)
Reference Unit kg R11-Equivalent
Source CML (Heijungs Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) 1992
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP)
CFCs Nitrogen oxide
Stratosphere
15 - 50 km Absorption Absorption
UV - radiation
35
Effect Increase in the pH-value of precipitation due to the wash-out of acidifiying gases
eg Sulphur dioxide (SO2) and Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Reference Substance Sulphur dioxide (SO2)
Reference Unit kg SO2-Equivalent
Source CML (Heijungs Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) 1992
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Acidification Potential (AP)
SO 2
NO X
H 2 SO 4 4 HNO 3
36
Effect Excessive nutient input into water and land from substances such as
phosphorus und nitrogen from agriculture combustion processes and effluents
Reference Substance Phosphate (PO4-)
Reference Unit kg PO4- Equivalent
Source CML (Heijungs Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) 1992
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Eutrophication Potential (EP)
Waste water
Air pollution
Fertilisation
PO 4 -3
NO 3 -
NH 4 +
NO X N 2 O
NH 3
37
Hydrocarbons Nitrogen Oxides
Dry and warm climate
Hydrocarbons
Nitrogen Oxides
Ozone
Effect Formation of low level ozone by sunlight instigating the photochemical reaction
of nitrogen oxides with hyrocarbons and volatile organic compounds (VOC)
Reference Substance Ethylene (C2H4)
Reference Unit kg C2H4 -Equivalent
Source Udo de Haes et al 1999
38
Life Cycle Impact Assessment Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential (POCP) - Summer smog
Effect Continuous toxicological impact on humans
(arbitrary estimation)
Reference Substance 14-Di-chloro-benzene (DCB C6H4Cl2)
Reference Unit kg DCB - Equivalent
Source CML (Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) RIVM (National
Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection)
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Human Toxicity Potential (HTP)
Heavy metals
Halogenorganic
compounds
PCB DCB
PAH
Air
Food
Products
39
Effect Continuous toxicological impact on water and soils
(arbitrary estimation)
Reference Substance 14-Di-chloro-benzene (DCB C6H4Cl2)
Reference Unit kg DCB - Equivalent
Source CML (Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) RIVM (National
Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection)
Life Cycle Impact Assessment Aquatic (AETP) and Terrestrial (TETP) = Ecotoxicity Potential (ETP)
(Terrestrial Ecosystem)
Biosphere
Heavy metals
Halogenorganic
compounds PCB
DCB
PAH
Biosphere
(Aquatic ecosystem)
40
Agenda
1 PE International Overview
1 Profile Products and Services
2 Introduction to Life Cycle Assessment
Methodology and Framework
3 Applications of LCA and Business Value
1 Success Stories and Case Studies
4 Operationalization of LCA using GaBi
Software
Building business value long term B
usin
ess V
alu
e
Overview
Orientation
Long-term company
success
Screening
Material Comparison
Maturity of LCA usage
Rapid Prototyping (Generic LCA)
Process amp Resource Efficiency
Eco-design amp sustainable product Innovation
Verifiable BOM BOP amp Compliance
Product Communication amp Verification Continuous operational
optimization
Sustainable Product Portfolio Management
Value Chain optimization
42
43 11112013
Drivers for applying Life Cycle Thinking in industry are
Which reasons
exist
Regulations amp directives Integrate Product Policy (IPP)
Directive on end-of-life vehicle
WEEE and RoHS
Green purchasing program
Customer requests Down stream clients
Value chain
engagement Material stewardship
ldquoWhat ifrdquo scenarios
Communication and
reputation building SocietyNGOs
Authorities
Green funds
Research and academia
Life Cycle Thinking and Product Sustainability Introduction and overview
Business Benefit
Source httpavnirorgdocumentationcongres_avnirdiaposplacvmoteurUnilever_Taylorpdf
Life Cycle Assessment Value Chain Analysis
45
Business Benefit
Business value
bull Understand and improve productsrsquo
environmental footprints
bull EPDs for all its carpet products
globally for verified communication
and reporting
bull Product optimization and innovation
bull Risk Management in the supply chain
Solution
bull Use of GaBi software in-house to track
and improve its productsrsquo life cycle
performance
bull Reduce Recycle Innovative yarn
raquoOur use of LCA with GaBi has evolved to a proactive
assessment of alternatives during the development process
making it a critical tool in helping us achieve our Mission
Zeroreg goalslaquo
Connie Hensler Director Corporate LCA Programs
Interface Inc Source Ramon Arratia
Interface A case of full product responsibility
Life Cycle Assessment Hotspot Identification
LCA of furniture Green Product development
46 Source Ashwini Deodeshmukh Godrej Interio PE Workshop April 2013
47
Solution
bull LCA of packaging
bull Scenario analysis to optimize
packaging design
Sustainability performance
50 less primary energy
60 less plastic
75 fewer CO2 emissions from
transportation
Business advantage
Cost reduction of packaging
across the entire life cycle
Brand enhancement
in container manufacture only compared
to the rigid gallon jug
Packaging Innovation
bdquoLCA gives us a competitive advantage because it gives
us more insight into how to reduce our productsrsquo
footprints find efficiencies and validate and explain those
benefits to customers and consumersrdquo
Chris McGrath vice president for sustainability at Kraft Foods1
Source September 2012 MIT Sloan Management Review
Image Kraft Foods
Material Comparison Daimler Case Study
48
Comparison of concepts for the C-class front-module
bull Material options steel aluminum-steel plastic-steel
bull In terms of primary energy demand the steel version the favorable one followed by
the aluminum-steel option
bull In terms of weight the aluminum-steel version is best
Source Environmental Certificate Mercedes-Benz C-Class 11112013
Life Cycle Assessment PUMA- Shoe Packaging
bull 1 million litres of water saved
bull During transport 500000 litres of diesel is saved
bull If replacement of traditional shopping bags then save up to 275 tons of plastic
Septem
ber
2007
49
bull ~8500 tons less paper will be
consumed
bull 20 million Megajoules of electricity
saved
bull 1 million litres less of fuel oil use
Comparative LCA Sustainable Packaging
11112013 51
Impact Category Credit Energy
Disposal and
Recycling
Downstream
Transport
Primary
Packaging
Secondary
Packaging
Upstream
Transport
Container Glass -11 7 4 100 -2 2
PET 0 19 2 82 -4 1
Beverage Carton -12 134 8 -16 -15 1
Al Can 0 2 1 93 3 0
Source httpwwwindialcacompdfsILCM-2012-Session-6-Vinay-Saranpdf
Environmental Impact of Building Present and Future Scenario
bull Several methods and techniques
being adopted to reduce
environmental impact during the
use phase of the building
bull However impact due to materials
and construction will become
significant when operational
impact has been reduced
bull Cost of resources will increase
further creating burden on the
construction phase
Materials Operation End-of-life
Materials Operation End-of-life
GW
P t C
O2 e
q
Year 2020
Year 2010
GW
P t C
O2 e
q
0
25
50
0
25
50
53
Business Benefit
Image Tata Steel
Business value
bull Marketing tool for product
differentiation and to support
customers with data on the
sustainability of steel
bull Decision making in product
development
bull Identification of hot spots in the steel
value chain to effectively reduce
impacts and resource consumption
Solution
bull Use LCA Software to build product
models covering environmental impacts
bull Interactive reports for EPD creation
raquoLife Cycle Assessment helps us to fully understand
the benefits across the life cycle and assists us in
communicating these to our stakeholderslaquo
Allan Griffin Knowledge Group Leader Sustainability Tata Steel
Development of EPD Tata Steel Example
27
Task Outline the Scope of the system under study in a few bullet points
Hints Think about the goal of your study and the product system
bull What is the function of the product system(s) to be studied
bull Does it include the product use phase or end-of-life phase
bull Is the scope cradle to gate or cradle to grave
bull Are there any key co-products produced by the system
bull If you are studying two comparative systems are their common elements to each
system Can these common elements be ignored
The next step will illustrate the system(s) in a flow diagram
Step 2 Outline the Scope
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
28
Task Sketch a simple process flow diagram that illustrates the main life cycle processes that are relevant to your study
Hint The life cycle sketch could include
bull The main life cycle stages eg raw materials processing product use disposal transport steps
bull If you are undertaking a comparative study include both relevant systems
bull Note the functional output of your system
bull Each unit process should be described showing where the process begins and ends
bull Include any key co-products produced by the system
bull Is there any closed looped re-cycling or re-use within the system scope
The next step will illustrate the key inputs and outputs of the system
Step 3 Outline the Scope ndash sketch a flow diagram
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
29
Task Include the key Inputs and Outputs to your system flow diagram and define the System Boundary
Hint The system boundary includes the unit processes within the scope of the study
bull The system boundary should be consistent with the goal of the study
bull Think about the level of detail required for each unit process Are there cut-off criteria
bull If you decide to ignore or delete processes make a note of your reasons
bull Energy inputs and outputs should be included (all types of energy used)
bull You could make a distinction between foreground processes and background processes
The next step will define the Functional Unit of the system
Step 4 Define the System Boundary
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
30
Task Define the Functional Unit for the study
Hint The functional unit provides a reference to which all input and
output data are normalised It shall be clearly defined and
measureable
bull The functional unit should be consistent with the goal of the study
bull Different studies can be compared based on the functional unit
A textile example could be
One square meter of 200 gram square metre jersey fabric dyed black
The next step will define the data to be collected for the life cycle
inventory
Step 5 Define the Functional Unit
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
31
Task List the key life cycle inventory data to be collected
Hint Think about the types of impacts and data requirements
bull Consider all relevant inputs and outputs
bull Include emissions to air discharge to water and solid waste
bull Consider fugitive emissions and ancillary input materials
bull Include recycled materials
bull Define any assumptions or data gaps clearly
The next steps would be to begin data collection data quality review
and modelling
Step 6 Data Collection Preparation
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
Life Cycle Assessment Classification and Characterisation
32 All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
Midpoints indicators
33
Popular problem-oriented (midpoint) methods are
CML indicators developed in The Netherlands
TRACI developed by the US EPA
Other currently used LCIA methods include
bull damage-oriented (endpoint) methods like EPS and Eco-
Indicator99 (Dutch)
bull distance-to-target methods like the Critical Volumes approach of
BUWAL the Swiss EPA
Effect Increased warming of the troposphere due to anthropogenic greenhouse
gases eg from the burning of fossil fuels
Reference Substance Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Reference Unit kg CO2-Equivalent
Source IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climatic Change)
CO2 CH4
CFCs
UV - radiation
AbsorptionReflection
Infraredradiation
Trace gases in th
e a
tmosphere
34
Life Cycle Impact Assessment Global Warming Potential (GWP)
Effect Reduction in the ozone concentration of the Stratosphere due to emissions
such as Chloro-fluoro-carbons (CFCs)
Reference Substance Tri-chloro-fluoro-methane (R11)
Reference Unit kg R11-Equivalent
Source CML (Heijungs Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) 1992
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP)
CFCs Nitrogen oxide
Stratosphere
15 - 50 km Absorption Absorption
UV - radiation
35
Effect Increase in the pH-value of precipitation due to the wash-out of acidifiying gases
eg Sulphur dioxide (SO2) and Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Reference Substance Sulphur dioxide (SO2)
Reference Unit kg SO2-Equivalent
Source CML (Heijungs Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) 1992
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Acidification Potential (AP)
SO 2
NO X
H 2 SO 4 4 HNO 3
36
Effect Excessive nutient input into water and land from substances such as
phosphorus und nitrogen from agriculture combustion processes and effluents
Reference Substance Phosphate (PO4-)
Reference Unit kg PO4- Equivalent
Source CML (Heijungs Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) 1992
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Eutrophication Potential (EP)
Waste water
Air pollution
Fertilisation
PO 4 -3
NO 3 -
NH 4 +
NO X N 2 O
NH 3
37
Hydrocarbons Nitrogen Oxides
Dry and warm climate
Hydrocarbons
Nitrogen Oxides
Ozone
Effect Formation of low level ozone by sunlight instigating the photochemical reaction
of nitrogen oxides with hyrocarbons and volatile organic compounds (VOC)
Reference Substance Ethylene (C2H4)
Reference Unit kg C2H4 -Equivalent
Source Udo de Haes et al 1999
38
Life Cycle Impact Assessment Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential (POCP) - Summer smog
Effect Continuous toxicological impact on humans
(arbitrary estimation)
Reference Substance 14-Di-chloro-benzene (DCB C6H4Cl2)
Reference Unit kg DCB - Equivalent
Source CML (Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) RIVM (National
Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection)
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Human Toxicity Potential (HTP)
Heavy metals
Halogenorganic
compounds
PCB DCB
PAH
Air
Food
Products
39
Effect Continuous toxicological impact on water and soils
(arbitrary estimation)
Reference Substance 14-Di-chloro-benzene (DCB C6H4Cl2)
Reference Unit kg DCB - Equivalent
Source CML (Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) RIVM (National
Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection)
Life Cycle Impact Assessment Aquatic (AETP) and Terrestrial (TETP) = Ecotoxicity Potential (ETP)
(Terrestrial Ecosystem)
Biosphere
Heavy metals
Halogenorganic
compounds PCB
DCB
PAH
Biosphere
(Aquatic ecosystem)
40
Agenda
1 PE International Overview
1 Profile Products and Services
2 Introduction to Life Cycle Assessment
Methodology and Framework
3 Applications of LCA and Business Value
1 Success Stories and Case Studies
4 Operationalization of LCA using GaBi
Software
Building business value long term B
usin
ess V
alu
e
Overview
Orientation
Long-term company
success
Screening
Material Comparison
Maturity of LCA usage
Rapid Prototyping (Generic LCA)
Process amp Resource Efficiency
Eco-design amp sustainable product Innovation
Verifiable BOM BOP amp Compliance
Product Communication amp Verification Continuous operational
optimization
Sustainable Product Portfolio Management
Value Chain optimization
42
43 11112013
Drivers for applying Life Cycle Thinking in industry are
Which reasons
exist
Regulations amp directives Integrate Product Policy (IPP)
Directive on end-of-life vehicle
WEEE and RoHS
Green purchasing program
Customer requests Down stream clients
Value chain
engagement Material stewardship
ldquoWhat ifrdquo scenarios
Communication and
reputation building SocietyNGOs
Authorities
Green funds
Research and academia
Life Cycle Thinking and Product Sustainability Introduction and overview
Business Benefit
Source httpavnirorgdocumentationcongres_avnirdiaposplacvmoteurUnilever_Taylorpdf
Life Cycle Assessment Value Chain Analysis
45
Business Benefit
Business value
bull Understand and improve productsrsquo
environmental footprints
bull EPDs for all its carpet products
globally for verified communication
and reporting
bull Product optimization and innovation
bull Risk Management in the supply chain
Solution
bull Use of GaBi software in-house to track
and improve its productsrsquo life cycle
performance
bull Reduce Recycle Innovative yarn
raquoOur use of LCA with GaBi has evolved to a proactive
assessment of alternatives during the development process
making it a critical tool in helping us achieve our Mission
Zeroreg goalslaquo
Connie Hensler Director Corporate LCA Programs
Interface Inc Source Ramon Arratia
Interface A case of full product responsibility
Life Cycle Assessment Hotspot Identification
LCA of furniture Green Product development
46 Source Ashwini Deodeshmukh Godrej Interio PE Workshop April 2013
47
Solution
bull LCA of packaging
bull Scenario analysis to optimize
packaging design
Sustainability performance
50 less primary energy
60 less plastic
75 fewer CO2 emissions from
transportation
Business advantage
Cost reduction of packaging
across the entire life cycle
Brand enhancement
in container manufacture only compared
to the rigid gallon jug
Packaging Innovation
bdquoLCA gives us a competitive advantage because it gives
us more insight into how to reduce our productsrsquo
footprints find efficiencies and validate and explain those
benefits to customers and consumersrdquo
Chris McGrath vice president for sustainability at Kraft Foods1
Source September 2012 MIT Sloan Management Review
Image Kraft Foods
Material Comparison Daimler Case Study
48
Comparison of concepts for the C-class front-module
bull Material options steel aluminum-steel plastic-steel
bull In terms of primary energy demand the steel version the favorable one followed by
the aluminum-steel option
bull In terms of weight the aluminum-steel version is best
Source Environmental Certificate Mercedes-Benz C-Class 11112013
Life Cycle Assessment PUMA- Shoe Packaging
bull 1 million litres of water saved
bull During transport 500000 litres of diesel is saved
bull If replacement of traditional shopping bags then save up to 275 tons of plastic
Septem
ber
2007
49
bull ~8500 tons less paper will be
consumed
bull 20 million Megajoules of electricity
saved
bull 1 million litres less of fuel oil use
Comparative LCA Sustainable Packaging
11112013 51
Impact Category Credit Energy
Disposal and
Recycling
Downstream
Transport
Primary
Packaging
Secondary
Packaging
Upstream
Transport
Container Glass -11 7 4 100 -2 2
PET 0 19 2 82 -4 1
Beverage Carton -12 134 8 -16 -15 1
Al Can 0 2 1 93 3 0
Source httpwwwindialcacompdfsILCM-2012-Session-6-Vinay-Saranpdf
Environmental Impact of Building Present and Future Scenario
bull Several methods and techniques
being adopted to reduce
environmental impact during the
use phase of the building
bull However impact due to materials
and construction will become
significant when operational
impact has been reduced
bull Cost of resources will increase
further creating burden on the
construction phase
Materials Operation End-of-life
Materials Operation End-of-life
GW
P t C
O2 e
q
Year 2020
Year 2010
GW
P t C
O2 e
q
0
25
50
0
25
50
53
Business Benefit
Image Tata Steel
Business value
bull Marketing tool for product
differentiation and to support
customers with data on the
sustainability of steel
bull Decision making in product
development
bull Identification of hot spots in the steel
value chain to effectively reduce
impacts and resource consumption
Solution
bull Use LCA Software to build product
models covering environmental impacts
bull Interactive reports for EPD creation
raquoLife Cycle Assessment helps us to fully understand
the benefits across the life cycle and assists us in
communicating these to our stakeholderslaquo
Allan Griffin Knowledge Group Leader Sustainability Tata Steel
Development of EPD Tata Steel Example
28
Task Sketch a simple process flow diagram that illustrates the main life cycle processes that are relevant to your study
Hint The life cycle sketch could include
bull The main life cycle stages eg raw materials processing product use disposal transport steps
bull If you are undertaking a comparative study include both relevant systems
bull Note the functional output of your system
bull Each unit process should be described showing where the process begins and ends
bull Include any key co-products produced by the system
bull Is there any closed looped re-cycling or re-use within the system scope
The next step will illustrate the key inputs and outputs of the system
Step 3 Outline the Scope ndash sketch a flow diagram
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
29
Task Include the key Inputs and Outputs to your system flow diagram and define the System Boundary
Hint The system boundary includes the unit processes within the scope of the study
bull The system boundary should be consistent with the goal of the study
bull Think about the level of detail required for each unit process Are there cut-off criteria
bull If you decide to ignore or delete processes make a note of your reasons
bull Energy inputs and outputs should be included (all types of energy used)
bull You could make a distinction between foreground processes and background processes
The next step will define the Functional Unit of the system
Step 4 Define the System Boundary
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
30
Task Define the Functional Unit for the study
Hint The functional unit provides a reference to which all input and
output data are normalised It shall be clearly defined and
measureable
bull The functional unit should be consistent with the goal of the study
bull Different studies can be compared based on the functional unit
A textile example could be
One square meter of 200 gram square metre jersey fabric dyed black
The next step will define the data to be collected for the life cycle
inventory
Step 5 Define the Functional Unit
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
31
Task List the key life cycle inventory data to be collected
Hint Think about the types of impacts and data requirements
bull Consider all relevant inputs and outputs
bull Include emissions to air discharge to water and solid waste
bull Consider fugitive emissions and ancillary input materials
bull Include recycled materials
bull Define any assumptions or data gaps clearly
The next steps would be to begin data collection data quality review
and modelling
Step 6 Data Collection Preparation
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
Life Cycle Assessment Classification and Characterisation
32 All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
Midpoints indicators
33
Popular problem-oriented (midpoint) methods are
CML indicators developed in The Netherlands
TRACI developed by the US EPA
Other currently used LCIA methods include
bull damage-oriented (endpoint) methods like EPS and Eco-
Indicator99 (Dutch)
bull distance-to-target methods like the Critical Volumes approach of
BUWAL the Swiss EPA
Effect Increased warming of the troposphere due to anthropogenic greenhouse
gases eg from the burning of fossil fuels
Reference Substance Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Reference Unit kg CO2-Equivalent
Source IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climatic Change)
CO2 CH4
CFCs
UV - radiation
AbsorptionReflection
Infraredradiation
Trace gases in th
e a
tmosphere
34
Life Cycle Impact Assessment Global Warming Potential (GWP)
Effect Reduction in the ozone concentration of the Stratosphere due to emissions
such as Chloro-fluoro-carbons (CFCs)
Reference Substance Tri-chloro-fluoro-methane (R11)
Reference Unit kg R11-Equivalent
Source CML (Heijungs Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) 1992
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP)
CFCs Nitrogen oxide
Stratosphere
15 - 50 km Absorption Absorption
UV - radiation
35
Effect Increase in the pH-value of precipitation due to the wash-out of acidifiying gases
eg Sulphur dioxide (SO2) and Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Reference Substance Sulphur dioxide (SO2)
Reference Unit kg SO2-Equivalent
Source CML (Heijungs Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) 1992
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Acidification Potential (AP)
SO 2
NO X
H 2 SO 4 4 HNO 3
36
Effect Excessive nutient input into water and land from substances such as
phosphorus und nitrogen from agriculture combustion processes and effluents
Reference Substance Phosphate (PO4-)
Reference Unit kg PO4- Equivalent
Source CML (Heijungs Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) 1992
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Eutrophication Potential (EP)
Waste water
Air pollution
Fertilisation
PO 4 -3
NO 3 -
NH 4 +
NO X N 2 O
NH 3
37
Hydrocarbons Nitrogen Oxides
Dry and warm climate
Hydrocarbons
Nitrogen Oxides
Ozone
Effect Formation of low level ozone by sunlight instigating the photochemical reaction
of nitrogen oxides with hyrocarbons and volatile organic compounds (VOC)
Reference Substance Ethylene (C2H4)
Reference Unit kg C2H4 -Equivalent
Source Udo de Haes et al 1999
38
Life Cycle Impact Assessment Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential (POCP) - Summer smog
Effect Continuous toxicological impact on humans
(arbitrary estimation)
Reference Substance 14-Di-chloro-benzene (DCB C6H4Cl2)
Reference Unit kg DCB - Equivalent
Source CML (Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) RIVM (National
Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection)
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Human Toxicity Potential (HTP)
Heavy metals
Halogenorganic
compounds
PCB DCB
PAH
Air
Food
Products
39
Effect Continuous toxicological impact on water and soils
(arbitrary estimation)
Reference Substance 14-Di-chloro-benzene (DCB C6H4Cl2)
Reference Unit kg DCB - Equivalent
Source CML (Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) RIVM (National
Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection)
Life Cycle Impact Assessment Aquatic (AETP) and Terrestrial (TETP) = Ecotoxicity Potential (ETP)
(Terrestrial Ecosystem)
Biosphere
Heavy metals
Halogenorganic
compounds PCB
DCB
PAH
Biosphere
(Aquatic ecosystem)
40
Agenda
1 PE International Overview
1 Profile Products and Services
2 Introduction to Life Cycle Assessment
Methodology and Framework
3 Applications of LCA and Business Value
1 Success Stories and Case Studies
4 Operationalization of LCA using GaBi
Software
Building business value long term B
usin
ess V
alu
e
Overview
Orientation
Long-term company
success
Screening
Material Comparison
Maturity of LCA usage
Rapid Prototyping (Generic LCA)
Process amp Resource Efficiency
Eco-design amp sustainable product Innovation
Verifiable BOM BOP amp Compliance
Product Communication amp Verification Continuous operational
optimization
Sustainable Product Portfolio Management
Value Chain optimization
42
43 11112013
Drivers for applying Life Cycle Thinking in industry are
Which reasons
exist
Regulations amp directives Integrate Product Policy (IPP)
Directive on end-of-life vehicle
WEEE and RoHS
Green purchasing program
Customer requests Down stream clients
Value chain
engagement Material stewardship
ldquoWhat ifrdquo scenarios
Communication and
reputation building SocietyNGOs
Authorities
Green funds
Research and academia
Life Cycle Thinking and Product Sustainability Introduction and overview
Business Benefit
Source httpavnirorgdocumentationcongres_avnirdiaposplacvmoteurUnilever_Taylorpdf
Life Cycle Assessment Value Chain Analysis
45
Business Benefit
Business value
bull Understand and improve productsrsquo
environmental footprints
bull EPDs for all its carpet products
globally for verified communication
and reporting
bull Product optimization and innovation
bull Risk Management in the supply chain
Solution
bull Use of GaBi software in-house to track
and improve its productsrsquo life cycle
performance
bull Reduce Recycle Innovative yarn
raquoOur use of LCA with GaBi has evolved to a proactive
assessment of alternatives during the development process
making it a critical tool in helping us achieve our Mission
Zeroreg goalslaquo
Connie Hensler Director Corporate LCA Programs
Interface Inc Source Ramon Arratia
Interface A case of full product responsibility
Life Cycle Assessment Hotspot Identification
LCA of furniture Green Product development
46 Source Ashwini Deodeshmukh Godrej Interio PE Workshop April 2013
47
Solution
bull LCA of packaging
bull Scenario analysis to optimize
packaging design
Sustainability performance
50 less primary energy
60 less plastic
75 fewer CO2 emissions from
transportation
Business advantage
Cost reduction of packaging
across the entire life cycle
Brand enhancement
in container manufacture only compared
to the rigid gallon jug
Packaging Innovation
bdquoLCA gives us a competitive advantage because it gives
us more insight into how to reduce our productsrsquo
footprints find efficiencies and validate and explain those
benefits to customers and consumersrdquo
Chris McGrath vice president for sustainability at Kraft Foods1
Source September 2012 MIT Sloan Management Review
Image Kraft Foods
Material Comparison Daimler Case Study
48
Comparison of concepts for the C-class front-module
bull Material options steel aluminum-steel plastic-steel
bull In terms of primary energy demand the steel version the favorable one followed by
the aluminum-steel option
bull In terms of weight the aluminum-steel version is best
Source Environmental Certificate Mercedes-Benz C-Class 11112013
Life Cycle Assessment PUMA- Shoe Packaging
bull 1 million litres of water saved
bull During transport 500000 litres of diesel is saved
bull If replacement of traditional shopping bags then save up to 275 tons of plastic
Septem
ber
2007
49
bull ~8500 tons less paper will be
consumed
bull 20 million Megajoules of electricity
saved
bull 1 million litres less of fuel oil use
Comparative LCA Sustainable Packaging
11112013 51
Impact Category Credit Energy
Disposal and
Recycling
Downstream
Transport
Primary
Packaging
Secondary
Packaging
Upstream
Transport
Container Glass -11 7 4 100 -2 2
PET 0 19 2 82 -4 1
Beverage Carton -12 134 8 -16 -15 1
Al Can 0 2 1 93 3 0
Source httpwwwindialcacompdfsILCM-2012-Session-6-Vinay-Saranpdf
Environmental Impact of Building Present and Future Scenario
bull Several methods and techniques
being adopted to reduce
environmental impact during the
use phase of the building
bull However impact due to materials
and construction will become
significant when operational
impact has been reduced
bull Cost of resources will increase
further creating burden on the
construction phase
Materials Operation End-of-life
Materials Operation End-of-life
GW
P t C
O2 e
q
Year 2020
Year 2010
GW
P t C
O2 e
q
0
25
50
0
25
50
53
Business Benefit
Image Tata Steel
Business value
bull Marketing tool for product
differentiation and to support
customers with data on the
sustainability of steel
bull Decision making in product
development
bull Identification of hot spots in the steel
value chain to effectively reduce
impacts and resource consumption
Solution
bull Use LCA Software to build product
models covering environmental impacts
bull Interactive reports for EPD creation
raquoLife Cycle Assessment helps us to fully understand
the benefits across the life cycle and assists us in
communicating these to our stakeholderslaquo
Allan Griffin Knowledge Group Leader Sustainability Tata Steel
Development of EPD Tata Steel Example
29
Task Include the key Inputs and Outputs to your system flow diagram and define the System Boundary
Hint The system boundary includes the unit processes within the scope of the study
bull The system boundary should be consistent with the goal of the study
bull Think about the level of detail required for each unit process Are there cut-off criteria
bull If you decide to ignore or delete processes make a note of your reasons
bull Energy inputs and outputs should be included (all types of energy used)
bull You could make a distinction between foreground processes and background processes
The next step will define the Functional Unit of the system
Step 4 Define the System Boundary
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
30
Task Define the Functional Unit for the study
Hint The functional unit provides a reference to which all input and
output data are normalised It shall be clearly defined and
measureable
bull The functional unit should be consistent with the goal of the study
bull Different studies can be compared based on the functional unit
A textile example could be
One square meter of 200 gram square metre jersey fabric dyed black
The next step will define the data to be collected for the life cycle
inventory
Step 5 Define the Functional Unit
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
31
Task List the key life cycle inventory data to be collected
Hint Think about the types of impacts and data requirements
bull Consider all relevant inputs and outputs
bull Include emissions to air discharge to water and solid waste
bull Consider fugitive emissions and ancillary input materials
bull Include recycled materials
bull Define any assumptions or data gaps clearly
The next steps would be to begin data collection data quality review
and modelling
Step 6 Data Collection Preparation
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
Life Cycle Assessment Classification and Characterisation
32 All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
Midpoints indicators
33
Popular problem-oriented (midpoint) methods are
CML indicators developed in The Netherlands
TRACI developed by the US EPA
Other currently used LCIA methods include
bull damage-oriented (endpoint) methods like EPS and Eco-
Indicator99 (Dutch)
bull distance-to-target methods like the Critical Volumes approach of
BUWAL the Swiss EPA
Effect Increased warming of the troposphere due to anthropogenic greenhouse
gases eg from the burning of fossil fuels
Reference Substance Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Reference Unit kg CO2-Equivalent
Source IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climatic Change)
CO2 CH4
CFCs
UV - radiation
AbsorptionReflection
Infraredradiation
Trace gases in th
e a
tmosphere
34
Life Cycle Impact Assessment Global Warming Potential (GWP)
Effect Reduction in the ozone concentration of the Stratosphere due to emissions
such as Chloro-fluoro-carbons (CFCs)
Reference Substance Tri-chloro-fluoro-methane (R11)
Reference Unit kg R11-Equivalent
Source CML (Heijungs Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) 1992
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP)
CFCs Nitrogen oxide
Stratosphere
15 - 50 km Absorption Absorption
UV - radiation
35
Effect Increase in the pH-value of precipitation due to the wash-out of acidifiying gases
eg Sulphur dioxide (SO2) and Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Reference Substance Sulphur dioxide (SO2)
Reference Unit kg SO2-Equivalent
Source CML (Heijungs Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) 1992
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Acidification Potential (AP)
SO 2
NO X
H 2 SO 4 4 HNO 3
36
Effect Excessive nutient input into water and land from substances such as
phosphorus und nitrogen from agriculture combustion processes and effluents
Reference Substance Phosphate (PO4-)
Reference Unit kg PO4- Equivalent
Source CML (Heijungs Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) 1992
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Eutrophication Potential (EP)
Waste water
Air pollution
Fertilisation
PO 4 -3
NO 3 -
NH 4 +
NO X N 2 O
NH 3
37
Hydrocarbons Nitrogen Oxides
Dry and warm climate
Hydrocarbons
Nitrogen Oxides
Ozone
Effect Formation of low level ozone by sunlight instigating the photochemical reaction
of nitrogen oxides with hyrocarbons and volatile organic compounds (VOC)
Reference Substance Ethylene (C2H4)
Reference Unit kg C2H4 -Equivalent
Source Udo de Haes et al 1999
38
Life Cycle Impact Assessment Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential (POCP) - Summer smog
Effect Continuous toxicological impact on humans
(arbitrary estimation)
Reference Substance 14-Di-chloro-benzene (DCB C6H4Cl2)
Reference Unit kg DCB - Equivalent
Source CML (Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) RIVM (National
Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection)
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Human Toxicity Potential (HTP)
Heavy metals
Halogenorganic
compounds
PCB DCB
PAH
Air
Food
Products
39
Effect Continuous toxicological impact on water and soils
(arbitrary estimation)
Reference Substance 14-Di-chloro-benzene (DCB C6H4Cl2)
Reference Unit kg DCB - Equivalent
Source CML (Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) RIVM (National
Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection)
Life Cycle Impact Assessment Aquatic (AETP) and Terrestrial (TETP) = Ecotoxicity Potential (ETP)
(Terrestrial Ecosystem)
Biosphere
Heavy metals
Halogenorganic
compounds PCB
DCB
PAH
Biosphere
(Aquatic ecosystem)
40
Agenda
1 PE International Overview
1 Profile Products and Services
2 Introduction to Life Cycle Assessment
Methodology and Framework
3 Applications of LCA and Business Value
1 Success Stories and Case Studies
4 Operationalization of LCA using GaBi
Software
Building business value long term B
usin
ess V
alu
e
Overview
Orientation
Long-term company
success
Screening
Material Comparison
Maturity of LCA usage
Rapid Prototyping (Generic LCA)
Process amp Resource Efficiency
Eco-design amp sustainable product Innovation
Verifiable BOM BOP amp Compliance
Product Communication amp Verification Continuous operational
optimization
Sustainable Product Portfolio Management
Value Chain optimization
42
43 11112013
Drivers for applying Life Cycle Thinking in industry are
Which reasons
exist
Regulations amp directives Integrate Product Policy (IPP)
Directive on end-of-life vehicle
WEEE and RoHS
Green purchasing program
Customer requests Down stream clients
Value chain
engagement Material stewardship
ldquoWhat ifrdquo scenarios
Communication and
reputation building SocietyNGOs
Authorities
Green funds
Research and academia
Life Cycle Thinking and Product Sustainability Introduction and overview
Business Benefit
Source httpavnirorgdocumentationcongres_avnirdiaposplacvmoteurUnilever_Taylorpdf
Life Cycle Assessment Value Chain Analysis
45
Business Benefit
Business value
bull Understand and improve productsrsquo
environmental footprints
bull EPDs for all its carpet products
globally for verified communication
and reporting
bull Product optimization and innovation
bull Risk Management in the supply chain
Solution
bull Use of GaBi software in-house to track
and improve its productsrsquo life cycle
performance
bull Reduce Recycle Innovative yarn
raquoOur use of LCA with GaBi has evolved to a proactive
assessment of alternatives during the development process
making it a critical tool in helping us achieve our Mission
Zeroreg goalslaquo
Connie Hensler Director Corporate LCA Programs
Interface Inc Source Ramon Arratia
Interface A case of full product responsibility
Life Cycle Assessment Hotspot Identification
LCA of furniture Green Product development
46 Source Ashwini Deodeshmukh Godrej Interio PE Workshop April 2013
47
Solution
bull LCA of packaging
bull Scenario analysis to optimize
packaging design
Sustainability performance
50 less primary energy
60 less plastic
75 fewer CO2 emissions from
transportation
Business advantage
Cost reduction of packaging
across the entire life cycle
Brand enhancement
in container manufacture only compared
to the rigid gallon jug
Packaging Innovation
bdquoLCA gives us a competitive advantage because it gives
us more insight into how to reduce our productsrsquo
footprints find efficiencies and validate and explain those
benefits to customers and consumersrdquo
Chris McGrath vice president for sustainability at Kraft Foods1
Source September 2012 MIT Sloan Management Review
Image Kraft Foods
Material Comparison Daimler Case Study
48
Comparison of concepts for the C-class front-module
bull Material options steel aluminum-steel plastic-steel
bull In terms of primary energy demand the steel version the favorable one followed by
the aluminum-steel option
bull In terms of weight the aluminum-steel version is best
Source Environmental Certificate Mercedes-Benz C-Class 11112013
Life Cycle Assessment PUMA- Shoe Packaging
bull 1 million litres of water saved
bull During transport 500000 litres of diesel is saved
bull If replacement of traditional shopping bags then save up to 275 tons of plastic
Septem
ber
2007
49
bull ~8500 tons less paper will be
consumed
bull 20 million Megajoules of electricity
saved
bull 1 million litres less of fuel oil use
Comparative LCA Sustainable Packaging
11112013 51
Impact Category Credit Energy
Disposal and
Recycling
Downstream
Transport
Primary
Packaging
Secondary
Packaging
Upstream
Transport
Container Glass -11 7 4 100 -2 2
PET 0 19 2 82 -4 1
Beverage Carton -12 134 8 -16 -15 1
Al Can 0 2 1 93 3 0
Source httpwwwindialcacompdfsILCM-2012-Session-6-Vinay-Saranpdf
Environmental Impact of Building Present and Future Scenario
bull Several methods and techniques
being adopted to reduce
environmental impact during the
use phase of the building
bull However impact due to materials
and construction will become
significant when operational
impact has been reduced
bull Cost of resources will increase
further creating burden on the
construction phase
Materials Operation End-of-life
Materials Operation End-of-life
GW
P t C
O2 e
q
Year 2020
Year 2010
GW
P t C
O2 e
q
0
25
50
0
25
50
53
Business Benefit
Image Tata Steel
Business value
bull Marketing tool for product
differentiation and to support
customers with data on the
sustainability of steel
bull Decision making in product
development
bull Identification of hot spots in the steel
value chain to effectively reduce
impacts and resource consumption
Solution
bull Use LCA Software to build product
models covering environmental impacts
bull Interactive reports for EPD creation
raquoLife Cycle Assessment helps us to fully understand
the benefits across the life cycle and assists us in
communicating these to our stakeholderslaquo
Allan Griffin Knowledge Group Leader Sustainability Tata Steel
Development of EPD Tata Steel Example
30
Task Define the Functional Unit for the study
Hint The functional unit provides a reference to which all input and
output data are normalised It shall be clearly defined and
measureable
bull The functional unit should be consistent with the goal of the study
bull Different studies can be compared based on the functional unit
A textile example could be
One square meter of 200 gram square metre jersey fabric dyed black
The next step will define the data to be collected for the life cycle
inventory
Step 5 Define the Functional Unit
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
31
Task List the key life cycle inventory data to be collected
Hint Think about the types of impacts and data requirements
bull Consider all relevant inputs and outputs
bull Include emissions to air discharge to water and solid waste
bull Consider fugitive emissions and ancillary input materials
bull Include recycled materials
bull Define any assumptions or data gaps clearly
The next steps would be to begin data collection data quality review
and modelling
Step 6 Data Collection Preparation
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
Life Cycle Assessment Classification and Characterisation
32 All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
Midpoints indicators
33
Popular problem-oriented (midpoint) methods are
CML indicators developed in The Netherlands
TRACI developed by the US EPA
Other currently used LCIA methods include
bull damage-oriented (endpoint) methods like EPS and Eco-
Indicator99 (Dutch)
bull distance-to-target methods like the Critical Volumes approach of
BUWAL the Swiss EPA
Effect Increased warming of the troposphere due to anthropogenic greenhouse
gases eg from the burning of fossil fuels
Reference Substance Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Reference Unit kg CO2-Equivalent
Source IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climatic Change)
CO2 CH4
CFCs
UV - radiation
AbsorptionReflection
Infraredradiation
Trace gases in th
e a
tmosphere
34
Life Cycle Impact Assessment Global Warming Potential (GWP)
Effect Reduction in the ozone concentration of the Stratosphere due to emissions
such as Chloro-fluoro-carbons (CFCs)
Reference Substance Tri-chloro-fluoro-methane (R11)
Reference Unit kg R11-Equivalent
Source CML (Heijungs Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) 1992
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP)
CFCs Nitrogen oxide
Stratosphere
15 - 50 km Absorption Absorption
UV - radiation
35
Effect Increase in the pH-value of precipitation due to the wash-out of acidifiying gases
eg Sulphur dioxide (SO2) and Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Reference Substance Sulphur dioxide (SO2)
Reference Unit kg SO2-Equivalent
Source CML (Heijungs Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) 1992
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Acidification Potential (AP)
SO 2
NO X
H 2 SO 4 4 HNO 3
36
Effect Excessive nutient input into water and land from substances such as
phosphorus und nitrogen from agriculture combustion processes and effluents
Reference Substance Phosphate (PO4-)
Reference Unit kg PO4- Equivalent
Source CML (Heijungs Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) 1992
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Eutrophication Potential (EP)
Waste water
Air pollution
Fertilisation
PO 4 -3
NO 3 -
NH 4 +
NO X N 2 O
NH 3
37
Hydrocarbons Nitrogen Oxides
Dry and warm climate
Hydrocarbons
Nitrogen Oxides
Ozone
Effect Formation of low level ozone by sunlight instigating the photochemical reaction
of nitrogen oxides with hyrocarbons and volatile organic compounds (VOC)
Reference Substance Ethylene (C2H4)
Reference Unit kg C2H4 -Equivalent
Source Udo de Haes et al 1999
38
Life Cycle Impact Assessment Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential (POCP) - Summer smog
Effect Continuous toxicological impact on humans
(arbitrary estimation)
Reference Substance 14-Di-chloro-benzene (DCB C6H4Cl2)
Reference Unit kg DCB - Equivalent
Source CML (Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) RIVM (National
Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection)
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Human Toxicity Potential (HTP)
Heavy metals
Halogenorganic
compounds
PCB DCB
PAH
Air
Food
Products
39
Effect Continuous toxicological impact on water and soils
(arbitrary estimation)
Reference Substance 14-Di-chloro-benzene (DCB C6H4Cl2)
Reference Unit kg DCB - Equivalent
Source CML (Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) RIVM (National
Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection)
Life Cycle Impact Assessment Aquatic (AETP) and Terrestrial (TETP) = Ecotoxicity Potential (ETP)
(Terrestrial Ecosystem)
Biosphere
Heavy metals
Halogenorganic
compounds PCB
DCB
PAH
Biosphere
(Aquatic ecosystem)
40
Agenda
1 PE International Overview
1 Profile Products and Services
2 Introduction to Life Cycle Assessment
Methodology and Framework
3 Applications of LCA and Business Value
1 Success Stories and Case Studies
4 Operationalization of LCA using GaBi
Software
Building business value long term B
usin
ess V
alu
e
Overview
Orientation
Long-term company
success
Screening
Material Comparison
Maturity of LCA usage
Rapid Prototyping (Generic LCA)
Process amp Resource Efficiency
Eco-design amp sustainable product Innovation
Verifiable BOM BOP amp Compliance
Product Communication amp Verification Continuous operational
optimization
Sustainable Product Portfolio Management
Value Chain optimization
42
43 11112013
Drivers for applying Life Cycle Thinking in industry are
Which reasons
exist
Regulations amp directives Integrate Product Policy (IPP)
Directive on end-of-life vehicle
WEEE and RoHS
Green purchasing program
Customer requests Down stream clients
Value chain
engagement Material stewardship
ldquoWhat ifrdquo scenarios
Communication and
reputation building SocietyNGOs
Authorities
Green funds
Research and academia
Life Cycle Thinking and Product Sustainability Introduction and overview
Business Benefit
Source httpavnirorgdocumentationcongres_avnirdiaposplacvmoteurUnilever_Taylorpdf
Life Cycle Assessment Value Chain Analysis
45
Business Benefit
Business value
bull Understand and improve productsrsquo
environmental footprints
bull EPDs for all its carpet products
globally for verified communication
and reporting
bull Product optimization and innovation
bull Risk Management in the supply chain
Solution
bull Use of GaBi software in-house to track
and improve its productsrsquo life cycle
performance
bull Reduce Recycle Innovative yarn
raquoOur use of LCA with GaBi has evolved to a proactive
assessment of alternatives during the development process
making it a critical tool in helping us achieve our Mission
Zeroreg goalslaquo
Connie Hensler Director Corporate LCA Programs
Interface Inc Source Ramon Arratia
Interface A case of full product responsibility
Life Cycle Assessment Hotspot Identification
LCA of furniture Green Product development
46 Source Ashwini Deodeshmukh Godrej Interio PE Workshop April 2013
47
Solution
bull LCA of packaging
bull Scenario analysis to optimize
packaging design
Sustainability performance
50 less primary energy
60 less plastic
75 fewer CO2 emissions from
transportation
Business advantage
Cost reduction of packaging
across the entire life cycle
Brand enhancement
in container manufacture only compared
to the rigid gallon jug
Packaging Innovation
bdquoLCA gives us a competitive advantage because it gives
us more insight into how to reduce our productsrsquo
footprints find efficiencies and validate and explain those
benefits to customers and consumersrdquo
Chris McGrath vice president for sustainability at Kraft Foods1
Source September 2012 MIT Sloan Management Review
Image Kraft Foods
Material Comparison Daimler Case Study
48
Comparison of concepts for the C-class front-module
bull Material options steel aluminum-steel plastic-steel
bull In terms of primary energy demand the steel version the favorable one followed by
the aluminum-steel option
bull In terms of weight the aluminum-steel version is best
Source Environmental Certificate Mercedes-Benz C-Class 11112013
Life Cycle Assessment PUMA- Shoe Packaging
bull 1 million litres of water saved
bull During transport 500000 litres of diesel is saved
bull If replacement of traditional shopping bags then save up to 275 tons of plastic
Septem
ber
2007
49
bull ~8500 tons less paper will be
consumed
bull 20 million Megajoules of electricity
saved
bull 1 million litres less of fuel oil use
Comparative LCA Sustainable Packaging
11112013 51
Impact Category Credit Energy
Disposal and
Recycling
Downstream
Transport
Primary
Packaging
Secondary
Packaging
Upstream
Transport
Container Glass -11 7 4 100 -2 2
PET 0 19 2 82 -4 1
Beverage Carton -12 134 8 -16 -15 1
Al Can 0 2 1 93 3 0
Source httpwwwindialcacompdfsILCM-2012-Session-6-Vinay-Saranpdf
Environmental Impact of Building Present and Future Scenario
bull Several methods and techniques
being adopted to reduce
environmental impact during the
use phase of the building
bull However impact due to materials
and construction will become
significant when operational
impact has been reduced
bull Cost of resources will increase
further creating burden on the
construction phase
Materials Operation End-of-life
Materials Operation End-of-life
GW
P t C
O2 e
q
Year 2020
Year 2010
GW
P t C
O2 e
q
0
25
50
0
25
50
53
Business Benefit
Image Tata Steel
Business value
bull Marketing tool for product
differentiation and to support
customers with data on the
sustainability of steel
bull Decision making in product
development
bull Identification of hot spots in the steel
value chain to effectively reduce
impacts and resource consumption
Solution
bull Use LCA Software to build product
models covering environmental impacts
bull Interactive reports for EPD creation
raquoLife Cycle Assessment helps us to fully understand
the benefits across the life cycle and assists us in
communicating these to our stakeholderslaquo
Allan Griffin Knowledge Group Leader Sustainability Tata Steel
Development of EPD Tata Steel Example
31
Task List the key life cycle inventory data to be collected
Hint Think about the types of impacts and data requirements
bull Consider all relevant inputs and outputs
bull Include emissions to air discharge to water and solid waste
bull Consider fugitive emissions and ancillary input materials
bull Include recycled materials
bull Define any assumptions or data gaps clearly
The next steps would be to begin data collection data quality review
and modelling
Step 6 Data Collection Preparation
All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
Life Cycle Assessment Classification and Characterisation
32 All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
Midpoints indicators
33
Popular problem-oriented (midpoint) methods are
CML indicators developed in The Netherlands
TRACI developed by the US EPA
Other currently used LCIA methods include
bull damage-oriented (endpoint) methods like EPS and Eco-
Indicator99 (Dutch)
bull distance-to-target methods like the Critical Volumes approach of
BUWAL the Swiss EPA
Effect Increased warming of the troposphere due to anthropogenic greenhouse
gases eg from the burning of fossil fuels
Reference Substance Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Reference Unit kg CO2-Equivalent
Source IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climatic Change)
CO2 CH4
CFCs
UV - radiation
AbsorptionReflection
Infraredradiation
Trace gases in th
e a
tmosphere
34
Life Cycle Impact Assessment Global Warming Potential (GWP)
Effect Reduction in the ozone concentration of the Stratosphere due to emissions
such as Chloro-fluoro-carbons (CFCs)
Reference Substance Tri-chloro-fluoro-methane (R11)
Reference Unit kg R11-Equivalent
Source CML (Heijungs Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) 1992
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP)
CFCs Nitrogen oxide
Stratosphere
15 - 50 km Absorption Absorption
UV - radiation
35
Effect Increase in the pH-value of precipitation due to the wash-out of acidifiying gases
eg Sulphur dioxide (SO2) and Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Reference Substance Sulphur dioxide (SO2)
Reference Unit kg SO2-Equivalent
Source CML (Heijungs Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) 1992
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Acidification Potential (AP)
SO 2
NO X
H 2 SO 4 4 HNO 3
36
Effect Excessive nutient input into water and land from substances such as
phosphorus und nitrogen from agriculture combustion processes and effluents
Reference Substance Phosphate (PO4-)
Reference Unit kg PO4- Equivalent
Source CML (Heijungs Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) 1992
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Eutrophication Potential (EP)
Waste water
Air pollution
Fertilisation
PO 4 -3
NO 3 -
NH 4 +
NO X N 2 O
NH 3
37
Hydrocarbons Nitrogen Oxides
Dry and warm climate
Hydrocarbons
Nitrogen Oxides
Ozone
Effect Formation of low level ozone by sunlight instigating the photochemical reaction
of nitrogen oxides with hyrocarbons and volatile organic compounds (VOC)
Reference Substance Ethylene (C2H4)
Reference Unit kg C2H4 -Equivalent
Source Udo de Haes et al 1999
38
Life Cycle Impact Assessment Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential (POCP) - Summer smog
Effect Continuous toxicological impact on humans
(arbitrary estimation)
Reference Substance 14-Di-chloro-benzene (DCB C6H4Cl2)
Reference Unit kg DCB - Equivalent
Source CML (Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) RIVM (National
Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection)
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Human Toxicity Potential (HTP)
Heavy metals
Halogenorganic
compounds
PCB DCB
PAH
Air
Food
Products
39
Effect Continuous toxicological impact on water and soils
(arbitrary estimation)
Reference Substance 14-Di-chloro-benzene (DCB C6H4Cl2)
Reference Unit kg DCB - Equivalent
Source CML (Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) RIVM (National
Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection)
Life Cycle Impact Assessment Aquatic (AETP) and Terrestrial (TETP) = Ecotoxicity Potential (ETP)
(Terrestrial Ecosystem)
Biosphere
Heavy metals
Halogenorganic
compounds PCB
DCB
PAH
Biosphere
(Aquatic ecosystem)
40
Agenda
1 PE International Overview
1 Profile Products and Services
2 Introduction to Life Cycle Assessment
Methodology and Framework
3 Applications of LCA and Business Value
1 Success Stories and Case Studies
4 Operationalization of LCA using GaBi
Software
Building business value long term B
usin
ess V
alu
e
Overview
Orientation
Long-term company
success
Screening
Material Comparison
Maturity of LCA usage
Rapid Prototyping (Generic LCA)
Process amp Resource Efficiency
Eco-design amp sustainable product Innovation
Verifiable BOM BOP amp Compliance
Product Communication amp Verification Continuous operational
optimization
Sustainable Product Portfolio Management
Value Chain optimization
42
43 11112013
Drivers for applying Life Cycle Thinking in industry are
Which reasons
exist
Regulations amp directives Integrate Product Policy (IPP)
Directive on end-of-life vehicle
WEEE and RoHS
Green purchasing program
Customer requests Down stream clients
Value chain
engagement Material stewardship
ldquoWhat ifrdquo scenarios
Communication and
reputation building SocietyNGOs
Authorities
Green funds
Research and academia
Life Cycle Thinking and Product Sustainability Introduction and overview
Business Benefit
Source httpavnirorgdocumentationcongres_avnirdiaposplacvmoteurUnilever_Taylorpdf
Life Cycle Assessment Value Chain Analysis
45
Business Benefit
Business value
bull Understand and improve productsrsquo
environmental footprints
bull EPDs for all its carpet products
globally for verified communication
and reporting
bull Product optimization and innovation
bull Risk Management in the supply chain
Solution
bull Use of GaBi software in-house to track
and improve its productsrsquo life cycle
performance
bull Reduce Recycle Innovative yarn
raquoOur use of LCA with GaBi has evolved to a proactive
assessment of alternatives during the development process
making it a critical tool in helping us achieve our Mission
Zeroreg goalslaquo
Connie Hensler Director Corporate LCA Programs
Interface Inc Source Ramon Arratia
Interface A case of full product responsibility
Life Cycle Assessment Hotspot Identification
LCA of furniture Green Product development
46 Source Ashwini Deodeshmukh Godrej Interio PE Workshop April 2013
47
Solution
bull LCA of packaging
bull Scenario analysis to optimize
packaging design
Sustainability performance
50 less primary energy
60 less plastic
75 fewer CO2 emissions from
transportation
Business advantage
Cost reduction of packaging
across the entire life cycle
Brand enhancement
in container manufacture only compared
to the rigid gallon jug
Packaging Innovation
bdquoLCA gives us a competitive advantage because it gives
us more insight into how to reduce our productsrsquo
footprints find efficiencies and validate and explain those
benefits to customers and consumersrdquo
Chris McGrath vice president for sustainability at Kraft Foods1
Source September 2012 MIT Sloan Management Review
Image Kraft Foods
Material Comparison Daimler Case Study
48
Comparison of concepts for the C-class front-module
bull Material options steel aluminum-steel plastic-steel
bull In terms of primary energy demand the steel version the favorable one followed by
the aluminum-steel option
bull In terms of weight the aluminum-steel version is best
Source Environmental Certificate Mercedes-Benz C-Class 11112013
Life Cycle Assessment PUMA- Shoe Packaging
bull 1 million litres of water saved
bull During transport 500000 litres of diesel is saved
bull If replacement of traditional shopping bags then save up to 275 tons of plastic
Septem
ber
2007
49
bull ~8500 tons less paper will be
consumed
bull 20 million Megajoules of electricity
saved
bull 1 million litres less of fuel oil use
Comparative LCA Sustainable Packaging
11112013 51
Impact Category Credit Energy
Disposal and
Recycling
Downstream
Transport
Primary
Packaging
Secondary
Packaging
Upstream
Transport
Container Glass -11 7 4 100 -2 2
PET 0 19 2 82 -4 1
Beverage Carton -12 134 8 -16 -15 1
Al Can 0 2 1 93 3 0
Source httpwwwindialcacompdfsILCM-2012-Session-6-Vinay-Saranpdf
Environmental Impact of Building Present and Future Scenario
bull Several methods and techniques
being adopted to reduce
environmental impact during the
use phase of the building
bull However impact due to materials
and construction will become
significant when operational
impact has been reduced
bull Cost of resources will increase
further creating burden on the
construction phase
Materials Operation End-of-life
Materials Operation End-of-life
GW
P t C
O2 e
q
Year 2020
Year 2010
GW
P t C
O2 e
q
0
25
50
0
25
50
53
Business Benefit
Image Tata Steel
Business value
bull Marketing tool for product
differentiation and to support
customers with data on the
sustainability of steel
bull Decision making in product
development
bull Identification of hot spots in the steel
value chain to effectively reduce
impacts and resource consumption
Solution
bull Use LCA Software to build product
models covering environmental impacts
bull Interactive reports for EPD creation
raquoLife Cycle Assessment helps us to fully understand
the benefits across the life cycle and assists us in
communicating these to our stakeholderslaquo
Allan Griffin Knowledge Group Leader Sustainability Tata Steel
Development of EPD Tata Steel Example
Life Cycle Assessment Classification and Characterisation
32 All slides copyright PE INTERNATIONAL
Midpoints indicators
33
Popular problem-oriented (midpoint) methods are
CML indicators developed in The Netherlands
TRACI developed by the US EPA
Other currently used LCIA methods include
bull damage-oriented (endpoint) methods like EPS and Eco-
Indicator99 (Dutch)
bull distance-to-target methods like the Critical Volumes approach of
BUWAL the Swiss EPA
Effect Increased warming of the troposphere due to anthropogenic greenhouse
gases eg from the burning of fossil fuels
Reference Substance Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Reference Unit kg CO2-Equivalent
Source IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climatic Change)
CO2 CH4
CFCs
UV - radiation
AbsorptionReflection
Infraredradiation
Trace gases in th
e a
tmosphere
34
Life Cycle Impact Assessment Global Warming Potential (GWP)
Effect Reduction in the ozone concentration of the Stratosphere due to emissions
such as Chloro-fluoro-carbons (CFCs)
Reference Substance Tri-chloro-fluoro-methane (R11)
Reference Unit kg R11-Equivalent
Source CML (Heijungs Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) 1992
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP)
CFCs Nitrogen oxide
Stratosphere
15 - 50 km Absorption Absorption
UV - radiation
35
Effect Increase in the pH-value of precipitation due to the wash-out of acidifiying gases
eg Sulphur dioxide (SO2) and Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Reference Substance Sulphur dioxide (SO2)
Reference Unit kg SO2-Equivalent
Source CML (Heijungs Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) 1992
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Acidification Potential (AP)
SO 2
NO X
H 2 SO 4 4 HNO 3
36
Effect Excessive nutient input into water and land from substances such as
phosphorus und nitrogen from agriculture combustion processes and effluents
Reference Substance Phosphate (PO4-)
Reference Unit kg PO4- Equivalent
Source CML (Heijungs Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) 1992
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Eutrophication Potential (EP)
Waste water
Air pollution
Fertilisation
PO 4 -3
NO 3 -
NH 4 +
NO X N 2 O
NH 3
37
Hydrocarbons Nitrogen Oxides
Dry and warm climate
Hydrocarbons
Nitrogen Oxides
Ozone
Effect Formation of low level ozone by sunlight instigating the photochemical reaction
of nitrogen oxides with hyrocarbons and volatile organic compounds (VOC)
Reference Substance Ethylene (C2H4)
Reference Unit kg C2H4 -Equivalent
Source Udo de Haes et al 1999
38
Life Cycle Impact Assessment Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential (POCP) - Summer smog
Effect Continuous toxicological impact on humans
(arbitrary estimation)
Reference Substance 14-Di-chloro-benzene (DCB C6H4Cl2)
Reference Unit kg DCB - Equivalent
Source CML (Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) RIVM (National
Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection)
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Human Toxicity Potential (HTP)
Heavy metals
Halogenorganic
compounds
PCB DCB
PAH
Air
Food
Products
39
Effect Continuous toxicological impact on water and soils
(arbitrary estimation)
Reference Substance 14-Di-chloro-benzene (DCB C6H4Cl2)
Reference Unit kg DCB - Equivalent
Source CML (Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) RIVM (National
Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection)
Life Cycle Impact Assessment Aquatic (AETP) and Terrestrial (TETP) = Ecotoxicity Potential (ETP)
(Terrestrial Ecosystem)
Biosphere
Heavy metals
Halogenorganic
compounds PCB
DCB
PAH
Biosphere
(Aquatic ecosystem)
40
Agenda
1 PE International Overview
1 Profile Products and Services
2 Introduction to Life Cycle Assessment
Methodology and Framework
3 Applications of LCA and Business Value
1 Success Stories and Case Studies
4 Operationalization of LCA using GaBi
Software
Building business value long term B
usin
ess V
alu
e
Overview
Orientation
Long-term company
success
Screening
Material Comparison
Maturity of LCA usage
Rapid Prototyping (Generic LCA)
Process amp Resource Efficiency
Eco-design amp sustainable product Innovation
Verifiable BOM BOP amp Compliance
Product Communication amp Verification Continuous operational
optimization
Sustainable Product Portfolio Management
Value Chain optimization
42
43 11112013
Drivers for applying Life Cycle Thinking in industry are
Which reasons
exist
Regulations amp directives Integrate Product Policy (IPP)
Directive on end-of-life vehicle
WEEE and RoHS
Green purchasing program
Customer requests Down stream clients
Value chain
engagement Material stewardship
ldquoWhat ifrdquo scenarios
Communication and
reputation building SocietyNGOs
Authorities
Green funds
Research and academia
Life Cycle Thinking and Product Sustainability Introduction and overview
Business Benefit
Source httpavnirorgdocumentationcongres_avnirdiaposplacvmoteurUnilever_Taylorpdf
Life Cycle Assessment Value Chain Analysis
45
Business Benefit
Business value
bull Understand and improve productsrsquo
environmental footprints
bull EPDs for all its carpet products
globally for verified communication
and reporting
bull Product optimization and innovation
bull Risk Management in the supply chain
Solution
bull Use of GaBi software in-house to track
and improve its productsrsquo life cycle
performance
bull Reduce Recycle Innovative yarn
raquoOur use of LCA with GaBi has evolved to a proactive
assessment of alternatives during the development process
making it a critical tool in helping us achieve our Mission
Zeroreg goalslaquo
Connie Hensler Director Corporate LCA Programs
Interface Inc Source Ramon Arratia
Interface A case of full product responsibility
Life Cycle Assessment Hotspot Identification
LCA of furniture Green Product development
46 Source Ashwini Deodeshmukh Godrej Interio PE Workshop April 2013
47
Solution
bull LCA of packaging
bull Scenario analysis to optimize
packaging design
Sustainability performance
50 less primary energy
60 less plastic
75 fewer CO2 emissions from
transportation
Business advantage
Cost reduction of packaging
across the entire life cycle
Brand enhancement
in container manufacture only compared
to the rigid gallon jug
Packaging Innovation
bdquoLCA gives us a competitive advantage because it gives
us more insight into how to reduce our productsrsquo
footprints find efficiencies and validate and explain those
benefits to customers and consumersrdquo
Chris McGrath vice president for sustainability at Kraft Foods1
Source September 2012 MIT Sloan Management Review
Image Kraft Foods
Material Comparison Daimler Case Study
48
Comparison of concepts for the C-class front-module
bull Material options steel aluminum-steel plastic-steel
bull In terms of primary energy demand the steel version the favorable one followed by
the aluminum-steel option
bull In terms of weight the aluminum-steel version is best
Source Environmental Certificate Mercedes-Benz C-Class 11112013
Life Cycle Assessment PUMA- Shoe Packaging
bull 1 million litres of water saved
bull During transport 500000 litres of diesel is saved
bull If replacement of traditional shopping bags then save up to 275 tons of plastic
Septem
ber
2007
49
bull ~8500 tons less paper will be
consumed
bull 20 million Megajoules of electricity
saved
bull 1 million litres less of fuel oil use
Comparative LCA Sustainable Packaging
11112013 51
Impact Category Credit Energy
Disposal and
Recycling
Downstream
Transport
Primary
Packaging
Secondary
Packaging
Upstream
Transport
Container Glass -11 7 4 100 -2 2
PET 0 19 2 82 -4 1
Beverage Carton -12 134 8 -16 -15 1
Al Can 0 2 1 93 3 0
Source httpwwwindialcacompdfsILCM-2012-Session-6-Vinay-Saranpdf
Environmental Impact of Building Present and Future Scenario
bull Several methods and techniques
being adopted to reduce
environmental impact during the
use phase of the building
bull However impact due to materials
and construction will become
significant when operational
impact has been reduced
bull Cost of resources will increase
further creating burden on the
construction phase
Materials Operation End-of-life
Materials Operation End-of-life
GW
P t C
O2 e
q
Year 2020
Year 2010
GW
P t C
O2 e
q
0
25
50
0
25
50
53
Business Benefit
Image Tata Steel
Business value
bull Marketing tool for product
differentiation and to support
customers with data on the
sustainability of steel
bull Decision making in product
development
bull Identification of hot spots in the steel
value chain to effectively reduce
impacts and resource consumption
Solution
bull Use LCA Software to build product
models covering environmental impacts
bull Interactive reports for EPD creation
raquoLife Cycle Assessment helps us to fully understand
the benefits across the life cycle and assists us in
communicating these to our stakeholderslaquo
Allan Griffin Knowledge Group Leader Sustainability Tata Steel
Development of EPD Tata Steel Example
Midpoints indicators
33
Popular problem-oriented (midpoint) methods are
CML indicators developed in The Netherlands
TRACI developed by the US EPA
Other currently used LCIA methods include
bull damage-oriented (endpoint) methods like EPS and Eco-
Indicator99 (Dutch)
bull distance-to-target methods like the Critical Volumes approach of
BUWAL the Swiss EPA
Effect Increased warming of the troposphere due to anthropogenic greenhouse
gases eg from the burning of fossil fuels
Reference Substance Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Reference Unit kg CO2-Equivalent
Source IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climatic Change)
CO2 CH4
CFCs
UV - radiation
AbsorptionReflection
Infraredradiation
Trace gases in th
e a
tmosphere
34
Life Cycle Impact Assessment Global Warming Potential (GWP)
Effect Reduction in the ozone concentration of the Stratosphere due to emissions
such as Chloro-fluoro-carbons (CFCs)
Reference Substance Tri-chloro-fluoro-methane (R11)
Reference Unit kg R11-Equivalent
Source CML (Heijungs Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) 1992
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP)
CFCs Nitrogen oxide
Stratosphere
15 - 50 km Absorption Absorption
UV - radiation
35
Effect Increase in the pH-value of precipitation due to the wash-out of acidifiying gases
eg Sulphur dioxide (SO2) and Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Reference Substance Sulphur dioxide (SO2)
Reference Unit kg SO2-Equivalent
Source CML (Heijungs Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) 1992
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Acidification Potential (AP)
SO 2
NO X
H 2 SO 4 4 HNO 3
36
Effect Excessive nutient input into water and land from substances such as
phosphorus und nitrogen from agriculture combustion processes and effluents
Reference Substance Phosphate (PO4-)
Reference Unit kg PO4- Equivalent
Source CML (Heijungs Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) 1992
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Eutrophication Potential (EP)
Waste water
Air pollution
Fertilisation
PO 4 -3
NO 3 -
NH 4 +
NO X N 2 O
NH 3
37
Hydrocarbons Nitrogen Oxides
Dry and warm climate
Hydrocarbons
Nitrogen Oxides
Ozone
Effect Formation of low level ozone by sunlight instigating the photochemical reaction
of nitrogen oxides with hyrocarbons and volatile organic compounds (VOC)
Reference Substance Ethylene (C2H4)
Reference Unit kg C2H4 -Equivalent
Source Udo de Haes et al 1999
38
Life Cycle Impact Assessment Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential (POCP) - Summer smog
Effect Continuous toxicological impact on humans
(arbitrary estimation)
Reference Substance 14-Di-chloro-benzene (DCB C6H4Cl2)
Reference Unit kg DCB - Equivalent
Source CML (Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) RIVM (National
Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection)
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Human Toxicity Potential (HTP)
Heavy metals
Halogenorganic
compounds
PCB DCB
PAH
Air
Food
Products
39
Effect Continuous toxicological impact on water and soils
(arbitrary estimation)
Reference Substance 14-Di-chloro-benzene (DCB C6H4Cl2)
Reference Unit kg DCB - Equivalent
Source CML (Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) RIVM (National
Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection)
Life Cycle Impact Assessment Aquatic (AETP) and Terrestrial (TETP) = Ecotoxicity Potential (ETP)
(Terrestrial Ecosystem)
Biosphere
Heavy metals
Halogenorganic
compounds PCB
DCB
PAH
Biosphere
(Aquatic ecosystem)
40
Agenda
1 PE International Overview
1 Profile Products and Services
2 Introduction to Life Cycle Assessment
Methodology and Framework
3 Applications of LCA and Business Value
1 Success Stories and Case Studies
4 Operationalization of LCA using GaBi
Software
Building business value long term B
usin
ess V
alu
e
Overview
Orientation
Long-term company
success
Screening
Material Comparison
Maturity of LCA usage
Rapid Prototyping (Generic LCA)
Process amp Resource Efficiency
Eco-design amp sustainable product Innovation
Verifiable BOM BOP amp Compliance
Product Communication amp Verification Continuous operational
optimization
Sustainable Product Portfolio Management
Value Chain optimization
42
43 11112013
Drivers for applying Life Cycle Thinking in industry are
Which reasons
exist
Regulations amp directives Integrate Product Policy (IPP)
Directive on end-of-life vehicle
WEEE and RoHS
Green purchasing program
Customer requests Down stream clients
Value chain
engagement Material stewardship
ldquoWhat ifrdquo scenarios
Communication and
reputation building SocietyNGOs
Authorities
Green funds
Research and academia
Life Cycle Thinking and Product Sustainability Introduction and overview
Business Benefit
Source httpavnirorgdocumentationcongres_avnirdiaposplacvmoteurUnilever_Taylorpdf
Life Cycle Assessment Value Chain Analysis
45
Business Benefit
Business value
bull Understand and improve productsrsquo
environmental footprints
bull EPDs for all its carpet products
globally for verified communication
and reporting
bull Product optimization and innovation
bull Risk Management in the supply chain
Solution
bull Use of GaBi software in-house to track
and improve its productsrsquo life cycle
performance
bull Reduce Recycle Innovative yarn
raquoOur use of LCA with GaBi has evolved to a proactive
assessment of alternatives during the development process
making it a critical tool in helping us achieve our Mission
Zeroreg goalslaquo
Connie Hensler Director Corporate LCA Programs
Interface Inc Source Ramon Arratia
Interface A case of full product responsibility
Life Cycle Assessment Hotspot Identification
LCA of furniture Green Product development
46 Source Ashwini Deodeshmukh Godrej Interio PE Workshop April 2013
47
Solution
bull LCA of packaging
bull Scenario analysis to optimize
packaging design
Sustainability performance
50 less primary energy
60 less plastic
75 fewer CO2 emissions from
transportation
Business advantage
Cost reduction of packaging
across the entire life cycle
Brand enhancement
in container manufacture only compared
to the rigid gallon jug
Packaging Innovation
bdquoLCA gives us a competitive advantage because it gives
us more insight into how to reduce our productsrsquo
footprints find efficiencies and validate and explain those
benefits to customers and consumersrdquo
Chris McGrath vice president for sustainability at Kraft Foods1
Source September 2012 MIT Sloan Management Review
Image Kraft Foods
Material Comparison Daimler Case Study
48
Comparison of concepts for the C-class front-module
bull Material options steel aluminum-steel plastic-steel
bull In terms of primary energy demand the steel version the favorable one followed by
the aluminum-steel option
bull In terms of weight the aluminum-steel version is best
Source Environmental Certificate Mercedes-Benz C-Class 11112013
Life Cycle Assessment PUMA- Shoe Packaging
bull 1 million litres of water saved
bull During transport 500000 litres of diesel is saved
bull If replacement of traditional shopping bags then save up to 275 tons of plastic
Septem
ber
2007
49
bull ~8500 tons less paper will be
consumed
bull 20 million Megajoules of electricity
saved
bull 1 million litres less of fuel oil use
Comparative LCA Sustainable Packaging
11112013 51
Impact Category Credit Energy
Disposal and
Recycling
Downstream
Transport
Primary
Packaging
Secondary
Packaging
Upstream
Transport
Container Glass -11 7 4 100 -2 2
PET 0 19 2 82 -4 1
Beverage Carton -12 134 8 -16 -15 1
Al Can 0 2 1 93 3 0
Source httpwwwindialcacompdfsILCM-2012-Session-6-Vinay-Saranpdf
Environmental Impact of Building Present and Future Scenario
bull Several methods and techniques
being adopted to reduce
environmental impact during the
use phase of the building
bull However impact due to materials
and construction will become
significant when operational
impact has been reduced
bull Cost of resources will increase
further creating burden on the
construction phase
Materials Operation End-of-life
Materials Operation End-of-life
GW
P t C
O2 e
q
Year 2020
Year 2010
GW
P t C
O2 e
q
0
25
50
0
25
50
53
Business Benefit
Image Tata Steel
Business value
bull Marketing tool for product
differentiation and to support
customers with data on the
sustainability of steel
bull Decision making in product
development
bull Identification of hot spots in the steel
value chain to effectively reduce
impacts and resource consumption
Solution
bull Use LCA Software to build product
models covering environmental impacts
bull Interactive reports for EPD creation
raquoLife Cycle Assessment helps us to fully understand
the benefits across the life cycle and assists us in
communicating these to our stakeholderslaquo
Allan Griffin Knowledge Group Leader Sustainability Tata Steel
Development of EPD Tata Steel Example
Effect Increased warming of the troposphere due to anthropogenic greenhouse
gases eg from the burning of fossil fuels
Reference Substance Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Reference Unit kg CO2-Equivalent
Source IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climatic Change)
CO2 CH4
CFCs
UV - radiation
AbsorptionReflection
Infraredradiation
Trace gases in th
e a
tmosphere
34
Life Cycle Impact Assessment Global Warming Potential (GWP)
Effect Reduction in the ozone concentration of the Stratosphere due to emissions
such as Chloro-fluoro-carbons (CFCs)
Reference Substance Tri-chloro-fluoro-methane (R11)
Reference Unit kg R11-Equivalent
Source CML (Heijungs Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) 1992
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP)
CFCs Nitrogen oxide
Stratosphere
15 - 50 km Absorption Absorption
UV - radiation
35
Effect Increase in the pH-value of precipitation due to the wash-out of acidifiying gases
eg Sulphur dioxide (SO2) and Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Reference Substance Sulphur dioxide (SO2)
Reference Unit kg SO2-Equivalent
Source CML (Heijungs Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) 1992
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Acidification Potential (AP)
SO 2
NO X
H 2 SO 4 4 HNO 3
36
Effect Excessive nutient input into water and land from substances such as
phosphorus und nitrogen from agriculture combustion processes and effluents
Reference Substance Phosphate (PO4-)
Reference Unit kg PO4- Equivalent
Source CML (Heijungs Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) 1992
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Eutrophication Potential (EP)
Waste water
Air pollution
Fertilisation
PO 4 -3
NO 3 -
NH 4 +
NO X N 2 O
NH 3
37
Hydrocarbons Nitrogen Oxides
Dry and warm climate
Hydrocarbons
Nitrogen Oxides
Ozone
Effect Formation of low level ozone by sunlight instigating the photochemical reaction
of nitrogen oxides with hyrocarbons and volatile organic compounds (VOC)
Reference Substance Ethylene (C2H4)
Reference Unit kg C2H4 -Equivalent
Source Udo de Haes et al 1999
38
Life Cycle Impact Assessment Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential (POCP) - Summer smog
Effect Continuous toxicological impact on humans
(arbitrary estimation)
Reference Substance 14-Di-chloro-benzene (DCB C6H4Cl2)
Reference Unit kg DCB - Equivalent
Source CML (Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) RIVM (National
Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection)
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Human Toxicity Potential (HTP)
Heavy metals
Halogenorganic
compounds
PCB DCB
PAH
Air
Food
Products
39
Effect Continuous toxicological impact on water and soils
(arbitrary estimation)
Reference Substance 14-Di-chloro-benzene (DCB C6H4Cl2)
Reference Unit kg DCB - Equivalent
Source CML (Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) RIVM (National
Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection)
Life Cycle Impact Assessment Aquatic (AETP) and Terrestrial (TETP) = Ecotoxicity Potential (ETP)
(Terrestrial Ecosystem)
Biosphere
Heavy metals
Halogenorganic
compounds PCB
DCB
PAH
Biosphere
(Aquatic ecosystem)
40
Agenda
1 PE International Overview
1 Profile Products and Services
2 Introduction to Life Cycle Assessment
Methodology and Framework
3 Applications of LCA and Business Value
1 Success Stories and Case Studies
4 Operationalization of LCA using GaBi
Software
Building business value long term B
usin
ess V
alu
e
Overview
Orientation
Long-term company
success
Screening
Material Comparison
Maturity of LCA usage
Rapid Prototyping (Generic LCA)
Process amp Resource Efficiency
Eco-design amp sustainable product Innovation
Verifiable BOM BOP amp Compliance
Product Communication amp Verification Continuous operational
optimization
Sustainable Product Portfolio Management
Value Chain optimization
42
43 11112013
Drivers for applying Life Cycle Thinking in industry are
Which reasons
exist
Regulations amp directives Integrate Product Policy (IPP)
Directive on end-of-life vehicle
WEEE and RoHS
Green purchasing program
Customer requests Down stream clients
Value chain
engagement Material stewardship
ldquoWhat ifrdquo scenarios
Communication and
reputation building SocietyNGOs
Authorities
Green funds
Research and academia
Life Cycle Thinking and Product Sustainability Introduction and overview
Business Benefit
Source httpavnirorgdocumentationcongres_avnirdiaposplacvmoteurUnilever_Taylorpdf
Life Cycle Assessment Value Chain Analysis
45
Business Benefit
Business value
bull Understand and improve productsrsquo
environmental footprints
bull EPDs for all its carpet products
globally for verified communication
and reporting
bull Product optimization and innovation
bull Risk Management in the supply chain
Solution
bull Use of GaBi software in-house to track
and improve its productsrsquo life cycle
performance
bull Reduce Recycle Innovative yarn
raquoOur use of LCA with GaBi has evolved to a proactive
assessment of alternatives during the development process
making it a critical tool in helping us achieve our Mission
Zeroreg goalslaquo
Connie Hensler Director Corporate LCA Programs
Interface Inc Source Ramon Arratia
Interface A case of full product responsibility
Life Cycle Assessment Hotspot Identification
LCA of furniture Green Product development
46 Source Ashwini Deodeshmukh Godrej Interio PE Workshop April 2013
47
Solution
bull LCA of packaging
bull Scenario analysis to optimize
packaging design
Sustainability performance
50 less primary energy
60 less plastic
75 fewer CO2 emissions from
transportation
Business advantage
Cost reduction of packaging
across the entire life cycle
Brand enhancement
in container manufacture only compared
to the rigid gallon jug
Packaging Innovation
bdquoLCA gives us a competitive advantage because it gives
us more insight into how to reduce our productsrsquo
footprints find efficiencies and validate and explain those
benefits to customers and consumersrdquo
Chris McGrath vice president for sustainability at Kraft Foods1
Source September 2012 MIT Sloan Management Review
Image Kraft Foods
Material Comparison Daimler Case Study
48
Comparison of concepts for the C-class front-module
bull Material options steel aluminum-steel plastic-steel
bull In terms of primary energy demand the steel version the favorable one followed by
the aluminum-steel option
bull In terms of weight the aluminum-steel version is best
Source Environmental Certificate Mercedes-Benz C-Class 11112013
Life Cycle Assessment PUMA- Shoe Packaging
bull 1 million litres of water saved
bull During transport 500000 litres of diesel is saved
bull If replacement of traditional shopping bags then save up to 275 tons of plastic
Septem
ber
2007
49
bull ~8500 tons less paper will be
consumed
bull 20 million Megajoules of electricity
saved
bull 1 million litres less of fuel oil use
Comparative LCA Sustainable Packaging
11112013 51
Impact Category Credit Energy
Disposal and
Recycling
Downstream
Transport
Primary
Packaging
Secondary
Packaging
Upstream
Transport
Container Glass -11 7 4 100 -2 2
PET 0 19 2 82 -4 1
Beverage Carton -12 134 8 -16 -15 1
Al Can 0 2 1 93 3 0
Source httpwwwindialcacompdfsILCM-2012-Session-6-Vinay-Saranpdf
Environmental Impact of Building Present and Future Scenario
bull Several methods and techniques
being adopted to reduce
environmental impact during the
use phase of the building
bull However impact due to materials
and construction will become
significant when operational
impact has been reduced
bull Cost of resources will increase
further creating burden on the
construction phase
Materials Operation End-of-life
Materials Operation End-of-life
GW
P t C
O2 e
q
Year 2020
Year 2010
GW
P t C
O2 e
q
0
25
50
0
25
50
53
Business Benefit
Image Tata Steel
Business value
bull Marketing tool for product
differentiation and to support
customers with data on the
sustainability of steel
bull Decision making in product
development
bull Identification of hot spots in the steel
value chain to effectively reduce
impacts and resource consumption
Solution
bull Use LCA Software to build product
models covering environmental impacts
bull Interactive reports for EPD creation
raquoLife Cycle Assessment helps us to fully understand
the benefits across the life cycle and assists us in
communicating these to our stakeholderslaquo
Allan Griffin Knowledge Group Leader Sustainability Tata Steel
Development of EPD Tata Steel Example
Effect Reduction in the ozone concentration of the Stratosphere due to emissions
such as Chloro-fluoro-carbons (CFCs)
Reference Substance Tri-chloro-fluoro-methane (R11)
Reference Unit kg R11-Equivalent
Source CML (Heijungs Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) 1992
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP)
CFCs Nitrogen oxide
Stratosphere
15 - 50 km Absorption Absorption
UV - radiation
35
Effect Increase in the pH-value of precipitation due to the wash-out of acidifiying gases
eg Sulphur dioxide (SO2) and Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Reference Substance Sulphur dioxide (SO2)
Reference Unit kg SO2-Equivalent
Source CML (Heijungs Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) 1992
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Acidification Potential (AP)
SO 2
NO X
H 2 SO 4 4 HNO 3
36
Effect Excessive nutient input into water and land from substances such as
phosphorus und nitrogen from agriculture combustion processes and effluents
Reference Substance Phosphate (PO4-)
Reference Unit kg PO4- Equivalent
Source CML (Heijungs Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) 1992
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Eutrophication Potential (EP)
Waste water
Air pollution
Fertilisation
PO 4 -3
NO 3 -
NH 4 +
NO X N 2 O
NH 3
37
Hydrocarbons Nitrogen Oxides
Dry and warm climate
Hydrocarbons
Nitrogen Oxides
Ozone
Effect Formation of low level ozone by sunlight instigating the photochemical reaction
of nitrogen oxides with hyrocarbons and volatile organic compounds (VOC)
Reference Substance Ethylene (C2H4)
Reference Unit kg C2H4 -Equivalent
Source Udo de Haes et al 1999
38
Life Cycle Impact Assessment Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential (POCP) - Summer smog
Effect Continuous toxicological impact on humans
(arbitrary estimation)
Reference Substance 14-Di-chloro-benzene (DCB C6H4Cl2)
Reference Unit kg DCB - Equivalent
Source CML (Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) RIVM (National
Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection)
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Human Toxicity Potential (HTP)
Heavy metals
Halogenorganic
compounds
PCB DCB
PAH
Air
Food
Products
39
Effect Continuous toxicological impact on water and soils
(arbitrary estimation)
Reference Substance 14-Di-chloro-benzene (DCB C6H4Cl2)
Reference Unit kg DCB - Equivalent
Source CML (Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) RIVM (National
Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection)
Life Cycle Impact Assessment Aquatic (AETP) and Terrestrial (TETP) = Ecotoxicity Potential (ETP)
(Terrestrial Ecosystem)
Biosphere
Heavy metals
Halogenorganic
compounds PCB
DCB
PAH
Biosphere
(Aquatic ecosystem)
40
Agenda
1 PE International Overview
1 Profile Products and Services
2 Introduction to Life Cycle Assessment
Methodology and Framework
3 Applications of LCA and Business Value
1 Success Stories and Case Studies
4 Operationalization of LCA using GaBi
Software
Building business value long term B
usin
ess V
alu
e
Overview
Orientation
Long-term company
success
Screening
Material Comparison
Maturity of LCA usage
Rapid Prototyping (Generic LCA)
Process amp Resource Efficiency
Eco-design amp sustainable product Innovation
Verifiable BOM BOP amp Compliance
Product Communication amp Verification Continuous operational
optimization
Sustainable Product Portfolio Management
Value Chain optimization
42
43 11112013
Drivers for applying Life Cycle Thinking in industry are
Which reasons
exist
Regulations amp directives Integrate Product Policy (IPP)
Directive on end-of-life vehicle
WEEE and RoHS
Green purchasing program
Customer requests Down stream clients
Value chain
engagement Material stewardship
ldquoWhat ifrdquo scenarios
Communication and
reputation building SocietyNGOs
Authorities
Green funds
Research and academia
Life Cycle Thinking and Product Sustainability Introduction and overview
Business Benefit
Source httpavnirorgdocumentationcongres_avnirdiaposplacvmoteurUnilever_Taylorpdf
Life Cycle Assessment Value Chain Analysis
45
Business Benefit
Business value
bull Understand and improve productsrsquo
environmental footprints
bull EPDs for all its carpet products
globally for verified communication
and reporting
bull Product optimization and innovation
bull Risk Management in the supply chain
Solution
bull Use of GaBi software in-house to track
and improve its productsrsquo life cycle
performance
bull Reduce Recycle Innovative yarn
raquoOur use of LCA with GaBi has evolved to a proactive
assessment of alternatives during the development process
making it a critical tool in helping us achieve our Mission
Zeroreg goalslaquo
Connie Hensler Director Corporate LCA Programs
Interface Inc Source Ramon Arratia
Interface A case of full product responsibility
Life Cycle Assessment Hotspot Identification
LCA of furniture Green Product development
46 Source Ashwini Deodeshmukh Godrej Interio PE Workshop April 2013
47
Solution
bull LCA of packaging
bull Scenario analysis to optimize
packaging design
Sustainability performance
50 less primary energy
60 less plastic
75 fewer CO2 emissions from
transportation
Business advantage
Cost reduction of packaging
across the entire life cycle
Brand enhancement
in container manufacture only compared
to the rigid gallon jug
Packaging Innovation
bdquoLCA gives us a competitive advantage because it gives
us more insight into how to reduce our productsrsquo
footprints find efficiencies and validate and explain those
benefits to customers and consumersrdquo
Chris McGrath vice president for sustainability at Kraft Foods1
Source September 2012 MIT Sloan Management Review
Image Kraft Foods
Material Comparison Daimler Case Study
48
Comparison of concepts for the C-class front-module
bull Material options steel aluminum-steel plastic-steel
bull In terms of primary energy demand the steel version the favorable one followed by
the aluminum-steel option
bull In terms of weight the aluminum-steel version is best
Source Environmental Certificate Mercedes-Benz C-Class 11112013
Life Cycle Assessment PUMA- Shoe Packaging
bull 1 million litres of water saved
bull During transport 500000 litres of diesel is saved
bull If replacement of traditional shopping bags then save up to 275 tons of plastic
Septem
ber
2007
49
bull ~8500 tons less paper will be
consumed
bull 20 million Megajoules of electricity
saved
bull 1 million litres less of fuel oil use
Comparative LCA Sustainable Packaging
11112013 51
Impact Category Credit Energy
Disposal and
Recycling
Downstream
Transport
Primary
Packaging
Secondary
Packaging
Upstream
Transport
Container Glass -11 7 4 100 -2 2
PET 0 19 2 82 -4 1
Beverage Carton -12 134 8 -16 -15 1
Al Can 0 2 1 93 3 0
Source httpwwwindialcacompdfsILCM-2012-Session-6-Vinay-Saranpdf
Environmental Impact of Building Present and Future Scenario
bull Several methods and techniques
being adopted to reduce
environmental impact during the
use phase of the building
bull However impact due to materials
and construction will become
significant when operational
impact has been reduced
bull Cost of resources will increase
further creating burden on the
construction phase
Materials Operation End-of-life
Materials Operation End-of-life
GW
P t C
O2 e
q
Year 2020
Year 2010
GW
P t C
O2 e
q
0
25
50
0
25
50
53
Business Benefit
Image Tata Steel
Business value
bull Marketing tool for product
differentiation and to support
customers with data on the
sustainability of steel
bull Decision making in product
development
bull Identification of hot spots in the steel
value chain to effectively reduce
impacts and resource consumption
Solution
bull Use LCA Software to build product
models covering environmental impacts
bull Interactive reports for EPD creation
raquoLife Cycle Assessment helps us to fully understand
the benefits across the life cycle and assists us in
communicating these to our stakeholderslaquo
Allan Griffin Knowledge Group Leader Sustainability Tata Steel
Development of EPD Tata Steel Example
Effect Increase in the pH-value of precipitation due to the wash-out of acidifiying gases
eg Sulphur dioxide (SO2) and Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Reference Substance Sulphur dioxide (SO2)
Reference Unit kg SO2-Equivalent
Source CML (Heijungs Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) 1992
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Acidification Potential (AP)
SO 2
NO X
H 2 SO 4 4 HNO 3
36
Effect Excessive nutient input into water and land from substances such as
phosphorus und nitrogen from agriculture combustion processes and effluents
Reference Substance Phosphate (PO4-)
Reference Unit kg PO4- Equivalent
Source CML (Heijungs Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) 1992
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Eutrophication Potential (EP)
Waste water
Air pollution
Fertilisation
PO 4 -3
NO 3 -
NH 4 +
NO X N 2 O
NH 3
37
Hydrocarbons Nitrogen Oxides
Dry and warm climate
Hydrocarbons
Nitrogen Oxides
Ozone
Effect Formation of low level ozone by sunlight instigating the photochemical reaction
of nitrogen oxides with hyrocarbons and volatile organic compounds (VOC)
Reference Substance Ethylene (C2H4)
Reference Unit kg C2H4 -Equivalent
Source Udo de Haes et al 1999
38
Life Cycle Impact Assessment Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential (POCP) - Summer smog
Effect Continuous toxicological impact on humans
(arbitrary estimation)
Reference Substance 14-Di-chloro-benzene (DCB C6H4Cl2)
Reference Unit kg DCB - Equivalent
Source CML (Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) RIVM (National
Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection)
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Human Toxicity Potential (HTP)
Heavy metals
Halogenorganic
compounds
PCB DCB
PAH
Air
Food
Products
39
Effect Continuous toxicological impact on water and soils
(arbitrary estimation)
Reference Substance 14-Di-chloro-benzene (DCB C6H4Cl2)
Reference Unit kg DCB - Equivalent
Source CML (Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) RIVM (National
Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection)
Life Cycle Impact Assessment Aquatic (AETP) and Terrestrial (TETP) = Ecotoxicity Potential (ETP)
(Terrestrial Ecosystem)
Biosphere
Heavy metals
Halogenorganic
compounds PCB
DCB
PAH
Biosphere
(Aquatic ecosystem)
40
Agenda
1 PE International Overview
1 Profile Products and Services
2 Introduction to Life Cycle Assessment
Methodology and Framework
3 Applications of LCA and Business Value
1 Success Stories and Case Studies
4 Operationalization of LCA using GaBi
Software
Building business value long term B
usin
ess V
alu
e
Overview
Orientation
Long-term company
success
Screening
Material Comparison
Maturity of LCA usage
Rapid Prototyping (Generic LCA)
Process amp Resource Efficiency
Eco-design amp sustainable product Innovation
Verifiable BOM BOP amp Compliance
Product Communication amp Verification Continuous operational
optimization
Sustainable Product Portfolio Management
Value Chain optimization
42
43 11112013
Drivers for applying Life Cycle Thinking in industry are
Which reasons
exist
Regulations amp directives Integrate Product Policy (IPP)
Directive on end-of-life vehicle
WEEE and RoHS
Green purchasing program
Customer requests Down stream clients
Value chain
engagement Material stewardship
ldquoWhat ifrdquo scenarios
Communication and
reputation building SocietyNGOs
Authorities
Green funds
Research and academia
Life Cycle Thinking and Product Sustainability Introduction and overview
Business Benefit
Source httpavnirorgdocumentationcongres_avnirdiaposplacvmoteurUnilever_Taylorpdf
Life Cycle Assessment Value Chain Analysis
45
Business Benefit
Business value
bull Understand and improve productsrsquo
environmental footprints
bull EPDs for all its carpet products
globally for verified communication
and reporting
bull Product optimization and innovation
bull Risk Management in the supply chain
Solution
bull Use of GaBi software in-house to track
and improve its productsrsquo life cycle
performance
bull Reduce Recycle Innovative yarn
raquoOur use of LCA with GaBi has evolved to a proactive
assessment of alternatives during the development process
making it a critical tool in helping us achieve our Mission
Zeroreg goalslaquo
Connie Hensler Director Corporate LCA Programs
Interface Inc Source Ramon Arratia
Interface A case of full product responsibility
Life Cycle Assessment Hotspot Identification
LCA of furniture Green Product development
46 Source Ashwini Deodeshmukh Godrej Interio PE Workshop April 2013
47
Solution
bull LCA of packaging
bull Scenario analysis to optimize
packaging design
Sustainability performance
50 less primary energy
60 less plastic
75 fewer CO2 emissions from
transportation
Business advantage
Cost reduction of packaging
across the entire life cycle
Brand enhancement
in container manufacture only compared
to the rigid gallon jug
Packaging Innovation
bdquoLCA gives us a competitive advantage because it gives
us more insight into how to reduce our productsrsquo
footprints find efficiencies and validate and explain those
benefits to customers and consumersrdquo
Chris McGrath vice president for sustainability at Kraft Foods1
Source September 2012 MIT Sloan Management Review
Image Kraft Foods
Material Comparison Daimler Case Study
48
Comparison of concepts for the C-class front-module
bull Material options steel aluminum-steel plastic-steel
bull In terms of primary energy demand the steel version the favorable one followed by
the aluminum-steel option
bull In terms of weight the aluminum-steel version is best
Source Environmental Certificate Mercedes-Benz C-Class 11112013
Life Cycle Assessment PUMA- Shoe Packaging
bull 1 million litres of water saved
bull During transport 500000 litres of diesel is saved
bull If replacement of traditional shopping bags then save up to 275 tons of plastic
Septem
ber
2007
49
bull ~8500 tons less paper will be
consumed
bull 20 million Megajoules of electricity
saved
bull 1 million litres less of fuel oil use
Comparative LCA Sustainable Packaging
11112013 51
Impact Category Credit Energy
Disposal and
Recycling
Downstream
Transport
Primary
Packaging
Secondary
Packaging
Upstream
Transport
Container Glass -11 7 4 100 -2 2
PET 0 19 2 82 -4 1
Beverage Carton -12 134 8 -16 -15 1
Al Can 0 2 1 93 3 0
Source httpwwwindialcacompdfsILCM-2012-Session-6-Vinay-Saranpdf
Environmental Impact of Building Present and Future Scenario
bull Several methods and techniques
being adopted to reduce
environmental impact during the
use phase of the building
bull However impact due to materials
and construction will become
significant when operational
impact has been reduced
bull Cost of resources will increase
further creating burden on the
construction phase
Materials Operation End-of-life
Materials Operation End-of-life
GW
P t C
O2 e
q
Year 2020
Year 2010
GW
P t C
O2 e
q
0
25
50
0
25
50
53
Business Benefit
Image Tata Steel
Business value
bull Marketing tool for product
differentiation and to support
customers with data on the
sustainability of steel
bull Decision making in product
development
bull Identification of hot spots in the steel
value chain to effectively reduce
impacts and resource consumption
Solution
bull Use LCA Software to build product
models covering environmental impacts
bull Interactive reports for EPD creation
raquoLife Cycle Assessment helps us to fully understand
the benefits across the life cycle and assists us in
communicating these to our stakeholderslaquo
Allan Griffin Knowledge Group Leader Sustainability Tata Steel
Development of EPD Tata Steel Example
Effect Excessive nutient input into water and land from substances such as
phosphorus und nitrogen from agriculture combustion processes and effluents
Reference Substance Phosphate (PO4-)
Reference Unit kg PO4- Equivalent
Source CML (Heijungs Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) 1992
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Eutrophication Potential (EP)
Waste water
Air pollution
Fertilisation
PO 4 -3
NO 3 -
NH 4 +
NO X N 2 O
NH 3
37
Hydrocarbons Nitrogen Oxides
Dry and warm climate
Hydrocarbons
Nitrogen Oxides
Ozone
Effect Formation of low level ozone by sunlight instigating the photochemical reaction
of nitrogen oxides with hyrocarbons and volatile organic compounds (VOC)
Reference Substance Ethylene (C2H4)
Reference Unit kg C2H4 -Equivalent
Source Udo de Haes et al 1999
38
Life Cycle Impact Assessment Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential (POCP) - Summer smog
Effect Continuous toxicological impact on humans
(arbitrary estimation)
Reference Substance 14-Di-chloro-benzene (DCB C6H4Cl2)
Reference Unit kg DCB - Equivalent
Source CML (Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) RIVM (National
Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection)
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Human Toxicity Potential (HTP)
Heavy metals
Halogenorganic
compounds
PCB DCB
PAH
Air
Food
Products
39
Effect Continuous toxicological impact on water and soils
(arbitrary estimation)
Reference Substance 14-Di-chloro-benzene (DCB C6H4Cl2)
Reference Unit kg DCB - Equivalent
Source CML (Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) RIVM (National
Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection)
Life Cycle Impact Assessment Aquatic (AETP) and Terrestrial (TETP) = Ecotoxicity Potential (ETP)
(Terrestrial Ecosystem)
Biosphere
Heavy metals
Halogenorganic
compounds PCB
DCB
PAH
Biosphere
(Aquatic ecosystem)
40
Agenda
1 PE International Overview
1 Profile Products and Services
2 Introduction to Life Cycle Assessment
Methodology and Framework
3 Applications of LCA and Business Value
1 Success Stories and Case Studies
4 Operationalization of LCA using GaBi
Software
Building business value long term B
usin
ess V
alu
e
Overview
Orientation
Long-term company
success
Screening
Material Comparison
Maturity of LCA usage
Rapid Prototyping (Generic LCA)
Process amp Resource Efficiency
Eco-design amp sustainable product Innovation
Verifiable BOM BOP amp Compliance
Product Communication amp Verification Continuous operational
optimization
Sustainable Product Portfolio Management
Value Chain optimization
42
43 11112013
Drivers for applying Life Cycle Thinking in industry are
Which reasons
exist
Regulations amp directives Integrate Product Policy (IPP)
Directive on end-of-life vehicle
WEEE and RoHS
Green purchasing program
Customer requests Down stream clients
Value chain
engagement Material stewardship
ldquoWhat ifrdquo scenarios
Communication and
reputation building SocietyNGOs
Authorities
Green funds
Research and academia
Life Cycle Thinking and Product Sustainability Introduction and overview
Business Benefit
Source httpavnirorgdocumentationcongres_avnirdiaposplacvmoteurUnilever_Taylorpdf
Life Cycle Assessment Value Chain Analysis
45
Business Benefit
Business value
bull Understand and improve productsrsquo
environmental footprints
bull EPDs for all its carpet products
globally for verified communication
and reporting
bull Product optimization and innovation
bull Risk Management in the supply chain
Solution
bull Use of GaBi software in-house to track
and improve its productsrsquo life cycle
performance
bull Reduce Recycle Innovative yarn
raquoOur use of LCA with GaBi has evolved to a proactive
assessment of alternatives during the development process
making it a critical tool in helping us achieve our Mission
Zeroreg goalslaquo
Connie Hensler Director Corporate LCA Programs
Interface Inc Source Ramon Arratia
Interface A case of full product responsibility
Life Cycle Assessment Hotspot Identification
LCA of furniture Green Product development
46 Source Ashwini Deodeshmukh Godrej Interio PE Workshop April 2013
47
Solution
bull LCA of packaging
bull Scenario analysis to optimize
packaging design
Sustainability performance
50 less primary energy
60 less plastic
75 fewer CO2 emissions from
transportation
Business advantage
Cost reduction of packaging
across the entire life cycle
Brand enhancement
in container manufacture only compared
to the rigid gallon jug
Packaging Innovation
bdquoLCA gives us a competitive advantage because it gives
us more insight into how to reduce our productsrsquo
footprints find efficiencies and validate and explain those
benefits to customers and consumersrdquo
Chris McGrath vice president for sustainability at Kraft Foods1
Source September 2012 MIT Sloan Management Review
Image Kraft Foods
Material Comparison Daimler Case Study
48
Comparison of concepts for the C-class front-module
bull Material options steel aluminum-steel plastic-steel
bull In terms of primary energy demand the steel version the favorable one followed by
the aluminum-steel option
bull In terms of weight the aluminum-steel version is best
Source Environmental Certificate Mercedes-Benz C-Class 11112013
Life Cycle Assessment PUMA- Shoe Packaging
bull 1 million litres of water saved
bull During transport 500000 litres of diesel is saved
bull If replacement of traditional shopping bags then save up to 275 tons of plastic
Septem
ber
2007
49
bull ~8500 tons less paper will be
consumed
bull 20 million Megajoules of electricity
saved
bull 1 million litres less of fuel oil use
Comparative LCA Sustainable Packaging
11112013 51
Impact Category Credit Energy
Disposal and
Recycling
Downstream
Transport
Primary
Packaging
Secondary
Packaging
Upstream
Transport
Container Glass -11 7 4 100 -2 2
PET 0 19 2 82 -4 1
Beverage Carton -12 134 8 -16 -15 1
Al Can 0 2 1 93 3 0
Source httpwwwindialcacompdfsILCM-2012-Session-6-Vinay-Saranpdf
Environmental Impact of Building Present and Future Scenario
bull Several methods and techniques
being adopted to reduce
environmental impact during the
use phase of the building
bull However impact due to materials
and construction will become
significant when operational
impact has been reduced
bull Cost of resources will increase
further creating burden on the
construction phase
Materials Operation End-of-life
Materials Operation End-of-life
GW
P t C
O2 e
q
Year 2020
Year 2010
GW
P t C
O2 e
q
0
25
50
0
25
50
53
Business Benefit
Image Tata Steel
Business value
bull Marketing tool for product
differentiation and to support
customers with data on the
sustainability of steel
bull Decision making in product
development
bull Identification of hot spots in the steel
value chain to effectively reduce
impacts and resource consumption
Solution
bull Use LCA Software to build product
models covering environmental impacts
bull Interactive reports for EPD creation
raquoLife Cycle Assessment helps us to fully understand
the benefits across the life cycle and assists us in
communicating these to our stakeholderslaquo
Allan Griffin Knowledge Group Leader Sustainability Tata Steel
Development of EPD Tata Steel Example
Hydrocarbons Nitrogen Oxides
Dry and warm climate
Hydrocarbons
Nitrogen Oxides
Ozone
Effect Formation of low level ozone by sunlight instigating the photochemical reaction
of nitrogen oxides with hyrocarbons and volatile organic compounds (VOC)
Reference Substance Ethylene (C2H4)
Reference Unit kg C2H4 -Equivalent
Source Udo de Haes et al 1999
38
Life Cycle Impact Assessment Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential (POCP) - Summer smog
Effect Continuous toxicological impact on humans
(arbitrary estimation)
Reference Substance 14-Di-chloro-benzene (DCB C6H4Cl2)
Reference Unit kg DCB - Equivalent
Source CML (Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) RIVM (National
Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection)
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Human Toxicity Potential (HTP)
Heavy metals
Halogenorganic
compounds
PCB DCB
PAH
Air
Food
Products
39
Effect Continuous toxicological impact on water and soils
(arbitrary estimation)
Reference Substance 14-Di-chloro-benzene (DCB C6H4Cl2)
Reference Unit kg DCB - Equivalent
Source CML (Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) RIVM (National
Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection)
Life Cycle Impact Assessment Aquatic (AETP) and Terrestrial (TETP) = Ecotoxicity Potential (ETP)
(Terrestrial Ecosystem)
Biosphere
Heavy metals
Halogenorganic
compounds PCB
DCB
PAH
Biosphere
(Aquatic ecosystem)
40
Agenda
1 PE International Overview
1 Profile Products and Services
2 Introduction to Life Cycle Assessment
Methodology and Framework
3 Applications of LCA and Business Value
1 Success Stories and Case Studies
4 Operationalization of LCA using GaBi
Software
Building business value long term B
usin
ess V
alu
e
Overview
Orientation
Long-term company
success
Screening
Material Comparison
Maturity of LCA usage
Rapid Prototyping (Generic LCA)
Process amp Resource Efficiency
Eco-design amp sustainable product Innovation
Verifiable BOM BOP amp Compliance
Product Communication amp Verification Continuous operational
optimization
Sustainable Product Portfolio Management
Value Chain optimization
42
43 11112013
Drivers for applying Life Cycle Thinking in industry are
Which reasons
exist
Regulations amp directives Integrate Product Policy (IPP)
Directive on end-of-life vehicle
WEEE and RoHS
Green purchasing program
Customer requests Down stream clients
Value chain
engagement Material stewardship
ldquoWhat ifrdquo scenarios
Communication and
reputation building SocietyNGOs
Authorities
Green funds
Research and academia
Life Cycle Thinking and Product Sustainability Introduction and overview
Business Benefit
Source httpavnirorgdocumentationcongres_avnirdiaposplacvmoteurUnilever_Taylorpdf
Life Cycle Assessment Value Chain Analysis
45
Business Benefit
Business value
bull Understand and improve productsrsquo
environmental footprints
bull EPDs for all its carpet products
globally for verified communication
and reporting
bull Product optimization and innovation
bull Risk Management in the supply chain
Solution
bull Use of GaBi software in-house to track
and improve its productsrsquo life cycle
performance
bull Reduce Recycle Innovative yarn
raquoOur use of LCA with GaBi has evolved to a proactive
assessment of alternatives during the development process
making it a critical tool in helping us achieve our Mission
Zeroreg goalslaquo
Connie Hensler Director Corporate LCA Programs
Interface Inc Source Ramon Arratia
Interface A case of full product responsibility
Life Cycle Assessment Hotspot Identification
LCA of furniture Green Product development
46 Source Ashwini Deodeshmukh Godrej Interio PE Workshop April 2013
47
Solution
bull LCA of packaging
bull Scenario analysis to optimize
packaging design
Sustainability performance
50 less primary energy
60 less plastic
75 fewer CO2 emissions from
transportation
Business advantage
Cost reduction of packaging
across the entire life cycle
Brand enhancement
in container manufacture only compared
to the rigid gallon jug
Packaging Innovation
bdquoLCA gives us a competitive advantage because it gives
us more insight into how to reduce our productsrsquo
footprints find efficiencies and validate and explain those
benefits to customers and consumersrdquo
Chris McGrath vice president for sustainability at Kraft Foods1
Source September 2012 MIT Sloan Management Review
Image Kraft Foods
Material Comparison Daimler Case Study
48
Comparison of concepts for the C-class front-module
bull Material options steel aluminum-steel plastic-steel
bull In terms of primary energy demand the steel version the favorable one followed by
the aluminum-steel option
bull In terms of weight the aluminum-steel version is best
Source Environmental Certificate Mercedes-Benz C-Class 11112013
Life Cycle Assessment PUMA- Shoe Packaging
bull 1 million litres of water saved
bull During transport 500000 litres of diesel is saved
bull If replacement of traditional shopping bags then save up to 275 tons of plastic
Septem
ber
2007
49
bull ~8500 tons less paper will be
consumed
bull 20 million Megajoules of electricity
saved
bull 1 million litres less of fuel oil use
Comparative LCA Sustainable Packaging
11112013 51
Impact Category Credit Energy
Disposal and
Recycling
Downstream
Transport
Primary
Packaging
Secondary
Packaging
Upstream
Transport
Container Glass -11 7 4 100 -2 2
PET 0 19 2 82 -4 1
Beverage Carton -12 134 8 -16 -15 1
Al Can 0 2 1 93 3 0
Source httpwwwindialcacompdfsILCM-2012-Session-6-Vinay-Saranpdf
Environmental Impact of Building Present and Future Scenario
bull Several methods and techniques
being adopted to reduce
environmental impact during the
use phase of the building
bull However impact due to materials
and construction will become
significant when operational
impact has been reduced
bull Cost of resources will increase
further creating burden on the
construction phase
Materials Operation End-of-life
Materials Operation End-of-life
GW
P t C
O2 e
q
Year 2020
Year 2010
GW
P t C
O2 e
q
0
25
50
0
25
50
53
Business Benefit
Image Tata Steel
Business value
bull Marketing tool for product
differentiation and to support
customers with data on the
sustainability of steel
bull Decision making in product
development
bull Identification of hot spots in the steel
value chain to effectively reduce
impacts and resource consumption
Solution
bull Use LCA Software to build product
models covering environmental impacts
bull Interactive reports for EPD creation
raquoLife Cycle Assessment helps us to fully understand
the benefits across the life cycle and assists us in
communicating these to our stakeholderslaquo
Allan Griffin Knowledge Group Leader Sustainability Tata Steel
Development of EPD Tata Steel Example
Effect Continuous toxicological impact on humans
(arbitrary estimation)
Reference Substance 14-Di-chloro-benzene (DCB C6H4Cl2)
Reference Unit kg DCB - Equivalent
Source CML (Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) RIVM (National
Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection)
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Human Toxicity Potential (HTP)
Heavy metals
Halogenorganic
compounds
PCB DCB
PAH
Air
Food
Products
39
Effect Continuous toxicological impact on water and soils
(arbitrary estimation)
Reference Substance 14-Di-chloro-benzene (DCB C6H4Cl2)
Reference Unit kg DCB - Equivalent
Source CML (Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) RIVM (National
Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection)
Life Cycle Impact Assessment Aquatic (AETP) and Terrestrial (TETP) = Ecotoxicity Potential (ETP)
(Terrestrial Ecosystem)
Biosphere
Heavy metals
Halogenorganic
compounds PCB
DCB
PAH
Biosphere
(Aquatic ecosystem)
40
Agenda
1 PE International Overview
1 Profile Products and Services
2 Introduction to Life Cycle Assessment
Methodology and Framework
3 Applications of LCA and Business Value
1 Success Stories and Case Studies
4 Operationalization of LCA using GaBi
Software
Building business value long term B
usin
ess V
alu
e
Overview
Orientation
Long-term company
success
Screening
Material Comparison
Maturity of LCA usage
Rapid Prototyping (Generic LCA)
Process amp Resource Efficiency
Eco-design amp sustainable product Innovation
Verifiable BOM BOP amp Compliance
Product Communication amp Verification Continuous operational
optimization
Sustainable Product Portfolio Management
Value Chain optimization
42
43 11112013
Drivers for applying Life Cycle Thinking in industry are
Which reasons
exist
Regulations amp directives Integrate Product Policy (IPP)
Directive on end-of-life vehicle
WEEE and RoHS
Green purchasing program
Customer requests Down stream clients
Value chain
engagement Material stewardship
ldquoWhat ifrdquo scenarios
Communication and
reputation building SocietyNGOs
Authorities
Green funds
Research and academia
Life Cycle Thinking and Product Sustainability Introduction and overview
Business Benefit
Source httpavnirorgdocumentationcongres_avnirdiaposplacvmoteurUnilever_Taylorpdf
Life Cycle Assessment Value Chain Analysis
45
Business Benefit
Business value
bull Understand and improve productsrsquo
environmental footprints
bull EPDs for all its carpet products
globally for verified communication
and reporting
bull Product optimization and innovation
bull Risk Management in the supply chain
Solution
bull Use of GaBi software in-house to track
and improve its productsrsquo life cycle
performance
bull Reduce Recycle Innovative yarn
raquoOur use of LCA with GaBi has evolved to a proactive
assessment of alternatives during the development process
making it a critical tool in helping us achieve our Mission
Zeroreg goalslaquo
Connie Hensler Director Corporate LCA Programs
Interface Inc Source Ramon Arratia
Interface A case of full product responsibility
Life Cycle Assessment Hotspot Identification
LCA of furniture Green Product development
46 Source Ashwini Deodeshmukh Godrej Interio PE Workshop April 2013
47
Solution
bull LCA of packaging
bull Scenario analysis to optimize
packaging design
Sustainability performance
50 less primary energy
60 less plastic
75 fewer CO2 emissions from
transportation
Business advantage
Cost reduction of packaging
across the entire life cycle
Brand enhancement
in container manufacture only compared
to the rigid gallon jug
Packaging Innovation
bdquoLCA gives us a competitive advantage because it gives
us more insight into how to reduce our productsrsquo
footprints find efficiencies and validate and explain those
benefits to customers and consumersrdquo
Chris McGrath vice president for sustainability at Kraft Foods1
Source September 2012 MIT Sloan Management Review
Image Kraft Foods
Material Comparison Daimler Case Study
48
Comparison of concepts for the C-class front-module
bull Material options steel aluminum-steel plastic-steel
bull In terms of primary energy demand the steel version the favorable one followed by
the aluminum-steel option
bull In terms of weight the aluminum-steel version is best
Source Environmental Certificate Mercedes-Benz C-Class 11112013
Life Cycle Assessment PUMA- Shoe Packaging
bull 1 million litres of water saved
bull During transport 500000 litres of diesel is saved
bull If replacement of traditional shopping bags then save up to 275 tons of plastic
Septem
ber
2007
49
bull ~8500 tons less paper will be
consumed
bull 20 million Megajoules of electricity
saved
bull 1 million litres less of fuel oil use
Comparative LCA Sustainable Packaging
11112013 51
Impact Category Credit Energy
Disposal and
Recycling
Downstream
Transport
Primary
Packaging
Secondary
Packaging
Upstream
Transport
Container Glass -11 7 4 100 -2 2
PET 0 19 2 82 -4 1
Beverage Carton -12 134 8 -16 -15 1
Al Can 0 2 1 93 3 0
Source httpwwwindialcacompdfsILCM-2012-Session-6-Vinay-Saranpdf
Environmental Impact of Building Present and Future Scenario
bull Several methods and techniques
being adopted to reduce
environmental impact during the
use phase of the building
bull However impact due to materials
and construction will become
significant when operational
impact has been reduced
bull Cost of resources will increase
further creating burden on the
construction phase
Materials Operation End-of-life
Materials Operation End-of-life
GW
P t C
O2 e
q
Year 2020
Year 2010
GW
P t C
O2 e
q
0
25
50
0
25
50
53
Business Benefit
Image Tata Steel
Business value
bull Marketing tool for product
differentiation and to support
customers with data on the
sustainability of steel
bull Decision making in product
development
bull Identification of hot spots in the steel
value chain to effectively reduce
impacts and resource consumption
Solution
bull Use LCA Software to build product
models covering environmental impacts
bull Interactive reports for EPD creation
raquoLife Cycle Assessment helps us to fully understand
the benefits across the life cycle and assists us in
communicating these to our stakeholderslaquo
Allan Griffin Knowledge Group Leader Sustainability Tata Steel
Development of EPD Tata Steel Example
Effect Continuous toxicological impact on water and soils
(arbitrary estimation)
Reference Substance 14-Di-chloro-benzene (DCB C6H4Cl2)
Reference Unit kg DCB - Equivalent
Source CML (Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) RIVM (National
Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection)
Life Cycle Impact Assessment Aquatic (AETP) and Terrestrial (TETP) = Ecotoxicity Potential (ETP)
(Terrestrial Ecosystem)
Biosphere
Heavy metals
Halogenorganic
compounds PCB
DCB
PAH
Biosphere
(Aquatic ecosystem)
40
Agenda
1 PE International Overview
1 Profile Products and Services
2 Introduction to Life Cycle Assessment
Methodology and Framework
3 Applications of LCA and Business Value
1 Success Stories and Case Studies
4 Operationalization of LCA using GaBi
Software
Building business value long term B
usin
ess V
alu
e
Overview
Orientation
Long-term company
success
Screening
Material Comparison
Maturity of LCA usage
Rapid Prototyping (Generic LCA)
Process amp Resource Efficiency
Eco-design amp sustainable product Innovation
Verifiable BOM BOP amp Compliance
Product Communication amp Verification Continuous operational
optimization
Sustainable Product Portfolio Management
Value Chain optimization
42
43 11112013
Drivers for applying Life Cycle Thinking in industry are
Which reasons
exist
Regulations amp directives Integrate Product Policy (IPP)
Directive on end-of-life vehicle
WEEE and RoHS
Green purchasing program
Customer requests Down stream clients
Value chain
engagement Material stewardship
ldquoWhat ifrdquo scenarios
Communication and
reputation building SocietyNGOs
Authorities
Green funds
Research and academia
Life Cycle Thinking and Product Sustainability Introduction and overview
Business Benefit
Source httpavnirorgdocumentationcongres_avnirdiaposplacvmoteurUnilever_Taylorpdf
Life Cycle Assessment Value Chain Analysis
45
Business Benefit
Business value
bull Understand and improve productsrsquo
environmental footprints
bull EPDs for all its carpet products
globally for verified communication
and reporting
bull Product optimization and innovation
bull Risk Management in the supply chain
Solution
bull Use of GaBi software in-house to track
and improve its productsrsquo life cycle
performance
bull Reduce Recycle Innovative yarn
raquoOur use of LCA with GaBi has evolved to a proactive
assessment of alternatives during the development process
making it a critical tool in helping us achieve our Mission
Zeroreg goalslaquo
Connie Hensler Director Corporate LCA Programs
Interface Inc Source Ramon Arratia
Interface A case of full product responsibility
Life Cycle Assessment Hotspot Identification
LCA of furniture Green Product development
46 Source Ashwini Deodeshmukh Godrej Interio PE Workshop April 2013
47
Solution
bull LCA of packaging
bull Scenario analysis to optimize
packaging design
Sustainability performance
50 less primary energy
60 less plastic
75 fewer CO2 emissions from
transportation
Business advantage
Cost reduction of packaging
across the entire life cycle
Brand enhancement
in container manufacture only compared
to the rigid gallon jug
Packaging Innovation
bdquoLCA gives us a competitive advantage because it gives
us more insight into how to reduce our productsrsquo
footprints find efficiencies and validate and explain those
benefits to customers and consumersrdquo
Chris McGrath vice president for sustainability at Kraft Foods1
Source September 2012 MIT Sloan Management Review
Image Kraft Foods
Material Comparison Daimler Case Study
48
Comparison of concepts for the C-class front-module
bull Material options steel aluminum-steel plastic-steel
bull In terms of primary energy demand the steel version the favorable one followed by
the aluminum-steel option
bull In terms of weight the aluminum-steel version is best
Source Environmental Certificate Mercedes-Benz C-Class 11112013
Life Cycle Assessment PUMA- Shoe Packaging
bull 1 million litres of water saved
bull During transport 500000 litres of diesel is saved
bull If replacement of traditional shopping bags then save up to 275 tons of plastic
Septem
ber
2007
49
bull ~8500 tons less paper will be
consumed
bull 20 million Megajoules of electricity
saved
bull 1 million litres less of fuel oil use
Comparative LCA Sustainable Packaging
11112013 51
Impact Category Credit Energy
Disposal and
Recycling
Downstream
Transport
Primary
Packaging
Secondary
Packaging
Upstream
Transport
Container Glass -11 7 4 100 -2 2
PET 0 19 2 82 -4 1
Beverage Carton -12 134 8 -16 -15 1
Al Can 0 2 1 93 3 0
Source httpwwwindialcacompdfsILCM-2012-Session-6-Vinay-Saranpdf
Environmental Impact of Building Present and Future Scenario
bull Several methods and techniques
being adopted to reduce
environmental impact during the
use phase of the building
bull However impact due to materials
and construction will become
significant when operational
impact has been reduced
bull Cost of resources will increase
further creating burden on the
construction phase
Materials Operation End-of-life
Materials Operation End-of-life
GW
P t C
O2 e
q
Year 2020
Year 2010
GW
P t C
O2 e
q
0
25
50
0
25
50
53
Business Benefit
Image Tata Steel
Business value
bull Marketing tool for product
differentiation and to support
customers with data on the
sustainability of steel
bull Decision making in product
development
bull Identification of hot spots in the steel
value chain to effectively reduce
impacts and resource consumption
Solution
bull Use LCA Software to build product
models covering environmental impacts
bull Interactive reports for EPD creation
raquoLife Cycle Assessment helps us to fully understand
the benefits across the life cycle and assists us in
communicating these to our stakeholderslaquo
Allan Griffin Knowledge Group Leader Sustainability Tata Steel
Development of EPD Tata Steel Example
Agenda
1 PE International Overview
1 Profile Products and Services
2 Introduction to Life Cycle Assessment
Methodology and Framework
3 Applications of LCA and Business Value
1 Success Stories and Case Studies
4 Operationalization of LCA using GaBi
Software
Building business value long term B
usin
ess V
alu
e
Overview
Orientation
Long-term company
success
Screening
Material Comparison
Maturity of LCA usage
Rapid Prototyping (Generic LCA)
Process amp Resource Efficiency
Eco-design amp sustainable product Innovation
Verifiable BOM BOP amp Compliance
Product Communication amp Verification Continuous operational
optimization
Sustainable Product Portfolio Management
Value Chain optimization
42
43 11112013
Drivers for applying Life Cycle Thinking in industry are
Which reasons
exist
Regulations amp directives Integrate Product Policy (IPP)
Directive on end-of-life vehicle
WEEE and RoHS
Green purchasing program
Customer requests Down stream clients
Value chain
engagement Material stewardship
ldquoWhat ifrdquo scenarios
Communication and
reputation building SocietyNGOs
Authorities
Green funds
Research and academia
Life Cycle Thinking and Product Sustainability Introduction and overview
Business Benefit
Source httpavnirorgdocumentationcongres_avnirdiaposplacvmoteurUnilever_Taylorpdf
Life Cycle Assessment Value Chain Analysis
45
Business Benefit
Business value
bull Understand and improve productsrsquo
environmental footprints
bull EPDs for all its carpet products
globally for verified communication
and reporting
bull Product optimization and innovation
bull Risk Management in the supply chain
Solution
bull Use of GaBi software in-house to track
and improve its productsrsquo life cycle
performance
bull Reduce Recycle Innovative yarn
raquoOur use of LCA with GaBi has evolved to a proactive
assessment of alternatives during the development process
making it a critical tool in helping us achieve our Mission
Zeroreg goalslaquo
Connie Hensler Director Corporate LCA Programs
Interface Inc Source Ramon Arratia
Interface A case of full product responsibility
Life Cycle Assessment Hotspot Identification
LCA of furniture Green Product development
46 Source Ashwini Deodeshmukh Godrej Interio PE Workshop April 2013
47
Solution
bull LCA of packaging
bull Scenario analysis to optimize
packaging design
Sustainability performance
50 less primary energy
60 less plastic
75 fewer CO2 emissions from
transportation
Business advantage
Cost reduction of packaging
across the entire life cycle
Brand enhancement
in container manufacture only compared
to the rigid gallon jug
Packaging Innovation
bdquoLCA gives us a competitive advantage because it gives
us more insight into how to reduce our productsrsquo
footprints find efficiencies and validate and explain those
benefits to customers and consumersrdquo
Chris McGrath vice president for sustainability at Kraft Foods1
Source September 2012 MIT Sloan Management Review
Image Kraft Foods
Material Comparison Daimler Case Study
48
Comparison of concepts for the C-class front-module
bull Material options steel aluminum-steel plastic-steel
bull In terms of primary energy demand the steel version the favorable one followed by
the aluminum-steel option
bull In terms of weight the aluminum-steel version is best
Source Environmental Certificate Mercedes-Benz C-Class 11112013
Life Cycle Assessment PUMA- Shoe Packaging
bull 1 million litres of water saved
bull During transport 500000 litres of diesel is saved
bull If replacement of traditional shopping bags then save up to 275 tons of plastic
Septem
ber
2007
49
bull ~8500 tons less paper will be
consumed
bull 20 million Megajoules of electricity
saved
bull 1 million litres less of fuel oil use
Comparative LCA Sustainable Packaging
11112013 51
Impact Category Credit Energy
Disposal and
Recycling
Downstream
Transport
Primary
Packaging
Secondary
Packaging
Upstream
Transport
Container Glass -11 7 4 100 -2 2
PET 0 19 2 82 -4 1
Beverage Carton -12 134 8 -16 -15 1
Al Can 0 2 1 93 3 0
Source httpwwwindialcacompdfsILCM-2012-Session-6-Vinay-Saranpdf
Environmental Impact of Building Present and Future Scenario
bull Several methods and techniques
being adopted to reduce
environmental impact during the
use phase of the building
bull However impact due to materials
and construction will become
significant when operational
impact has been reduced
bull Cost of resources will increase
further creating burden on the
construction phase
Materials Operation End-of-life
Materials Operation End-of-life
GW
P t C
O2 e
q
Year 2020
Year 2010
GW
P t C
O2 e
q
0
25
50
0
25
50
53
Business Benefit
Image Tata Steel
Business value
bull Marketing tool for product
differentiation and to support
customers with data on the
sustainability of steel
bull Decision making in product
development
bull Identification of hot spots in the steel
value chain to effectively reduce
impacts and resource consumption
Solution
bull Use LCA Software to build product
models covering environmental impacts
bull Interactive reports for EPD creation
raquoLife Cycle Assessment helps us to fully understand
the benefits across the life cycle and assists us in
communicating these to our stakeholderslaquo
Allan Griffin Knowledge Group Leader Sustainability Tata Steel
Development of EPD Tata Steel Example
Building business value long term B
usin
ess V
alu
e
Overview
Orientation
Long-term company
success
Screening
Material Comparison
Maturity of LCA usage
Rapid Prototyping (Generic LCA)
Process amp Resource Efficiency
Eco-design amp sustainable product Innovation
Verifiable BOM BOP amp Compliance
Product Communication amp Verification Continuous operational
optimization
Sustainable Product Portfolio Management
Value Chain optimization
42
43 11112013
Drivers for applying Life Cycle Thinking in industry are
Which reasons
exist
Regulations amp directives Integrate Product Policy (IPP)
Directive on end-of-life vehicle
WEEE and RoHS
Green purchasing program
Customer requests Down stream clients
Value chain
engagement Material stewardship
ldquoWhat ifrdquo scenarios
Communication and
reputation building SocietyNGOs
Authorities
Green funds
Research and academia
Life Cycle Thinking and Product Sustainability Introduction and overview
Business Benefit
Source httpavnirorgdocumentationcongres_avnirdiaposplacvmoteurUnilever_Taylorpdf
Life Cycle Assessment Value Chain Analysis
45
Business Benefit
Business value
bull Understand and improve productsrsquo
environmental footprints
bull EPDs for all its carpet products
globally for verified communication
and reporting
bull Product optimization and innovation
bull Risk Management in the supply chain
Solution
bull Use of GaBi software in-house to track
and improve its productsrsquo life cycle
performance
bull Reduce Recycle Innovative yarn
raquoOur use of LCA with GaBi has evolved to a proactive
assessment of alternatives during the development process
making it a critical tool in helping us achieve our Mission
Zeroreg goalslaquo
Connie Hensler Director Corporate LCA Programs
Interface Inc Source Ramon Arratia
Interface A case of full product responsibility
Life Cycle Assessment Hotspot Identification
LCA of furniture Green Product development
46 Source Ashwini Deodeshmukh Godrej Interio PE Workshop April 2013
47
Solution
bull LCA of packaging
bull Scenario analysis to optimize
packaging design
Sustainability performance
50 less primary energy
60 less plastic
75 fewer CO2 emissions from
transportation
Business advantage
Cost reduction of packaging
across the entire life cycle
Brand enhancement
in container manufacture only compared
to the rigid gallon jug
Packaging Innovation
bdquoLCA gives us a competitive advantage because it gives
us more insight into how to reduce our productsrsquo
footprints find efficiencies and validate and explain those
benefits to customers and consumersrdquo
Chris McGrath vice president for sustainability at Kraft Foods1
Source September 2012 MIT Sloan Management Review
Image Kraft Foods
Material Comparison Daimler Case Study
48
Comparison of concepts for the C-class front-module
bull Material options steel aluminum-steel plastic-steel
bull In terms of primary energy demand the steel version the favorable one followed by
the aluminum-steel option
bull In terms of weight the aluminum-steel version is best
Source Environmental Certificate Mercedes-Benz C-Class 11112013
Life Cycle Assessment PUMA- Shoe Packaging
bull 1 million litres of water saved
bull During transport 500000 litres of diesel is saved
bull If replacement of traditional shopping bags then save up to 275 tons of plastic
Septem
ber
2007
49
bull ~8500 tons less paper will be
consumed
bull 20 million Megajoules of electricity
saved
bull 1 million litres less of fuel oil use
Comparative LCA Sustainable Packaging
11112013 51
Impact Category Credit Energy
Disposal and
Recycling
Downstream
Transport
Primary
Packaging
Secondary
Packaging
Upstream
Transport
Container Glass -11 7 4 100 -2 2
PET 0 19 2 82 -4 1
Beverage Carton -12 134 8 -16 -15 1
Al Can 0 2 1 93 3 0
Source httpwwwindialcacompdfsILCM-2012-Session-6-Vinay-Saranpdf
Environmental Impact of Building Present and Future Scenario
bull Several methods and techniques
being adopted to reduce
environmental impact during the
use phase of the building
bull However impact due to materials
and construction will become
significant when operational
impact has been reduced
bull Cost of resources will increase
further creating burden on the
construction phase
Materials Operation End-of-life
Materials Operation End-of-life
GW
P t C
O2 e
q
Year 2020
Year 2010
GW
P t C
O2 e
q
0
25
50
0
25
50
53
Business Benefit
Image Tata Steel
Business value
bull Marketing tool for product
differentiation and to support
customers with data on the
sustainability of steel
bull Decision making in product
development
bull Identification of hot spots in the steel
value chain to effectively reduce
impacts and resource consumption
Solution
bull Use LCA Software to build product
models covering environmental impacts
bull Interactive reports for EPD creation
raquoLife Cycle Assessment helps us to fully understand
the benefits across the life cycle and assists us in
communicating these to our stakeholderslaquo
Allan Griffin Knowledge Group Leader Sustainability Tata Steel
Development of EPD Tata Steel Example
43 11112013
Drivers for applying Life Cycle Thinking in industry are
Which reasons
exist
Regulations amp directives Integrate Product Policy (IPP)
Directive on end-of-life vehicle
WEEE and RoHS
Green purchasing program
Customer requests Down stream clients
Value chain
engagement Material stewardship
ldquoWhat ifrdquo scenarios
Communication and
reputation building SocietyNGOs
Authorities
Green funds
Research and academia
Life Cycle Thinking and Product Sustainability Introduction and overview
Business Benefit
Source httpavnirorgdocumentationcongres_avnirdiaposplacvmoteurUnilever_Taylorpdf
Life Cycle Assessment Value Chain Analysis
45
Business Benefit
Business value
bull Understand and improve productsrsquo
environmental footprints
bull EPDs for all its carpet products
globally for verified communication
and reporting
bull Product optimization and innovation
bull Risk Management in the supply chain
Solution
bull Use of GaBi software in-house to track
and improve its productsrsquo life cycle
performance
bull Reduce Recycle Innovative yarn
raquoOur use of LCA with GaBi has evolved to a proactive
assessment of alternatives during the development process
making it a critical tool in helping us achieve our Mission
Zeroreg goalslaquo
Connie Hensler Director Corporate LCA Programs
Interface Inc Source Ramon Arratia
Interface A case of full product responsibility
Life Cycle Assessment Hotspot Identification
LCA of furniture Green Product development
46 Source Ashwini Deodeshmukh Godrej Interio PE Workshop April 2013
47
Solution
bull LCA of packaging
bull Scenario analysis to optimize
packaging design
Sustainability performance
50 less primary energy
60 less plastic
75 fewer CO2 emissions from
transportation
Business advantage
Cost reduction of packaging
across the entire life cycle
Brand enhancement
in container manufacture only compared
to the rigid gallon jug
Packaging Innovation
bdquoLCA gives us a competitive advantage because it gives
us more insight into how to reduce our productsrsquo
footprints find efficiencies and validate and explain those
benefits to customers and consumersrdquo
Chris McGrath vice president for sustainability at Kraft Foods1
Source September 2012 MIT Sloan Management Review
Image Kraft Foods
Material Comparison Daimler Case Study
48
Comparison of concepts for the C-class front-module
bull Material options steel aluminum-steel plastic-steel
bull In terms of primary energy demand the steel version the favorable one followed by
the aluminum-steel option
bull In terms of weight the aluminum-steel version is best
Source Environmental Certificate Mercedes-Benz C-Class 11112013
Life Cycle Assessment PUMA- Shoe Packaging
bull 1 million litres of water saved
bull During transport 500000 litres of diesel is saved
bull If replacement of traditional shopping bags then save up to 275 tons of plastic
Septem
ber
2007
49
bull ~8500 tons less paper will be
consumed
bull 20 million Megajoules of electricity
saved
bull 1 million litres less of fuel oil use
Comparative LCA Sustainable Packaging
11112013 51
Impact Category Credit Energy
Disposal and
Recycling
Downstream
Transport
Primary
Packaging
Secondary
Packaging
Upstream
Transport
Container Glass -11 7 4 100 -2 2
PET 0 19 2 82 -4 1
Beverage Carton -12 134 8 -16 -15 1
Al Can 0 2 1 93 3 0
Source httpwwwindialcacompdfsILCM-2012-Session-6-Vinay-Saranpdf
Environmental Impact of Building Present and Future Scenario
bull Several methods and techniques
being adopted to reduce
environmental impact during the
use phase of the building
bull However impact due to materials
and construction will become
significant when operational
impact has been reduced
bull Cost of resources will increase
further creating burden on the
construction phase
Materials Operation End-of-life
Materials Operation End-of-life
GW
P t C
O2 e
q
Year 2020
Year 2010
GW
P t C
O2 e
q
0
25
50
0
25
50
53
Business Benefit
Image Tata Steel
Business value
bull Marketing tool for product
differentiation and to support
customers with data on the
sustainability of steel
bull Decision making in product
development
bull Identification of hot spots in the steel
value chain to effectively reduce
impacts and resource consumption
Solution
bull Use LCA Software to build product
models covering environmental impacts
bull Interactive reports for EPD creation
raquoLife Cycle Assessment helps us to fully understand
the benefits across the life cycle and assists us in
communicating these to our stakeholderslaquo
Allan Griffin Knowledge Group Leader Sustainability Tata Steel
Development of EPD Tata Steel Example
Business Benefit
Source httpavnirorgdocumentationcongres_avnirdiaposplacvmoteurUnilever_Taylorpdf
Life Cycle Assessment Value Chain Analysis
45
Business Benefit
Business value
bull Understand and improve productsrsquo
environmental footprints
bull EPDs for all its carpet products
globally for verified communication
and reporting
bull Product optimization and innovation
bull Risk Management in the supply chain
Solution
bull Use of GaBi software in-house to track
and improve its productsrsquo life cycle
performance
bull Reduce Recycle Innovative yarn
raquoOur use of LCA with GaBi has evolved to a proactive
assessment of alternatives during the development process
making it a critical tool in helping us achieve our Mission
Zeroreg goalslaquo
Connie Hensler Director Corporate LCA Programs
Interface Inc Source Ramon Arratia
Interface A case of full product responsibility
Life Cycle Assessment Hotspot Identification
LCA of furniture Green Product development
46 Source Ashwini Deodeshmukh Godrej Interio PE Workshop April 2013
47
Solution
bull LCA of packaging
bull Scenario analysis to optimize
packaging design
Sustainability performance
50 less primary energy
60 less plastic
75 fewer CO2 emissions from
transportation
Business advantage
Cost reduction of packaging
across the entire life cycle
Brand enhancement
in container manufacture only compared
to the rigid gallon jug
Packaging Innovation
bdquoLCA gives us a competitive advantage because it gives
us more insight into how to reduce our productsrsquo
footprints find efficiencies and validate and explain those
benefits to customers and consumersrdquo
Chris McGrath vice president for sustainability at Kraft Foods1
Source September 2012 MIT Sloan Management Review
Image Kraft Foods
Material Comparison Daimler Case Study
48
Comparison of concepts for the C-class front-module
bull Material options steel aluminum-steel plastic-steel
bull In terms of primary energy demand the steel version the favorable one followed by
the aluminum-steel option
bull In terms of weight the aluminum-steel version is best
Source Environmental Certificate Mercedes-Benz C-Class 11112013
Life Cycle Assessment PUMA- Shoe Packaging
bull 1 million litres of water saved
bull During transport 500000 litres of diesel is saved
bull If replacement of traditional shopping bags then save up to 275 tons of plastic
Septem
ber
2007
49
bull ~8500 tons less paper will be
consumed
bull 20 million Megajoules of electricity
saved
bull 1 million litres less of fuel oil use
Comparative LCA Sustainable Packaging
11112013 51
Impact Category Credit Energy
Disposal and
Recycling
Downstream
Transport
Primary
Packaging
Secondary
Packaging
Upstream
Transport
Container Glass -11 7 4 100 -2 2
PET 0 19 2 82 -4 1
Beverage Carton -12 134 8 -16 -15 1
Al Can 0 2 1 93 3 0
Source httpwwwindialcacompdfsILCM-2012-Session-6-Vinay-Saranpdf
Environmental Impact of Building Present and Future Scenario
bull Several methods and techniques
being adopted to reduce
environmental impact during the
use phase of the building
bull However impact due to materials
and construction will become
significant when operational
impact has been reduced
bull Cost of resources will increase
further creating burden on the
construction phase
Materials Operation End-of-life
Materials Operation End-of-life
GW
P t C
O2 e
q
Year 2020
Year 2010
GW
P t C
O2 e
q
0
25
50
0
25
50
53
Business Benefit
Image Tata Steel
Business value
bull Marketing tool for product
differentiation and to support
customers with data on the
sustainability of steel
bull Decision making in product
development
bull Identification of hot spots in the steel
value chain to effectively reduce
impacts and resource consumption
Solution
bull Use LCA Software to build product
models covering environmental impacts
bull Interactive reports for EPD creation
raquoLife Cycle Assessment helps us to fully understand
the benefits across the life cycle and assists us in
communicating these to our stakeholderslaquo
Allan Griffin Knowledge Group Leader Sustainability Tata Steel
Development of EPD Tata Steel Example
45
Business Benefit
Business value
bull Understand and improve productsrsquo
environmental footprints
bull EPDs for all its carpet products
globally for verified communication
and reporting
bull Product optimization and innovation
bull Risk Management in the supply chain
Solution
bull Use of GaBi software in-house to track
and improve its productsrsquo life cycle
performance
bull Reduce Recycle Innovative yarn
raquoOur use of LCA with GaBi has evolved to a proactive
assessment of alternatives during the development process
making it a critical tool in helping us achieve our Mission
Zeroreg goalslaquo
Connie Hensler Director Corporate LCA Programs
Interface Inc Source Ramon Arratia
Interface A case of full product responsibility
Life Cycle Assessment Hotspot Identification
LCA of furniture Green Product development
46 Source Ashwini Deodeshmukh Godrej Interio PE Workshop April 2013
47
Solution
bull LCA of packaging
bull Scenario analysis to optimize
packaging design
Sustainability performance
50 less primary energy
60 less plastic
75 fewer CO2 emissions from
transportation
Business advantage
Cost reduction of packaging
across the entire life cycle
Brand enhancement
in container manufacture only compared
to the rigid gallon jug
Packaging Innovation
bdquoLCA gives us a competitive advantage because it gives
us more insight into how to reduce our productsrsquo
footprints find efficiencies and validate and explain those
benefits to customers and consumersrdquo
Chris McGrath vice president for sustainability at Kraft Foods1
Source September 2012 MIT Sloan Management Review
Image Kraft Foods
Material Comparison Daimler Case Study
48
Comparison of concepts for the C-class front-module
bull Material options steel aluminum-steel plastic-steel
bull In terms of primary energy demand the steel version the favorable one followed by
the aluminum-steel option
bull In terms of weight the aluminum-steel version is best
Source Environmental Certificate Mercedes-Benz C-Class 11112013
Life Cycle Assessment PUMA- Shoe Packaging
bull 1 million litres of water saved
bull During transport 500000 litres of diesel is saved
bull If replacement of traditional shopping bags then save up to 275 tons of plastic
Septem
ber
2007
49
bull ~8500 tons less paper will be
consumed
bull 20 million Megajoules of electricity
saved
bull 1 million litres less of fuel oil use
Comparative LCA Sustainable Packaging
11112013 51
Impact Category Credit Energy
Disposal and
Recycling
Downstream
Transport
Primary
Packaging
Secondary
Packaging
Upstream
Transport
Container Glass -11 7 4 100 -2 2
PET 0 19 2 82 -4 1
Beverage Carton -12 134 8 -16 -15 1
Al Can 0 2 1 93 3 0
Source httpwwwindialcacompdfsILCM-2012-Session-6-Vinay-Saranpdf
Environmental Impact of Building Present and Future Scenario
bull Several methods and techniques
being adopted to reduce
environmental impact during the
use phase of the building
bull However impact due to materials
and construction will become
significant when operational
impact has been reduced
bull Cost of resources will increase
further creating burden on the
construction phase
Materials Operation End-of-life
Materials Operation End-of-life
GW
P t C
O2 e
q
Year 2020
Year 2010
GW
P t C
O2 e
q
0
25
50
0
25
50
53
Business Benefit
Image Tata Steel
Business value
bull Marketing tool for product
differentiation and to support
customers with data on the
sustainability of steel
bull Decision making in product
development
bull Identification of hot spots in the steel
value chain to effectively reduce
impacts and resource consumption
Solution
bull Use LCA Software to build product
models covering environmental impacts
bull Interactive reports for EPD creation
raquoLife Cycle Assessment helps us to fully understand
the benefits across the life cycle and assists us in
communicating these to our stakeholderslaquo
Allan Griffin Knowledge Group Leader Sustainability Tata Steel
Development of EPD Tata Steel Example
LCA of furniture Green Product development
46 Source Ashwini Deodeshmukh Godrej Interio PE Workshop April 2013
47
Solution
bull LCA of packaging
bull Scenario analysis to optimize
packaging design
Sustainability performance
50 less primary energy
60 less plastic
75 fewer CO2 emissions from
transportation
Business advantage
Cost reduction of packaging
across the entire life cycle
Brand enhancement
in container manufacture only compared
to the rigid gallon jug
Packaging Innovation
bdquoLCA gives us a competitive advantage because it gives
us more insight into how to reduce our productsrsquo
footprints find efficiencies and validate and explain those
benefits to customers and consumersrdquo
Chris McGrath vice president for sustainability at Kraft Foods1
Source September 2012 MIT Sloan Management Review
Image Kraft Foods
Material Comparison Daimler Case Study
48
Comparison of concepts for the C-class front-module
bull Material options steel aluminum-steel plastic-steel
bull In terms of primary energy demand the steel version the favorable one followed by
the aluminum-steel option
bull In terms of weight the aluminum-steel version is best
Source Environmental Certificate Mercedes-Benz C-Class 11112013
Life Cycle Assessment PUMA- Shoe Packaging
bull 1 million litres of water saved
bull During transport 500000 litres of diesel is saved
bull If replacement of traditional shopping bags then save up to 275 tons of plastic
Septem
ber
2007
49
bull ~8500 tons less paper will be
consumed
bull 20 million Megajoules of electricity
saved
bull 1 million litres less of fuel oil use
Comparative LCA Sustainable Packaging
11112013 51
Impact Category Credit Energy
Disposal and
Recycling
Downstream
Transport
Primary
Packaging
Secondary
Packaging
Upstream
Transport
Container Glass -11 7 4 100 -2 2
PET 0 19 2 82 -4 1
Beverage Carton -12 134 8 -16 -15 1
Al Can 0 2 1 93 3 0
Source httpwwwindialcacompdfsILCM-2012-Session-6-Vinay-Saranpdf
Environmental Impact of Building Present and Future Scenario
bull Several methods and techniques
being adopted to reduce
environmental impact during the
use phase of the building
bull However impact due to materials
and construction will become
significant when operational
impact has been reduced
bull Cost of resources will increase
further creating burden on the
construction phase
Materials Operation End-of-life
Materials Operation End-of-life
GW
P t C
O2 e
q
Year 2020
Year 2010
GW
P t C
O2 e
q
0
25
50
0
25
50
53
Business Benefit
Image Tata Steel
Business value
bull Marketing tool for product
differentiation and to support
customers with data on the
sustainability of steel
bull Decision making in product
development
bull Identification of hot spots in the steel
value chain to effectively reduce
impacts and resource consumption
Solution
bull Use LCA Software to build product
models covering environmental impacts
bull Interactive reports for EPD creation
raquoLife Cycle Assessment helps us to fully understand
the benefits across the life cycle and assists us in
communicating these to our stakeholderslaquo
Allan Griffin Knowledge Group Leader Sustainability Tata Steel
Development of EPD Tata Steel Example
47
Solution
bull LCA of packaging
bull Scenario analysis to optimize
packaging design
Sustainability performance
50 less primary energy
60 less plastic
75 fewer CO2 emissions from
transportation
Business advantage
Cost reduction of packaging
across the entire life cycle
Brand enhancement
in container manufacture only compared
to the rigid gallon jug
Packaging Innovation
bdquoLCA gives us a competitive advantage because it gives
us more insight into how to reduce our productsrsquo
footprints find efficiencies and validate and explain those
benefits to customers and consumersrdquo
Chris McGrath vice president for sustainability at Kraft Foods1
Source September 2012 MIT Sloan Management Review
Image Kraft Foods
Material Comparison Daimler Case Study
48
Comparison of concepts for the C-class front-module
bull Material options steel aluminum-steel plastic-steel
bull In terms of primary energy demand the steel version the favorable one followed by
the aluminum-steel option
bull In terms of weight the aluminum-steel version is best
Source Environmental Certificate Mercedes-Benz C-Class 11112013
Life Cycle Assessment PUMA- Shoe Packaging
bull 1 million litres of water saved
bull During transport 500000 litres of diesel is saved
bull If replacement of traditional shopping bags then save up to 275 tons of plastic
Septem
ber
2007
49
bull ~8500 tons less paper will be
consumed
bull 20 million Megajoules of electricity
saved
bull 1 million litres less of fuel oil use
Comparative LCA Sustainable Packaging
11112013 51
Impact Category Credit Energy
Disposal and
Recycling
Downstream
Transport
Primary
Packaging
Secondary
Packaging
Upstream
Transport
Container Glass -11 7 4 100 -2 2
PET 0 19 2 82 -4 1
Beverage Carton -12 134 8 -16 -15 1
Al Can 0 2 1 93 3 0
Source httpwwwindialcacompdfsILCM-2012-Session-6-Vinay-Saranpdf
Environmental Impact of Building Present and Future Scenario
bull Several methods and techniques
being adopted to reduce
environmental impact during the
use phase of the building
bull However impact due to materials
and construction will become
significant when operational
impact has been reduced
bull Cost of resources will increase
further creating burden on the
construction phase
Materials Operation End-of-life
Materials Operation End-of-life
GW
P t C
O2 e
q
Year 2020
Year 2010
GW
P t C
O2 e
q
0
25
50
0
25
50
53
Business Benefit
Image Tata Steel
Business value
bull Marketing tool for product
differentiation and to support
customers with data on the
sustainability of steel
bull Decision making in product
development
bull Identification of hot spots in the steel
value chain to effectively reduce
impacts and resource consumption
Solution
bull Use LCA Software to build product
models covering environmental impacts
bull Interactive reports for EPD creation
raquoLife Cycle Assessment helps us to fully understand
the benefits across the life cycle and assists us in
communicating these to our stakeholderslaquo
Allan Griffin Knowledge Group Leader Sustainability Tata Steel
Development of EPD Tata Steel Example
Material Comparison Daimler Case Study
48
Comparison of concepts for the C-class front-module
bull Material options steel aluminum-steel plastic-steel
bull In terms of primary energy demand the steel version the favorable one followed by
the aluminum-steel option
bull In terms of weight the aluminum-steel version is best
Source Environmental Certificate Mercedes-Benz C-Class 11112013
Life Cycle Assessment PUMA- Shoe Packaging
bull 1 million litres of water saved
bull During transport 500000 litres of diesel is saved
bull If replacement of traditional shopping bags then save up to 275 tons of plastic
Septem
ber
2007
49
bull ~8500 tons less paper will be
consumed
bull 20 million Megajoules of electricity
saved
bull 1 million litres less of fuel oil use
Comparative LCA Sustainable Packaging
11112013 51
Impact Category Credit Energy
Disposal and
Recycling
Downstream
Transport
Primary
Packaging
Secondary
Packaging
Upstream
Transport
Container Glass -11 7 4 100 -2 2
PET 0 19 2 82 -4 1
Beverage Carton -12 134 8 -16 -15 1
Al Can 0 2 1 93 3 0
Source httpwwwindialcacompdfsILCM-2012-Session-6-Vinay-Saranpdf
Environmental Impact of Building Present and Future Scenario
bull Several methods and techniques
being adopted to reduce
environmental impact during the
use phase of the building
bull However impact due to materials
and construction will become
significant when operational
impact has been reduced
bull Cost of resources will increase
further creating burden on the
construction phase
Materials Operation End-of-life
Materials Operation End-of-life
GW
P t C
O2 e
q
Year 2020
Year 2010
GW
P t C
O2 e
q
0
25
50
0
25
50
53
Business Benefit
Image Tata Steel
Business value
bull Marketing tool for product
differentiation and to support
customers with data on the
sustainability of steel
bull Decision making in product
development
bull Identification of hot spots in the steel
value chain to effectively reduce
impacts and resource consumption
Solution
bull Use LCA Software to build product
models covering environmental impacts
bull Interactive reports for EPD creation
raquoLife Cycle Assessment helps us to fully understand
the benefits across the life cycle and assists us in
communicating these to our stakeholderslaquo
Allan Griffin Knowledge Group Leader Sustainability Tata Steel
Development of EPD Tata Steel Example
Life Cycle Assessment PUMA- Shoe Packaging
bull 1 million litres of water saved
bull During transport 500000 litres of diesel is saved
bull If replacement of traditional shopping bags then save up to 275 tons of plastic
Septem
ber
2007
49
bull ~8500 tons less paper will be
consumed
bull 20 million Megajoules of electricity
saved
bull 1 million litres less of fuel oil use
Comparative LCA Sustainable Packaging
11112013 51
Impact Category Credit Energy
Disposal and
Recycling
Downstream
Transport
Primary
Packaging
Secondary
Packaging
Upstream
Transport
Container Glass -11 7 4 100 -2 2
PET 0 19 2 82 -4 1
Beverage Carton -12 134 8 -16 -15 1
Al Can 0 2 1 93 3 0
Source httpwwwindialcacompdfsILCM-2012-Session-6-Vinay-Saranpdf
Environmental Impact of Building Present and Future Scenario
bull Several methods and techniques
being adopted to reduce
environmental impact during the
use phase of the building
bull However impact due to materials
and construction will become
significant when operational
impact has been reduced
bull Cost of resources will increase
further creating burden on the
construction phase
Materials Operation End-of-life
Materials Operation End-of-life
GW
P t C
O2 e
q
Year 2020
Year 2010
GW
P t C
O2 e
q
0
25
50
0
25
50
53
Business Benefit
Image Tata Steel
Business value
bull Marketing tool for product
differentiation and to support
customers with data on the
sustainability of steel
bull Decision making in product
development
bull Identification of hot spots in the steel
value chain to effectively reduce
impacts and resource consumption
Solution
bull Use LCA Software to build product
models covering environmental impacts
bull Interactive reports for EPD creation
raquoLife Cycle Assessment helps us to fully understand
the benefits across the life cycle and assists us in
communicating these to our stakeholderslaquo
Allan Griffin Knowledge Group Leader Sustainability Tata Steel
Development of EPD Tata Steel Example
Comparative LCA Sustainable Packaging
11112013 51
Impact Category Credit Energy
Disposal and
Recycling
Downstream
Transport
Primary
Packaging
Secondary
Packaging
Upstream
Transport
Container Glass -11 7 4 100 -2 2
PET 0 19 2 82 -4 1
Beverage Carton -12 134 8 -16 -15 1
Al Can 0 2 1 93 3 0
Source httpwwwindialcacompdfsILCM-2012-Session-6-Vinay-Saranpdf
Environmental Impact of Building Present and Future Scenario
bull Several methods and techniques
being adopted to reduce
environmental impact during the
use phase of the building
bull However impact due to materials
and construction will become
significant when operational
impact has been reduced
bull Cost of resources will increase
further creating burden on the
construction phase
Materials Operation End-of-life
Materials Operation End-of-life
GW
P t C
O2 e
q
Year 2020
Year 2010
GW
P t C
O2 e
q
0
25
50
0
25
50
53
Business Benefit
Image Tata Steel
Business value
bull Marketing tool for product
differentiation and to support
customers with data on the
sustainability of steel
bull Decision making in product
development
bull Identification of hot spots in the steel
value chain to effectively reduce
impacts and resource consumption
Solution
bull Use LCA Software to build product
models covering environmental impacts
bull Interactive reports for EPD creation
raquoLife Cycle Assessment helps us to fully understand
the benefits across the life cycle and assists us in
communicating these to our stakeholderslaquo
Allan Griffin Knowledge Group Leader Sustainability Tata Steel
Development of EPD Tata Steel Example
Environmental Impact of Building Present and Future Scenario
bull Several methods and techniques
being adopted to reduce
environmental impact during the
use phase of the building
bull However impact due to materials
and construction will become
significant when operational
impact has been reduced
bull Cost of resources will increase
further creating burden on the
construction phase
Materials Operation End-of-life
Materials Operation End-of-life
GW
P t C
O2 e
q
Year 2020
Year 2010
GW
P t C
O2 e
q
0
25
50
0
25
50
53
Business Benefit
Image Tata Steel
Business value
bull Marketing tool for product
differentiation and to support
customers with data on the
sustainability of steel
bull Decision making in product
development
bull Identification of hot spots in the steel
value chain to effectively reduce
impacts and resource consumption
Solution
bull Use LCA Software to build product
models covering environmental impacts
bull Interactive reports for EPD creation
raquoLife Cycle Assessment helps us to fully understand
the benefits across the life cycle and assists us in
communicating these to our stakeholderslaquo
Allan Griffin Knowledge Group Leader Sustainability Tata Steel
Development of EPD Tata Steel Example
53
Business Benefit
Image Tata Steel
Business value
bull Marketing tool for product
differentiation and to support
customers with data on the
sustainability of steel
bull Decision making in product
development
bull Identification of hot spots in the steel
value chain to effectively reduce
impacts and resource consumption
Solution
bull Use LCA Software to build product
models covering environmental impacts
bull Interactive reports for EPD creation
raquoLife Cycle Assessment helps us to fully understand
the benefits across the life cycle and assists us in
communicating these to our stakeholderslaquo
Allan Griffin Knowledge Group Leader Sustainability Tata Steel
Development of EPD Tata Steel Example