REACTIVE POWER management in india

Under the guidance of:Dr. s.k. mohapatra(h.o.d. of ee department)

PRESENTED BY:CHINMAYA KUMAR SAHANIELECTRICAL 3 (A)REG NO: 1301227640

TYPES OF POWER

ACTIVE POWER: It is power that does actual work - e.g: creating heat, lifting loads, etc. (unit-KW)

REACTIVE POWER: It is the power that doesn't do any real work.-e.g:  Current that charges a capacitor, or current that creates the magnetic field around a coil for another.  (unit- KVAR)

APPARENT POWER: It is the mathematical combination of these two.(REAL + REACTIVE) .(Unit-KVA)

ANALOGY OF POWER

• ACTIVE POWER= CHIPS

• REACTIVE POWER=AIR

• APPARENT POWER=WHOLE PACKET

Power triangle

Cos(Φ)

Necessity of Reactive power

Real power accomplishes useful work while reactive power supports the voltage that must be controlled for system reliability. so the reactive power affects voltages throughout the system.

If voltage on the system is not high enough, active power cannot be supplied.

Motor loads and other loads require reactive power to convert the flow of electrons into useful work.

It required to establish the magnetic and/or electric fields so that energy conversion can take place.

Due to reactive power transformer transform the power.

Need of compensation of reactive power

Power factor improvement: It regulate the power factor of the system and maintain the voltage stability we need to compensate reactive power .

Minimize the losses: It reduces the copper loss by minimizing current flow through line.

Improving generator capability: reactive power production can limit a generator’s real power capability.

Quality of power improvement: it helps in maintaining the voltage profile

Blackouts : dangerous black out may occure due improper compensation

2012 blackout in india

2 days total outage of supply(30th and 31st july)

Over 600 million people suffered.

Over 250 electric train stopped before reaching the platform.

Loss of Over 11,00,00,00,000 rupee(1100 cores).

HAPPENED DUE TO UNDERESTIMATING THE POWER OF REACTIVE POWER

EXAMPLE OF A TRANSMISSION LINE

How to compensate reactive power Shunt compensation:

• connected in parallel in the system• Mainly used for power factor correction• Also known as load compensator

Series compensation :

• Connected in series in the line• Mainly used for boosting the receiving voltage• Self regulating type live compensator

Shunt compensation

Series compensation

Series capacitors bank

Implementing the compensation in the network

M M M M

*A

*B

*C

*D Shunt compensation of reactive power can be employed either at load level, substation level or at transmission level. Compensation should be provided as close as possible to the consumption point to avoid having to distribute this power in the other part of network. Location is primarily determined by the reason for compensation. •*A : Direct Compensation •*B : Group Compensation •*C : Central Compensation at LV side •*D : Central Compensation at HV side

Facts devices( Flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) ): STATIC VAR COMPENSATOR:

A static VAR compensator (or SVC) is an electrical device for providing  reactive power on transmission networks. The term "static" refers to the fact that the SVC has no moving parts.

The SVC is an automated impedance matching device, designed to bring the system closer to unity power factor.

Under inductive (lagging) conditions, the capacitor banks are automatically switched in, thus providing a higher system voltage.

ADVANTAGES:

They are more reliable . Faster in operation . Smoother control and more flexibility can be

provided with the help of thyristors.

Power factor before and after VAR compensation

STATCOM (STATIC SYNCHRONOUS COMPENSATER):

The devices use synchronous voltage sources for generating or absorbing reactive power. A synchronous voltage source (SVS) is constructed using a voltage source converter (VSC). Such a shunt compensating device is called static compensator or STATCOM .

ADVNTAGES: The reactive components used in the STATCOM are

much smaller than those in the SVC. The characteristics of STATCOM are superior. . Reduction of harmonic filter capacity. Reduction of size of high value air-cored reactor. Reduction of equipment volume and foot-print.

STATCOM

Synchronous Condenser ; A device whose main function is the improvement of pf of the electrical system is

known as the synchronous condenser. It is installed at the receiving end of the line .

When a synchronous condenser is introduced it supplies the kVAR to the system , and hence the current is reduced .

Therefore the losses are reduced and provides a better efficiency . Hence more power can be delivered to the load and improves the pf of the system.

ADVANTAGES:

Easy to use and maintenance.

Power factor is improved automatically .

Improvement of active power by compensation

new generation of FACTS DEVICES: Thyristor-Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC) Thyristor-Controlled Phase Shifter (TCPS) Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) Dynamic power flow controller (DPFC). Fault current limiter (FCL). Super Conducting Magnetic Energy Storage

(SMES)- - (Controls voltage and power) Static Synchronous Series Controller (SSSC) Benefits :

•Better utilization of existing transmission system assets •Increased transmission system reliability and availability •Increased dynamic and transient grid stability and reduction of loop flows•Increased quality of supply for sensitive industries •Environmental benefits Better utilization of existing transmission system assets

COMPARISSION OF FACTS

Future of reactive power compensation in INDIA

Its been 20 years of The first FACTS device installed in India isThyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC) with FixedSeries Compensation (FSC) at 400 kV transmission linebetween Kanpur (U.P) and Ballabgarh (Haryana) in theNorthern Grid.

Siemens receives order for largest Statcom reactive power compensation project in India Erlangen, 2016-Jun-27.

The total estimated cost of Statcom project is Rs 704 Cores andit will plan located in different parts of India from north tosouth.

Raipur-Rourkela 400 kV, D/C ,412 Km transmission line with FSC-TCSC installed

Punjab signed agreement with Korean company (The boltz)For reactive power compensation in 2015 December.

Conclusion:

In developing nation like India, power demand in nearfuture is very high and to meet this increased powerdemand; not only installed capacity has to be increased but also transmission network to be strengthened.

With the installation of Fixed Series Capacitor with TCSCimprove dynamic performance under variouscontingencies of operation and may avoid disintegrationof grid as faced a number of times in the past.

Under Indian circumstances, it is important to utilize existingsystems as efficiently as possible, to increase both thecapacity and the quality of present transmission networks,even if for limited period, through various innovativemethods with minimum investment.

REFFERENCES: Ganesh Barve,”Application Study of FACTS Devices in IndianPower System”IJCAT - International Journal of Computing and TechnologyVolume 1, Issue 1, February 2015

H. K. Tyll, and F. Schettler, “Historical overview on dynamic reactivepower compensation solutions from the begin of AC power transmissiontowards present applications,” Power Systems Conference andExposition, 2015. PSCE'15. IEEE/PES. IEEE, 2015.

Report on ” The Grid Disturbances on 30th July and 31st July 2012”, Submitted in Compliance to CERC Order in Petition No. 167/Suo-Motu/2012 dated 1st Aug2012 ,SUBMITTED 8th August 2012.

Y. jun Zhang and Z. Ren, “ Reactive power compensation: A morden headache,” Power Systems, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 20, pp. 1349–1356, Aug 2005.

Biplab Bhattacharyya and  Sanjay Kumar ,“Approach for the solution of transmission congestion with multi-type FACTS devices” IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution ( Volume: 10, Issue: 11, 8 4 2016 )

Any Questions?????