React to this quote…

“The path of progress is strewn with the wrecks of nations; traces are everywhere to be seen of the [slaughtered remains] of inferior races…Yet these dead people are, in very truth, the stepping stones on which mankind has arisen to the higher intellectual and deeper emotional life of today.”• British Professor Karl Pearson

“National Life from the Standpoint of Science” (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1900)

1. Excitement and Dangers of Exploration---The Thrill

2. Political, Militarism, and Nationalism(Doc. B – New Imperialism Reading)

3. Industrial Revolution and New Technology(Doc C – New Imperialism Reading)

4. Economic Reasons(Docs D & E – New Imperialism Reading)

5. Racism and Social Darwinism(New Imperialism Reading)

6. Religion and Humanitarianism(New Imperialism Reading)

BritainFrance

GermanyItaly

PortugalBelgium

Spain

EuropeansIn AfricaBy 1914

Britain’s claims in Africa were second in size only to France, but included heavily populated areas with greater natural resources.

British Territory

Britain controlled Egypt because of its strategic location.

France was very powerful in North Africa, and later spread into West and Central Africa. The territory France controlled was as large as the United States.

French Territory

The newly formed German empire had to fight many battles against African natives to take lands in the southern half of Africa.

German Territory

Germany would lose its colonial territories after its loss in World War I.

The Italians crossed the Mediterranean and conquered Libya. They then took Somaliland in the horn of Africa, but were beaten badly by the Ethiopians.

Italian Territory

King Leopold and other wealthy Belgians exploited the riches of the Congo, and brutalized the natives. Many Africans were enslaved, beaten, and killed.

Belgium Territory

Although the leaders of the old imperialism, the African claims of the Portuguese and Spanish were minimal.

Portuguese Territory

Spanish Territory

After the slave trade was outlawed, abolitionists in the United States promoted the idea of returning freed slaves to Africa.

Independent Africans

In the early 1800s, President Monroe helped free slaves settle in Liberia. The former slaves named the capital city Monrovia in his honor.

PresidentMonroe

Liberia

Independent Africans

The Ethiopians kept their freedom through a successful military resistance. Emperor Menelik II modernized the army, along with roads, bridges, and schools. When the Italians invaded they were defeated so badly by Menelik that no other Europeans tried to take Ethiopia until the 1930s.

Ethiopia

Menelik

Positive Results Negative Results1. Unified national states created 1. Encouraged tribal wars by creating

artificial borders

2. Improved medical care, sanitation, and nutrition

2. Created population explosion famine

3. Increased agricultural production 3. Produced cash crops needed by Europeans, and not food for Africans

4. Improved transportation and communication facilities

4. Exploited natural resources: minerals, lumber, rubber, human rights.

5. Expanded educational opportunities

5. Downgraded traditional African culture westernization

• The worst atrocities in Africa took place in the Congo Free State

• Founded after the Berlin Conference by King Leopold II of Belgium

• Leopold claimed he was involved in humanitarian and philanthropic work

• He was granted personal control over the region

• He was actually after gathering wealth from:– Minerals– Ivory– and especially Rubber (for the booming tire

business)

• Leopold pledged to suppress the East African slave trade; promote humanitarian policies; guarantee free trade within the colony; and encourage philanthropic and scientific enterprises

• Instead, he virtually enslaved the native populations to work for him by using brutal techniques

• High quotas were set for laborers

• If you did not reach the quota, the punishment was torture or death!

• “Lazy workers were whipped – sometimes to death

• Wives and children were held as hostages to force men to work harder

• In order to “prove” they weren’t wasting bullets or hunting, soldiers were required to bring the severed hands of their victims.

• The result was solders would collect the hands of children and women as a way of “proving” how many “lazy” workers were punished

• In 1903, this brutal treatment was exposed thanks to Roger Casement – Casement Report

• He submitted a report to the British Parliament detailing the abuses

• This helped lead to forcing Leopold to surrender control of the Congo Free State

• It is estimated that over 10 million natives died due to Leopold’s policies