ray tec lighting guide

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THE COMPLETE GUIDE TO

CCTV LIGHTING2007


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No part o the publication may be

reproduced in any material orm (including

photocopying or storing in any medium

by electronic means and whether or not

transiently or incidentally to some other

use o this publication) without the written

permission o the copyright holder, Raytec.


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CONTENTS

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Page No.

THE CHALLENGES OF CCTV LIGHTING 4

INTRODUCTION TO CCTV LIGHTINGWhat is Light 5What is Colour 6What is Inra-Red 8

Colour or Monochrome 8Brightness and Glare 8Light and Surace 9Relection 11

THE CHALLENGES IN DETAIL 13

Qali IllmiaiSources o Light 13CCTV Lighting Which Wavelength 15Light and Saety 15

Ale IllmiaiBeam Patterns 16Traditional Beam Patterns 16Adaptive Illumination Beam Patterns 17

DiaceThe Inverse Square Law 18Using Multiple Illuminators 19Measuring Light Levels: White-Light & Inra-Red 20Comparing the Relative Power o Dierent illuminators 21

Ri ad Maieace CEvaluating Running and Maintenance Costs 22

Ee IllmiaiEven Illumination 25Light Pollution and CCTV 26

Ierai Camera ad LeSpeciying the Correct Camera 29Speciying the Correct Lens 30Filters used in night-time CCTV 32

PRACTICAL TOOLS FOR SPECIFYING CCTV LIGHTINGHow to Speciy Lighting 33Practical Installation Considerations 35Typical Installations and Practical Guidelines 38Case Study: Lighting or Domes 40The Illumination Quality (IQ) Test 44

FURTHER INFORMATION 46


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THECHALLENGESOFCCTV

LIGHTING

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Most crime happens during the cover o darknessThe challenge to the CCTV proessional is to ensure that video ootage is eective

on a 24/7 basis, 365 days a year. Lighting is undamental to achieving this.

The key practical challenges o CCTV lighting are:

The Complete Guide to CCTV Lighting covers all o these challenges in detail

to increase the understanding and appropriate use o lighting. Correctly

designed lighting can make a signiicant impact on the perormance and

eectiveness o the CCTV system, ensuring the system works day and night.

The KeyIlluminationChallenges

EvenIllumination

Quality oIllumination

Running and

MaintenanceCosts

Angle oIllumination

Distance

Integration withCamera and Lens


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INTRODUCTIONTO

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LIGHTING

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CCTV Lighting - an IntroductionThe Complete Guide to CCTV Lighting has been published to help installers,

speciiers and end users better understand the challenges, opportunities and

the role that CCTV lighting plays in video surveillance. Lighting, meaning

Inra-Red and White-Light, is one o the 3 essential elements needed at the

ront end o every CCTV system:

What is Light?Light is undamental to CCTV. Without light no images are possible as it is

light relected rom the world around you that makes the world visible both to

the human eye and to the CCTV camera.

The perormance o any CCTV system depends not only on the essentialcomponents o camera and lens, but also relies totally on the quantity, quality,

and distribution o available light. Light determines whether a subject can be

viewed at all, at what distances, and the quality and direction o the light

controls the appearance o the subject.

Light is energy in the orm o electromagnetic radiation. The wavelength o

light (also known as requency) governs the colour and type o light. Only a

very narrow range o wavelengths rom approximately 400nm (violet) to 700nm

(red) is visible to the human eye. However, CCTV cameras can detect lightoutside the range o the human eye allowing them to be used not only with

Essentials o aCCTV System

CameraIllumination Lens

LIGHTS - CAMERA - ACTION

As CCTV becomes more advanced the industry wi ll move to view lighting wi th as muchimportance as the cinematic and photographic industries in capturing eective images.

To raise standards all CCTV should be designed or 24 hour surveillance, not just day-time

operation. To be truly secure, a site must be protected day and night.


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White-Light but also with Inra-Red (715-950nm) or night-time surveillance.

Light travels at the colossal speed o 300,000,000m per second rom a source

such as the sun, an electric lamp or an Inra-Red lamp. Light travels in straight

lines and causes shadowing where it is blocked.

The behaviour o light varies according to the material or surace its strikes.

As it reaches a surace light is ei ther re lected, di used, absorbed, or more

commonly, is subject to a mixture o these eec ts. Most suraces relect some

element o light. Generally, the paler the surace, the more light it relects.

Black suraces absorb visible light, while white suraces relect almost all

visible light. Inra-Red is not always relected in the same way as visible light.

The way Inra-Red is relected is dependant on the nature o the material - see

the relectance chart on page 12.

What is colour?Wavelengths o light visible to the human eye are interpreted by the brain as

colours rom 400nm (violet) to 700nm (red). Between these polar wavelengths

are the other colours - indigo, blue, cyan, green, yellow and orange. Whenvisible White-Light is split into its component parts by a prism, or in a rainbow,

these are the colours visible. When these wavelengths (rom 400nm to 700nm)

are seen together they appear as White-Light.

Beore the 17th century it was believed that colour existed in objects,

irrespective o the light by which they were seen. It was Isaac Newton who

proved that light itsel is the real source o all colours.

10 1 10-1

10-2

10-3

10-4

10-5

10-6

10-7

10-8

10-9

10-10

10-11

10-12

10-13

Radio Inra-Red X-RayTV

Microwaves Ultraviolet Gamma Rays

108 109 1010 1011 1012 1013 1014 1015 1016 1017 1018 1019 1020 1021

WAVELENGTH IN NANOME TERS

FREQUENCIES IN HZ

WAVELENGTH IN METERS

700 650 600 550 500 450 400

RED ORANGE YELLOW GREEN BLUE VIOLET


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A green lea looks green because it re lects green wavelengths present in

White-Light. You can see this yoursel by examining a green object under

a red light: As the lighting contains no green, the object will appear black.

To take a more amiliar example, when you buy a coloured item o clothing

you oten take this to the door or window to check how it looks in daylight.

This is because you know that incandescent interior lighting, although white,

contains a slightly dierent mixture o wavelengths rom the light outside,

and consequently alters the apparent colour o the garment.

The exact same can be said in CCTV terms. The colour output o an illuminator

eects the colour seen by the camera and on the CCTV monitor. For example,

low pressure sodium street lighting produces a yellowish light, distorting

colour images on CCTV systems. Achieving accurate colour CCTV images

is a challenge and a skill. To provide true colour CCTV images, White-Light

illuminators should provide colour corrected illumination matched to the

visible spectrum.

Coloured objects relect light selectively. They relect only the wavelengths

(i.e. colours) that you see and absorb the rest. A red lower, or instance,

contains pigment molecules that absorb all the wavelengths in white light

other than red, so that red is the only colour it relects.

At lower wavelengths than the vis ib le spectrum the radiat ion becomes

ultraviolet (UV). UV burns the skin, causing tanning, and is thereore unsae

or CCTV. At higher wavelengths than the visible spectrum the radiation

becomes Inra-Red (IR).

TECHNICAL TIP

As light is the source o al l co lour, to get true colour CCTV images colour correctedWhite-Light, exactly matching the visible spectrum, is needed.


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What is Inra-Red light?Inra-Red light is a light that the human eye can not see but the monochrome

CCTV camera can. Near Inra-Red light is light o a longer wavelength than

the visible spectrum, between 700 and 1,100nm, just beyond the visible

spectrum. It is this near Inra-Red that is used or CCTV purposes.

As In ra-Red contains none o the colours vis ib le to humans it cannot be used

with colour cameras. To see Inra-Red, monochrome or day-night cameras,

are needed. CCTV cameras using Inra-Red always provide monochrome

images.

Applications that require covert surveil lance, or appl icat ions where even low

levels o overt lighting must be avoided or reasons o light pollution, are ideal

or Inra-Red light.

Colour or MonochromeThe irst decision acing CCTV proessionals is choosing whether colour or

monochrome images are preerred at night. In many instances the end user

would preer colour over monochrome but care must be given to provide

true colour with a colour corrected illuminator. For example, many installers

will be amiliar with the yellow light provided by low pressure sodium street

lighting. Using incorrect White-Light can actually damage the perormance o

a CCTV system leading to inaccurate colour rendition a camera is only as

good as the light available.

Where White-Light would be too intrusive (especially given recent legislation

on light pollution), or where covert surveillance is required, Inra-Red should

be the method o illumination. Inra-Red lighting can also illuminate longer

distances than comparable power White-Light.

Brightness and GlareBrightness is an observers perception o illuminance rom a given target. Itsvalue is dierent in darkness to that in daylight. For example, the lights rom

car headlights appears to be brighter at night.

Glare is the result o excessive contrasts between bright and dark areas

within the ield o vision. It is a particular problem or road saety at night

when contrasting bright and dark areas make it diicult or the human eye

(and CCTV cameras) to adjust to changes in brightness. Such high contrasts

cause problems or the human eye in three ways:


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Discomfort Glare: The brightness brings a sensation o light pain and

discomort, such as looking at a light bulb.

Disability Glare: The eye becomes less able to discern detail in the vicinity o

peak light. It includes drivers being blinded by oncoming tra ic at night and

causes a reduction in sight capabilities.

Blinding Glare: Strong light, such as that rom the sun, is completely blinding

and leaves temporary vision deiciencies.

SIMILAR EFFECTS OCCUR WHEN CCTVCAMERAS VIEW BRIGHT OBJECTS

Light and SuraceTo control lighting, you must understand how light changes in quality and

direction when it meets a surace. The three main eects are diusion,

relection or absorption. Oten light is aected by a combination o these

eects and all inluence the quality o CCTV lighting.

DIffusIon - A di us ing material scat ters light passing through it.The direction and type o the light is changed passing through the material.

Normal

Angle oIncidence

Diused lightscattered inall directions


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REfLECtIon - When lighthits a surace it can bounced

back as relection. The quality

o the surace impacts the type

o relection. Highly textured

suraces scatter light due to

tiny irregularities in the surace

material whilst lat suraces,

such as a mirror provide a more

ocused relection.

AbsoRptIon - Some suracesactually absorb light. Coloured

suraces absorb some light and

reect the remainder which is why

they appear a particular colour.

A black sur ace absorbs most

o the light alling on it. The light

energy is usually turned into heat,

so dark materials heat up easily.

For example, wearing a black

t-shirt on a bright sunny day will

generate extra warmth or the

wearer.

Normal

Angle oIncidence

Angle oRelection

Normal

Angle o

Incidence

TECHNICAL TIP

When light hits most objects it is aected by a combination o diusion, relection andabsorbtion.


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INTRODUCTIONTO

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LIGHTING


Reection

typEs of REfLECtIon

spECuLAR - I a surace

relects light as a mirror it is saidto be o specular relectance.With specular suraces the angle

o incidence is equal to the angleo relectance

DIffusE - Diuse relection

suraces bounce light in alldirections due to tiny irregularities

in the relective surace. Forexample a grained surace

will bounce light in dierentdirections.

A diuse relective surace can

scatter light in all directions inequal proportions. This particular

orm o diuse relection is knownas Lambertian relectance.

REtRo-REfLECtIon -Retro-relective suraces bounce

light back in the direction it came

rom. Traic Signs and Vehiclenumber plates have retro-relective suraces.

Normal

Angle oIncidence

Angle oRelection

Normal

Angle oIncidence

Angle oRelection

SpecularSurace

DiuseRelectiveSurace

Normal

Angle oIncidence

Angle oRelection

Retro-RelectiveSurace

=


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It is important to remember that the camera does not use the ambient light ona scene as detected by a light metre. The camera actually views the amount

o relected light rom objects within a given scene subject to the levels orelectivity.

Material TypicalRefectance(%)

White-Light

Standard white paper 75

Aluminium 75

Glass windows 70

White cloth / abric 65

Concrete (new) 40-50

Light oak wood (varnished) 40-50

Plasterboard 30-60

Bright steel 25

Cast iron 25

Open country (trees / grass) 20

Wood (mahogany / walnut) 15-40

Brickwork (new) 10-30

Brickwork (old) 5-15

Concrete (old) 5-15

Matt black paper 5

typICAL REfLECtAnCELEvELs - Relectivity is ameasure o the relected powercompared to incident power and

objects relect light to dierentintensities. Energy not relected

is absorbed and converted to

heat. Low relectivity objectsabsorb a lot o energy hencewhy bricks eel warm. The

photographic industry hascalculated that the average

object relects approximately20% o light. The table opposite

shows some everyday objectsand their level o relectivity.

TECHNICAL TIP

Materials have dierent relective levels with white-light and Inra-Red light. For example,trees and grass have a very high level o relectance to Inra-Red light.


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THECHALLENGESIN

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Sources o Light

InCAnDEsCEnt LAMps (Including Halogen) -For CCTV purposes, bulb lie is limited and they are veryineicient. They are generally expensive to run (typically

500 watts) and expensive to maintain (up to 3 bulb changes

per year). End users are increasingly moving away romusing halogen based lighting products in avour o longerlie LEDs.

Incandescent bulbs were the irst bulbs developed and are highly ineicient,

wasting 90% o input energy as heat. Their heat output is such that they areextremely hot to touch and can heat surrounding objects in close proximity.

Halogen bulbs provide a minimal increase in eiciency and still waste as

much as 85% o input energy as heat. Halogen bulbs are smaller and higherpressure than incandescent bulbs causing halogen bulbs to have an extremelyhot surace hazardous to the touch. Bringing the bulb into contact with cold

suraces such as residue rom ingerprints, particularly sodium, may causebulb ailure.

fLuoREsCEnt LAMps - Their use or CCTV purposesis limited due to the perceived beating eect when used

with a CCTV camera. They are generally low power and

designed mainly or internal itting. As they have a largediused source the light output is diicult to ocus andcontrol.

Fluorescent bulbs are much more eicient than incandescent

bulbs, operating at approximately 40% eiciency. Only 60%o the input energy is wasted as heat so luorescent lamps

run much cooler than incandescent lamps and can provideequivalent power rom much lower electrical input. For this reason, and the act

that luorescent lamps tend to last 10 20 times as long as an incandescentbulb, they are commonly used in domestic homes as long lie bulbs.

However, luorescent lamps produce a licker imperceptible to the humaneye but visible to cameras as a beat eect making luorescent illumination

unsuitable or video surveillance. Fluorescent lamps also contain the hazardousmaterial mercury.


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HID LAMps - HID lamps could be used in CCTV. Theyare eicient, provide good colour rendition and are long lie

up to 12,000 hours. However, they suer rom a slow start(2-3mins) and cannot be turned on immediately ater being

turned o.

High intensity discharge lamps are 60-80% eicient andcompared to incandescent and luorescent lamps providemuch more light rom a smaller package. HID orms include low

pressure sodium (unsuitable or CCTV due to its yellow tinge),high pressure sodium (which is more acceptable but produces

worse colour rendition than Metal Halide) and Metal Halide. Metal Halide HID bulbsprovide a very natural, cool clear White-Light with excellent colour discrimination.

HID lamps are commonly used or street lighting and in car headlights.

LEDs - LEDs are the astest growing lighting solution orCCTV applications. They are extremely eicient and oer

unbeatable reliability. LEDs oer the lowest possible runningcosts (less than 100 watts or highest power units) with the

longest operating lie (up to 10 years).

Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) are semiconductors that naturally emit a narrow

band o light. They are a relatively new development in lighting but their usageis expanding rapidly on the back o clear technical advantages. LEDs are

comparatively expensive to purchase but provide extremely long lie up to

100,000 hours. In comparison luorescent bulbs typically last 10,000 hours andincandescent bulbs 1,000. LED eiciency is typically 80-90% with the greatesteiciency coming rom LEDs producing red light. Advantages o LEDs

include extremely low electrical consumption, low operating temperatures andcontinuity o colour through the operating lie o the LED. Unlike traditional

bulbs LEDs are also highly durable, insensitive to vibration and their hardcasing makes them diicult to break. They are also capable o emitting light at

a given wavelength without the need or a ilter and are quick start devices.

Power management and thermal management are important to ensure LEDsdeliver expected perormance.

LAtEst DEvELopMEnts - Through hole LEDs are expensive to mountto PCBs and generally are not as robust as Surace Mount Technology. Surace

Mount Technology (SMT) LEDs oer better thermal management and al low theLEDs to be driven harder without compromising perormance.


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CCTV Lighting Which Wavelength?

WHItE LIgHt: A mixture o light rom 400-700nm provides true White-Light

Practical Uses:

Illuminate an area or the CCTV system

Improve the overall level o illumination or key personnelProvide a welcoming environment or authorised personnel

Deter crime by illuminating a secure area on intrusion

Can be used with monochrome, colour and day/night cameras

InfRA-RED: 715-730nm Overt IR, produces a red glow like a red trafc light.815-850nm Semi-covert IR with a aintly red glow only just visible.

940-950nm Covert IR invisible to the human eye

Practical Uses:Provide discrete or covert illumination or CCTV

Minimise light pollution

Provide very long distance illumination

Can be used with monochrome and day/night cameras

Light and Saety

As White-Light is visible to the human eye we have a natural protection againstan overexposure to White-Light. The iris and the eyelids close to reduce the inputo visible light. I this does not suice we simply turn away rom the light.

As we cannot see the Inra-Red our eyes cannot automatically adjust tooverexposure. However, Inra-Red does produce heat it is typically the Inra-Red we can eel on a hot sunny day as warmth. It is this heat rom Inra-Red thatwe can use as a barometer o saety. The general rule o thumb is that i you caneel the heat o the IR unit do not look at the source.

Even the most powerul IR units, at angles o 10 degrees, are ully eye saebeyond distances o 2m.

TECHNICAL TIP

As IR becomes more cover t it becomes more di icu lt or the camera to see and consequentlydistances are reduced. 940-950nm IR should only be used with highly sensitive cameras

itted with high perormance lenses. Focussing is also more diicult at those wavelengthsas lenses start to operate more ineiciently with 940-950nm.

TECHNICAL TIPI you can eel the heat o the light source, do not look directly at the light


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Beam Patterns

When providing CCTV illumination the beam angle should always cover theull ield o view. The correct angle o illumination must be used to light the ull

scene. Modern Adaptive Illumination units allow the angle o illumination tobe adjusted on site to suit the speciic scene requirements.

Traditional Beam Patterns

As standard, beam patterns rom an illuminator are provided at a fxed angle,

either narrow or wide. Historically spot and ood lenses have dominated but morerecently these have been rejected in avour o more precise angles such as 10,

30 or 60 degrees. However, these are still fxed angle output, meaning they are

inexible on site. I the lighting requirements change or i the cameras feld oview is changed the lighting may be unacceptable. Also, it means that all lightingdecisions must be made prior to installation which is oten difcult. Oten fnal lens

decisions and viewing areas are made during the installation process.

Typical Beam Patterns: Spot10

2030

60Flood

TECHNICAL TIP

Match the angle o illumination to the cameras ield o view. The only consistent practicalway to achieve this is through Adaptive Illuminat ion.

Lighting which is too narrow will produce

white out or glare in the middle o the pictureand means areas o the picture are not correctlyilluminated.

Lighting which is too wide means wasted

light and reduced viewing distance.

Camera

Light

Light

Camera


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Adaptive Illumination Beam Patterns

Many installations use vari-ocal lenses and ideally the installer requires thesame level o lexibility with lighting to maximise system perormance. Adaptive

Illumination (AI) products do not provide light at a ixed output angle, ratherthey provide a range o output angles allowing the installer to select the angle

that covers the exact ield o view and provides the highest quality images.Adjustment is quick and convenient and any angle is easily selectable.

AI Beam Patterns: 10 20

30 6050 100

120 180

TECHNICAL TIPThe wide angle 120-180 degree Adaptive Illumination products provide a perect solution toproviding lighting or ully unctional domes. Setting the angle to 180 degrees, a domes ullrange o view can be covered with only 2 illuminators.

NarrowAngle

Beam

WideAngleBeam

Adaptive Il lumination angle sett ing

wide narrow widenarrow


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THECHALLENGESIN

DETAIL-DISTANCE

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The Inverse Square Law

tHE InvERsE sQuARE LAW - The intensity o a light is inverselyproportional to the square o the distance rom the light source

(the illuminator).

Light obeys the inverse square law so to ully understand the way that lighttravels, and the resultant impact on CCTV systems, some understanding o the

inverse square law is required.

As light travels away rom the point source it spreads both horizontally and

vertically and thereore intensity decreases. In practise this means that i anobject is moved rom a given point, to a point double the distance rom the light

source it will receive only a o the light (2 times the distance squared = 4).Taking this theory urther, i an object at 10m rom a light source receives 100

LUX, moving the object to 40m, it will receive only 1/16th o the light (4 timesthe distance, squared = 16) resulting in the object receiving only 6.25 LUX.

The inverse-square law applies to both White-Light and Inra-Red light in the

same way.

TECHNICAL TIP

The eec ts o the inverse-square law shows how a CCTV camera has to handle a wide rangeo light levels within a given ield o view and shows the importance o even illumination.

The Eect o the Inverse Square

Law on Light Levels


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Using Multiple Illuminators

The inverse-square law explains how light intensity reduces over distance butcan also be used to calculate how many additional illuminators are needed to

achieve speciic increases in distance.

CALCuLAtIng HoW MAny ILLuMInAtoRs ARE nEEDED toCovER A gIvEn DIstAnCE - I the distance rom a single illuminatoris doubled then the intensity o the light is quartered. Thereore to achievedouble the distance o one illuminator, achieving the same power on scene,

4 illuminators are required (2 squared = 4). Similarly to achieve 3 times thedistance o one illuminator, 9 illuminators are required (3 squared =9).

CALCuLAtIng tHE IMpACt of MuLtIpLE ILLuMInAtoRs onDIstAnCE - The inverse square law can also be used to calculate theeect o using multiple illuminators by taking the square root o the change inillumination intensity at source. For example, using 4 illuminators will produce a

2 old increase in distance (the square root o 4 is 2), and using 25 illuminatorswill result in a 5 old increase in distance (the square root o 25 is 5).

TECHNICAL TIP

There is no need to use multiple illuminators to achieve increases in distance. Tighter angledevices, or more powerul illuminators can provide the required additional power output.

TECHNICAL TIP

To double the illumination distance requires 4 times the power.Double the number o illuminators provides a 1.4 times increase in distance.

1UNIT=1xDISTANCE

UNITS=2xDISTANCE

UNITS=xDISTANCE

No. o DistanceIlluminators Multiplier

1 12 1.43 1.74 25 2.26 2.47 2.68 2.89 3


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Measuring Light

WHItE-LIgHt - White-Light is measured in LUX, the European standard. Itis the level o illumination produced by one lumen over one square meter. In

North America the oot candle is still widely used as a unit o measurement.

Power output o White-Light illuminators is measured in LUXTen LUX is approximately one oot candle.

Measurement o White-Light on scene can be simply recorded by use o a light

meter. Typical LUX light levels are:

Bright Sunny Day = 10,000 100,000 LUX

Overcast Day = 1,000 10,000 LUX

Twilight = 1 100 LUX

Street Lighting = 5 LUX

Full Moon = 0.1 LUX

Bright, Clear, Starlight = 0.01 0.0001 LUX


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InfRA-RED - As LUX is a measurement o visible light, and by deinitionInra-Red produces invisible light, LUX cannot be used to measure IR power.

The most common orm o measurement is mW per square metre, a simple

statement o energy output rom a light source over a given area.

CoMpARIng tHE RELAtIvE poWER of ILLuMInAtIon DEvICEs

The best solution or comparing the relative power and eiciency o dierent

light solutions can be summarised as power output divided by electrical

consumption

Efciency = Power / Watts

White-Light efciency: lumens / watts

Inra-Red efciency: mW per square meter / watts

TECHNICAL TIP

LEDs provide higher relative power compared to bulb based illuminators.


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Evaluating Running and Maintenance Costs

Environmental and energy consumption issues are high on the global agenda.Given that 1 rom every 5 spent globally is used on lighting, and much o this

spend is on ineicient or unnecessary lighting particular attention should begiven to this area. The pressure to save energy by looking at running costs will

continually increase. Local Authorities and private industry are all looking atmethods to save energy costs and lighting is one area due careul attention.

Traditionally lighting (including CCTV lighting) has been provided by mains

driven bulbs. Although some bulbs are more eicient than others the uture olighting lies with Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs). Compared to any bulb, LEDs

provide signiicant savings on electrical consumption. LEDs also provide trulylong lie perormance with little ongoing maintenance cost. The table below

shows the ongoing costs o RAYMAX and RAYLUX LED illumination compared

to standard CCTV illuminators.

CoMpARIng tHE opERAtIonAL Costs of CCtv LIgHtIng

Mains Driven Low Voltage LED RAYMAXBulb Halogen Bulb and RAYLUX

Electrical Consumption 500W 200W 80W

Cost o Consumption* 110 ($200) 44 ($80) 18 ($33)

Average Bulb Lie 5 months 8 months 10 years expected lie

Bulb Changes per year 2.4 1.5 N/A

Approx Bulb List Price 75 ($135) 60 ($120) N/A

Cost o Bulbs per Year 180 ($324) 90 ($180) N/A

Yearly Labour Cost** 96 ($168) 60 ($105) N/A

Total Yearly 386 ($692) 194 ($365) 18 ($33)Operational Cost

* Based upon 4,400 hours use per year at 5p kw/hr** Labour costs calculated at 40 per bulb


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THECHALLENGESIN

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The previous table shows the operational costs o using one LED illuminator.Consider the cost savings on larger systems:

IMpoRtAnt: On a 100 unit system using the most eicient LEDs willprovide a yearly saving o up to 36,800. Over the 10 year operational lie o aCCTV system this is a total saving o up to 368,000! Also consider the labour

intensity. A mains driven bulb system would require 2,400 replacement bulbsover a 10 year period.

NOTE:

All LED products provide cost saving advantages compared to bulb based illumination systems.However, the electrical consumption and operational lie o LEDs vary in relation to theirefciency. The above table uses RAYMAX and RAYLUX LED illuminators as a comparison tobulb based illuminators as these are the most efcient and cost eective LED units available.Using a Cool Running Thermal Management system the RAYMAX and RAYLUX achieve 10 yearsoperational lie and, in their largest variations, consume only 80W.

TECHNICAL TIP

The larger a CCTV system becomes, the more important it is to use LED illuminators as thecosts savings are multiplied. The zero maintenance o LEDs is another major beneit on

large systems.

Mains Driven Low Voltage LED RAYMAX RAYTECBulb Halogen Bulb & RAYLUX Saving

10 unit GBP 3,860 1,940 180 3,680 USD ($6,920) ($3,650) ($330) ($6,590)

50 unit GBP 19,300 9,700 900 18,400

USD ($34,600) ($18,250) ($1,650) ($32,950)

100 unit GBP 38,600 19,400 1,800 36,800 USD ($69,200) ($36,500) ($3,300) ($65,900)

OPERATIONAL COST PER YEAR

COST SAVINGS POSSIBLE BY SWITCHING TO RAYTEC ILLUMINATORS

Potential saving on 1 illuminator o 368 ($659) per year

Over ten years this is a potential saving o 3,680 ($6,590) or 1 illuminator

Potential saving on 100 illuminators o 36,800 ($65,900) per year

Over ten years this is a potential saving o 368,000 ($659,000) or 100 illuminators

Remember:LEDsalsoprovideincreasedsitesecurity!


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EvEnt DRIvEn LIgHtIngTo urther reduce electrical consumption o CCTV lighting installers can consider

operating the illumination via either telemetry or PIR event driven alarms. Usingevent triggered illumination reduces consumption and extends product lie.

With visible White-Light systems it also helps reduce light pollution.

Whilst Event Driven activation is suitable or LED illumination, it is not alwayssuitable or bulb based CCTV lighting. Turning bulbs on/o regularly puts greatpressure on the bulb and will urther reduce operational lie. In addition, event

driven illumination is particularly unsuitable or Metal Halide due to the warm up(or strike rate) o the bulb. Providing the lighting is visible, event triggered

illumination can pro-actively deter the intruder and prevent a crime rom takingplace. This is particularly useul with White-Light illumination.

TECHNICAL TIP

LEDs are quick start and dont require a warm up period making them perect or eventdriven lighting.


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The Need or Even Illumination

The most important aspect in designing any lighting system is achieving even

illumination. All image capture devices, rom the human eye, to the CCTV

camera and lens, struggle to handle dramatic dierences in light intensity

within the ield o view. Consider driving a car at night: You can see clearly

when you are travelling on an empty road using only the headlights rom your

car. However, when a car approaches rom the opposing direction your vision

suers. Why? Although the light on scene has actually increased, there is

now a very strong peak light (rom the oncoming car) and so the iris in your

eye closes aecting your night vision. The same thing happens with CCTV

cameras bright spots within the image cause the lens to close and damage

the night-time perormance o the system.

To achieve the best CCTV images at night, even illumination is needed. This

is achieved by using even illumination CCTV lighting products provided by

some manuacturers. Raytec provide even illumination as standard.

Adaptive Illumination

Designed or RAYMAX Inra-Red and RAYLUX White-Light illuminators,

Adaptive Il lumination al lows the instal ler to adjust the light projection rom a

single unit to it the speciic demands o any installation. Adjustment is quick

and convenient and any light angle is easily selec table. Adaptive Illumination

is patent pending technology available exclusively rom Raytec.

Adaptive Illuminat ion helps to

provide evenly distributed light.

Standard ixed illuminators provide

a peak light source at the centre o

the image and the light intensity

tails o to the let and the right o

the centre as the light has to travel

urther to the target and back.Adaptive Illuminat ion minimises

lighting variances in the scene by

removing the central peak o light

and moving the peak light points

towards the outside o the image

(areas where the light needs to be

more intense as the light travels

urther to the target and back to

the camera).

A Diagram showing the range o anAdaptive Il lumination product

Adaptive I llumination angle sett ing

wide narrow widenarrow


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Light Pollution and CCTV

Light pollution is a global problem caused by ineicient, intrusive andunnecessary use o artiicial light. Symptoms include glare, clutter,

overillumination and sky glow. Light pollution is an increasingly hot politicaltopic given recent government legislation to control and punish light pollution.

It is the responsibility o CCTV proessionals to provide lighting systems that

provide high quality images and minimise light pollution.

The Categories o Light Pollution:

LIgHt tREspAss - When light enters a zone or area where it is unwantedit is known as light trespass. This includes light leaking through a window, orinto a neighbouring area. CCTV lighting must be designed to respect privacy

zones.

gLARE - The result o a great contrast between the light and dark areas withinan image. In CCTV glare can be a problem when a camera is looking directly

into a light source such as a street light.

CLuttER - Dense groups o lights cause an intense clutter o illuminationthat can actively grab attention and distract rom the true target o a human eyeeither directly, or through a camera system.

ovERILLuMInAtIon - I light is used in excess quantities it causesillumination beyond what is necessary. It is normally caused by poor speciication

and contributes to energy wastage and overexposure in areas o the image.

sky gLoW - The general glow over populated areas is known as sky glow.It is caused by a combination o badly directed light and light relected romtarget subjects. Sky glow reduces contrast in the sky enough to obscure thestars at night.

TECHNICAL TIP

As it is invisible to the human eye, In ra-Red does not create any l ight pollut ion

TECHNICAL TIP

Adaptive I llumination means that the instal ler can exact ly match lighting to the required ieldo view eliminating light trespass.


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Consequences o Light Pollution

There are a number o problems associated with light pollution. In particular,the excessive use o light in CCTV systems may actually reduce saety and

security rather than increase it. Badly or inappropriately installed lighting canlead to larger contrasts within the scene thus creating lower quality images, or

create deeper shadows where undesirables can hide undetected. In addition,

whilst excess lighting may actually be detracting rom the CCTV image, it otenprovides pedestrians with a alse impression o saety.

Given recent legislation covering light pollution, creating unnecessary lightpollution now carries the threat o legal action.

Installers should be aware that proessional CCTV lighting should be wellspeciied, well designed and well directed. The beam should be pointed down

to minimise light spill. Extra care should be taken with White-Light to ensurethat only the target area is illuminated.

TECHNICAL TIP

Inra-Red causes zero light pollution. With white-light use event activated lighting and highlydirectional lighting tailored to the target area to minimize light pollution.

Reduced Saety(alse perception

o saety)

AstronomicalWhiteout

(obscuringthe stars)

Eects on

Human Healthand Psychology

Light

Pollution

Energy Wastage(Consumption)

FinancialWaste


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Regulations Concerning Light Pollution

The Clean Neighbourhoods and Environment Actis designed to improve the quality o the local

environment. It gives Local Authorities additionalpowers to deal with statutory nuisances including

light pollution. The Act does not preclude the useo white light illumination or CCTV, but it does state

that the lighting should not cause a nuisance: Thekey term is prejudicial to health or a nuisance. As a result installers need to

install lighting that has greater consideration to the surrounding environment.Correctly speciying the angle o illumination (or using Adaptive Illumination),

to match the lighting to the target area or operating the light only upon an eventtrigger are all good practice.

All Raytec Il luminators provide highly directional lighting to minimise lightpollution. In addition, Raytecs Inra-Red lighting units cause NO lightpollution.

bs8418 - The British Standard, BS8418 states there should be suicientlights on site to illuminate the cameras ield o view making lighting an integral

part o any CCTV system. However, it also states that cameras should not lookdirectly into the sun or other light sources highlighting the need or dedicated

CCTV lighting rather than relying upon existing lighting or CCTV.

DAtA pRotECtIon ACt - There are requirements that all CCTV systemsshould have appropriate, suicient lighting to ensure 24/7 operation. The Data

Protection Act promotes the use o proessional CCTV lighting.


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Speciying the Correct Camera

sEnsItIvIty - This describes a CCTV cameras sensitivity to light andessentially measures the minimum light level needed to produce acceptable

CCTV images. The danger here is specmanship rom manuacturers. Oneimage may be acceptable to one person and totally unacceptable to another.

Sensitivity is typically measured in LUX, with camera manuacturers stating

the minimum LUX level needed to provide acceptable pictures. However, thecamera manuacturers rarely state i the minimum LUX igure represents the

minimum light on scene, at the lens, or at the camera chip.

Although LUX claims tend to be overstated, and although minimum LUX only

describes a cameras perormance with visible light, minimum LUX is still theonly easily available measure o a cameras sensitivity.

spECtRAL REsponsE - Whilst sensitivity relates to a cameras ability tosee a given wavelength, spectral response describes how a camera perorms

over a range o dierent wavelengths o light. O particular interest to CCTVlighting is a cameras perormance in Inra-Red. By nature CCD cameras

are more sensitive to Inra-Red light than the human eye but some are moresensitive than others. Consider the ollowing example:

TECHNICAL TIP 1

There is no such thing as a zero LUX camera every camera needs light to produce a highquality images. Even the best, most sensitive cameras, produce higher signal, lower noisepictures with higher light levels.

TECHNICAL TIP 2

Monochrome cameras are generally more sensitive than colour cameras. With colourcameras 1/3 o the chip collects red light, 1/3 o the chip collects green light and 1/3 o the

chip collects blue light and these images are overlapped. The result is that only 1/3 o theavailable chip size is capturing each type o light. With a monochrome camera the ull sensorcaptures the light.


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Speciying the Correct Lens

f-stop / ApERtuRE - The aperture or -stop o a lens determines howmuch light passes through it to the camera chip. In simple terms, the lower the

-stop, the more light the lens passes (although the quality and manuacture othe lens also eect the light through-put). The table below shows the impact ousing dierent aperture lenses in a CCTV system:

Camera 1: Provides 100% o its peak perormance at 500-600nm,whilst at 700nm reducing to 70% and at 850nm 20%.

Camera 2: Provides 100% o its peak perormance at 500-600nm whilstat 700nm this reduces to 90% and at 850nm 60%

Camera 2 has three times the relative sensitivity to 850nm IR light.

Camera 1 would need three times the amount o Inra-Red light on scene.

TECHNICAL TIP 1

The lower the F-Stop o a lens, the more light it will pass to the camera sensor.

TECHNICAL TIP 1

With a zoom lens the best -number is only achievable at the wide setting. As the lens iszoomed the aperture closes and this eects how much light is needed on scene to producegood images at low light levels.

= a ull -stop

/Number Light passed in % Amount o lightneeded to achieve

1 lux at sensor

/1 20% 5 lux

/1.2 15% 7.5 lux

/1.4 10% 10 lux

/1.6 7.5% 13.3 lux

/1.8 6.25% 16 lux

/2 5% 20 lux

/2.4 3.75% 30 lux

/2.8 2.5% 40 lux

/4 1.25% 80 lux


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tRAnsMIssIon - The eiciency o a lens is measured by its transmission.As light passes through the lens some level o light is lost as a result o its

material, thickness and coating characteristics. Lenses with higher eiciencypass a higher percentage o the light. Whilst the -stop o a lens describes how

much light the lens will pass it is not a measure o its overall eiciency.

Specialist Lenses

AspHERICAL LEnsEs - Aspherical lenses provide superior low lightperormance as they use more o the available light. Whilst standard lensescan lose some light at the edges o the lens, aspherical lenses have a specialist

ront proile to catch all the light available. Low light applications can beneitrom the use o an aspherical lens.

IR CoRRECtED LEnsEs - IR corrected lenses are designed to remove theissue o ocus shit between day and night using specialist glass and coating

technology to minimise light dispersion. Focus shit is caused by the dierentwavelengths o light. Each individual wavelength ocuses at dierent points

ater passing through the CCTV lens.

CoLouR CoRRECtED LEnsEs - Light sources, including the sun,produce a broad spectrum o lighting. White-Light as we know it, is simplythe range o the lighting spectrum visible to humans. As a result, lenses have

to control what lighting is passed through to the camera to create an imageaccurate to the images perceived by humans. Many low cost lenses do not

eiciently match their colour pass with the visible spectrum so they provideinaccurate colour images. Colour Corrected lenses pass only visible light and

ocus each individual colour o the visible spectrum at the same point providingtrue colour, sharp images.

TECHNICAL TIPThe transmission o a lens changes with wavelength. For example, one lens may pass 95%o visible light and 80% at 850nm Inra -Red whilst another lens may pass 95% o visible lightand 50% at 850nm Inra-Red. In speciying the lens, consider the wavelength o light it will beused with. Also be aware that glass lenses tend to be more eicient than plastic lenses.

TECHNICAL TIP

Aspher ical lenses provide improved low light per ormance.

TECHNICAL TIP

Colour corrected lenses are not suitable or use with Inra-Red.


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Filters

In CCTV a number o dierent ilters are used to control and alter lighting.

Typical ilers include:

nEutRAL DEnsIty (nD) fILtER - ND ilters are used to reduce light

intensity by relecting or absorbing a percentage o the light. They are rated bytheir optical density which reers to how much light they absorb. In CCTV NDilters are used to reduce the intensity o daylight, allowing the CCTV camera to

be set-up or darker conditions: It is good practise to calibrate cameras duringthe darkest possible conditions so that when the aperture closes during peak

light conditions the scene remains in ocus due to an extended depth o ield.

LongpAss fILtER - Longpass ilters block shorter wavelengths andtransmit longer wavelengths. They are described by the wavelength at which

they pass 50% o the light and are requently used or bulb based Inra-Red

systems. For example, a 715nm bulb based Inra-Red product will use a 715nmlongpass ilter to cut o light below 715nm and pass light above 715nm. At715nm it will pass 50% o the light.

Longpass ilers are ineicient in that they cut much o the available power

rom a source. A typical Halogen bulb emits light rom the visible spectrumthrough to Inra-Red. However, when it is used with a 715nm ilter to convert

it to an Inra-Red projector it simply cuts its power in the visible light range.These ilters are easily broken and are expensive to replace.

sHoRtpAss fILtER - A shortpass ilter is the opposite o a longpass ilterin that it passes light in the shorter wavelengths and rejects longer wavelengths.It is not widely used in CCTV.

IR Cut fILtER - These ilters are designed to block Inra-Red wavelengthsbut pass visible light. They are commonly used by CCTV cameras to providea colour image that more accurately relects what the human eye sees by

blocking Inra-Red light that the camera can see but the human eye cannot.For night time operation with Inra-Red the IR Cut ilter must be removed.

poLARIsED fILtER - Polarised ilters are used in CCTV to reduce lightrom relections. In particular they are useul to reduce relected light romstanding water or windows. Their overall eect is to darken the scene.

TECHNICAL TIP

LEDs do not require ilters to produce the correct wavelength o light and are thereore moreeicient and cost eective

TECHNICAL TIP

Use day/night cameras which mechanically remove IR cut ilters or night-time operation.


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How to Speciy Lighting:

1) InfRA-RED oR WHItE-LIgHt?

Identiying the purpose o the system identiies the type o light to use.

Inra-Red light provides greater distance, a varying degree o invisibility(depending on the exact wavelength) and no light pollution. Inra-Red is lightdesigned only to be used by CCTV cameras.

White-Light provides the opportunity to illuminate an area or pedestrians, staor vehicles in addition to the CCTV system. It can also be used as a visualdeterrent when turned on i an intruder is detected by a PIR.

2) AngLE?

The illumination should ideally match the angle the camera / lens is set-to inorder to provide best perormance. I not, and too narrow an illumination angleis chosen, the camera will simply see a bright spot in the middle o the sceneand the contrast between light and dark areas on scene will be too great to

provide high quality images. Illumination which is too wide wastes energy andreduces achievable distance.

The table below shows the FOV angle or dierent ixed lenses as a reerence.

TECHNICAL ISSUE

The adoption o vari-ocal lenses has caused diicult y in speciying lighting. With vari-ocal

lenses the exact FOV is oten only established on site through trial and error making exactmatching to ixed angle lighting impossible in advance. Raytec provide a range o AdaptiveIllumination vari-ocal light ing allowing the output angle o an illuminator to be adjusted onsite to match the set-up o a vari-ocal lens.

RAYMAXInra-Red

RAYLUXWhite-Light

NB: AI-10=10-20, AI-30=30 -60,

AI-50= 50-100, AI-120=120-180

HorizontalFOV - 1/2

CCD

Lens(mm)

HorizontalFOV - 1/3

CCD

FIXED LENSES

Dome Lens - -

2.8 92 97

4 64 78

6 44 56

8 38 44

12.5 22 29

16 17 23

25 11 15

50 6 7

50+ - -

RMxxx-AI-120 RLxxx-AI-120










Advantages Disadvantages Camera Type Suitable

White-Light Visible deterrent Light pollution Colour

Quick Start (LED only) Reduced distances

Full colour rendition

Easy set up

Inra-Red Covert Limited deterrent Day/Nigh t

Longer distances More diicult to set up Monochrome

No light pollution


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3) DIstAnCE?

Ater selecting the angle, the next consideration is distance. How ar shouldthe lighting illuminate? Installers and speciiers should be aware that as angle

increases, distance decreases.

As a guide, Raytec products can achieve the ollowing distances:

Note: These are maximum achievable distances and are subject to camera &lens perormance. For medium perormance cameras reduce distance by at least30%. For low perormance cameras distances can be reduced by at least 50%

4) CAMERA AnD LEns ConsIDERAtIons

Exact perormance o any illuminator in a CCTV system is dependant upon the

camera and lens combination used. For best results a high sensitivity camera(or IR projects an IR sensitive camera) should be used with a high transmission

lens. Generally a CCTV imaging system (camera, lens, illumination) is only asgood as its weakest link.

HorizontalFOV - 1/2

CCD

Lens(mm)

HorizontalFOV - 1/3

CCD

VARI-FOCAL LENSES

RAYMAXInra-Red

RAYLUXWhite-Light

NB: AI-10=10-20, AI-30= 30-60,

AI-50= 50-100, AI-120=120-180




RMxxx-AI-50 RLxxx-AI-50RMxxx-AI-50 RLxxx-AI-50





Dome Lens - -

2.8 6 92 - 44 -

3.5 8 78 - 38 -

3.5 - 10.5 78 - 27 -4.5 12.5 60 - 23 82 - 30

7.5 - 120 - 35 - 2

8.5 - 40 34 - 6 -

10 - 30 20 - 7 27 - 9

Long Range- -

Zoom

10-20 30-60 50-100 120-180

Product Wavelength

RM300 IR 370m (1,214t) 200m (656t) 140m (460 t) 80m (262t)

RM200 IR 300m (985t) 160m (525t) 112m (367t) 64m (210t)

RM100 IR 150m (492t) 80m (262t) 56m (184t) 32m (105t)RM50 IR 75m (246t) 40m (131t) 28m (92t) 16m (52t)

RM25* IR 35m (115t) 20m (66 t) 14m (46t) 8m (26t)

RL300 WHITE-LIGHT 150m (492t) 75m (246t) 50m (165t) 30m (98t)

RL200 WHITE-LIGHT 120m (394t) 60m (197t) 42m (138t) 24m (79 t)

RL100 WHITE-LIGHT 80m (262 t) 42m (138t) 30m (98t) 18m (59t)

RL50 WHITE-LIGHT 50m (165t) 28m (138t) 20m (65t) 12m (39t)

RL25* WHITE-LIGHT 30m (98t) 18m (60 t) 13m (42t) 8m (26t)

Illumination Angle

* Fixed angles o 10, 30, 50 and 120 only.


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Practical Installation Considerations

LIgHtIng AnD DoMEs - Providing lighting or domes has long been achallenge or CCTV proessionals as the lighting cannot be itted to move with

the camera as would be the case with a traditional PTZ system. However, thereare three lighting solutions available or ully unctional domes:

1. Wide angle illumination: New wide angle illuminators covering

120-180 allow the ull 360 angle o a dome to be covered withonly 2 illuminators.

2. Target Area Illumination: Illuminators can be used to target

speciic points o interest including gates and entry points onpre-set positions.

3. Local Area Illumination: Illumination can be itted away rom the

camera to lood the scene. When the camera zooms in the wholearea will be lit.

(See ull article on Lighting or domes on page 40.)

LIgHtIng AnD ptZ systEMs - Typically PTZ systems are used inapplications where a single camera is designated to secure a large area. Atlong distances the camera lens is oten zoomed in giving a narrow ield o view

and at short distances the camera lens pans to a wide angle. The lexibility osuch a system requires the lighting to cover long distances and narrow and

wide angles.

The solution is to use a twin lighting system. The old ashioned method was

to use 1 narrow and 1 wide angle illuminator. The better solution is to provideeven illumination. Both illuminators should be attached to the PT motor by a

bracket.

A second solution or shorter range PTZ units is to use a single wider angleilluminator such as a 30 - 60 model. I the required distance is not too great awide angle illuminator may be able to cover the maximum distance as well as

the wide angle.

InfRA-RED AnD foCus sHIft - Focus shit is a potential issueencountered when setting up camera systems or 24-hour perormance using

Inra-Red. The dierent wavelengths o visible light (400-700nm) and Inra-Red(700-1,000nm) create dierent ocus points through the lens onto the camera

chip. This can lead to a loss o image ocus at night, particularly i the camerais set up during daytime operation. The degree o ocus shit depends on a

variety o actors:


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Lens quality

Wavelength o the IR. Longer wavelengths such as950nm will provide a more exaggerated ocus shit.

IR response o the camera

Focusing the camera correctly or low light perormance means the camera willbe ocussed or IR with the aperture ully open. During daytime operation the

increased depth o ield created by a closing aperture will counter the eects oocus shit. The best solution is to ocus the camera using only Inra-Red. This

can be achieved by:

Setting up the camera at night using Inra-Red lighting

Using an IR pass flter over the camera lens to simulate

bACk foCusIng - Back Focus describes the relationship between thedistance o the lens to the camera chip. This distance is critical to maintaining

the proper depth o ield through changing ocal lengths and varying lightconditions and setting it correctly can ensure the image stays in ocus 24 hours

a day. Correct back ocus o the camera can be used to overcome the typicalissue o a sharp daytime image ollowed by a blurred image at night. This

situation is caused when, during bright sunlight, the lens is closed and thedepth o ield is very wide, whereas when the light level drops the iris opens

and the depth o ield decreases causing a lack o ocus. For correct 24-hourocusing a camera should be back ocused with the lens iris ully opened to

simulate the worst possible depth o ield.

Neutral Density ilters can be used to cover the lens during back ocusing to

simulate lower light intensity on scene. This is an eective solution or colourcameras or cameras using White-Light CCTV illumination. However, or mono

cameras, or day-night cameras using Inra-Red lighting, the best solution is toplace an Inra-Red Pass ilter over the lens.

HIgH sEnsItIvIty CAMERAs AnD LIgHtIng - All cameras requirelight, sensitivity is simply a measure o how much light they need. Highsensitivity cameras require less lighting to produce high quality CCTV images.

However, even high sensitivity cameras should be itted with proessionalCCTV lighting to provide even illumination. This allows the camera to provide

sharp, clear images. Dont compromise the perormance o a CCTV system

TECHNICAL TIP

Some lens manuacturers now provide lenses which overcome all issues o ocus shit.


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by removing lighting when high sensitivity cameras are used: Why pay or

premium perormance cameras i they are not set-up with lighting to providepremium images?

MEgApIxEL CAMERAs AnD LIgHtIng - Digital cameras recordbrightness on a per-pixel basis so the greater the amount o pixels the smallersurace area each pixel has available to capture light. The end result is that the

greater the resolution the less sensitive the camera.

A megapixel constitutes 1,000,000 individual pixels and Megapixel cameras

oer a number o advantages to installers including higher resolution, widerangle images, and the ability to digitally zoom images. However, they are

by nature less sensitive than standard CCD cameras meaning they requireadditional lighting to achieve high quality images at night.

With Megapixel cameras ALWAYS use additional CCTV lighting to achieve highquality night-time images. Megapixel cameras only deliver their advantages

when viewing a correctly illuminated scene.

CAMERA IntEgRAtIon vs CCtv LIgHtIng - A common tactic usedto achieve visible images during low light conditions is to use rame integration

on the camera. Frame integration overlaps ields o image to multiply up theavailable lighting. For example, x2 integration overlaps 2 rames o video while

x10 integration overlaps 10 rames o video. This allows the camera to collectlight over a much longer time period giving brighter images. However, as rame

integration overlaps images to multiply lighting, movement in the scene causesblurred images. Frame integration also multiplies noise in the same way as it

multiplies light.

InfRA-RED REfLECtIvIty - Crucially, dierent materials relect IR todierent levels. Inra-Red light inverts the colour o man made ibres. Foliage

and man made ibres emit high levels o Inra-Red properties providing veryclear, bright images when used with IR.

TECHNICAL TIP

High sensitivity cameras can achieve longer distances with CCTV lighting than standardcameras. They achieve lower noise, higher deinition images.

TECHNICAL TIP

Integration can provide acceptable images in static scenes but provides blurred imageswhen movement occurs. During events this leaves the camera unable to capture highdeinition images o the target. The best solution is to provide the camera with dedicatedCCTV lighting to provide the best quality images.

TECHNICAL TIP

High Deinition lighting is available or magapixel cameras.


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Typical Installations + Practical Guidelines

Application White-Light Inra-Red PracticalInstallationTips

Long range IR looking along theperimeter or covert security or

WL positioned at the perimeterlooking inwards to both secure theperimeter and monitor the in-matearea.

Perimeter positioned long range IRoverlapping each camera positionor maximum security. Use LEDsto ensure there is never a ailurewith the lighting and the site is

always secure.

Railway authorities require totallycovert 950nm IR so the securitylighting is not mistaken or signallights. Use LEDs as camerapositions can be remote makingmaintenance o bulbs diicult.

IR lighting or longer distanceslooking out to sea or WL tomonitor the coast line. Lookingover water the image will be darkuntil something appears in sceneproviding a relection point.

Discreet IR must be used so thelighting does not distract the driver,

either 850 or 950nm. Pulsed IRcan provide higher power outputs suitable when aster shutterspeeds are used on the camera.

950nm IR can be used to coverthe train tracks as with railwayapplications. Additionally IR canbe used to ensure escape hatches

are clear and secure.

PRISONS

MILITARYBASE

RAILWAYLINES

PORTS

ANPR

METROSYSTEM


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WL or IR can be used with domesystems. The key is to use verywide angle illumination such asa 120-180 degree illuminator tocover the domes ull ield o viewusing the ewest possible lights.

The perimeter o buildings can besecured 24 hours a day, withoutcausing light pollution by using IR.Addi tional ly, number plate capturecameras can be used to secure in/ out roads.

Use WL triggered by a PIR to visiblydeter and disperse intruderswhen they enter a secure area byraising the light level as a visible

warning they are being monitored.Alternatively intruders can bemonitored covertly with IR.

Dumping and ly-tipping generallyoccur under the cover o darkness.Using WL to illuminate poorlylit areas or PIR triggered WL willdisperse intruders who know theyare being watched. Alternativelyintruders can be monitoredcovertly with IR.

Use WL or multi-purposeapplications such as holding bays.WL provides lighting to secure thegoods in the holding area andprovide ambient lighting or staand vehicles.

Either WL or IR can be used

depending upon the desiredpurpose. WL can illuminate a carpark or sta and secure vehicles.IR can monitor the car park andperimeter o a building at night.

White-Light can provideillumination or residents as wellas the CCTV system. AlternativelyInra-Red can be used to maintain

the ambience at night-time andavoid any light pollution

INDUSTRIALPARK

GRAFFITI

DUMPING

HOLDINGBAY

CARPARK

HIGHENDRESIDENTIAL

DOMESYSTEM


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Case Study: Lighting or Domes

Most crimes happen at night, yet this is whenCCTV systems are most vulnerable. Researchindicates that ully unctional Domes are mostat risk because o a lack o it or purpose,

dedicated lighting. Providing Illumination ordomes is a challenge because the light does

not ollow the movement o the camera.

WHy Is LIgHtIng A pRobLEMfoR fuLLy funCtIonAL DoMEs? -There are two main issues to consider when

providing lighting or Domes.

Firstly, itting illumination to a Dome camera is more diicult than ittingillumination to a pan and tilt system. Dome lighting cannot be itted to ollow the

movement o the camera. Consequently, many installations simply omit the use

o dedicated lighting, or pass the responsibility (and o course the revenue) to

the electrician to it general wide area illumination which is not it or purpose.

The net result is that the night-time perormance o dome cameras is

compromised by a lack o dedicated CCTV lighting. Oten the end user is

simply asked to accept the quality o night-time pictures provided by ambient

light sources such as street lighting. The need or dedicated CCTV lighting is

clear. Ambient lighting can actually reduce the picture quality o many systems

by producing uneven illumination, bad colour rendition and hot spots within

the image. O course, this is hardly surprising given that street lighting and

other on scene sources are not designed or the CCTV camera. The extra

investment in CCTV lighting can double the eectiveness o a Dome system,

providing high quality images 24/7, not just during daylight conditions.

The second problem with Dome cameras is their sensitivity. Dome cameras

tend to use smaller CCDs, and are oten itted with smoked domes, leading

to lower perormance in low light conditions. Fully unctional Domes are also

requently supplied with integral zoom lenses that have a higher F-stop and

urther reduce light transmission. They are not as eicient as ull ormat lenses.

This makes it even more important or dome cameras to be accompanied with

high perormance, dedicated CCTV lighting.

TECHNICAL TIP

Raytec provide bracketry solutions to allow CCTV lighting to be itted to dome cameras.


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gEnERAL ConsIDERAtIons

CoLouR oR MonoCHRoME? Are colour or monochrome imagespreerred at night? In many instances the end user would preer colourimages but care must be given to provide true colour with a colour correctedilluminator. For example, many installers will be amiliar with the yellow light

provided by low pressure sodium street lighting. Using incorrect White-Lightcan actually damage the perormance o a CCTV system leading to inaccuratecolour rendition a camera is only as good the available illumination.

Inra-Red should be used where White-Light would be too intrusive, wherecovert lighting is needed, or where longer illumination distances are required.O course, many cameras now switch between colour during the day and monoor night time operation to give the best o both worlds.

MAIntEnAnCE AnD RunnIng Costs - CCTV Lighting should alwaysbe energy eicient and provide low maintenance. With traditional bulb basedlighting, operational costs signiicantly overshadow the cost o purchase andinstallation. Consider a 500W lood light that achieves an average bulb lie o 3months. The electrical costs are astronomical and every three months there areadditional costs or labour and replacement bulbs, plus system perormance iscompromised during maintenance.

New solid state LED technology available oers signiicant savings on runningand maintenance costs. LED illuminators have a lie expectancy beyond 10years and require no ongoing maintenance. However, not all LED illuminators

are created equal. New surace mount technology (SMT) LEDs deliver greater

product lie and greater eiciency levels.

TECHNICAL TIP

White-Light is actually a combination o lights in the visible spectrum between 400 -700nm.When these colours are ound together they are perceived as White-Light. Inra-Red is a light

just beyond the visible spectrum that the monochrome camera can see but the human eyecannot. It is t ypically 700-1,000nm.

Raytec provide aull range o

Inra-Red and

White-Lightilluminators or

use with any

CCTV camera.

Raylux - White-Light Raymax - Inra-Red


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tHE soLutIons

1: WIDE AngLE LIgHtIng - Achieving 360 degree lighting or Domeshas traditionally been very expensive, requiring multiple illuminators. However,

Raytec have recently launched a series o wide angle illuminators purpose

designed or ully unctional Domes. The new wide angle illuminators are

available in RAYMAX (Inra-Red) and RAYLUX (White-Light) variations andare itted with Adaptive Illumination providing vari-ocal lighting. Adaptive

Illumination is a new concept introduced and patented by Raytec allowing

the installer to adjust the horizontal beam angle on site to match the speciic

needs o the installation.

The specialist wide angle illuminators provide 120 to 180 degree illumination

meaning it is now possible to illuminate up to 360 degrees at signiicantly less

cost and with less installation eort than ever beore using only 2 illuminators.

Wide angle illumination is technically the best solution to Dome illuminationproviding purpose designed, even illumination itted at the camera.

270 Illumination 360 Illumination

*providedby2x120-10AdaptiveIllumination *providedby2x120-10AdaptiveIllumination


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Illumination Quality (IQ) Test:

Run through this quick 10 point check every time you speciy or install aCCTV system:

1) Is Inra-Red or White-Light illumination required?

2) Ensure the horizontal angle o illumination covers the ull ield o view?

To provide high quality images it is essential. Simply match the illuminationto the ield o view o the camera/lens using a lens calculator (or see chart on

pages 33-34.

3) What is the maximum distance to illuminate? Speciy the illuminator model

based on the illumination angle and distance required (see page 34).

4) I White-Light is needed, ensure that colour corrected White-Light is used.Check that red, green and blue colours can all be seen accurately during night-time operation.

5) I Inra-Red is needed speciy the wavelength careully. Lower wavelengths

such as 850nm provide greater distances. Longer wavelengths such as 950nmprovide covert illumination but achievable distances are reduced and there is

an increased risk o ocus shit between day and night.

6) Consider the maintenance and running costs o the illumination system.

Ensure that long lie, low consumption lighting is used.

TECHNICAL TIP

I the exact ield o view is unknown Adaptive Illumination products can be used to providevari-ocal lighting.

Advantages Disadvantages Camera Type Suitable

White-Light Visible deterrent Light pollution Colour

Quick Start (LED only) Reduced distances

Full colour rendition

Easy set up

Inra-Red Covert Limited deterrent Day/Nigh t

Longer distances More diicult to set up Monochrome

No light pollution


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7) Consider the positioning o the lighting. It should be itted so that no

camera is looking directly at a light source. The best solution is mounting the

illumination at the camera position. Also consider any line o sight obstacles.

As light travels in straight lines any obstacles such as overgrown oliage will

create shadows.

8) Consider the camera and lens. A high perormance camera and lens willprovide higher quality images with CCTV lighting. Lower perormance camera

and lens combinations will require additional lighting to provide similar

results.

9) I the illumination is being used with a ully unctional dome camera then a

choice must be made between wide angle illumination, local area illumination

or target area illumination. Wide angle illumination is preerential as it can

provide 360 lighting or the dome.

10) Is light pollution a critical actor? Using White-Light ensure that the

illuminators are pointing down to minimise light pollution. I no light pollution is

permissible then Inra-Red lighting must be used.

TECHNICAL TIP

Even illumination every CCTV lighting system should provide even illumination. This isthe responsibility o the manuacturer and Raytec design every illuminator to have a highlyeven beam distribution. This aids the camera system in achieving higher quality imagesthroughout the scene.


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FURTHER

INFORMATION

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The Complete Guide to CCTV Lighting is designed as a reerence tool or

installers, speciiers and end users. However, it is not exhaustive. For urtherinormation on lighting, to suggest any additions to the Guide, or to discuss a

particular project please contact Raytec on:

Tel UK: +44 (0) 1670 528446

or USA: +1 281-835-3599e-mail UK: [email protected] USA: [email protected]

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