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Developments in the Preparation and Use of BioChar Ray Chrisman, University of Washington, USA

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Page 1: Ray Chrisman, University of Washington, USAdepts.washington.edu/cpac/Activities/Meetings/Satellite/2010/Friday/Chrisman...biochar? • AgricharTM product is derived from Slow Pyrolysis

Developments in the Preparation  and Use of Bio‐Char

Ray Chrisman, University of  Washington, USA

Page 2: Ray Chrisman, University of Washington, USAdepts.washington.edu/cpac/Activities/Meetings/Satellite/2010/Friday/Chrisman...biochar? • AgricharTM product is derived from Slow Pyrolysis

Direct 

measurement 

of carbon 

dioxide 

indicates that 

the level has 

definitely 

been rising 

for the last 50 

years though 

variations in 

concentration 

are a natural 

event.

Page 3: Ray Chrisman, University of Washington, USAdepts.washington.edu/cpac/Activities/Meetings/Satellite/2010/Friday/Chrisman...biochar? • AgricharTM product is derived from Slow Pyrolysis

Natural fluxes of carbon dioxide are very  large but data indicates that the current  increase is related to fossil fuel consumption

Page 4: Ray Chrisman, University of Washington, USAdepts.washington.edu/cpac/Activities/Meetings/Satellite/2010/Friday/Chrisman...biochar? • AgricharTM product is derived from Slow Pyrolysis

Carbon dioxide is 

the most abundant 

greenhouse gas but  

emissions of other 

gases are 

significant 

contributors and 

any reduction in 

their emissions will 

be helpful 

Page 5: Ray Chrisman, University of Washington, USAdepts.washington.edu/cpac/Activities/Meetings/Satellite/2010/Friday/Chrisman...biochar? • AgricharTM product is derived from Slow Pyrolysis

There are basically two approaches to cut  the level of greenhouse gasses; reduce 

emissions or  capture and sequester them 

Page 6: Ray Chrisman, University of Washington, USAdepts.washington.edu/cpac/Activities/Meetings/Satellite/2010/Friday/Chrisman...biochar? • AgricharTM product is derived from Slow Pyrolysis

Sequestration side of the CO2  issue

Stabilizing CO2

at 400 ppm requires  approximately 35 GT CO2 

(~10 GT carbon)

to  be withdrawn from the atmosphere by 2030

http://www.vattenfall.com/www/ccc/ccc/577730downl/index.jsp

The question is how can it be done and where  can we put it?    In the water or on the land?

Page 7: Ray Chrisman, University of Washington, USAdepts.washington.edu/cpac/Activities/Meetings/Satellite/2010/Friday/Chrisman...biochar? • AgricharTM product is derived from Slow Pyrolysis

Production and use of biochar can be a significant component of a CO2

sequestration program

AgricharTM product is 

derived from Slow Pyrolysis

which involves heating 

biomass in the absence (or 

reduced supply) of air •

AgricharTM product delivers 

significant agricultural and 

environmental benefits –

whilst sequestering carbon 

in soil

Page 8: Ray Chrisman, University of Washington, USAdepts.washington.edu/cpac/Activities/Meetings/Satellite/2010/Friday/Chrisman...biochar? • AgricharTM product is derived from Slow Pyrolysis

How BioChar

can enhance the lifetime of land  sequestration of carbon

100

50

10

1 32

Bio-char

Un-charred organic matter

4 5Years

Car

bon

rem

aini

ng (%

)

Lehmann et al., 2006, Mitigation and Adaptation 

Strategies for Global Change

Page 9: Ray Chrisman, University of Washington, USAdepts.washington.edu/cpac/Activities/Meetings/Satellite/2010/Friday/Chrisman...biochar? • AgricharTM product is derived from Slow Pyrolysis

Terra‐Preta: Evidence of longevity in the soil

500‐7000 years old

Amazon ‐

Extreme 

environment for fast 

organics turnover

10% Total Carbon, 35% of which is Black Carbon.  Char ≈

3.5% of total soil.

Page 10: Ray Chrisman, University of Washington, USAdepts.washington.edu/cpac/Activities/Meetings/Satellite/2010/Friday/Chrisman...biochar? • AgricharTM product is derived from Slow Pyrolysis

Photos: Julie Major, Cornell University

The ‘terra preta’ example of improved plant growth

It can reduce soil release of nitrous oxide by 80% and  completely suppress soil release of methane 

Page 11: Ray Chrisman, University of Washington, USAdepts.washington.edu/cpac/Activities/Meetings/Satellite/2010/Friday/Chrisman...biochar? • AgricharTM product is derived from Slow Pyrolysis

Thus the good news is that the use  of biochar

not only sequesters 

carbon, it also reduces other  greenhouse gas emissions and it 

improves plant growth

Even better, the biochar

process is a  co‐product process for energy and 

biochar

Page 12: Ray Chrisman, University of Washington, USAdepts.washington.edu/cpac/Activities/Meetings/Satellite/2010/Friday/Chrisman...biochar? • AgricharTM product is derived from Slow Pyrolysis

Biochar a Gigaton response

Source: Lehmann, 2007, Nature

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

Gt C

arbo

n

Annual potential for biochar

sequestration

Hypothetical(40% biomass to 

biochar)

High

Low

Gaunt unpublished

Page 13: Ray Chrisman, University of Washington, USAdepts.washington.edu/cpac/Activities/Meetings/Satellite/2010/Friday/Chrisman...biochar? • AgricharTM product is derived from Slow Pyrolysis

Biochar

appears to have positive  environmental features

However, if we are going to put  billions of tons of this material in the 

soil we had better have a good  understanding of the potential  impact

Page 14: Ray Chrisman, University of Washington, USAdepts.washington.edu/cpac/Activities/Meetings/Satellite/2010/Friday/Chrisman...biochar? • AgricharTM product is derived from Slow Pyrolysis

Bulk composition of a typical biomass material.  Depending on 

heating rate the cellulose crosslinks

or depolymerizes.  Final 

temp (low) aliphatic rings or (high) aromatic rings

Page 15: Ray Chrisman, University of Washington, USAdepts.washington.edu/cpac/Activities/Meetings/Satellite/2010/Friday/Chrisman...biochar? • AgricharTM product is derived from Slow Pyrolysis

Biomass also has the following  components

Extractables

such as resins, starches, waxes,  lipids, hydrocarbons and various phenolics

which in total are only about 1‐5% on a dry  basis.

Water

Ash which is the metal ions and silica. Ash can  vary from 0.5% for most woods to over 20% in  cereal grains.  Can cause process and product 

problems

IBI conference 9/08

Page 16: Ray Chrisman, University of Washington, USAdepts.washington.edu/cpac/Activities/Meetings/Satellite/2010/Friday/Chrisman...biochar? • AgricharTM product is derived from Slow Pyrolysis

Almost any time biomass is  burned in nature both pyrolysis

and oxidation occurs

Often both processes occur such that oxidation  (burning) is on the outside and provides the heat  for pyrolysis

which is going on inside.  The 

biochar

that first forms is then burned when  oxygen can finally reach it.

For example, the burning of cigarettes

How do we get just biochar?

Page 17: Ray Chrisman, University of Washington, USAdepts.washington.edu/cpac/Activities/Meetings/Satellite/2010/Friday/Chrisman...biochar? • AgricharTM product is derived from Slow Pyrolysis

There are many variations in pyrolysis

for  the production of energy and biochar

Page 18: Ray Chrisman, University of Washington, USAdepts.washington.edu/cpac/Activities/Meetings/Satellite/2010/Friday/Chrisman...biochar? • AgricharTM product is derived from Slow Pyrolysis

The energy co‐product is derived  from the smoke.  Careful processing 

can be used to produce enough  energy to help reduce the need to 

burn fossil fuels

Without processing the smoke is a  source of gases that have a higher  greenhouse effect than CO2

Page 19: Ray Chrisman, University of Washington, USAdepts.washington.edu/cpac/Activities/Meetings/Satellite/2010/Friday/Chrisman...biochar? • AgricharTM product is derived from Slow Pyrolysis

The pyrolysis

processes typically produce three  general product types based on physical state 

A gas that is mostly syn‐gas (H2 and CO) with  some light hydrocarbons

A complex hydrocarbon liquid (bio‐oil) and  water

A solid char (primary and secondary) and ash

The relative yields and composition of these  products are a function of process conditions 

and starting materials.

Page 20: Ray Chrisman, University of Washington, USAdepts.washington.edu/cpac/Activities/Meetings/Satellite/2010/Friday/Chrisman...biochar? • AgricharTM product is derived from Slow Pyrolysis

These liquids need to be captured and not allowed to condense on

the char

Page 21: Ray Chrisman, University of Washington, USAdepts.washington.edu/cpac/Activities/Meetings/Satellite/2010/Friday/Chrisman...biochar? • AgricharTM product is derived from Slow Pyrolysis

Properties of biochar

are a function of processing  temperature and starting material

Page 22: Ray Chrisman, University of Washington, USAdepts.washington.edu/cpac/Activities/Meetings/Satellite/2010/Friday/Chrisman...biochar? • AgricharTM product is derived from Slow Pyrolysis

BEST’s

Australian Demo facility

Fully continuous with 

Integrated drying 

Handles biomass with up to 

50% moisture

Can process high and low ash 

biomass

Syngas

produced runs 300 

kWe

internal combustion 

engine

Approx. 35% yield by weight

Can be scaled to process 48 

& 96 dry ton/day

IBI conference  9/08

Page 23: Ray Chrisman, University of Washington, USAdepts.washington.edu/cpac/Activities/Meetings/Satellite/2010/Friday/Chrisman...biochar? • AgricharTM product is derived from Slow Pyrolysis

The integrated continuous process can alter the ratio  between biochar

and energy production

Page 24: Ray Chrisman, University of Washington, USAdepts.washington.edu/cpac/Activities/Meetings/Satellite/2010/Friday/Chrisman...biochar? • AgricharTM product is derived from Slow Pyrolysis

What is Agrichar

TM

biochar?

AgricharTM product is derived 

from Slow Pyrolysis

and is a 

primary char which means it 

maintains much of its 

original physical structure.•

This structure seems to 

support enhanced microbial 

growth, aid in water 

retention and enhanced soil 

structure.•

The material has good CEC 

and has a long lifetime in the 

soil.•

The material has no odor and 

low residuals.IBI conference  9/08

Page 25: Ray Chrisman, University of Washington, USAdepts.washington.edu/cpac/Activities/Meetings/Satellite/2010/Friday/Chrisman...biochar? • AgricharTM product is derived from Slow Pyrolysis

The

water retention feature is a key reason the UN is promoting 

the use of biochar

to combat desertification

Page 26: Ray Chrisman, University of Washington, USAdepts.washington.edu/cpac/Activities/Meetings/Satellite/2010/Friday/Chrisman...biochar? • AgricharTM product is derived from Slow Pyrolysis

Distributed manufacturing model for  biochar

from dairy manure

•Dry manure to 50% solids before transport to facility; fresh is 

165lb/day/cow, 12% solids. Reduces methane emissions from 

current storage approach•Collect manure from dairies, 260 sites indentified in US with 

the needed 12,700 cows within 30‐50 km of a potential facility•Operate 96 tpd

dry basis feed to co‐produce energy and 

biochar•Export energy to local user; grain dryer, milk processor, etc., 

potentially 47 trillion BTU/year for rural use•Sell biochar, 750 million pounds•25‐30% internal rate of return depending on product mix

The project was supported by the Small Business Innovation Research program of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, grant number 2008-33610-18876

Page 27: Ray Chrisman, University of Washington, USAdepts.washington.edu/cpac/Activities/Meetings/Satellite/2010/Friday/Chrisman...biochar? • AgricharTM product is derived from Slow Pyrolysis

There are a significant number of uses for biochar depending on performance properties of material  produced

The project was supported by the Small Business Innovation Research program of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, grant number 2008-33610-18876

Page 28: Ray Chrisman, University of Washington, USAdepts.washington.edu/cpac/Activities/Meetings/Satellite/2010/Friday/Chrisman...biochar? • AgricharTM product is derived from Slow Pyrolysis

Additional potential Environmental  benefits from biochar

usage 

•Biochar

has been demonstrated to  capture metals (Lima, USDA).  Potential to 

filter water from mine tailings•A program being developed to clean 

farm runoff to reduce nitrates,  phosphates and herbicides (Allred, USDA)   

Page 29: Ray Chrisman, University of Washington, USAdepts.washington.edu/cpac/Activities/Meetings/Satellite/2010/Friday/Chrisman...biochar? • AgricharTM product is derived from Slow Pyrolysis

Summary of potential benefits  of  the biochar

process

•Sequester Carbon Dioxide•Generate energy•Solve some waste management issues like 

disposal of manure•Improve soil quality

This program is no where near the 1 gigaton range needed to have a significant impact on CO2 

emissions but it could be a cost effective start