FINAL YEAR PROJECT REPORT

(Radio over Fiber Technology)

Project Advisor

(Saleem Ata)

Submitted by

(Syed Shahzaib Raza)

BS Electrical Engineering

Department of Electrical Engineering

School of Science and Technology

University of Management and Technology

(Radio over Fiber Technology)

Project Report submittedto the

Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Management and Technology

in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

Bachelor of Science

in

Electrical Engineering

(Syed Shahzaib Raza)

(April 20, 2012)

Abstract

The demand of mobile communications in the modern world is increasing

day by day. It has been noticed that subscribers for the mobile communication

technologies are growing rapidly. The data transfer rate should be maximum for

uninterruptable communication. The radio over fiber technology offers much more

data transfer rate as compared to other technologies. This project is research based

on the simulation of WCDMA communication using Radio over Fiber technology.

Next generation mobile communication will require high bandwidth for

communication. 3G and 4G mobile communications are now being offered by the

Telecommunication Industries. The mm-wave in atmosphere gets attenuated and

the signal is sometimes lost. However, the upcoming technologies will be using the

optical fiber communication system along with wireless communication for the

high speed data transfer. This combination will increase the capacity for the

cellular base stations to change dynamically and meet the traffic requirements. The

Radio over Fiber (RoF) technology is the one which will fulfill the requirements.

This technology is actually the integration of optical fiber and mm-wave

transmission system. In this project a simulation of WCDMA using Radio over

Fiber Technology will be made so that the Bit Error Rate could be measured and

the performance of this technology will also be calculated.

Dedication

This project is dedicated to my parents who helped me and supported me

throughout my degree. My brothers and my friends who always provided me back

up whenever I faced problems.

I would also like to dedicate this project to my teachers for their uncountable

efforts and support in the hours of need.

Syed Shahzaib Raza

Acknowledgements

I would like to thank ALLAH, The Creator of the whole universe; Who

made me eligible to study and progress. His great blessings made this work to be

completed successfully.

I am grateful to Mr. Saleem Ata, my project advisor for his support,

guidance, supervision and uncountable efforts during my study and project. I

would like to especially thank Mr. Muhammad Saadi, Mr. BasitShahab, Mr.

Muhammad Rizwan, Mr. JawwadChattha for their advices and guides. I am also

thankful to other faculty members of Electrical Engineering Department for

providing me directions towards the studies and career.

Finally I would thank to my parents for their support, hard work and trust on

me to strive towards the successful study and career, my brothers and my friends.

Syed Shahzaib Raza

i

Table of contents

List of figures iii

List of tables iv

List of abbreviations v

Chapter I Introduction to Project

1 Introduction 1

2 Objective 3

3 Methodology 5

Chapter II Radio over Fiber

1 Radio over Fiber Technology 6

2 Radio over Fiber Systems 8

3 Advantages of RoF Systems 8

4 Benefits of RoF for Mobile Communication 11

5 Applications of RoF Technology 11

Chapter III Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA)

1 Introduction 12

2 Specifications of WCDMA 12

3 Operating Modes of WCDMA 13

Chapter IV Modulations

1 BPSK Modulation 16

2QPSK Modulation 18

ii

Chapter V Simulations

1 Creating a Sine Wave 19

2 Creating a High Frequency Wave 19

3 Sine Functions 20

4 Creating Various Pulses 20

5 Amplitude Modulation 21

6 Frequency Modulation and Demodulation 21

7 Gaussian Distribution Function 22

8 AWGN to Signal 22

9 PSK Modulation and Demodulation 23

10 Simulink Model for QPSK Modulation

using AWGN channel 23

11 Theoretical BER plot for QPSK

using AWGN channel 24

12 Simulated BER plot for QPSK

using AWGN channel 24

13 Simulink Model for BPSK Modulation

using AWGN channel 25

14 Theoretical BER plot for BPSK

using AWGN channel 25

15 Simulated BER plot for BPSK

using AWGN channel 26

Chapter V References 27

iii

List of figures

Figure 1 Radio over Fiber Technology

Figure 2 BPSK Modulation Scheme

Figure 3 QPSK Modulation Scheme

Figure 4 WCDMA using RoF

Figure 5 Methodology

Figure 6 Radio over Fiber System

Figure 7 Frequency Division Duplex

Figure 8 Time Division Duplex

Figure 9 BPSK Constellation Diagram

Figure 10 BPSK Signal Attributes

Figure 11 QPSK Constellation Diagram

iv

List of tables

Table 1 Parameters of WCDMA

Table 2 BPSK Phase Shifts

Table 3 QPSK Phase Shifts

v

List of abbreviations

3GPP Third Generation Partnership Project

AWGN Additive White Gaussian Noise

BER Bit Error Rate

BPSK Binary Phase Shift Keying

BS Base Stations

DWDM Dense Wavelength Division Multiplex

EDFA Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier

FDD Frequency Division Duplex

GMSK Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying

GSM Global System for Mobile Communications

IF Intermediate Frequencies

IMDD Intensity Modulated Direct Detection

IMT-2000 International Mobile Telephony

ITS Intelligent Transport Systems

ITU International Telecommunication Union

IVC Inter-Vehicle Communication

LAN Local Area Network

MSC Mobile Switching Center

MVDS Multipoint Video Distribution Services

OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

PSK Phase Shift Keying

QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation

QoS Quality of Service

QPSK Quadrature Phase Shift Keying

RAP/RAU Radio Access Point/Radio Access Unit

RF Radio Frequency

RFI Radio Frequency Interference

RoF Radio over Fiber

RS Remote Station

RVC Road-to-Vehicle Communication

TDD Time Division Duplex

TDMA Time Division Multiple Access

vi

UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunication Systems

UTRA Universal Terrestrial Radio Access

WBMCS Wireless Broadband Mobile Communication Systems

WCDMA WidebandCodeDivisionMultipleAccess

1

Chapter I. Introduction to Project

1 Introduction

Radio over Fiber (RoF) technology is now being used in many different

countries because of its low cost implementation and high data transfer rate which

it offers. RoF systems cover wide areas of deployment for enhanced cellular

coverage for its capacity and benefits. These networks include broadband

communication networks, satellite communication networks, wireless access

networks, IPTV and many more. These networks need high bandwidth for the

transmission. The RoF technology offers these benefits for the future networks as it

offers high bandwidth, low attenuation and cost. The RoF technology is basically

the integration of wireless and optical communication systems. This uses the

optical links to transfer the radio signals from the base stations (BSs) to multiple

radio access points (RAPs). The basic point of this technology is high speed data

transmission using optical fiber links which reduce the complexity of transmission

system, as is only requires the optical conversions and modulations. This will

provide the great advantage to wireless systems for the increasing capacity of users

and the improvement of quality of service (QoS) without acquiring a new radio

spectrum. This is basically the analog transmission system whereas the optical

fiber includes the digital communication system.

Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) technology usually

called third generation wireless communication system is now being used all over

the world. This system needs microcells and picocells for high speed data

transmission and high bandwidth in order to provide services. The system

comprises of multimedia communication which includes high definition videos and

pictures, internet and audio communication. This supports the high data

transmission rate up to 384 kbps for wide area coverage and 2 Mbps for local

coverage. The data modulation consists of digital modulation for uplink and

downlink. This air interface mature technology provides various business

opportunities for the telecommunication operators, service providers and

manufacturers. In WCDMA communication system, FDD is commonly used for

macro and microcells and TDD is normally used for picocells. The specifications

2

of this technology were created by 3GPP (Third Generation Partnership Project)

which is the joint standardization project of Europe, Korea, Japan, China and USA.

In 3GPP, WCDMA is called UTRA (Universal Terrestrial Radio Access) FDD and

TDD. 3G was named as IMT2000 (International Mobile Telephony-2000) by the

ITU (International Telecommunication Union). The larger bandwidth of WCDMA

gives multipath diversity for BSs especially in microcells. The advantages of

utilizing RoF technology for WCDMA communication system are very much

important as it provides the high bandwidth and data transfer rate and low

attenuation loss which fulfills the requirement for 3G systems.

Figure 1: Radio over Fiber Technology

3

2 Objective

The objective of this project is to simulate the WCDMA using RoF

technology on MATLAB SIMULINK for mobile communication systems. For the

achievement of this objective, various simulations have to be performed. There are

different simulations blocks that are to be developed. This will be consisting of the

different modulation, demodulation schemes, channels, communication system

which is to be used and various parameters that are to be used for the transmission.

This will help to reduce the system complexity from the BSs. The technology will

be used by modulation of laser by a RF signal and will be transmitted on optical

fiber channel. The configuration of RoF link will be the interface of radio signals

and optical signals which will contain the analog laser transmitter and the

photodiode receiver at the BSs. These optical fibers connect the RAPs and Central

Processing Units.

Figure 2: BPSK Modulation Scheme

4

Figure 3: QPSK Modulation Scheme

Figure 4: WCDMA using RoF

5

3 Methodology

Figure 5: Methodology

Start

Literature Study

Study of RoF Systems

Study of Mobile Communication

Systems

WCDMA Communication

SystemsStarting MATLAB

Performing Simulations

Setting the simulation Block

Comparing AWGN channel

using RoF

Performing Final Simulation

Observing BER

Final Report Submission

End

6

Chapter II. Radio over Fiber

In this chapter, further explanations regarding RoF technology are

mentioned. The basic concept, systems, parameters, advantages and applications of

RoF technology are discussed. Further it contains the information of RoF

technology in mobile communication networks, implementations and advantages.

1 Radio over Fiber Technology

The 3G and future generation systems use the air interface methods using

various channels and combination of cells for high traffic so that they could be

changed dynamically to meet the requirements. The TDMA, CDMA and WCDMA

mobile communication systems acquire the combination or groups of BSs for the

implementation of technology to overcome the needs of traffic capacity. But these

increase the complexity of the systems and may demand more BSs which will

require high cost. User terminals vary in capabilities of transmission rates, cost,

mobility and modulation levels. The increase in the complexity of BSs will require

more BSs installation for the whole network deployment. The alternate way to

decrease the complexity of BSs is to shift the complexity towards the central

processing units. The RoF technology implies this alternate in which fiber optical

links are used to distribute the radio signals from the CPUs to the RAPs. This

needs the optoelectronic conversion of signals. In this technology the basic

communication functions like modulation, coding and conversions are performed

at CPUs. This results in the centralization of RAPs which allows the dynamic

allocation of cells and high mobility management.

Fiber optics are the backbone networks of telecommunication as it provides

low attenuation loss and high bandwidth. The optical links in RoF systems are

analog and produce carrier signals which can be modulated with digital modulation

schemes. In RoF system, light signal is modulated by a radio signal and transmitted

over a fiber link. This modulation is analog because the radio signal is also analog

in nature. This configuration between radio and optical signal consist of optical

transmitter located at the CPU and the photodiode receiver which is located at RAP

or BS. This reduction in complexity of BS can be found very economical which

will increase the capacity of network and decrease the cost of data transmission.

The commonly used wavelengths of light are 1300 nm or 1550 nm which have low

attenuation loss as compared to other wavelengths and provides high bandwidth

which can be up 50 THz. These integrated links are called IMDD (Intensity

Modulated-Direct Detection) which involvesPM and FM techniques.

7

Figure 6: Radio over Fiber System

8

2 Radio over Fiber Systems

The above mentioned picture shows the basic configuration of Radio over

Fiber system. The system has low attenuation loss of signals and very high

bandwidth of fiber optic channel. It fulfills the demand of high channel capacity

and offers wide area for coverage. It also provides the economical solutions for the

installation of BSs or whole network deployment. This system makes the group of

cells that can changed dynamically and deliver high bandwidth to the subscribers.

The radius of the zones can be reduced which will provide the effective use of

radio frequencies. These systems are now being used widely for in-building

networks, remote vehicles, office and wireless access points.

3 Advantages of RoF Systems

Low Signal Attenuation Loss

High Bandwidth

Reduced Power Consumption

Flexibility to systems

Economical Solutions for Installation

Immunity to Noise and Interference in Radio Signals

Low Signal Attenuation:

The electromagnetic signal while transmission face different types of

hurdles. There are many unwanted signals and other factors in the air which disturb

the actual shape of the signal. The factors are greater in wireless transmission and

reception of signals. These can be reduced but it costs a lot. The closed path of the

signal provides much less attenuation as compared to wireless. In case of fiber

optics there is gain provided to the signal due to which the chance for the

attenuation of the signal becomes very less. It provides more reliability for the

signal to travel very long distance without attenuation sometimes. So the RoF

systems will be a great advantage to signal transmission as the signal will travel in

the closed path (fiber optics) and will be more efficient. The communication

system will also be improved as the signal travels with the speed of light in fiber

optics and will have much greater bandwidth.

9

High Bandwidth:

The major advantage of the fiber optics communication is the bandwidth.

Theoretically fiber optics promises the unlimited bandwidth. There is not much

greater difference between theoretical and practical implementation of fiber optics

and its bandwidth. It gives much greater bandwidth than any other communication

system. The 2 window concept provides maximum bandwidth with minimum

attenuation. The wavelengths of 1310 nm and 1550 nm are mostly used. The single

mode fiber is more widely used for these wavelengths. DWDM technology

introduced recently has proven great for the fiber optics communication as there

are many different wavelengths which can travel through a single mode fiber.

Using this technology one can gain as maximum bandwidth as it can. EDFA is

used for these multiplexing techniques in fiber optics. There is also other mode

named multimode on which fiber optics operate. But commonly used mode is

single mode. The high bandwidth in fiber optics causes electromagnetic signals to

travel fast and provides efficiency.

Reduced Power Consumption:

In electro-magnetic signal transmission, there are many high frequency

amplifiers used to transmit signals. These amplifiers, filters, antennas and many

other devices used in wireless communication systems consume very high power.

There are some other devices also which acquire more power than other equipment

and are to be maintained regularly. They cost a lot for the service providers. These

can be replaced by fiber optics communication systems. In the fiber optics

communication, the optical transmitters used are diodes, there are optical

amplifiers which consume very less power. The reception of the signals is also less

power consuming as there is also a diode at the receivers end. The multiple use of

diodes and light will reduce the power consumption is the RoF systems.

Flexibility to systems:

Radio over Fiber system provides the flexibility to the systems. While

communication there are few factors that affect the devices. When the traffic is at

its peak, the system complexity increases. To reduce the system complexity there

must be a solution so that the communication could not be disturbed. RoF systems

10

reduce this complexity by dividing the traffic load. The greater bandwidth

provided by the fiber optics, and the DWDM technology are used to provide the

flexibility to the systems. The complexity from the base stations are reduced and

are diverted towards the other systems. To achieve this purpose, the basic tasks like

modulation and demodulation schemes are performed at the base stations, the other

tasks like error correction and handover etc. are shifted to mobile switching center.

Economical Solutions for Installation:

The RoF systems give benefit of easy and economical installation solutions.

In this system equipment and devices performing high tasks are shifted in the MSC

so that the BSs become simpler and easier. Therefore the maintenance of BSs

becomes optimized and cheap as compared to other systems. BSs contain the

optical and electronic devices that should perform the tasks for transmission and

reception only. The switching and modulations devices are stored in MSC which

would make the centralized system and will be easier to manage and replace the

equipment. The other implementations like microcells and picocells can be

possible by installing further BSs. To maintain all equipment in various BSs is

much expensive. So the RoF systems provide the centralized installation and

maintenance system to make it economical.

Immunity to Noise and Interference in Radio Signals:

One of the major advantages of fiber optics is that it provides the immunity

to electromagnetic signals. In case of microwaves, this property will be more

useful as the signals travel though closed channel. The modulation of microwave

signals on light provides this benefit. When the light travels in fiber optics, it

perform the phenomena of total internal reflection. On the basis of this, the signal

travelled is secured.

11

4 Benefits of RoF for Mobile Communication

The RoF systems provide dynamic channel allocation and adaptive antenna

selection. Following are the benefits of mobile communication systems using RoF

technology:

Wide area coverage

Dynamic radio resource management

Low power consumption for RAPs

Less multipath fading effects

Increased channel capacity and efficiency

Reduced handovers

Centralized processing

Low maintenance cost

High Bandwidth and data transfer rate

Support for future generation networks

Improved quality of signals

Low fiber attenuation loss

No electromagnetic interference

Multimedia broadband communication

5 Applications of RoF Technology

Cellular Networks

Satellite Communications

Multipoint Video Distribution System (MVDS)

Mobile Broadband Services

Wireless LANs

Vehicle Communication and Control

Next Generation Communication Systems

In-Building Networks

Radio Access Points

12

Chapter III. Wideband Code Division Multiple Access

(WCDMA)

1 Introduction

The WCDMA air interface is the technology which is now providing its

services in different countries all over the world. This is also known as UMTS

which is the third generation wireless personal communication systems. The

WCDMA technology is more efficient than the previously used GSM system due

to its characteristics and wideband properties.

2 Specifications of WCDMA

The following table provides the information regarding WCDMA

technology, its characteristic, parameters and specifications:

Channel Bandwidth 5 MHz

Duplex mode FDD and TDD

Modulation QPSK and BPSK

Chip Rate 3.84 Mbps

Handover Soft and Inter frequency

Frame Length 10 ms

Channel Coding Convolution and Turbo codes

Power Control Open and Fast closed loop (1.6 kHz) Table 1: Parameters of WCDMA

The bandwidth provided is about 5MHz. The length of frame is 10 ms

whereas each frame is divided into 15 slots which makes the chip rate of the

system to about 3.84 Mcps. The modulation symbols vary from 960k symbols per

second to 15 k symbols per second due to which the spreading factors range 256

4 for uplink and 512 4 for downlink. Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor

(OVSF) codes of channelization are used for separating channels. Convolutional

and turbo channel coding is used. The data modulation is performed by QPSK for

downlink and BPSK for uplink.

13

Concluding the whole network architecture, WCDMA is deployed in

UMTS. This contains user equipment (UE) link with the BSs. These BSs are

responsible for modulation, conversion, error correction and transmission. The BSs

can transmit and receive signals from different cells and are controlled by Radio

Network Controller (RNC). RNC consists of various BSs and performs radio

resource management, call setup, location and QoS. The RNC is connected to

PSTN and Internet.

3 Operating modes of WCDMA

WCDMA consists of two modes of operation which provides it diversity.

Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) is used for the paired frequency band while

Time Division Duplex (TDD) performs operation for unpaired frequency bands

available.

FDD mode consists of symmetric data transmission as it has 5MHz carrier

frequencies for uplink and downlink which are separately used. These two bands

transmit data separately from BS to Mobile Switching Center (MSC) and the other

from MSC to BS. Thus, the information can be simultaneously exchanged in both

directions. The FDD principle of operation can be viewed in the following figure:

14

Figure 7: Frequency Division Duplex

In TDD principle only one band of 5MHz is available which is shared by

both uplink and downlink in time separate mode. The information in uplink and

downlink is alternated as the TDD is being used for unpaired spectrum. The

bandwidths shared can also be altered between uplink and downlink, but the

bandwidth of downlink is usually greater than the bandwidth of uplink. This

sharing makes TDD mode more efficient. The following figure shows the TDD

principle:

15

Figure 8: Time Division Duplex

16

Chapter IV. Modulations

1 BPSK Modulation:

A binary phase shift keying or 2PSK is the type of digital modulation. In this

modulation scheme the carrier frequency is divided into two parts with respect to

phase. The two logics are used for the phase changes. Logic 1 produces the phase

change of 180o whereas the logic 0 produces no phase (0

o) change. Following is

the constellation diagram representing the BPSK or 2PSK modulation.

Bits Phase

0 0o

1 180o

Table 2: BPSK Phase Shifts

Figure 9: BPSK Constellation Diagram

The signals in BPSK can be represented as follows

s1(t)=A cos(t) representing logic 0

s2(t)=Acos(t+) representing logic 1

17

Figure 10: BPSK Signal Attributes

18

2 QPSK Modulation:

Quadrature Phase Shift Keying or 4PSK modulation is also the type of

digital modulation. It refers to the phase shifting of into four phases. The symbols

in QPSK modulation are represented by two bits. The following table shows the

sequence and the phases in QPSK.

Bits Phases

00 45o

01 135o

10 315o

11 225o

Table 3: QPSK Phase Shifts

The constellation diagram of QPSK can be seen as follows.

Figure 11: QPSK Constellation Diagram

19

Chapter V. Simulations

1 Creating a Sine Wave

2 Creating High Frequency wave

20

3 Sine Functions

4 Creating Various Pulses

21

5 Amplitude Modulation

6 Frequency Modulation and Demodulation

22

7 Gaussian Distribution Function

8 Add White Gaussian Noise to Signal

23

9 Phase Shift Keying (PSK Modulation and Demodulation)

10 Simulink Model for QPSK Modulation using AWGN channel

The Simulink model for QPSK modulation was developed to observe the bit

error rate. Here the Bernoulli Binary generator is used for the input signal which

generates random bits. Then the binary signal is passed towards the QPSK

modulator where the signal is modulated. The Gaussian channel commonly known

as Additive White Gaussian Noise is added to the modulated signal and then is

forwarded. The QPSK demodulator here, receives the signal and hence the block

named Error Rate Calculation is placed here to analyze the transmitted and

received signal.

24

11 Theoretical BER plot for QPSK using AWGN channel

The BER plot here shows the Bit Error Rate of transmitted and received

binary signal. The plot shows the increasing Eb/No which also called signal to noise

ratio and the decreasing error bits. This plot is based on the theoretical study of

BER. The parameters of this plot are present by default in the Simulink.

12 Simulated BER plot for QPSK using AWGN channel

The simulation block developed was analyzed to observe the bit error rate.

This plot was merged with the previous plot so that the difference could be

25

observed while simulating the block developed. The simulated BER varies from

the theoretical plot and hence the difference is measured.

13 Simulink Model for BPSK Modulation using AWGN channel

The above Simulink model for BPSK modulation was developed to observe

the bit error rate. The model consists of various blocks that are to be linked

together to create the proper simulation. Here the Bernoulli Binary generator is

used for the input signal which generates random bits. Then the binary signal is

passed towards the BPSK modulator where the signal is modulated. The Gaussian

channel commonly known as Additive White Gaussian Noise is added to the

modulated signal and then is forwarded. The BPSK demodulator receives the

signal and hence the block named Error Rate Calculation is placed here to

analyze the transmitted and received signal.

14 Theoretical BER plot for BPSK using AWGN channel

26

The BER plot here shows the Bit Error Rate of transmitted and received

binary signal. The plot shows the increasing Eb/No which also called signal to noise

ratio and the decreasing error bits. This plot is based on the theoretical study of

BER. The parameters of this plot are present by default in the Simulink.

15 Simulated BER plot for BPSK using AWGN channel

The simulation model in Simulink was developed to analyze and observe the

bit error rate. This plot was merged with the already developed plot so that the

difference could be observed while simulating the block developed. The simulated

BER plot for BPSK modulation does not varies from the theoretical plot and hence

there is not that much difference to be measured.

27

Chapter VI. References

Over Fiber Technologies For Mobile Communication Network. 1st edition

Hamed Al-Raweshidy and Shozo Komaki Radio. Universal Personal

Communication, Norwood, MA: Artech House Publishers. 2002.

WCDMA for UMTS-Radio Access For Third Generation Mobile CommunicationHarriHolma and AnttiToskala. John Wiley &Sons,Ltd. 2001

Capacity Improvement in the Downlink of WCDMA with Radio over Fibre Access NetworkNazemKhashjori and H.S. Al-Raweshidy.University of Kent, UK.

WCDMA-Based Radio over Fibre System Performance with Multiple-User Interference in Multiple Service TransmissionH.S. Al-Raweshidy and S.O. Ampem-Darko.University of Kent, UK. March 2001.

System Level Performance of WCDMA With Radio Over Fibre Access NetworkNazemKhashjori and H.S. Al-Raweshidy.University of Kent, UK.

Radio over Fiber Technology for Braodband Wireless Communication Systems Anthony Ngoma.

Simulation of WCDMA Radio over Fiber Technology S.H. BintiMohdRazali. UniversitiTeknologi Malaysia. April 2007.

Radio Access Point Design for Radio over Fiber Technology M. M. MohammoudHadow. UniversitiTecknologi Malaysia. April 2008.

Front-End Design of Low Power Radio Access Points for Radio over Fiber Technology A.S. Mohammed Al-Ahmadi. UniversitiTeknologi Malaysia. May 2007.

Design of a Radio-over-Fiber System for Wireless LANs Anthony Ngoma, (MTD.Report, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, 2002).

A Radio over Fiber based Wireless Access Network Architecture for Rural Areas Hong Bong Kim and Adam Wolisz. (In Proc. of 14th IST Mobile and Wireless Communication Summit, Dresden, Germany. June 2005).

A Radio over Fiber Network Architecture for Road Vehicle Communication Systems Hong Bong Kim, Marc Emmelmann, Berthold Rathke, and Adam Wolisz. (In Proc. of IEEE Vehicular Technology

Conference, 2005 Spring)

Radio over Fiber Technology for the Next Generation Hamed Al-Raweshidy.

28

Radio over Fiber- An optical Technique for Wireless Access Xavier Fernando. Ryerson Communication Lab, Toronto, Canada. October 2009

Radio over Fiber Technology for Wireless AccessD.Opati, GSDC Croatia.

Radio over Fiber for Picocellular Network Architectures Michael Sauer, AndreyKobyakov and Anthony NgOma Science and Technology, Corning.

GSM signal transmission through external modulated single Mode fiber linkSathyanandan.S, Swaminathan.R, Lavanya.R, Piramasubramanian.S, Ganesh Madhan.M.ICOP 2009-International

Conference on Optics and Photonics Chandigarh,India. Oct.-1 Nov.2009

29

Appendices

1. Sin Functions

>>A1=1;

>> A2=1.5;

>> y1=A1*sin(2*pi*f1*t);

>> y2=A2*sin(2*pi/f2*t);

>>plot(y1)

>>subplot 211

>>plot(t,y1)

>>xlabel('t in s')

>>ylabel('y in V')

>>subplot 212

>>plot(t,y2)

>>xlabel('t in s')

>>ylabel('y in V')

>> y2=A2*sin(2*pi*f2*t);

>>plot(t,y2)

>>xlabel('t in s')

>>ylabel('y in V')

>>title('Sin Function')

>>subplot 211

>>title('Sin Function')

>>axis([Tst,Te,-2,2])

>>subplot 212

30

>>axis([Tst,Te,-2,2])

2. Creating Various Pulses

>> t=[-10:0.01:10];

>> m=cos(2*pi*t);

>> x=square(m);

>> y=rectpuls(m);

>> z=gauspuls(m);

>>subplot 411

>>plot(t,m)

>>subplot 412

>>plot(t,x)

>>subplot 413

>>plot(t,y)

>>subplot 414

>>plot(t,z)

>>subplot 411

>>axis([-1.5,1.5,-12,12])

>>axis([-12,12,-1.5,1.5])

>>title('Input Signal')

>>subplot 412

>>axis([-12,12,-1.5,1.5])

>>title('Square Pulses of Input Signal')

>>subplot 413

>>axis([-12,12,-1.5,1.5])

31

>>title('Rectangular Pulses of Input Signal')

>>title('Rectangular or (Binary) Pulses of Input Signal')

>>subplot 414

>>axis([-12,12,-1.5,1.5])

>>title('Gaussian Pulses of Input Signal')

3. Amplitude Modulation

>>t=[-10:0.01:10];

>> s=cos(2*pi*t);

>>subplot 411

>> plot(s)

>>axis([-2,2,-5,5])

>>title('Input Signal')

>>axis([-5,5,-2,2])

>>plot(t,s)

>>axis([-5,5,-2,2])

>>title('Input Signal')

>>subplot 412

>>x=ammod(s,1,3,1);

>>plot(t,x)

>>axis([-5,5,-2,2])

>>title('Modulated Signal')

>>subplot 413

>>y=ammod(s,1,3,1,-1.75);

>>plot(t,y)

32

>>title('Modulated Signal with -1.75 carrier amplitude')

>>subplot 414

>> z=ammod(s,1,3,1,1.75);

>>plot(t,z)

>>title('Modulated Signal with +1.75 carrier amplitude')

4. Frequency Modulation

>>t=[-10:0.01:10];

>>ws=2*pi;

>> s=cos(ws*t);

>> y=fmmod(s,3000,9000,50);

>>plot(t,y)

>>plot(t,s)

>>subplot 211

>>plot(t,s)

>>subplot 212

>>plot(t,y)

>>axis([-10,10,-2,2])

>>axis([-10,10,-1.5,1.5])

>>title('Frequency Modulated Signal')

>>subplot 311

>>plot(t,s)

>>axis([-10,10,-1.5,1.5])

>>title('Input Signal')

>>subplot 312

33

>>plot(t,y)

>>axis([-10,10,-1.5,1.5])

>>subplot 313

>> z=fmdemod(y,3000,9000,50);

>>plot(t,z)

>>axis([-10,10,-1.5,1.5])

>>title('Frequency Demodulated Signal')

>>subplot 312

5. Gaussian Distribution

>>t=[-10:0.01:10];

>>ws=2*pi;

>> s=cos(ws*t);

>> y=fmmod(s,3000,9000,50);

>>plot(t,y)

>>plot(t,s)

>>subplot 211

>>plot(t,s)

>>subplot 212

>>plot(t,y)

>>axis([-10,10,-2,2])

>>axis([-10,10,-1.5,1.5])

>>title('Frequency Modulated Signal')

>>subplot 311

>>plot(t,s)

34

>>axis([-10,10,-1.5,1.5])

>>title('Input Signal')

>>subplot 312

>>plot(t,y)

>>axis([-10,10,-1.5,1.5])

>>subplot 313

>> z=fmdemod(y,3000,9000,50);

>>plot(t,z)

>>axis([-10,10,-1.5,1.5])

>>title('Frequency Demodulated Signal')

>>subplot 312

>>title('Frequency Modulated Signal')

6. AWGN

>> t=[-10:0.01:10];

>> m=cos(2*pi*t);

>> SNR=5;

>> x=awgn(m,SNR);

>>subplot 211

>>plot(t,m)

>>axis([-11,11,-1.5,1.5])

>>title('Orignal Signal')

>>subplot 212

>>plot(t,x)

35

>>axis([-11,11,-1.5,1.5])

>>title('AWGN Signal')

>>title('AWGN Signal with SNR=5')

7. PSK Modulation and Demodulation

>> l=1000;

>> M=16;

>> m=randint(l,1,M);

>> x=pskmod(m,M);

>>subplot 311

>>plot(m)

>>title('Orignal Signal')

>>subplot 312

>>plot(x)

>>title('PSK Modulated Signal')

>>subplot 313

>> y=pskdemod(x,M);

>> plot(y)

>>title('PSK Demodulated Signal')