Advancesin Aircraft Landing Gear

Advances in A

ircraft Landing Gear

Schm

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R. Kyle SchmidtPT-169ISBN: 978-0-7680-8218-0

9 780768 082180

Advances in Aircraft Landing GearR. Kyle Schmidt

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The aircraft landing gear system is relatively unique on board an aircraft—it is both structure and machine, supporting the aircraft on the ground, yet providing functions such as energy absorption during landing, retraction, steering, and braking.

Advances in Aircraft Landing Gear, edited by R. Kyle Schmidt, is a collection of eleven hand-picked technical papers that focus on the signifi cant advancements that have occurred in this fi eld concerning numeric modeling, electric actuation, and composite materials. Additionally, papers discussing self-powered landing gear and more electrical overall aircraft architectures have also been included.

The content of Advances in Aircraft Landing Gear is divided into two sections: Analysis and Design Methods; and Electric Actuation, Control, and Taxi, making it easier for the reader to fi nd information quickly.

For those looking for additional knowledge on aircraft landing gears, the SAE A-5 committee (the Aerospace Landing Gear Systems Committee), serves as a useful forum for discussion on landing gear issues and development. A current listing of documents produced and maintained by this committee appears in the appendix of Advances in Aircraft Landing Gear.

R. Kyle SchmidtR. Kyle Schmidt has twenty years of aircraft landing gear engineering experience garnered in Canada, France, and England. He has extensive exposure to the design, development, and in-service support of large civil aircraft landing gears, having been chief engineer for the A300/A310 family, A320 family, A330/A340 family, and A350 landing gears produced by Messier-Bugatti-Dowty.

With a degree in mechanical engineering from the University of Waterloo, Mr. Schmidt is a licensed professional engineer in the Province of Ontario. An accomplished inventor having been granted over twenty patents, Schmidt has also published a number of papers related to landing gear health monitoring and event detection.

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Table of Contents

Introduction ................................................................................................................. 1

Analysis and Design Methods.................................................................................... 3

Landing Gear Design in the Conceptual Design Phase (1999-01-5523) ........................5

Sizing the Landing Gear in the Conceptual Design Phase (2000-01-5601) ..................15

An Automatic Procedure for the Landing Gear Conceptual Design of a Light Unmanned Aircraft (2013-01-2188) ......................................................................23

An Investigation of Landing Gear Shimmy: Tire Models, Tire Test Methodologies, Analysis and Parameter Studies (1999-01-5527) ..........................................................37

Aircraft Level Steering Runaway Failure Analysis (2009-01-3136) ...............................65

Bird and Tyre Impact Analysis on Landing Gear (2013-01-9002) ..................................71

Electric Actuation, Control, and Taxi ....................................................................... 81

Examination of Aircraft Electric Wheel Drive Taxiing Concept (2008-01-2860) .............83

Optimal Control Allocation for Electric Aircraft Taxi Systems: A Preliminary Study (2014-01-2137) ..............................................................................................................91

DRESS: Distributed and Redundant Electro-mechanical Nose Wheel Steering System (2009-01-3110) ...............................................................................................101

More Electrical Actuation for ATA 32: Modular Power Electronics & Electrical Motor Concepts (2010-01-1745)..................................................................................109

Hardware Design and Implementation of the Landing Gear Control Algorithm (2014-01-2186) ............................................................................................................115

Appendix .................................................................................................................. 125

About the Editor ...................................................................................................... 129

Advances in Aircraft Brakes and Tires

Advances in A

ircraft Brakes and Tires

Schmidt

R. Kyle SchmidtPT-171978-0-7680-8236-4

9 780768 082364

Advances in Aircraft Brakesand TiresR. Kyle Schmidt

An aircraft’s interface with the ground—through its wheels, tires, and brakes—is critical to ensure safe and reliable operation. Tires, brakes, and brake control have long been areas of active development for aircraft use, and this will continue for years to come. In recent years, signifi cant advancements have occurred with almost all civil airliners entering service with radial tires, and with the Boeing 787 having entered service in 2011 with electrically actuated carbon-carbon brakes.

The papers contained in this book are divided into three sections: tires, control systems, and brakes. A selection of the most relevant papers published by SAE International on these matters in the past fi fteen years is included. The papers have been chosen to provide signifi cant interest to those engineers working in the landing gear fi eld. With almost all current large civil aircraft (and many smaller aircraft) opting exclusively for carbon-carbon brakes, a number of papers addressing the challenges of this technology are included. Papers touching on tire behavior and papers discussing brake control strategies are provided.

For those looking for more information on aircraft landing gears, brakes, and tires, the SAE A-5 committee (the Aerospace Landing Gear Systems Committee), which meets twice a year, serves as a useful forum for discussion on landing gear issues and development. The committee members produce standards, information reports, and recommended practices for the landing gear community. A listing of documents produced and maintained by the A-5 committee is included in the appendix.

R. Kyle SchmidtR. Kyle Schmidt has twenty years of aircraft landing gear engineering experience garnered in Canada, France, and England. He has extensive exposure to the design, development, and in-service support of large civil aircraft landing gears, having been chief engineer for the A300/A310 family, A320 family, A330/A340 family, and A350 landing gears produced by Messier-Bugatti-Dowty.

With a degree in mechanical engineering from the University of Waterloo, Mr. Schmidt is a licensed professional engineer in the Province of Ontario. An accomplished inventor having been granted over twenty patents, Schmidt has also published a number of papers related to landing gear health monitoring and event detection.

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Table of Contents

Introduction ................................................................................................................. 1

Tires .............................................................................................................................. 3

Mechanical Properties of Radial-Ply Aircraft Tires (2005-01-3438) .................................5

Hydroplaning of H-Type Aircraft Tires (2004-01-3119) ..................................................19

Control Systems ........................................................................................................ 27

A Longitudinal Slip Tire Model for Brake Control Systems: Features and Uses in Simulation, Control Synthesis and Stability Analysis (2002-01-2949) ...........................29

A Sliding Mode Observer Based ABS for Aircraft and Land Vehicles (2003-01-0252) ..............................................................................................................39

Braking Systems with New IMA Generation (2011-01-2662) .........................................47

Brakes ......................................................................................................................... 53

Predicting Landing Gear Carbon Brake Vibration and Performance via Subscale Test and Analysis (2005-01-3437) .................................................................................55

Adsorption and Desorption Effects on Carbon Brake Material Friction and Wear Characteristics (2005-01-3436) .....................................................................................65

Reducing Aircraft Brake Squeal with a Damped Brake-Rod (2000-01-5599) ................83

Asymmetric Approach in Solving Aircraft Brake Vibration (2002-01-2948) ....................87

The Effect of Wear Groove on Vibration and Noise of Aircraft Brakes: Theoretical and Experimental Evidence (2008-01-2557) .................................................................95

Aircraft Electric Brakes - Technical Development (2002-01-2946) ..............................103

Appendix ...................................................................................................................113

About the Editor .......................................................................................................117