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R R ICE ICE A A UTOMATED UTOMATED N N ANOSCALE ANOSCALE D D ESIGN ESIGN G G ROUP ROUP Automated Design of Tunable Impedance Matching Networks for Reconfigurable Wireless Applications Arthur Nieuwoudt, 1 Jamil Kawa, 2 and Yehia Massoud 1 1 Rice Automated Nanoscale Design Group, Rice University 2 Advanced Technology Group, Synopsys, Inc. 6/11/2008

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Page 1: R ICE A UTOMATED N ANOSCALE D ESIGN G ROUP Automated Design of Tunable Impedance Matching Networks for Reconfigurable Wireless Applications Arthur Nieuwoudt,

RRICEICE AAUTOMATED UTOMATED

NNANOSCALEANOSCALE D DESIGN ESIGN

GGROUPROUP

Automated Design of Tunable Impedance Matching Networks for

Reconfigurable Wireless Applications

Arthur Nieuwoudt,1 Jamil Kawa,2 and Yehia Massoud1

1 Rice Automated Nanoscale Design Group, Rice University2 Advanced Technology Group, Synopsys, Inc.

6/11/2008

Page 2: R ICE A UTOMATED N ANOSCALE D ESIGN G ROUP Automated Design of Tunable Impedance Matching Networks for Reconfigurable Wireless Applications Arthur Nieuwoudt,

Wireless Applications

Wireless applications have become pervasive 1-4 Cellular telephones (GSM/CDMA)Bluetooth Wireless local area networks

New wireless applications will become mainstream Consumer and vehicular electronics

leveraging ultrawideband systems 5-7

Millimeter wave systems 8

Need to develop multi-standard wireless systems

1 P. Wambacq, G. Vandersteen, W. Eberle, J. Phillips, J. Roychowdhury, D. Long, A. Demir, and B. Yang, DATE, 2001.2 A. Nieuwoudt and Y. Massoud, DAC, 2005.3 A. Nieuwoudt and Y. Massoud, ICCAD, 2005.

4 A. Nieuwoudt, T. Ragheb, and Y. Massoud, DAC, 2006.5 G. Aiello and G. Rogerson, IEEE Micro. Mag., 2003.6 A. Ismail and A. Abidi, IEEE JSSC, 2004.7 A. Nieuwoudt, T. Ragheb, and Y. Massoud, ASP-DAC, 2007.8 B. Razavi, IEEE JSSC, 2006.

Page 3: R ICE A UTOMATED N ANOSCALE D ESIGN G ROUP Automated Design of Tunable Impedance Matching Networks for Reconfigurable Wireless Applications Arthur Nieuwoudt,

Traditional Multi-Standard Wireless Systems

Redundant circuit blocks traditionally needed

Limited by hardware complexity and power consumption

Traditional Multi-StandardRF Front-End

BPF LNA Mixer

Antenna Standard 1 at Frequency 1

BPF LNA Mixer

Antenna Standard 2 at Frequency 2

BPF LNA Mixer

Antenna Standard 3 at Frequency 3

Page 4: R ICE A UTOMATED N ANOSCALE D ESIGN G ROUP Automated Design of Tunable Impedance Matching Networks for Reconfigurable Wireless Applications Arthur Nieuwoudt,

Reconfigurable Multi-Standard Wireless Systems

Multi-standard RF systems can be implemented with a single front end 1-3

Reduced hardware complexity and power consumption Facilitates the evolution toward system-on-chip designs

Filters and impedance matching networks (IMN) are critical circuits in wireless systems

Reconfigurable Multi-Standard RF Front-End

BPF LNA Mixer

Antenna

Standards 1, 2 and 3 at Frequencies 1, 2 and 3

1 J.-F. Luy, T. Mueller, T. Mack, and A. Terzis, IEEE Micro. Mag., 2004.2 R. Mukhopadhyay, Y. Park, P. Sen, N. Srirattana, J. Lee, C.-H. Lee, S. Nuttinck, A. Joseph, J. D. Cressler, and J. Laskar, IEEE Trans. MTT, 2005.3 J.-H. Kim, Y.-K. Jang, and H.-J. Yoo, Analog Int. Cir. Sig. Proc., 2007.

Page 5: R ICE A UTOMATED N ANOSCALE D ESIGN G ROUP Automated Design of Tunable Impedance Matching Networks for Reconfigurable Wireless Applications Arthur Nieuwoudt,

Impedance Matching Networksand Filters

Filters and IMNs are critical in common RF circuitsLow noise amplifiers Power amplifiersMixersPre-processing filters and

antenna impedance matching

Important implications for critical performance metricsNoisePower consumptionGain Implementation technologyCost

BPF LNA Mixer

Antenna

Filters and IMNs

Page 6: R ICE A UTOMATED N ANOSCALE D ESIGN G ROUP Automated Design of Tunable Impedance Matching Networks for Reconfigurable Wireless Applications Arthur Nieuwoudt,

Impedance Matching Networksand Filters

BPF LNA Mixer

Antenna

Filters and IMNs Previous research has

demonstrated the potential of reconfigurable IMNs 1-5

Implemented using semiconductor, barium-strontium-titanate (BST), and RF MEMS based technologies

Traditionally realized using a manual design process that combines standard filter synthesis with the designer’s knowledge

Limited previous research on automated design techniques for reconfigurable IMNs

Need to create systematic automated design methods for reconfigurable filters and IMNs

1 C. T.-C. Nguyen, DAC, 2005.2 A. R. Brown and G. M. Rebeiz, IEEE Trans. MTT, 2000.3 K. Entesari and G. M. Rebeiz, IEEE Trans. MTT, 2005.

4 G. K. Fedder and T. Mukherjee, ISSCC, 2005.5 J. Nath, D. Ghosh, J.-P. Maria, A. I. Kingon, W. Fathelbab, P. D. Franzon, and M. B. Steer, IEEE Trans. MTT, 2005.

Page 7: R ICE A UTOMATED N ANOSCALE D ESIGN G ROUP Automated Design of Tunable Impedance Matching Networks for Reconfigurable Wireless Applications Arthur Nieuwoudt,

Overview

Reconfigurable impedance matching networksDesign considerationsModeling

Automated design of reconfigurable impedance matching networksFrequency mapping to reconfigurable circuit elementsDesign optimization problem formulationAutomated design methodologyVariability-aware optimization

Results Conclusions

Page 8: R ICE A UTOMATED N ANOSCALE D ESIGN G ROUP Automated Design of Tunable Impedance Matching Networks for Reconfigurable Wireless Applications Arthur Nieuwoudt,

Reconfigurable Impedance Matching Networks

Important design considerations Impedance matching in passband

and stopband (|S11| and |S22|)

Frequency

|S11

| or

|S22

|

0 dB

Passband

Stopband

Stopband

S11

(Reflection)

2-PortFilter

S22

(Reflection)

Page 9: R ICE A UTOMATED N ANOSCALE D ESIGN G ROUP Automated Design of Tunable Impedance Matching Networks for Reconfigurable Wireless Applications Arthur Nieuwoudt,

Reconfigurable Impedance Matching Networks

Important design considerations Impedance matching in passband

and stopband (|S11| and |S22|)

Insertion loss (|S21|)

Power handling capabilities of the circuit components

Frequency

|S21

|

0 dB

Passband

Stopband

Stopband

2-PortFilter

S21

(Transmission)

Page 10: R ICE A UTOMATED N ANOSCALE D ESIGN G ROUP Automated Design of Tunable Impedance Matching Networks for Reconfigurable Wireless Applications Arthur Nieuwoudt,

Reconfigurable Impedance Matching Networks

Important design considerations Impedance matching in passband

and stopband (|S11| and |S22|)

Insertion loss (|S21|)

Power handling capabilities of the circuit components

Must meet design constraints for each frequency band and load/source impedance

Frequency

Re

spo

nse f1 f2 f3 f4 f5 f6

Reconfigurable IMN Frequency States:

Page 11: R ICE A UTOMATED N ANOSCALE D ESIGN G ROUP Automated Design of Tunable Impedance Matching Networks for Reconfigurable Wireless Applications Arthur Nieuwoudt,

Reconfigurable Impedance Matching Networks

Important design considerations Impedance matching in passband

and stopband (|S11| and |S22|)

Insertion loss (|S21|)

Power handling capabilities of the circuit components

Must meet design constraints for each frequency band and load/source impedance

Implemented with tunable and switchable circuit elementsSwitchable – discrete valuesTunable – continuous values

Frequency

Re

spo

nse f1 f2 f3 f4 f5 f6

Reconfigurable IMN Frequency States:

C1 L1

C2 L2

C3 L3

Reconfigurable IMN Circuit:

Page 12: R ICE A UTOMATED N ANOSCALE D ESIGN G ROUP Automated Design of Tunable Impedance Matching Networks for Reconfigurable Wireless Applications Arthur Nieuwoudt,

Canonical Circuit Representations for Reconfigurable IMNs

Microwave filters/IMNs designed using canonical circuit topologies Filter can then be physically synthesized based on canonical circuit

Directly implemented using lumped passive components Microstrip implementation realized by converting lumped elements into

equivalent transmission line representations

To provide a technology-independent solution, we focus on the design of the fixed/variable components in canonical topology

Butterworth/Chebyshev Canonical Bandpass Filter Topology

Page 13: R ICE A UTOMATED N ANOSCALE D ESIGN G ROUP Automated Design of Tunable Impedance Matching Networks for Reconfigurable Wireless Applications Arthur Nieuwoudt,

Modeling of Reconfigurable IMNs

Use 2-port ABCD parameters to model shunt and series cascaded filter stages

Convert filter's ABCD parameters to S-parameters for circuit optimization

Parasitic resistances calculated based on component quality factors

Worst-case power determined using voltage and current from ABCD formulation

2-PortFilter

I1

V1

+

-

I2

V2

+

-

S11

(Reflection)

2-PortFilter

S22

(Reflection)

S21

(Transmission)

Page 14: R ICE A UTOMATED N ANOSCALE D ESIGN G ROUP Automated Design of Tunable Impedance Matching Networks for Reconfigurable Wireless Applications Arthur Nieuwoudt,

Overview

Reconfigurable impedance matching networksDesign considerationsModeling

Automated design of reconfigurable impedance matching networksFrequency mapping to reconfigurable circuit elementsDesign optimization problem formulationAutomated design methodologyVariability-aware optimization

Results Conclusions

Page 15: R ICE A UTOMATED N ANOSCALE D ESIGN G ROUP Automated Design of Tunable Impedance Matching Networks for Reconfigurable Wireless Applications Arthur Nieuwoudt,

Reconfigurable IMN Design Optimization Problem Formulation

General reconfigurable IMN design optimization problem:

|| S21IT ||2

S11IT S11IC, S11OT S11OC

S22IT S22IC, S22OT S22OC

S21IT S11IC, S21OT S21OC

SPT SPC, xmin x xmax

Minimize:

Subject to:

Page 16: R ICE A UTOMATED N ANOSCALE D ESIGN G ROUP Automated Design of Tunable Impedance Matching Networks for Reconfigurable Wireless Applications Arthur Nieuwoudt,

Minimize || S21 ||2 over all bands|| S21IT ||2

S11IT S11IC, S11OT S11OC

S22IT S22IC, S22OT S22OC

S21IT S11IC, S21OT S21OC

SPT SPC, xmin x xmax

Minimize:

Subject to:

Reconfigurable IMN Design Optimization Problem Formulation

S21(ti,fi,ZSi,ZLi) is a vector containing |S21| values in the ith band

Page 17: R ICE A UTOMATED N ANOSCALE D ESIGN G ROUP Automated Design of Tunable Impedance Matching Networks for Reconfigurable Wireless Applications Arthur Nieuwoudt,

Minimize || S21 ||2 over all bands|| S21IT ||2

S11IT S11IC, S11OT S11OC

S22IT S22IC, S22OT S22OC

S21IT S11IC, S21OT S21OC

SPT SPC, xmin x xmax

Minimize:

Subject to:

Reconfigurable IMN Design Optimization Problem Formulation

S21(ti,fi,ZSi,ZLi) is a vector containing |S21| values in the ith band

Frequency

f1 f2 fi fM…

… …

Re

spo

nse

Page 18: R ICE A UTOMATED N ANOSCALE D ESIGN G ROUP Automated Design of Tunable Impedance Matching Networks for Reconfigurable Wireless Applications Arthur Nieuwoudt,

Minimize || S21 ||2 over all bands|| S21IT ||2

S11IT S11IC, S11OT S11OC

S22IT S22IC, S22OT S22OC

S21IT S11IC, S21OT S21OC

SPT SPC, xmin x xmax

Minimize:

Subject to:

Reconfigurable IMN Design Optimization Problem Formulation

S21(ti,fi,ZSi,ZLi) is a vector containing |S21| values in the ith band

Frequency

f1 f2 fi fM…

… …

Re

spo

nse

Frequency

|S21

|

0 dB

fi

Page 19: R ICE A UTOMATED N ANOSCALE D ESIGN G ROUP Automated Design of Tunable Impedance Matching Networks for Reconfigurable Wireless Applications Arthur Nieuwoudt,

Minimize || S21 ||2 over all bands|| S21IT ||2

S11IT S11IC, S11OT S11OC

S22IT S22IC, S22OT S22OC

S21IT S11IC, S21OT S21OC

SPT SPC, xmin x xmax

Minimize:

Subject to:

Reconfigurable IMN Design Optimization Problem Formulation

S21(ti,fi,ZSi,ZLi) is a vector containing |S21| values in the ith band

Frequency

f1 f2 fi fM…

… …

Re

spo

nse

Frequency

|S21

|

0 dB

fi

S21(ti,fi,ZSi,ZLi)

values ()

Page 20: R ICE A UTOMATED N ANOSCALE D ESIGN G ROUP Automated Design of Tunable Impedance Matching Networks for Reconfigurable Wireless Applications Arthur Nieuwoudt,

Minimize || S21 ||2 over all bands|| S21IT ||2

S11IT S11IC, S11OT S11OC

S22IT S22IC, S22OT S22OC

S21IT S11IC, S21OT S21OC

SPT SPC, xmin x xmax

Minimize:

Subject to:

Reconfigurable IMN Design Optimization Problem Formulation

Vector ti contains circuit values mapped to the frequency band fi

ZSi and ZLi are the source and load impedances mapped to fi

Page 21: R ICE A UTOMATED N ANOSCALE D ESIGN G ROUP Automated Design of Tunable Impedance Matching Networks for Reconfigurable Wireless Applications Arthur Nieuwoudt,

Minimize || S21 ||2 over all bands|| S21IT ||2

S11IT S11IC, S11OT S11OC

S22IT S22IC, S22OT S22OC

S21IT S11IC, S21OT S21OC

SPT SPC, xmin x xmax

Minimize:

Subject to:

Reconfigurable IMN Design Optimization Problem Formulation

Vector ti contains circuit values mapped to the frequency band fi

ZSi and ZLi are the source and load impedances mapped to fi

C1 L1

C2 L2

C3 L3

Frequency

f1 f2 fi fM…

… …

…R

esp

on

se

Page 22: R ICE A UTOMATED N ANOSCALE D ESIGN G ROUP Automated Design of Tunable Impedance Matching Networks for Reconfigurable Wireless Applications Arthur Nieuwoudt,

Minimize || S21 ||2 over all bands|| S21IT ||2

S11IT S11IC, S11OT S11OC

S22IT S22IC, S22OT S22OC

S21IT S11IC, S21OT S21OC

SPT SPC, xmin x xmax

Minimize:

Subject to:

Reconfigurable IMN Design Optimization Problem Formulation

Vector ti contains circuit values mapped to the frequency band fi

ZSi and ZLi are the source and load impedances mapped to fi

C1 L1

C2 L2

C3 L3 Frequency Band fi:

ti = [C1, L1, C2(i), L2, C3, L3]

Source Impedance = ZSiLoad Impedance = ZLi

Page 23: R ICE A UTOMATED N ANOSCALE D ESIGN G ROUP Automated Design of Tunable Impedance Matching Networks for Reconfigurable Wireless Applications Arthur Nieuwoudt,

Minimize || S21 ||2 over all bands

Passband constraints on |S11|:

S11(ti,fi,ZS1,ZL1) is

the |S11| constraint function (S11IT)

S11max is the passband

constraint on |S11| (S11IC)

Passband and stopband constraints on |S11|, |S21|,

and |S22|

|| S21IT ||2

S11IT S11IC, S11OT S11OC

S22IT S22IC, S22OT S22OC

S21IT S11IC, S21OT S21OC

SPT SPC, xmin x xmax

Minimize:

Subject to:

Reconfigurable IMN Design Optimization Problem Formulation

Page 24: R ICE A UTOMATED N ANOSCALE D ESIGN G ROUP Automated Design of Tunable Impedance Matching Networks for Reconfigurable Wireless Applications Arthur Nieuwoudt,

Other constraints defined in a similar manner to S11IT S11IC

S11OT S11OC – |S11| stopband constraints

S22IT S22IC & S22OT S22OC – |S22| passband and stopband constraints

S21IT S21IC & S21OT S21OC – |S21| passband and stopband constraints

SPT SPC – Power handling constraints for circuit elements

Typical design problem can require 100s of nonlinear constraints

Passband and stopband constraints on |S11|, |S21|,

and |S22|

|| S21IT ||2

S11IT S11IC, S11OT S11OC

S22IT S22IC, S22OT S22OC

S21IT S11IC, S21OT S21OC SPT

SPC

xmin x xmax

Minimize:

Subject to:

Circuit element power constraints

Reconfigurable IMN Design Optimization Problem Formulation

Minimize || S21 ||2 over all bands

Page 25: R ICE A UTOMATED N ANOSCALE D ESIGN G ROUP Automated Design of Tunable Impedance Matching Networks for Reconfigurable Wireless Applications Arthur Nieuwoudt,

Passband and stopband constraints on |S11|, |S21|,

and |S22|

|| S21IT ||2

S11IT S11IC, S11OT S11OC

S22IT S22IC, S22OT S22OC

S21IT S11IC, S21OT S21OC SPT

SPC

xmin x xmax

Minimize:

Subject to:

Circuit element power constraints

Design variables:

Fixed components – Li or Ci only contain 1 value

Switchable elements – Li or Ci contain elements corresponding to the discrete IMN states

Tunable elements – Li or Ci contain elements distributed over the continuous range of IMN states

Bound constraints on circuit component values

Reconfigurable IMN Design Optimization Problem Formulation

Minimize || S21 ||2 over all bands

Page 26: R ICE A UTOMATED N ANOSCALE D ESIGN G ROUP Automated Design of Tunable Impedance Matching Networks for Reconfigurable Wireless Applications Arthur Nieuwoudt,

Design Space Analysis

Need to determine if efficient gradient-based optimization techniques can be employed to solve IMN design problem

Consider a black box system with general input and source (Zs)

impedances

We examine |S11| in dB used in optimization formulation:

General conclusion – |S11| has one minimum value with respect to

Rin and Xin when Rs 0 and either Xs 0 or Xs 0

Zs

Black

Box System

ZinVs

Impedance Values:

Page 27: R ICE A UTOMATED N ANOSCALE D ESIGN G ROUP Automated Design of Tunable Impedance Matching Networks for Reconfigurable Wireless Applications Arthur Nieuwoudt,

Design Space Analysis

|S22| and |S21| have similar behavior to |S11|

One set of extrema with respect to Rin and Xin

Minimum/maximum values for |S11|, |S21|, and |S22| typically occur

near to each other in the design space

Narrow-band filter designs will typically have circuit elements that resonate near the narrow-band frequencyS-parameters well-behaved with respect to circuit element values

(one significant local minimum value)Analytical solutions provide good start point for design process

This does not necessarily hold for reconfigurable filters Simulated third-order narrow-band (2.4 GHz) and 2-band

switchable (2.4 and 5.0 GHz) filters to demonstrate these design space characteristics

Page 28: R ICE A UTOMATED N ANOSCALE D ESIGN G ROUP Automated Design of Tunable Impedance Matching Networks for Reconfigurable Wireless Applications Arthur Nieuwoudt,

0.3 1 3 10-50

-10

-1

-0.1

S11

(dB

)

Fixed Filter at 2.4 GHz

Normalized Circuit Element Multiplication Factor

Design Space Characteristics:Narrow-Band Fixed Valued IMN

Simulated |S11| along an

arbitrary vector of circuit element values

Narrow-Band Filter

|S11| Values

Page 29: R ICE A UTOMATED N ANOSCALE D ESIGN G ROUP Automated Design of Tunable Impedance Matching Networks for Reconfigurable Wireless Applications Arthur Nieuwoudt,

0.3 1 3 10-50

-10

-1

-0.1

S11

(dB

)

Fixed Filter at 2.4 GHz

Normalized Circuit Element Multiplication Factor

Design Space Characteristics:Narrow-Band Fixed Valued IMN

Minimum |S11| Value

Narrow-band filter has one minimum |S11| value

Simulated |S11| along an

arbitrary vector of circuit element values

Narrow-Band Filter

|S11| Values

Page 30: R ICE A UTOMATED N ANOSCALE D ESIGN G ROUP Automated Design of Tunable Impedance Matching Networks for Reconfigurable Wireless Applications Arthur Nieuwoudt,

Design Space Characteristics:2-Band Reconfigurable IMN

0.3 1 3 0.3 1 3 10-50

-10

-1

-0.1

S11

(dB

)

Tunable Filter at 2.4 GHz

Tunable Filter at 5.0 GHz

Normalized Circuit Element Multiplication Factor

2-Band Reconfigurable

Filter |S11| Values

Page 31: R ICE A UTOMATED N ANOSCALE D ESIGN G ROUP Automated Design of Tunable Impedance Matching Networks for Reconfigurable Wireless Applications Arthur Nieuwoudt,

Design Space Characteristics:2-Band Reconfigurable IMN

0.3 1 3 0.3 1 3 10-50

-10

-1

-0.1

S11

(dB

)

Tunable Filter at 2.4 GHz

Tunable Filter at 5.0 GHz

Normalized Circuit Element Multiplication Factor

Region 2Region 1

Cannot utilize standard convex optimization techniques alone to find optimal solution

Local Minima

LocalMinima

31

Page 32: R ICE A UTOMATED N ANOSCALE D ESIGN G ROUP Automated Design of Tunable Impedance Matching Networks for Reconfigurable Wireless Applications Arthur Nieuwoudt,

2-Band Reconfigurable IMN Optimization Algorithm Start Point

0.3 1 3 0.3 1 3 10-50

-10

-1

-0.1

S11

(dB

)

Tunable Filter at 2.4 GHz

Tunable Filter at 5.0 GHz

Fixed Filter at 2.4 GHz

Normalized Circuit Element Multiplication Factor

Fixed filter solution can be utilized as a start point for optimizing the reconfigurable filter

Fixed filter solution as start point

Region 2Region 1

Avoids local minima in gradient-based optimization

Local Minima

Page 33: R ICE A UTOMATED N ANOSCALE D ESIGN G ROUP Automated Design of Tunable Impedance Matching Networks for Reconfigurable Wireless Applications Arthur Nieuwoudt,

Constraint Relaxation for Reconfigurable IMN Optimization

Solution to a less complex related IMN optimization problem can provide a suitable start point for the complete problem

Formulate this less complex IMN optimization problem by relaxing the IMN design constraints

Constraint relaxation for the reconfigurable IMN design problem can be achieved in several different waysRemove frequency bands and reconfigurable circuit elements

from considerationRelax the design requirements associated with the filter

Constraint relaxation forms the basis for the proposed design automation methodology

Page 34: R ICE A UTOMATED N ANOSCALE D ESIGN G ROUP Automated Design of Tunable Impedance Matching Networks for Reconfigurable Wireless Applications Arthur Nieuwoudt,

Automated Design Methodology for Reconfigurable IMNs

High-level strategy for the automated design methodLeverage constraint relaxation

and sequential quadratic programming to solve optimization problem

Iteratively add constraints until the full problem is solved

Constraints added in order of complexity (most difficult to least difficult)

Use solution to previous optimization problem as the start point for next iteration

Automated Design Methodology:Input: Define design requirements and

circuit parameters

Step 1: Optimize fixed-valued IMN in 1 frequency band

Step 2: Successively add reconfigurable band constraints

Step 3: Successively tighten stopband rejection constraints

Step 4: Successively widen passband constraints

Step 5: Successively tighten quality factors

Step 6: Add component power constraints

Output: Reconfigurable IMN circuit design

Page 35: R ICE A UTOMATED N ANOSCALE D ESIGN G ROUP Automated Design of Tunable Impedance Matching Networks for Reconfigurable Wireless Applications Arthur Nieuwoudt,

Initially solve a narrow-band fixed-valued IMN design optimization problem

Only consider constraints on S-parameters at the center of the passband

Automated Design Methodology:Solve for Initial Fixed-Valued IMN

Current IMN Configuration:

Frequency

Re

spo

nse f1

Automated Design Methodology:Input: Define design requirements and

circuit parameters

Step 1: Optimize fixed-valued IMN in 1 frequency band

Page 36: R ICE A UTOMATED N ANOSCALE D ESIGN G ROUP Automated Design of Tunable Impedance Matching Networks for Reconfigurable Wireless Applications Arthur Nieuwoudt,

Iteratively solve a series of narrow-band IMN optimization problemsAdd additional frequency bands and reconfigurable

circuit elementsOnly consider constraints on S-parameters at the center

of each passbandDesign variables added in each optimization problem

Automated Design Methodology:Add Reconfigurable Band Constraints

Current IMN Configuration:

Frequency

Re

spo

nse f1 f2 f3 f4 f5 f6

Automated Design Methodology:Input: Define design requirements and

circuit parameters

Step 1: Optimize fixed-valued IMN in 1 frequency band

Step 2: Successively add reconfigurable band constraints

Page 37: R ICE A UTOMATED N ANOSCALE D ESIGN G ROUP Automated Design of Tunable Impedance Matching Networks for Reconfigurable Wireless Applications Arthur Nieuwoudt,

Frequency Mapping to Reconfigurable Circuit Elements

How do we map each set of frequencies and load/source impedances to the reconfigurable circuit elements?

Want an efficient mapping to reduce hardware complexity Frequency

Fre

que

ncy

Re

spo

nse

(|S

21|) f1 f2 f3 f4 f5 f6

Reconfigurable IMN Frequency States:

C1 L1

C2 L2

C3 L3

Reconfigurable IMN Circuit:

Page 38: R ICE A UTOMATED N ANOSCALE D ESIGN G ROUP Automated Design of Tunable Impedance Matching Networks for Reconfigurable Wireless Applications Arthur Nieuwoudt,

Combinatorial Frequency Mapping

Combinatorial mappingEach possible combination of

variable circuit element values is mapped to a reconfigurable frequency state

Frequency

Fre

que

ncy

Re

spo

nse

(|S

21|) f1 f2 f3 f4 f5 f6

Reconfigurable IMN Frequency States:

C1 L1

C2 L2

C3 L3

Reconfigurable IMN Circuit:

C2 has 3 possible values:

[C2(1), C2(2), C2(3)]

C1 has 2 possible values:

[C1(1), C1(2)]

Page 39: R ICE A UTOMATED N ANOSCALE D ESIGN G ROUP Automated Design of Tunable Impedance Matching Networks for Reconfigurable Wireless Applications Arthur Nieuwoudt,

Combinatorial Frequency Mapping

Combinatorial mappingEach possible combination of

variable circuit element values is mapped to a reconfigurable frequency state

Frequency

Fre

que

ncy

Re

spo

nse

(|S

21|) f1 f2 f3 f4 f5 f6

Reconfigurable IMN Frequency States:

C1 L1

C2 L2

C3 L3

Reconfigurable IMN Circuit:C1 has 2 possible values:

[C1(1), C1(2)]C2 has 3 possible values:

[C2(1), C2(2), C2(3)]

Page 40: R ICE A UTOMATED N ANOSCALE D ESIGN G ROUP Automated Design of Tunable Impedance Matching Networks for Reconfigurable Wireless Applications Arthur Nieuwoudt,

Combinatorial Frequency Mapping

Combinatorial mappingEach possible combination of

variable circuit element values is mapped to a reconfigurable frequency state

Frequency

Fre

que

ncy

Re

spo

nse

(|S

21|) f1 f2 f3 f4 f5 f6

Reconfigurable IMN Frequency States:

C1 L1

C2 L2

C3 L3

Reconfigurable IMN Circuit:C1 has 2 possible values:

[C1(1), C1(2)]C2 has 3 possible values:

[C2(1), C2(2), C2(3)]

Page 41: R ICE A UTOMATED N ANOSCALE D ESIGN G ROUP Automated Design of Tunable Impedance Matching Networks for Reconfigurable Wireless Applications Arthur Nieuwoudt,

Combinatorial Frequency Mapping

Combinatorial mappingEach possible combination of

variable circuit element values is mapped to a reconfigurable frequency state

Frequency

Fre

que

ncy

Re

spo

nse

(|S

21|) f1 f2 f3 f4 f5 f6

Reconfigurable IMN Frequency States:

C1 L1

C2 L2

C3 L3

Reconfigurable IMN Circuit:C1 has 2 possible values:

[C1(1), C1(2)]C2 has 3 possible values:

[C2(1), C2(2), C2(3)]

Page 42: R ICE A UTOMATED N ANOSCALE D ESIGN G ROUP Automated Design of Tunable Impedance Matching Networks for Reconfigurable Wireless Applications Arthur Nieuwoudt,

Combinatorial Frequency Mapping

Combinatorial mapping schemeEach possible combination of

variable circuit element values is mapped to a reconfigurable frequency state

Efficiently utilizes available reconfigurable states

Does not balance impact of |S11|, |

S21|, and |S22|

Frequency

Fre

que

ncy

Re

spo

nse

(|S

21|) f1 f2 f3 f4 f5 f6

Reconfigurable IMN Frequency States:

C1 L1

C2 L2

C3 L3

Reconfigurable IMN Circuit:

Page 43: R ICE A UTOMATED N ANOSCALE D ESIGN G ROUP Automated Design of Tunable Impedance Matching Networks for Reconfigurable Wireless Applications Arthur Nieuwoudt,

Symmetric Combinatorial Frequency Mapping

Symmetric combinatorial mappingEach possible combination of

symmetric pairs of variable circuit element values is mapped to a reconfigurable frequency state

Symmetry balances variable circuit element impact on |S11|, |S22|, and |S21|

Still efficiently utilizes available reconfigurable circuit element states

Frequency

Fre

que

ncy

Re

spo

nse

(|S

21|) f1 f2 f3 f4 f5 f6

Reconfigurable IMN Frequency States:

C1 L1

C2 L2

C3 L3

Reconfigurable IMN Circuit:C1 has 2 possible values:

[C1(1), C1(2)]C2 has 3 possible values:

[C2(1), C2(2), C2(3)]C3 has 2 possible values:

[C3(1), C3(2)]

Page 44: R ICE A UTOMATED N ANOSCALE D ESIGN G ROUP Automated Design of Tunable Impedance Matching Networks for Reconfigurable Wireless Applications Arthur Nieuwoudt,

Automated Design Methodology:Add Reconfigurable Band Constraints

Current IMN Configuration:

Frequency

Re

spo

nse f1 f3

C1 L1

C2 L2

C3 L3

C2(1) C2(2)

f1 f3C2 has 2 possible values:

[C2(1), C2(2)]

C1 and C3 have 1 value each

Reconfigurable Circuit Element Mapping:

Automated Design Methodology:Input: Define design requirements and

circuit parameters

Step 1: Optimize fixed-valued IMN in 1 frequency band

Step 2: Successively add reconfigurable band constraints

Page 45: R ICE A UTOMATED N ANOSCALE D ESIGN G ROUP Automated Design of Tunable Impedance Matching Networks for Reconfigurable Wireless Applications Arthur Nieuwoudt,

Automated Design Methodology:Add Reconfigurable Band Constraints

Current IMN Configuration:

Frequency

Re

spo

nse f1 f3 f5

C2(1) C2(2) C2(3)

f1 f3 f5

C1 L1

C2 L2

C3 L3

C2 has 2 possible values:

[C2(1), C2(2), C2(3)]

C1 and C3 have 1 value each

Reconfigurable Circuit Element Mapping:

Input: Define design requirements and circuit parameters

Step 1: Optimize fixed-valued IMN in 1 frequency band

Step 2: Successively add reconfigurable band constraints

Automated Design Methodology:

Page 46: R ICE A UTOMATED N ANOSCALE D ESIGN G ROUP Automated Design of Tunable Impedance Matching Networks for Reconfigurable Wireless Applications Arthur Nieuwoudt,

Automated Design Methodology:Add Reconfigurable Band Constraints

Current IMN Configuration:

Frequency

Re

spo

nse f1 f2 f3 f4 f5 f6

C2(1) C2(2) C2(3)

C1(1)

C3(1)

C1(2)

C3(2)

C1(1)

C3(1)

C1(2)

C3(2)

C1(1)

C3(1)

C1(2)

C3(2)

f1 f2 f3 f4 f5 f6

C2 has 3 possible values:

[C2(1), C2(2), C2(3)]

C1 has 2 possible values:

[C1(1), C1(2)]

C3 has 2 possible values:

[C3(1), C3(2)]

Reconfigurable Circuit Element Mapping:

Automated Design Methodology:Input: Define design requirements and

circuit parameters

Step 1: Optimize fixed-valued IMN in 1 frequency band

Step 2: Successively add reconfigurable band constraints

Page 47: R ICE A UTOMATED N ANOSCALE D ESIGN G ROUP Automated Design of Tunable Impedance Matching Networks for Reconfigurable Wireless Applications Arthur Nieuwoudt,

Add the stopband rejection constraints associated with each frequency bandStart with relaxed stopband constraints in the frequency

domain for S-parameters Iteratively tighten the stopband constraints in the

frequency domainConsider each frequency band simultaneously

Current IMN Configuration:

Frequency

Re

spo

nse f1 f2 f3 f4 f5 f6

Automated Design Methodology:Add Stopband Rejection Constraints

Automated Design Methodology:Input: Define design requirements and

circuit parameters

Step 1: Optimize fixed-valued IMN in 1 frequency band

Step 2: Successively add reconfigurable band constraints

Step 3: Successively tighten stopband rejection constraints

Page 48: R ICE A UTOMATED N ANOSCALE D ESIGN G ROUP Automated Design of Tunable Impedance Matching Networks for Reconfigurable Wireless Applications Arthur Nieuwoudt,

Current IMN Configuration:

Frequency

Re

spo

nse f1 f2 f3 f4 f5 f6

Frequency

|S11

|

0dB |S11|

|S11| frequency response

in band 6Passband Constraint

Automated Design Methodology:Add Stopband Rejection Constraints

Automated Design Methodology:Input: Define design requirements and

circuit parameters

Step 1: Optimize fixed-valued IMN in 1 frequency band

Step 2: Successively add reconfigurable band constraints

Step 3: Successively tighten stopband rejection constraints

Page 49: R ICE A UTOMATED N ANOSCALE D ESIGN G ROUP Automated Design of Tunable Impedance Matching Networks for Reconfigurable Wireless Applications Arthur Nieuwoudt,

Current IMN Configuration:

Frequency

Re

spo

nse f1 f2 f3 f4 f5 f6

Frequency

|S11

|

0dB

Stopband Constraints

Stopband Constraints

Add initial relaxed stopband constraints

Passband Constraint

|S11|

Automated Design Methodology:Add Stopband Rejection Constraints

Automated Design Methodology:Input: Define design requirements and

circuit parameters

Step 1: Optimize fixed-valued IMN in 1 frequency band

Step 2: Successively add reconfigurable band constraints

Step 3: Successively tighten stopband rejection constraints

Page 50: R ICE A UTOMATED N ANOSCALE D ESIGN G ROUP Automated Design of Tunable Impedance Matching Networks for Reconfigurable Wireless Applications Arthur Nieuwoudt,

Current IMN Configuration:

Frequency

Re

spo

nse f1 f2 f3 f4 f5 f6

Frequency

|S11

|

0dB

Stopband Constraints

Stopband Constraints

Optimize design to meet relaxed stopband constraints

Passband Constraint

|S11|

Automated Design Methodology:Add Stopband Rejection Constraints

Automated Design Methodology:Input: Define design requirements and

circuit parameters

Step 1: Optimize fixed-valued IMN in 1 frequency band

Step 2: Successively add reconfigurable band constraints

Step 3: Successively tighten stopband rejection constraints

Page 51: R ICE A UTOMATED N ANOSCALE D ESIGN G ROUP Automated Design of Tunable Impedance Matching Networks for Reconfigurable Wireless Applications Arthur Nieuwoudt,

Current IMN Configuration:

Frequency

Re

spo

nse f1 f2 f3 f4 f5 f6

Frequency

|S11

|

0dB

Stopband Constraints

Stopband Constraints

Passband Constraint

|S11|

Tighten stopband constraints

Automated Design Methodology:Add Stopband Rejection Constraints

Automated Design Methodology:Input: Define design requirements and

circuit parameters

Step 1: Optimize fixed-valued IMN in 1 frequency band

Step 2: Successively add reconfigurable band constraints

Step 3: Successively tighten stopband rejection constraints

Page 52: R ICE A UTOMATED N ANOSCALE D ESIGN G ROUP Automated Design of Tunable Impedance Matching Networks for Reconfigurable Wireless Applications Arthur Nieuwoudt,

Current IMN Configuration:

Frequency

Re

spo

nse f1 f2 f3 f4 f5 f6

Frequency

|S11

|

0dB

Stopband Constraints

Stopband Constraints

Passband Constraint

|S11|

Optimize design to meet tightened stopband constraints

Automated Design Methodology:Add Stopband Rejection Constraints

Automated Design Methodology:Input: Define design requirements and

circuit parameters

Step 1: Optimize fixed-valued IMN in 1 frequency band

Step 2: Successively add reconfigurable band constraints

Step 3: Successively tighten stopband rejection constraints

Page 53: R ICE A UTOMATED N ANOSCALE D ESIGN G ROUP Automated Design of Tunable Impedance Matching Networks for Reconfigurable Wireless Applications Arthur Nieuwoudt,

Current IMN Configuration:

Frequency

Re

spo

nse f1 f2 f3 f4 f5 f6

Frequency

|S11

|

0dB

Stopband Constraints

Stopband Constraints

Passband Constraint

|S11|

Iteratively continue process until final stopband constraints are added

Automated Design Methodology:Add Stopband Rejection Constraints

Automated Design Methodology:Input: Define design requirements and

circuit parameters

Step 1: Optimize fixed-valued IMN in 1 frequency band

Step 2: Successively add reconfigurable band constraints

Step 3: Successively tighten stopband rejection constraints

Page 54: R ICE A UTOMATED N ANOSCALE D ESIGN G ROUP Automated Design of Tunable Impedance Matching Networks for Reconfigurable Wireless Applications Arthur Nieuwoudt,

Current IMN Configuration:

Frequency

Re

spo

nse f1 f2 f3 f4 f5 f6

Frequency

|S11

|

0dB

Stopband Constraints

Stopband Constraints

Passband Constraint

|S11|

Automated Design Methodology:Add Passband Width Constraints

Perform similar iterative process to widen passband constraints

Automated Design Methodology:Input: Define design requirements and

circuit parameters

Step 1: Optimize fixed-valued IMN in 1 frequency band

Step 2: Successively add reconfigurable band constraints

Step 3: Successively tighten stopband rejection constraints

Step 4: Successively widen passband constraints

Page 55: R ICE A UTOMATED N ANOSCALE D ESIGN G ROUP Automated Design of Tunable Impedance Matching Networks for Reconfigurable Wireless Applications Arthur Nieuwoudt,

Current IMN Configuration:

Frequency

Re

spo

nse f1 f2 f3 f4 f5 f6

Frequency

|S11

|

0dB

Stopband Constraints

Stopband Constraints

Passband Constraints

|S11|

Automated Design Methodology:Add Passband Width Constraints

Optimized design meets widened passband constraints

Automated Design Methodology:Input: Define design requirements and

circuit parameters

Step 1: Optimize fixed-valued IMN in 1 frequency band

Step 2: Successively add reconfigurable band constraints

Step 3: Successively tighten stopband rejection constraints

Step 4: Successively widen passband constraints

Page 56: R ICE A UTOMATED N ANOSCALE D ESIGN G ROUP Automated Design of Tunable Impedance Matching Networks for Reconfigurable Wireless Applications Arthur Nieuwoudt,

Perform a similar iterative process to optimize design with circuit component quality factors

Add circuit component power handling constraints

Design methodology produces reconfigurable IMN design that meets performance constraints

Automated Design Methodology:Quality Factor and Power Constraints

Automated Design Methodology:Input: Define design requirements and

circuit parameters

Step 1: Optimize fixed-valued IMN in 1 frequency band

Step 2: Successively add reconfigurable band constraints

Step 3: Successively tighten stopband rejection constraints

Step 4: Successively widen passband constraints

Step 5: Successively tighten quality factors

Step 6: Add component power constraints

Output: Reconfigurable IMN circuit design

Page 57: R ICE A UTOMATED N ANOSCALE D ESIGN G ROUP Automated Design of Tunable Impedance Matching Networks for Reconfigurable Wireless Applications Arthur Nieuwoudt,

Computational Complexity

Automated design methodology requires the solution to Nopt successive optimization problems

Nte: Number of pair-wise symmetric variable circuit elements

Ni: Number of reconfigurable states for a given set of

pair-wise symmetric variable circuit elements

Nsbr, Npbw, Nqf: Number of iterative optimization problems solved for

stopband, passband and qualify factor constraints Each optimization problem typically requires less than

1000 function evaluations to converge

Page 58: R ICE A UTOMATED N ANOSCALE D ESIGN G ROUP Automated Design of Tunable Impedance Matching Networks for Reconfigurable Wireless Applications Arthur Nieuwoudt,

Variability-Aware ReconfigurableIMN Optimization

Sources of variation and uncertainty are important considerations for reconfigurable IMNsProcess variations during fabricationUncertainty in models for implemented components

Developed variability-aware optimization process for reconfigurable IMNs

Use deterministically optimized design as start point for variability-aware optimization process

Page 59: R ICE A UTOMATED N ANOSCALE D ESIGN G ROUP Automated Design of Tunable Impedance Matching Networks for Reconfigurable Wireless Applications Arthur Nieuwoudt,

Variability-aware reconfigurable IMN optimization problem:

Pf

S11IT S11IC, S11OT S11OC

S22IT S22IC, S22OT S22OC

S21IT S11IC, S21OT S21OC

SPT SPC, xmin x xmax

Minimize:

Subject to:

Minimize sum of failure probabilities over all bands

Variability-Aware Reconfigurable IMN Design Optimization Formulation

Page 60: R ICE A UTOMATED N ANOSCALE D ESIGN G ROUP Automated Design of Tunable Impedance Matching Networks for Reconfigurable Wireless Applications Arthur Nieuwoudt,

Variability-aware reconfigurable IMN optimization problem:

Pf

S11IT S11IC, S11OT S11OC

S22IT S22IC, S22OT S22OC

S21IT S11IC, S21OT S21OC

SPT SPC, xmin x xmax

Minimize:

Subject to:

Pf = [ Probability[S11crit(ti,fi,ZS1,ZL1) S11const],

Probability[S21crit(ti,fi,ZS1,ZL1) S21const]

Probability[S22crit(ti,fi,ZS1,ZL1) S22const]

Probability[SPcrit(ti,fi,ZS1,ZL1) SPconst] ]

Critical constraints

on |S11|, |S21|, |S22|

and power in passband and stopband

Failure probability objective function vector:

Minimize sum of failure probabilities over all bands

Variability-Aware Reconfigurable IMN Design Optimization Formulation

Page 61: R ICE A UTOMATED N ANOSCALE D ESIGN G ROUP Automated Design of Tunable Impedance Matching Networks for Reconfigurable Wireless Applications Arthur Nieuwoudt,

Critical Failure Probability Constraints

Deterministic IMN optimization problem has a large number of constraints spanning passband and stopband frequenciesProbabilistic constraints more computationally complex to determineNeed to limit the number of probabilistic constraints evaluated in the

objective function Pf to reduce CPU runtime

Probabilistically evaluate critical constraints only during variability-aware optimization process

What are critical constraints?Active constraints at the conclusion of the deterministic optimization

process (i.e. S11(ti,fi,ZS1,ZL1) = S11const)

Constraints with the highest probability of being violated for the IMN design problem

Page 62: R ICE A UTOMATED N ANOSCALE D ESIGN G ROUP Automated Design of Tunable Impedance Matching Networks for Reconfigurable Wireless Applications Arthur Nieuwoudt,

Critical Constraints for IMN Design Optimization Problem

For the IMN optimization, critical constraints includeConstraints on |S11|, |S21|, and |S22| at the edge of the stopband

Frequency

|S11

| or

|S22

|

0 dB

Frequency

|S21

|

0 dBCritical stopband constraints

Page 63: R ICE A UTOMATED N ANOSCALE D ESIGN G ROUP Automated Design of Tunable Impedance Matching Networks for Reconfigurable Wireless Applications Arthur Nieuwoudt,

Critical Constraints for IMN Design Optimization Problem

For the IMN optimization, critical constraints includeConstraints on |S11|, |S21|, and |S22| at the edge of the stopband

Constraints on |S11|, |S21|, and |S22| at the edge of the passband

Frequency

|S11

| or

|S22

|

0 dB

Frequency

|S21

|

0 dBCritical passband constraints

Page 64: R ICE A UTOMATED N ANOSCALE D ESIGN G ROUP Automated Design of Tunable Impedance Matching Networks for Reconfigurable Wireless Applications Arthur Nieuwoudt,

Critical Constraints for IMN Design Optimization Problem

For the IMN optimization, critical constraints includeConstraints on |S11|, |S21|, and |S22| at the edge of the stopband

Constraints on |S11|, |S21|, and |S22| at the edge of the passband

Passband power handling constraints

Frequency

Wor

st-C

ase

Pow

er (

mW

)

Critical passband power handling constraints

Page 65: R ICE A UTOMATED N ANOSCALE D ESIGN G ROUP Automated Design of Tunable Impedance Matching Networks for Reconfigurable Wireless Applications Arthur Nieuwoudt,

Critical Constraints for IMN Design Optimization Problem

For the IMN optimization, critical constraints includeConstraints on |S11|, |S21|, and |S22| at the edge of the stopband

Constraints on |S11|, |S21|, and |S22| at the edge of the passband

Passband power handling constraints

Other selected active |S11|, |S21|, and |S22| constraints

Frequency

|S11

|

0 dB

Stopband Constraints

Passband Constraints

|S11|

Other selected active critical probabilistic constraints

Page 66: R ICE A UTOMATED N ANOSCALE D ESIGN G ROUP Automated Design of Tunable Impedance Matching Networks for Reconfigurable Wireless Applications Arthur Nieuwoudt,

Calculating Failure Probability

Need to efficiently compute probability of a constraint violation in variability-aware optimization objective function

L1

C1

Joint PDF Space for

L1 and C1:

DesignConstraint

(gc)

Integrate over failure

region

Page 67: R ICE A UTOMATED N ANOSCALE D ESIGN G ROUP Automated Design of Tunable Impedance Matching Networks for Reconfigurable Wireless Applications Arthur Nieuwoudt,

Calculating Failure Probability Using Random Sampling Methods

Random sampling methods for variability quantificationLarge number of

model evaluations required

Numerical instabilitydue to statistical sampling for finitedifference derivativecalculation during gradient-based optimization process

L1

C1

Joint PDF Space for

L1 and C1:

DesignConstraint

(gc)

Page 68: R ICE A UTOMATED N ANOSCALE D ESIGN G ROUP Automated Design of Tunable Impedance Matching Networks for Reconfigurable Wireless Applications Arthur Nieuwoudt,

Calculating Failure Probability Using Analytic Variability Quantification

Analytic methods for variability quantificationDetermine failure probability analytically by integrating in the joint

PDF space of the design variable statistical distributionsEfficient techniques

have been developed to approximate integral 1-3

Utilize analytic methods for variability quantification to determine failure probabilities in this study

1 D. Wei and S. Rahman, Prob. Eng. Mech., 2007.2 Y.-G. Zhao and T. Ono, Structural Safety, 1999.

3 M. S. Eldred and B. J. Bichon, Proc. Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conf., 2006.

L1

C1

Joint PDF Space for

L1 and C1:

DesignConstraint

(gc)

Integrate over approximate failure region

Approximated Constraint

Page 69: R ICE A UTOMATED N ANOSCALE D ESIGN G ROUP Automated Design of Tunable Impedance Matching Networks for Reconfigurable Wireless Applications Arthur Nieuwoudt,

Overview

Reconfigurable impedance matching networksDesign considerationsModeling

Automated design of reconfigurable impedance matching networksFrequency mapping to reconfigurable circuit elementsDesign optimization problem formulationAutomated design methodologyVariability-aware optimization

Results Conclusions

Page 70: R ICE A UTOMATED N ANOSCALE D ESIGN G ROUP Automated Design of Tunable Impedance Matching Networks for Reconfigurable Wireless Applications Arthur Nieuwoudt,

Design Examples

Designed 3 reconfigurable IMNs using the proposed methodExample 1 – 5th order reconfigurable IMN covering CDMA,

802.11b/g, and 802.11a frequencies 1

Example 2 – 5th order reconfigurable IMN covering mm-wave frequencies (licensed commercial and military applications) 2

Example 3 – 9th order reconfigurable IMN covering the 14 sub-bands in the ultrawideband MB-OFDM standard 3

Average computational complexity: 24 optimization problem solutions requiring 12.9 minutes CPU time compared to several days for exhaustive search methods

1 J.-H. Kim, Y.-K. Jang, and H.-J. Yoo, Analog Int. Cir. Sig. Proc., 2007.2 J.-H. Park, S. Lee, J.-M. Kim, H.-T. Kim, Y. Kwon, and Y.-K. Kim, IEEE J.Microelect. Sys., 2005.3 A. Batra, J. Balakrishnan, G. R. Aiello, J. R. Foerster, and A. Dabak, IEEE Trans. MTT, 2004.

Page 71: R ICE A UTOMATED N ANOSCALE D ESIGN G ROUP Automated Design of Tunable Impedance Matching Networks for Reconfigurable Wireless Applications Arthur Nieuwoudt,

Design Example Constraints

Passband |S11|, |S22| constraints = -10 dB

Stopband |S11|, |S22| constraints = -3 or -5 dB

Quality factors ranging from 100 to 20 Power handing constraints = 300 or 400 mW Constraints on component values for on-chip integration

Filter Order

Frequency Bands Source Impedance

Design 1 5th WCDMA (2.11-2.17 GHz)802.11b/g (2.405-2.484 GHz)

802.11a (5.15-5.35 GHz)802.11a (5.725-5.825 GHz)

Variable

(20 to 50 )

Design 2 5th Continuous Narrow-Band: 20 – 55 GHz Fixed

Design 3 9th Ultrawideband: 14 Bands (528 MHz Width)Centered from 3.4 to 10.3 GHz

Fixed

Page 72: R ICE A UTOMATED N ANOSCALE D ESIGN G ROUP Automated Design of Tunable Impedance Matching Networks for Reconfigurable Wireless Applications Arthur Nieuwoudt,

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8-30

-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

Frequency (GHz)

|S11

| (dB

)

Source Impedance: 50

CDMA

Design Example 1:50 Source Impedance – |S11|

C3 has 4 discrete values

corresponding to the 4 frequency bands

C2 and C4 have a

continuous range of values corresponding to source impedance changes from 20 to 50

|S11|

Page 73: R ICE A UTOMATED N ANOSCALE D ESIGN G ROUP Automated Design of Tunable Impedance Matching Networks for Reconfigurable Wireless Applications Arthur Nieuwoudt,

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8-30

-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

Frequency (GHz)

|S11

| (dB

)

Source Impedance: 50

CDMA802.11b/g

Design Example 1:50 Source Impedance – |S11|

C3 has 4 discrete values

corresponding to the 4 frequency bands

C2 and C4 have a

continuous range of values corresponding to source impedance changes from 20 to 50

|S11|

Page 74: R ICE A UTOMATED N ANOSCALE D ESIGN G ROUP Automated Design of Tunable Impedance Matching Networks for Reconfigurable Wireless Applications Arthur Nieuwoudt,

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8-30

-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

Frequency (GHz)

|S11

| (dB

)

Source Impedance: 50

CDMA802.11b/g

802.11a

Design Example 1:50 Source Impedance – |S11|

C3 has 4 discrete values

corresponding to the 4 frequency bands

C2 and C4 have a

continuous range of values corresponding to source impedance changes from 20 to 50

|S11|

Page 75: R ICE A UTOMATED N ANOSCALE D ESIGN G ROUP Automated Design of Tunable Impedance Matching Networks for Reconfigurable Wireless Applications Arthur Nieuwoudt,

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8-30

-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

Frequency (GHz)

|S11

| (dB

)

Source Impedance: 50

CDMA802.11b/g

802.11a 802.11a

Design Example 1:50 Source Impedance – |S11|

C3 has 4 discrete values

corresponding to the 4 frequency bands

C2 and C4 have a

continuous range of values corresponding to source impedance changes from 20 to 50

Results clearly demonstrate the 4 distinct frequency bands when C3 is switched |S11|

Page 76: R ICE A UTOMATED N ANOSCALE D ESIGN G ROUP Automated Design of Tunable Impedance Matching Networks for Reconfigurable Wireless Applications Arthur Nieuwoudt,

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8-30

-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

Frequency (GHz)

|S22

| (dB

)

Source Impedance: 50

CDMA 802.11b/g

802.11a

802.11a

Design Example 1:50 Source Impedance – |S22|

C3 has 4 discrete values

corresponding to the 4 frequency bands

C2 and C4 have a

continuous range of values corresponding to source impedance changes from 20 to 50

Results clearly demonstrate the 4 distinct frequency bands when C3 is switched |S22|

Page 77: R ICE A UTOMATED N ANOSCALE D ESIGN G ROUP Automated Design of Tunable Impedance Matching Networks for Reconfigurable Wireless Applications Arthur Nieuwoudt,

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8-30

-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

Frequency (GHz)

|S21

| (dB

)

Source Impedance: 50

CDMA 802.11b/g

802.11a

802.11a

Design Example 1:50 Source Impedance – |S21|

C3 has 4 discrete values

corresponding to the 4 frequency bands

C2 and C4 have a

continuous range of values corresponding to source impedance changes from 20 to 50

Results clearly demonstrate the 4 distinct frequency bands when C3 is switched |S21|

Page 78: R ICE A UTOMATED N ANOSCALE D ESIGN G ROUP Automated Design of Tunable Impedance Matching Networks for Reconfigurable Wireless Applications Arthur Nieuwoudt,

Design Example 1:35 Source Impedance

Bands maintained as source impedance is varied

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8-30

-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

Frequency (GHz)

S-P

aram

eter

s (d

B)

S11

S22

Source Impedance: 35

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8-30

-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

Frequency (GHz)

S-P

aram

eter

s (d

B)

S21

Source Impedance: 35

CDMA 802.11b/g

802.11a 802.11a

CDMA 802.11b/g

802.11a 802.11a

|S11| and |S22| |S21|

Page 79: R ICE A UTOMATED N ANOSCALE D ESIGN G ROUP Automated Design of Tunable Impedance Matching Networks for Reconfigurable Wireless Applications Arthur Nieuwoudt,

Design Example 2: |S11|

One continuously tunable element (C3)

Provides narrow-band impedance matching for 20-to-55 GHz

15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65-35

-30

-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

Frequency (GHz)

|S1

1| (

dB)

S11

|S11|

35 GHz Tunable Range

Page 80: R ICE A UTOMATED N ANOSCALE D ESIGN G ROUP Automated Design of Tunable Impedance Matching Networks for Reconfigurable Wireless Applications Arthur Nieuwoudt,

Design Example 2: |S22|

One continuously tunable element (C3)

Provides narrow-band impedance matching for 20-to-55 GHz

15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65-35

-30

-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

Frequency (GHz)

|S2

2| (

dB)

S22

|S22|

Page 81: R ICE A UTOMATED N ANOSCALE D ESIGN G ROUP Automated Design of Tunable Impedance Matching Networks for Reconfigurable Wireless Applications Arthur Nieuwoudt,

15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65-35

-30

-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

Frequency (GHz)

|S2

1| (

dB)

S21

Design Example 2: |S21|

One continuously tunable element (C3)

Provides narrow-band impedance matching for 20-to-55 GHz

|S21|

Page 82: R ICE A UTOMATED N ANOSCALE D ESIGN G ROUP Automated Design of Tunable Impedance Matching Networks for Reconfigurable Wireless Applications Arthur Nieuwoudt,

Design Example 3

9th order reconfigurable IMN for ultrawideband (UWB) applications (3.1 to 10.6 GHz)

Reconfigurable IMN selects one of the 14 528 MHz wide sub-bands in the proposed multi-band OFDM UWB standard 1

Only one reconfigurable element required (C5)

C5 has 14 discrete values corresponding to each

frequency band

1 A. Batra, J. Balakrishnan, G. R. Aiello, J. R. Foerster, and A. Dabak, IEEE Trans. MTT, 2004.

Page 83: R ICE A UTOMATED N ANOSCALE D ESIGN G ROUP Automated Design of Tunable Impedance Matching Networks for Reconfigurable Wireless Applications Arthur Nieuwoudt,

Design Example 3: |S11||S

11| (

dB)

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11-16

-14

-12

-10

-8

-6

-4

-2

0

Frequency (GHz)

S11

3.432GHz

4.488GHz

5.544GHz

7.656GHz

8.712GHz

10.296GHz

9.768GHz

6.600GHz

Page 84: R ICE A UTOMATED N ANOSCALE D ESIGN G ROUP Automated Design of Tunable Impedance Matching Networks for Reconfigurable Wireless Applications Arthur Nieuwoudt,

Design Example 3: |S22|

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11-16

-14

-12

-10

-8

-6

-4

-2

0

Frequency (GHz)

S22

3.432GHz

4.488GHz

5.544GHz

7.656GHz

8.712GHz

10.296GHz

9.768GHz

6.600GHz

|S22

| (dB

)

Page 85: R ICE A UTOMATED N ANOSCALE D ESIGN G ROUP Automated Design of Tunable Impedance Matching Networks for Reconfigurable Wireless Applications Arthur Nieuwoudt,

Design Example 3: |S21|

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11-16

-14

-12

-10

-8

-6

-4

-2

0

Frequency (GHz)

|S21

| (dB

)

S21

Page 86: R ICE A UTOMATED N ANOSCALE D ESIGN G ROUP Automated Design of Tunable Impedance Matching Networks for Reconfigurable Wireless Applications Arthur Nieuwoudt,

Variability-Aware Optimization Results

Utilized variability-aware optimization process to reduce the impact of variations on a 3rd order 2-band switchable IMN

Simultaneously consider three design methods for reducing the impact of process variationsVariability-aware optimization processAdditional tunable circuit elements to dynamically adjust frequency

response post-fabricationRelaxation of the design constraints (overdesign during

deterministic optimization)

Considered circuit component values with standard deviations ranging from 0.5% to 5.0% 1,2

64 cases simulated

1 Q. S. I. Lim, A. V. Kordesch, and R. A. Keating, Proc. RF Micro. Conf., 2004. 2 A. Nieuwoudt and Y. Massoud, IEEE Trans. CAD, 2006.

Page 87: R ICE A UTOMATED N ANOSCALE D ESIGN G ROUP Automated Design of Tunable Impedance Matching Networks for Reconfigurable Wireless Applications Arthur Nieuwoudt,

Two-Band Design:Nominal S-Parameters

Page 88: R ICE A UTOMATED N ANOSCALE D ESIGN G ROUP Automated Design of Tunable Impedance Matching Networks for Reconfigurable Wireless Applications Arthur Nieuwoudt,

Variability-Aware Optimization Results for 2-Band Design

Design Specification

Average Percentage Yield Average Absolute

Yield Increase

Maximum Absolute

Yield Increase

Without Variability-Aware

Optimization

Variability-Aware

Optimization

Nominal Design 0.2% 10.2% 10.0% 31.0%

One Tunable Circuit Element

3.2% 23.7% 20.5% 53.7%

Relaxed Design Constraints

70.9% 83.1% 12.2% 25.3%

Relaxed Design Constraints and 1 Tunable Element

87.1% 96.6% 9.5% 34.6%

Method can be utilized to explore trade-off between performance, hardware complexity, and yield

Page 89: R ICE A UTOMATED N ANOSCALE D ESIGN G ROUP Automated Design of Tunable Impedance Matching Networks for Reconfigurable Wireless Applications Arthur Nieuwoudt,

Conclusions

Developed an automated design methodology for reconfigurable IMNs and filters Technology-independent automated design framework for tunable and

switchable filters and IMNsLeverages a multi-step optimization process with constraint relaxation for

deterministic design realizationVariability-aware optimization phase for robust designSuccessfully generated 4 reconfigurable IMNs with variable frequency bands

and source impedances

Proposed method can be utilized to explore the trade-off between performance and yield for reconfigurable IMNs

Provides an invaluable tool for designers developing reconfigurable RF systems for multi-standard wireless applications