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Quick Guidelines on how to Mainstream Decent Rural Employment into Project Formulation FAO, 2012
1. Purpose
These guidelines provide practical assistance on how to integrate decent rural employment (DRE) aspects in the formulation of FAO projects.
The majority of FAO projects have either direct or indirect impacts upon employment. In particular, projects dealing with rural income generating activities, food security, agricultural productivity, agro-‐processing and livelihood diversification will inevitably play a key role in shaping local conditions with respect to employment aspects, including by impacting on the quality of jobs in rural areas. The same considerations apply to specific fisheries and aquaculture, forestry or livestock projects. Explicitly addressing the employment-‐dimension of those projects is therefore particularly advantageous; the benefits of employment intensive growth are internationally recognized in their indispensability for achieving sustainable growth.
This document may be used as a guide to ensure that projects fully capture these benefits. The annexes provide detailed checklists against which project documents can be formulated.
2. Background
Decent work is one of the main pathways out of poverty. Food insecurity, poverty and the lack of gainful employment opportunities reinforce each other in a vicious cycle by eroding human capital and decreasing labour productivity, thereby perpetuating poverty and social inequalities across generations. This is particularly true in rural areas where most of the world's poor work and live.
The inclusion of the target 1.B2: “Achieve full and productive employment and decent work for all, including women and young people” in Millennium Development Goal (MDG) 1: “Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger” acknowledged explicitly the centrality of employment promotion for food security and poverty reduction.
Promoting employment is not only about creating new employment opportunities. It is also about improving the quality of jobs, by increasing labour productivity and addressing the whole range of decent work deficits that poor people often face. In rural areas, in particular, working conditions are often poor, labour legislation is rarely enforced and social dialogue is weak. Furthermore, due to low labour productivity, underemployment or any form of exploitation, most rural jobs do not ensure decent levels of income and sustainable livelihoods.
2 For further information on the employment indicators in the MDGs, refer to ILO Guide to the New Millennium Development Goals Employment Indicators.
Decent work is productive work for women and men in conditions of freedom, equity, security and
human dignity.
Rural employment refers to any activity, occupation, work, business or service
performed by rural people for remuneration, profit, social or family gain, or by force, in cash or kind, including under a contract of hire, written or oral, expressed or implied, and
regardless if the activity is performed on a self-‐directed, part-‐time, full-‐time or casual basis.
While the International Labour Organization (ILO) leads the Global Employment and Decent Work Agenda, FAO has a crucial complementary role in promoting decent work in rural areas. This builds on the Organization’s technical comparative advantage in supporting agricultural and rural development, and also on the proven potential that agricultural growth has for poverty reduction in low-‐income countries. In addition, FAO has strong expertise in small-‐scale, self-‐employed and informal agricultural occupations where the majority of workers in developing countries are found. Finally, FAO can capitalize on its close collaboration at country, sub-‐regional and regional level with agricultural and rural stakeholders, thus fostering the inclusive networks which are needed to address this complex development issue successfully.
3. Concrete opportunities for integrating decent rural employment in the different phases of project formulation (summary checklists are proposed in the first column of the table)
Identification phase
This is a crucial stage for the integration of the employment dimension into a project, since it is when the problem and strategy analysis are undertaken and, therefore, when project alternatives are discussed and selected. At this stage, the employment impacts (positive or negative) of a project should be assessed as well as the employment-‐related opportunities, risks and constraints (e.g. availability of labour supply) which could condition the feasibility of the project.
Problem analysis
ü The employment-‐related dimensions or causes of existing problems are made explicit
ü Evidence that different stakeholders, including producers’ and workers’ groups had the opportunity to express their views on the problems
ü Labour related constraints to productivity are identified (e.g. skills, health, time constraints, working conditions)?
• If background studies are conducted, ensure that employment analysis is included (including most recent age and sex-‐disaggregated data, disaggregated per sub-‐sector; prevailing types of working relations and working conditions; prevailing wages and child labour3 rates; labour productivity trends and constraints, etc).
• When identifying the existing problems and cause-‐effect relations, ensure that employment aspects are explicitly addressed.
Examples of employment-‐related problems at different levels of the problem tree (root causes or consequences) could be: (i) prevalence of low-‐paying employment opportunities in rural areas causing important youth out-‐migration flows and ageing of the rural population (ii) low labour productivity in the agricultural subsistence sector hampering the returns from agricultural labour and the overall access to food for rural poor people (ii) prevalence of casual and vulnerable work arrangements in rural areas, aggravated by gender and age-‐based inequalities (iii) prevalence of very poor working conditions and exploitative arrangements, e.g. child labour.
• Ensure that problems are adequately specified, thus making evident their employment dimension, if relevant (e.g. if the problem refers to labour productivity and the skills of the agricultural workforce, ensure that is not summarized under agricultural productivity).
• Ensure that different groups of workers have the opportunity to express their views on the problems (women and men small-‐scale producers; other own-‐account workers in the non-‐farm sector; women and men micro, small and
3 Child labour is work that interferes with a child fully participating in education or work that is likely to damage a child’s health or development. It refers to working children below the national minimum employment age, or older children in hazardous work. Especially in the context of family farming, child labour is not the performance of age-‐appropriate tasks that do not present hazards and do not interfere with a child’s right to schooling and leisure.
medium entrepreneurs; young women and men, boys and girls).
• The different problems identified by women and men, adults, youth and children should then be taken into account. And also by different socio-‐economic groups: small-‐scale producers, entrepreneurs, wage workers.
Participatory/stakeholder analysis ü Evidence that rural
employment specialists as well as representatives of poor producers’ and workers’ groups have been consulted
• Ensure that employment-‐related focal points in the MoA and other ministries responsible for DRE issues (e.g Ministry of Labour, Ministry of Trade, Ministry of Planning, Ministry of Local Government etc.) are invited to consultations at the earliest stage of the process.
• Ensure that ILO rural employment focal point in the country (where it exists) is consulted.
• Ensure that relevant national stakeholders (other than the government) participate in the consultation process, especially workers’ and producers’ organizations, unions and networks (both formal and informal), but also women and youth networks and associations, private sector, rural finance institutions, relevant research institutes, etc.
• Ensure a balanced representation of the interests of women and men, adults and youth, when deciding on the participants to attend the workshops and discussion groups planned.
• If needed, solicit consultation of FAO relevant units on employment-‐related issues at an early stage of the project formulation process (ESW on general DRE mainstreaming and other technical units depending on specific topics)
Results and Strategy analysis
ü Evidence that the different employment side effects of different strategies have been explicitly taken into account
ü Considerable weight has been attached to employment-‐related criteria for the selection of the project strategies
ü The strategy adopted addresses the creation of jobs and /or the improvement of working conditions and labour productivity
• After reformulating the problems into results and developing the results tree, the different strategic alternatives will be considered. If an employment-‐related result contributes directly to the project impact it could be selected as the main outcome of the project.
• If an employment-‐related result does not directly contribute to the main outcome but it represents an additional output of a particular strategy, ensure that this is recognized and the employment effects contribute to justify its selection. Given the centrality of DRE for sustainable development, considerable weight should be given to employment-‐related criteria, thus selecting those strategies which will have the greatest impacts on the creation of more and better jobs.
• Ensure in any case to always take into consideration the different employment side effects of the different strategies. They could be either positive (e.g. increased number of jobs) or negative (e.g. worsening of working conditions and increasing child labour rates), or a mix of both. If possible, more in depth analysis of these externalities should be conducted.
• Ensure that any strategy adopted includes a dimension of job creation and /or improvement of the quality of rural jobs (e.g. improvement of working conditions and/or labour productivity of vulnerable rural workers).
Formulation phase 4 If the employment dimension of the project emerged during the identification
4 The different sections mentioned below follow the mandatory requirements for each FAO project document, according with new FAO Project Cycle Guidelines
phase, as will probably be the case for the majority of FAO projects, this section of the guidelines will support the actual mainstreaming of DRE aspects in the project document.
Background and General context
ü The employment dimension of the context is made explicit, including government and UN priorities
ü The employment analysis is made explicit as a dimension of the social and economic context within which the project will operate (E.g. gender and age-‐disaggregated labour maket information, including on unemployment, underemployment, prevalent working arrangements and conditions, decent work deficits and child labour).
• Within the Rationale sub-‐section make explicit the employment-‐ related root causes of the problem to be addressed, as emerged from the problem analysis (e.g. low labour productivity; lack of social infrastructure impeding women to actively engage in the labour market, etc.); the employment related stakeholders; the labour-‐related vulnerabilities represent one of the factors motivating targeting (e.g. working poverty, child labour, youth unemployment, etc.)
• Within the FAO’s Comparative Advantage sub-‐section: consider that FAO’s
comparative advantage in promoting productive and decent employment in rural areas is well recognized, especially in agriculture and the informal rural economy dependent on agriculture5. When looking at the concrete experience that FAO has accumulated in the country, and similar experience in surrounding countries of the region, consider that often FAO addresses employment issues indirectly (e.g. by supporting agricultural productivity and GAPs, etc.).
• Within the Links to National Development Goals and FAO’s Strategic Objectives
sub-‐section, assess consistency with declared government development priorities with regard to DRE promotion as well as medium-‐term priorities for Government–FAO collaboration agreed in the CPF (if any) and more general UN priorities (UNDAF). Ensure that relevant employment-‐related policies and legislation are listed (e.g. national employment policy; small and medium enterprise policy, etc.).
• Within the Participant and other Stakeholders sub-‐section, ensure that employment-‐related stakeholders are included. They should have been already involved in the stakeholder analysis and it should be straightforward to mention them now in the project document e.g. workers’ and producers’ organizations, unions, informal economy workers networks, youth and women groups, as well as the Ministry of Labour and Trade and Local Government Authorities.
Similarly, when describing the target beneficiaries, ensure that employment related vulnerabilities which emerged during the problem analysis are explicitly taken into account. Consider the fact that rural women and youth, child labourers, migrant workers, landless people, refugees, internally displaced people (IDPs), demobilized soldiers, the disabled, people living with and affected by HIV, indigenous people, are often among the most vulnerable groups.
• Within the Lessons Learned from past and related work, including Evaluation sub-‐section, ensure that other active (or past) employment-‐related FAO or and/or government/donor projects or activities are mentioned.
Development of the Project Framework
• Generally the impact to which the project will contribute relates to national or international development objectives and/or the Millennium Development
5 The term “agriculture” includes cultivation of crops and animal husbandry as well as forestry, fisheries, and the development of land and water resources. (Source: FAOTERM)
ü Employment aspects are mentioned at the outcome level
ü Evidence that at least one output specifically addresses employment related aspects
ü Evidence that employment indicators are included
Goals. Depending on the specific project and country situation, employment outcomes could be already stated at the impact level. They could explicitly refer to MDG 1 Target (1B) “Achieve full and productive employment and decent work for all, including women and young people”.
• As for the specific outcome of the project, the employment dimension could represent an outcome in itself depending on the alternative analysis conducted (e.g. Improved opportunities for young women and men to access more and better jobs in rural areas and particularly in the agricultural sector; Child labour in rural areas reduced through increased productivity) or a dimension of a more general outcome (e.g. Enhanced agricultural production and productivity, including labour productivity; Enhanced food access, including through better access to employment opportunities for young women and men in rural areas).
To provide another example, an outcome formulated as “Diversification and commercialization of small-‐scale farming with value additions and agri-‐business development enhanced” indirectly refers to the fact that this will lead to more jobs. However, by making this explicit by saying “Diversification and commercialization of small-‐scale farming with value additions and agri-‐business development enhanced towards more and better rural jobs”, the project formulators would ensure that aspects such as the improvement of working conditions or the enhancement of rural people’s employability are taken into account.
• The employment dimension should necessarily be made explicit at the output level: either through the inclusion of specific outputs (e.g. on employment creation, entrepreneurship support, improvement of OSH measures is a specific value chain) or through the mainstreaming of DRE in other outputs.
To provide an example, for a project with the following output “Assessment reports on the status and causes of food insecurity and malnutrition”, it would be important to mention explicitely that the employment determinants of food insecurity (e.g. unemployment) should be included in the assessment reports.
• For monitoring and evaluation (M&E) purposes, it is important both to include adequate employment indicators but also to ensure that employment is reflected in the selection of the other indicators of the project. Mainstreaming employment in a table of indicators is thus more than adding employment indicators.
To provide an example, for a project with the following indicators “(i) Database with relevant data on food security and agricultural productivity available and (ii) Number of statistical reports on agro-‐industrial data produced and disseminated”, it would be important to mention explicitly that the employment data should be included in the database/reports. For a project with the following indicator “Share of farmers/producer groups linked to industry outlets”, it would be important to include explicitly the minimal share of women/youth groups
• All project indicators should be as much as possible gender-‐ and age-‐disaggregated. Employment indicators should, at a minimum, ensure that both the quantitative aspects (for example, number of jobs created) and the qualitative aspects (for example, proportion of worker receiving a living wage, number of workplace injuries/fatalities) are assessed.
Examples of specific employment indicators are proposed below: Impact level: Unemployment Rate; Youth unemployment rate; Underemployment rate; Discouraged workers rate; Percent of Population Living Below the Poverty Line (working poverty rate); Ratio of Average Female Wage to Male Wage; Child labour
rate; Agricultural labour productivity; Occupational injury rate and fatality rates. Outcome level: -‐ Increased number of women/youth managing productive agricultural activities (i.e., farms, ponds, etc.). -‐ Number of applicants who receive loans, conduct business, seek advice and repay the loans, by age and sex. -‐ New or expanded successful businesses, with ownership by age and sex. Number of new jobs created, directly or indirectly, by these businesses, by sex, age and education. -‐ Positive and sustained change in earnings and production for both women and men as a result of the project. -‐ Changes in the employment status of women involved in the project. -‐ Changes in the overall presence of women and youth participating in the project activities. -‐ Reduced reliance on vulnerability specific funding sources. -‐ Women, men and youth are paid equal salary for the same type of job and work shift (particularly in agro-‐processing sites supported by the project). -‐ Number of women and men and youth acquainted with adequate marketing and accounting techniques. -‐ Increased number of green jobs for youth and women derived from conservation of natural resources. -‐ Number of women’s/youth organizations formally incorporated. -‐ Number of women/youth with capacity to assume responsibilities in power or decision-‐making positions. -‐ Women, men and youth participate in mixed organizations (i.e. fishing or agro-‐cooperatives/associations). -‐ Percentage increase in school attendance of boys and girls from smallholder and/or fisher households maintained after one year. Output level: -‐ Number of women/youth trained to enhance their entrepreneurial and agro-‐business skills. -‐ Number of women/youth/informal workers organizations or groups created/supported. • Sustainability: Given the important contribution of employment to economic
and social sustainability, explicitly integrating employment outputs would contribute to the sustainability of project outcome and to the maximization of the likelihood of catalytic effects. E.g. Decent rural employment can contribute to the sustainable management of natural resources, for instance, by creating alternative sources of subsistence and contributing to reduce overexploitation. When considering the sustainability guarantees of the project, define what partnerships are to be established with institutions with employment-‐related responsibilities and assess the capacities of those institutions to support the implementation of the project.
• Among the risks and assumptions, mention any significant assumptions and risks related to employment-‐related aspects (to the extent that the project significantly depends on them). E.g. Continued government commitment to employment-‐centred growth (A); Adequately trained personnel and extension services on agri-‐business skills (A); Obstacles in obtaining rural labour markets up to date information, e.g. on child labour rates (R);
Implementation and management arrangements ü Evidence of
involvement of employment-‐relevant ministries and main producers’ and rural workers’ organizations
• Within the Institutional framework, partnership and coordination sub-‐section, consider that, apart from line-‐ministries, other ministries such as the ministry of labour and trade and local government authorities should be involved as well as main producers’ and rural workers’ organizations.
• In terms of FAO Technical Support Services (TSS), the Decent Rural Employment Team (DRET) of the Gender, Equity and Rural Employment (ESW) Division at FAO headquarters and respective focal points in the regional and subregional offices can provide guidance on the key rural employment dimensions in FAO’s mandate areas or redirect project formulation to relevant technical departments (e.g. AGS on agro-‐business).
Monitoring and reporting ü Evidence of
involvement of employment-‐relevant ministries and main producers’ and rural workers’ organizations
• When identifying who will do the monitoring, ensure that employment-‐related stakeholders/beneficiaries are involved in case of participatory monitoring and evaluation. If the monitoring is undertaken by project staff or a steering committee, explicitly mention which FAO units will support the monitoring of employment related aspects.
Annex 1: FAO's work under the four pillars of decent work6
The table below highlights the main issues relevant for FAO’s work under the four pillars of the decent work agenda.
1. Employment creation and enterprise development (Pillar I of the Decent Work Agenda)
• Promotion of agriculture and rural development (ARD) with high employment rates • DRE addressed explicitly in agriculture and rural development policies, strategies and programmes • Increase of rural labour productivity through improved access to skills training, extension services and
technology • Entrepreneurship promotion in rural areas by supporting agribusiness and marketing micro, small and
medium enterprises in accessing markets, training, financial services, land and other productive assets • Employment-‐creation programmes in rural areas, particularly for youth and women and targetign areas
with high migration incidence, e.g. green jobs • Support to national institutions to collect and analyse sex and age disaggregated data on rural labour
markets • Support programmes that improve the productive use of remittances in rural areas of origin
2. Social protection (Pillar II of the Decent Work Agenda) • Promotion of occupational safety and health standards in agricultural and informal rural employment • Improvement of working conditions in rural areas, in particular with respect to maternity protection and
minimum wages • Extension of social protection coverage to cover small producers and informal economy workers in rural
areas • Support to the development of labour-‐saving technologies and care services for poor households in
HIV-‐ and AIDS, malaria-‐ (or other diseases) affected areas and for reducing women’s domestic and care tasks 3. Standards and rights at work (Pillar III of the Decent Work Agenda)
• Application of national and international labour standards in small-‐scale agriculture and the informal rural economy
• Child labour prevention and elimination of the worst forms of child labour in agriculture • Support to freedom of association and right to organize, including revision of restrictive regulations on
producers’ organizations and workers’ associations • Elimination of discrimination and promotion of equality, e.g. seeking to reduce gender-‐ and age-‐based
discrimination • Protection of rural migrant workers from conditions of forced labour, trafficking and abuse in origin and
destination countries
4. Governance & social dialogue (Pillar IV of the Decent Work Agenda)
• Support to countries in strengthening democratic organizations and networks of producers and workers in the informal rural food economy
• Empowerment and enhanced participation of rural people in social and policy dialogue through their organizations, especially women and youth
• Support participation of rural poor, and especially disadvantaged groups, in local decision-‐making and governance mechanisms
6 The Decent Work Agenda developed by the International Labour Organization (ILO) in 1999 and subsequently endorsed by the United Nations (UN) System raises global awareness of the need to address both the quantity and the quality of employment. It has four pillars, namely: (i) Employment creation and enterprise development; (ii) Social protection; (iii) Standards and rights at work and (iv) Governance and social dialogue.
Annex 2: Quick checklists to guide the mainstreaming of DRE aspects into project formulation
1. General checklist for all employment-‐relevant FAO projects
This first checklist quickly summarizes the suggestions provided through the entire document.
ü Have rural employment specialists and representatives of poor producers and workers groups been consulted during the problem and context analysis?
ü Have the likely employment-‐related externalities of the project been taken into account? ü Are labour-‐related constraints to agricultural production and productivity (skills, access to
productive resources, time constraints) identified?
ü Have gender/age roles and responsibilities in production systems been assessed (e.g. existing workloads and time allocations of women, men, boys and girls in productive and reproductive/ household roles?)
ü Has the project team assessed gender/age and ethnicity-‐based specificities and eventual inequalities in access to and control of resources and productive assets, skills, knowledge and information as well as in decision-‐making? Are measures to reduce inequalities included in the prodoc?
ü Are labour-‐related vulnerabilities (e.g. child labour, youth unemployment, working poverty) among the factors guiding the project's targeting strategy? Does the project explicitly target groups facing particular disadvantages in accessing decent work such as women, youth, migrants, indigenous people and/or disabled people?
ü Does the project contribute to the creation of jobs and/or the improvement in quality of existing jobs? Is that reflected in the project results’ chain (impact, outcome and/or outputs?)
ü Have specific employment indicators been selected? ü According to the prodoc, will relevant employment stakeholders (e.g. Ministry of Labour, Producer
and Workers' Organizations) be involved in project implementation and monitoring? ü Does the project include strategies to improve occupational safety and health (OSH) in rural farm
and non-‐farm work? ü Does the project support small-‐scale producers and/or informal rural wage workers? Does the
project support and collaborate with producers and workers organizations and groups, and particularly women and youth groups?
ü Are provisions made to build awareness of the severity of child labour in agriculture and strategies put in place to prevent and reduce child labour?
ü Does the project contribute to improving the wages of rural women and men workers? ü Does the project contribute to improve rural-‐urban linkages and/or to a better management of rural
out-‐migration, particularly of young people? ü Does the project include measures to extend social protection schemes to workers in the informal
economy? ü Does the project integrate adequate social protection and care services (e.g. childcare facilities) (or
establish linkages with existing schemes) in order to reduce women’s domestic and care burden, thus freeing women time for productive work?
2. Specific checklists for thematic areas of FAO’s work
Plant production and protection
ü Are there measures dedicated to ensure that women and young people have fair access to productive assets such as land, labour, seeds, fertilizer, water and technology and skills training to sustainable increase agriculture productivity?
ü Have measures to address women farmers’ specific constraints (e.g. increased time poverty and restrictions on their mobility) been included?
ü Has the project assessed the availability and/or need for support of extension services?
ü Has the project explicitly considered women and young small-‐scale farmers as priority groups (e.g. for the distribution of agricultural inputs; for the capacity building/training of local communities)?
ü Does the project promote good practices in OSH in agriculture especially through specific training in OSH for producers, including for women, young, seasonal and migrant producers, and the elderly?
ü Are provisions made for increasing the awareness among stakeholders on the severity of child labour in agriculture, clarifying the distinction between child labour and educative household help?
ü If the project includes FFS, have labour related topics been explicitly included? (e.g. OSH, child labour, gender equality, business skills, etc.)
ü Is due consideration given to adopting appropriate technology that would reduce child labour, including substitutes for hazardous substances, technologies and practices, e.g. IPM?
ü Are small-‐scale producers supported in post-‐harvest management, processing and marketing systems (e.g. through programmes for skills upgrading, developing market-‐oriented extension training materials, etc.)?
Entrepreneurship, agribusiness, value chains and livelihoods diversification ü Is employment explicitly addressed in the baseline analysis of value chains? Is consideration given to
improving the situations of working poor people, people working in unproductive/hazardous conditions within the value chain?
ü Does the project prioritize and support labour-‐intensive subsectors as well as value chains with high pro-‐poor growth potential?
ü Are entrepreneurship/business skills trainings included in the project? Are women and youth specifically targeted in such training courses?
ü Is support given to the rural finance landscape to improve the provision of financial services to MSMEs, especially those owned/operated by women and youth?
ü Does the project give special attention to rural businesses owned/managed by women and youth? ü Are there measures to build upon the employment generating potential of MSMEs and create new
jobs? ü Does the project explicitly mention representatives of micro and small entrepreneurs’ associations,
particularly women’s and youths’, among the main stakeholders to be involved? ü Are mechanisms to mitigate the risks of new entrepreneurs integrated (insurance schemes, group
lending etc.)?
ü Are institutional innovations and interventions in support of small-‐scale producers’ participation in value chains integrated into design?
ü Does the project explore the potential for organic and fair-‐trade value chains? Does the project promote the adoption of certification mechanisms which ensures sustainable agro-‐products management and include social certification (such as fair and ethical trade)?
ü Does the project promote integration of indigenous producers into national and international value chains?
Food and nutrition security and rural development ü Are employment considerations explicitly addressed in the food security and vulnerability
assessments? ü Are the linkages made explicit between decent employment, poverty reduction and food security?
(E.g. the centrality of decent employment for stable access to food and sustainable poverty reduction; the interdependency of the right to food and the right to work, etc.)
ü Have workers whose incomes are below the level that allows them to purchase sufficient quantity and quality of food to satisfy the nutritional requirements of their families been identified and targeted (e.g. unemployed people, working poor people and people working in unproductive/hazardous conditions)? Is this done with reference to gender and age-‐disaggregated data?
ü Are wage rural laborers identified as a distinct group from producers and their needs specifically addressed in the project?
ü Does the project contribute to the removal of cultural and systemic barriers, laws and regulations that may impede women’s or youth’s access to productive resources and decent employment opportunities?
ü Does the project contribute to the increase of rural wages for both men and women? ü Do indicators address both aspects of a food security twin-‐track approach: i.e. meeting the
immediate needs of vulnerable populations (including through employment-‐based safety nets) vs. building longer term resilience (also in terms of agricultural production, income generation and purchasing power, social protection systems, decent and productive employment, infrastructure, and access to markets).
ü Have labour-‐saving technologies and social services aimed to reduce women’s and children’s domestic and care burden been taken into account?
ü Are the benefits of women's economic empowerment in terms of health and nutrition for children acknowledged and particular attention paid to increasing women access to decent work?
ü Does the project include an institution-‐building component to support groups and associations of small producers, particularly of women and youth?
ü Are employment opportunities in the agriculture and non-‐farm sectors for people with disabilities identified?
ü Are mechanisms to strengthen small-‐scale producers’ access to financial and risk management instruments promoted (e.g. warehouse-‐receipt systems, insurance schemes for risk mitigation, etc.)?
ü Does the project promote employment intensive investment options for improving rural infrastructure such as roads, irrigation and provision of services?
ü Does the project include measures to extend social protection schemes to workers in the informal economy?
Natural resources management and climate change ü Has the project team assessed gender/age specificities in access to and control of natural resources
(e.g. land, water)? Are there specific measure to reduce gender and age-‐based inequalities in accessing natural resources?
ü Have differing vulnerabilities to climate change according to gender, age and ethnicity been taken into account and addressed?
ü Does the project make explicit the linkages between secure land tenure and improved land and labour productivity? (e.g. as an incentive to prioritize sustainable farming methods and the preservation of natural resources).
ü Do water management projects take into account the multiple uses of water (crop/food, livestock and drinking water)? Do they address the fact that by increasing access to drinking water, both food and nutrition security outcomes as well as decrease the demand for child labour could be improved, freeing up time and energy for children to go to school?
ü Does the project promote agricultural potential in creating green jobs (ex. soil conservation, water efficiency, organic growing methods, reducing farm-‐to-‐market distance)?
ü Are measures taken to increase the ecological literacy of small-‐scale producers and rural workers? ü Does the project guarantee women’s and youth’s rights in climate change mitigation and
adaptation, including their rights to information, knowledge, skills, resources and participation in decision-‐making?
ü Does the project seek to take advantage of employment creating potential of Payment for Environmental Services (PES)? Are measures to ensure the benefits from PES distributed fairly within the community and at household levels taken?
ü Does the project support the integration of livelihood-‐diversification measures to decrease dependence of vulnerable groups on climate-‐sensitive activities and resources?
ü Does the project build on local practices and knowledge (particularly indigenous knowledge)? Emergency and rehabilitation & Disaster risk management ü Does the project build on a gender and age-‐sensitive impact assessment of the crisis on rural labour
markets? If this info were missing, does the project foresee to address this gap? ü Does the project address employment concerns in post-‐crisis agriculture rehabilitation and recovery
programmes? (e.g. first-‐line labour-‐safety nets (cash or food-‐for-‐work); recovery and development of micro, small and medium-‐size enterprises, skills training for crisis-‐affected people, micro-‐finance to start-‐up businesses, and employment-‐intensive investment programmes)
ü Does the project target women and youth in employment centred post-‐crisis planning, taking into account resource control and access to decent work by gender and age?
ü Does the project support the reintegration of ex-‐combatants, IDPs and returnees? Does it pay special attention to the reintegration of children associated with armed forces and groups?
ü Is support for community contracting and local level planning as part of organization building included in the project?
ü Does the project foresee adapted communication to ensure that even the most remote areas, and particularly women and youth groups, can be reached by employment-‐promoting initiatives?
ü Do Disaster Risk Management projects for agriculture and food and nutrition security consider the centrality of decent employment opportunities, both farm and non-‐farm, to build resilience? Do they consider the need also for comprehensive social policies to target those which are disadvantaged or excluded, permanently or temporarily, from the labour market?
Livestock ü Does the project build on gender and age disaggregated data concerning access to and ownership of
assets, and practices (e.g. identification of women’s role as livestock owner, animal health care provider, feed gatherer, birth attendant, and user of livestock products)? If these data were missing, does the project foresee to address this gap?
ü Are there specific measures to ensure that women and young people have equitable access to animal ownership and productive assets such as land, water and fodder?
ü Does the project provide management training and strengthen extension services to support rural groups, particularly women and youth groups?
ü Are efforts made to reduce exposure to health and safety risks, taking into account gender and age dimensions (such as women having greater exposure to HPAI due to their greater contact with poultry or children being more vulnerable to zoonoses because their immune systems are not fully developed)?
ü Does the project develop the capacities of livestock workers' abilities to meet the growing number of regulations in the sector?
ü Does the project include measures to extend social protection schemes to workers in the sector? ü Are institutional innovations and interventions in support of small-‐scale producers’ participation in
value chains integrated into design? Forestry ü Does the project build on gender-‐ and age-‐disaggregated data on access to assets, agroforestry
practices, conditions of work and division of labour? If these data were missing, does the project foresee to address this gap?
ü Is the employment generation potential of investment in upstream forestry activities such as afforestation, reforestation, conservation, watershed protection, agroforestry etc. recognized and integrated?
ü Does the project promote local Small and medium forest enterprises (SMFEs) (e.g. in the non-‐wood forest products (NWFP, while also having greater incentive to sustainably manage and protect those resources? (e.g. FAO Market Analysis and Development (MA&D) participatory training approach) Does the project prioritize women and young entrepreneurs?
ü Does the project integrate training, capacity building, and skills development for forestry and forest industry workers, targeting in particular low-‐skilled jobs to improve worker productivity and safety?
ü Does the project tackle the challenges determined by the informal nature of many forestry activities? (E.g. are alternative mechanisms for labour inspection identified?)
ü Considering that the forestry sector, and logging in particular, is one of the most hazardous occupations, does the project tackle the improvement of conditions in worksites and promote safety and health training for workers, including for the self-‐employed and forest farmers?
ü Does the project support the unionization/group cooperation of forestry workers, including informal ones? Does it support the establishment and/or reinforcement of Forest Producer Associations and the participation of women and young people?
ü Does the project promote the rights of indigenous people and include them in the decision making process?
ü Does the project strive to eliminate forced and child labour in the industry? ü Does the project promote better quality, formal employment, and better working conditions by
enforcing adequate contracting standards? ü Does the project promote the adoption of certification mechanisms which ensures sustainable
forest management and include social certification (such as fair and ethical trade)? ü Does the project contribute to review and improve social protection schemes for forestry workers? Note: the ILO has specifically developed a Code of Practice on Safety and Health in Forestry Work (1998), and a Guidelines for Labour Inspection in Forestry (2005). Further information is available at http://www.ilo.org/global/industries-‐and-‐sectors/forestry-‐wood-‐pulp-‐and-‐paper/lang-‐-‐en/index.htm Fisheries and Aquaculture ü Does the project build on gender and age disaggregated data concerning access to assets, practices,
conditions of work and division of labour in the fishing sector? If these data were missing, does the project foresee to address this gap?
ü Are measures taken which reduce the hazards and safety risks faced by women and men fishers and fish farmers (e.g. OSH measures)?
ü Does the project encourage and support MSMEs in the sector? Does the project prioritize women and young entrepreneurs?
ü Does the project integrate training, capacity building, and skills development for fishers and fish farmers, targeting in particular low-‐skilled jobs to improve worker productivity and safety?
ü Does the project securing the position of postharvest activities which will enhance the position of women and enable improvements in the sector as a whole?
ü Does the project address child labour in fisheries and aquaculture and the hazards that child labourers face in the sector?
ü When efforts are directed to reduce overfishing, which may lead to reduced employment opportunities for fishers and fisheries-‐dependent workers, have trainings been planned in fishing communities to provide alternative employment opportunities?
ü Does the project support the unionization/group cooperation of fishers and fish farmers, including informal ones, and the participation of women and young people (e.g. fishers groups, fish marketing and processing enterprises, marketing cooperatives)
ü Does the project contribute to review and improve social protection schemes for fishers and fisher farmers?
Note: ILO Work in Fishing Convention, 2007 (No. 188)
Annex 3: Additional resources for mainstreaming DRE into project formulation
Joint FAO-‐ILO website Food, Agriculture & Decent Work: http://www.fao-‐ilo.org/
• Webpage and resources on Rural Youth Employment Promotion
• Webpage and resources on Child Labour Prevention in Agriculture
• Webpage and resources on Gender-‐Equitable Rural Employment
FAO, 2011. Guidance on How to Address Rural Employment and Decent Work Concerns in FAO Country Activities
FAO, 2011. Decent Rural Employment Leaflet
FAO/ILO/IFAD, 2011. 7 Gender and Rural Employment Policy Briefs (specific briefs available on gender and rural work, skills, entrepreneurship, value chain, infrastructure works, migration and child labour).
FAO-‐ILO, 2011. Good practice guide for addressing child labour in fisheries and aquaculture: policy and practice. Preliminary version.
ILO, 2007. CEB Toolkit for Mainstreaming Employment and Decent Work
ILO, 2011. Policy Briefs on Rural Development
For more information: please contact Peter Wobst, Senior Economist ([email protected]), and Ileana Grandelis, Rural Employment Officer ([email protected]), Gender, Equity and Rural Employment Division (ESW) Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations