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Quantitative Analysis of Distribution Protection Enhancement using Fault Circuit Indicator

Mohammad Zadeh, Ph.D., P.E., SMIEEEPrincipal Electrical Engineer

Introduction• Faulted Circuit Indicators

• Motivation

• Distribution Feeder Protection and Coordination Fuse Saving Scheme Fuse Blowing Scheme

• Distribution Feeder Coordination Challenges

• Using FCIs to Switchover Logic Fuse-Blowing to Fuse-Saving Switchover Logic Fuse-Saving to Fuse-Blowing Switchover Logic

• IEEE 34 bus distribution feeder example

• Enhanced Protection and Coordination

Faulted Circuit Indicator• Detect and indicate short circuit in electric power distribution networks

• Fault Indicators are placed on key places in the system.

• Reduces substantially the time and costs needed to find out the point of fault

• Reduce service interruptions

Motivation

• Transmit FCI’s signal to reclosers within a time range of a power system cycle • Implement pilot protection to

Increase protection speed Increase reliability

• Pilot protection in transmission application Loss of communication typically does not result in loss of reliability

• Zone selective interlocking (ZSI) in industrial system Loss of communication results in loss of security

Distribution Feeder Protection and Coordination

• Protection is selected based on

Feeder Configuration

Feeder Length

Number of Customer

Available fault current

• Coordination is performed for

Fuses, Relays, Reclosers, Breakers

Three Phase

Two Phase

Single Phase

Fuse Saving Scheme• Coordinating Recloser and Fuse

• To Overcome the extended outages caused by

faults on fused line sections.

• Recloser interrupt the fault current before a

fuse begins to melt via Fast Curve Operation

• If fault is permanent, fault current resumes

upon reclosing and cleared by the fuse.

Fuse Blowing Scheme• Coordinating Recloser and Fuse

• Minimize no. of customers exposed to an

interruption by allowing a fuse to clear a

given fault.

• Recloser is configured with a slow curve to

blow fuse for all permanent and temporary

faults

Coordination Challenge• Fuse-saving schemes are difficult to coordinate with different fuse sizes.

• Faults located further downstream of fuses may have low current, difficult tocoordinate with the recloser fast curve clearing time.

• In fuse-blowing scheme faults on fused sections become permanent outages even fortemporary cause.

• Faults on unfused sections persist for a longer period of time

Fuse-Blowing to Fuse-Saving Switchover Logic

Fuse-Saving to Fuse-Blowing Switchover Logic

IEEE 34 Node Test Feeder

800

806 808 812 814

810

802 850

818

824 826

816

820

822

828 830 854 856

852

832888 890

838

862

840836860834

842

844

846

848

864

858

513.1 kVA

503.1 kVA

Rec

Relay

IEEE 34 Node Test Feeder

513.1 kVA

Rec

Rec 834 860 836 862 842 844 846 848

465 480 485 492 493 480 484 493 495

Recloser 1st shot operating time (ms), 3Ph fault

Enhanced Protection and Coordination

Enhanced Protection and Coordination• Blocking Scheme

Default is to act based on slow curve Switch to fast if blocking signal is not received

and current is above pickup

Enhanced Protection and Coordination• Permissive Tripping Scheme

Default is to act based on slow curve Switch to fast if permissive signal is received

and current is above pickup


Rec 834 860 836 862 842 844 846 848

Base 465 480 485 492 493 480 484 493 495

Blocking 53 54 54.4 55 55 54 54.3 55 55

Permissive 465 480 54.4 55 55 480 480 490 495

Recloser 1st shot operating time (ms), 3Ph fault

513.1 kVA

Rec


800

806 808 812 814

810

802 850

818

824 826

816

820

822

828 830 854 856

852

832888 890

838

862

840836860834

842

844

846

848

864

858

513.1 kVA

503.1 kVA

Rec

Relay


818

824 826

816

820

822

828 830 854 856

852

832888 890

838

862

840836860834

842

844

846

848

864

858

513.1 kVA

503.1 kVA

Relay1 Rec

Fuse 9


Fuse Blowing to Fuse Saving Scheme


830 854 856

852

832888 890

838

862

840836860834

842

844

846

848

864

858

Conclusion

• Faulted Circuit Indicator (FCI)• Communicate to adjacent protective devices within a power system cycle• Allow implementing pilot protection at distribution system• Number of FCI and recloser locations• Short circuit level• Choice of protection scheme: fuse saving or blowing• Detailed software simulation and analysis is recommended including

Scheme logic Loss of communication Delay

References

• Kei Hao ; Shankar V. Achanta ; Jakob Fowler ; David Keckalo, “Apply a Wireless Line Sensor System to Enhance Distribution Protection Schemes”, WPRC 2016

• Applying Fault Indicators to Wind Farms, SEL AN2009-43• Applying Fault Indicators to Solar Photovoltaic Plants, SEL AN2011-03• https://www.streamer-electric.com/products/fault-indicators

https://www.streamer-electric.com/products/fault-indicators

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