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Causal Causal ComparativComparative e ResearchResearch
Tony ColomaTony ColomaMME 202MME 202
Steps in Causal-
Comparative Research
Counselor at an
urbanhigh
school
Knows that the
students value their money
butconcerned if being a
working student might interfere with their studies
Frequently
talks with working students
Knows the students
…..is there a difference in
grades between working
students and non working
students?
…. Students who work will have a lower grade point average than the students who do not work
Steps in Causal-
Comparative Research
- interview- rule out possible extraneous variable (EV)-2 groups of juniors with good aptitude for
Employment status of over 100 students
Some works 5 hours a week
or less
Many works 15 hours a
week or more
Steps in Causal-
Comparative Research
Students who worked 15 hours or more during their
junior or senior year had a grade point
average that were on average 0.5 below
those who worked 5 hours or less
Steps in Causal-
Comparative Research
Steps in Causal-
Comparative Research
Steps in Causal-
Comparative Research
SELECT A TOPIC REVIEW LITERATURE
TO IDENTIFY IMPORTANT VARIABLES
DEVELOP A RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
CLEARLY DEFINE THE INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
SELECT PARTICIPANTS USING PROCEDURES TO CONTROL EXTRANEOUS VARIABLES
SELECT RELIABLE AND VALID INSTRUMENTS AND COLLECT DATA
ANALYZE DATA TO SEE IF THE GROUPS DIFFER
INTERPRET THE RESULT
Like experimental research, causal-comparative involves grouping to see if some I.V. has caused changes in D.V.The types of research questions addressed in causal-comparative research is difficult or impossible to manipulate experimentally because they are experience that have already occurred.Do children with a history of abuse have lower levels of academic achievement than the children without the history of abuse?
Do students who are retained a grade have high school graduation rates different from those who are not?
Are woman who attend a same sex college more likely to attain leadership positions after graduation than those who attend coed colleges?
abuse
retention
type of college
academic achievem
ent
graduation
rates
leadership
Steps in Causal-
Comparative Research
SELECT A TOPIC REVIEW LITERATURE
TO IDENTIFY IMPORTANT VARIABLES
DEVELOP A RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
CLEARLY DEFINE THE INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
SELECT PARTICIPANTS USING PROCEDURES TO CONTROL EXTRANEOUS VARIABLES
SELECT RELIABLE AND VALID INSTRUMENTS AND COLLECT DATA
ANALYZE DATA TO SEE IF THE GROUPS DIFFER
INTERPRET THE RESULT
The topic is likely based on past experiences that are thought to a have a strong effect on person’s later behavior
A researcher is interested in students’ creativity
-What causes creativity?
- Why are few students highly creative while most are not?
Steps in Causal-
Comparative Research
SELECT A TOPIC REVIEW LITERATURE
TO IDENTIFY IMPORTANT VARIABLES
DEVELOP A RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
CLEARLY DEFINE THE INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
SELECT PARTICIPANTS USING PROCEDURES TO CONTROL EXTRANEOUS VARIABLES
SELECT RELIABLE AND VALID INSTRUMENTS AND COLLECT DATA
ANALYZE DATA TO SEE IF THE GROUPS DIFFER
INTERPRET THE RESULT
Why?•To Identify what research has revealed about the impact of the past experiences on later behavior•Identification of potential extraneous variableLeadership position of women who attended same sex college vs coed
Possible EV could be: - Single sex colleges tend to come from families with higher levels of income and education
Steps in Causal-
Comparative Research
SELECT A TOPIC REVIEW LITERATURE
TO IDENTIFY IMPORTANT VARIABLES
DEVELOP A RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
CLEARLY DEFINE THE INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
SELECT PARTICIPANTS USING PROCEDURES TO CONTROL EXTRANEOUS VARIABLES
SELECT RELIABLE AND VALID INSTRUMENTS AND COLLECT DATA
ANALYZE DATA TO SEE IF THE GROUPS DIFFER
INTERPRET THE RESULT
• Useful information about the method used to select samples in past studies or measure DV• Possible participants may also identified• An IV can be identified also (prior experience or group difference that cannot or should not be manipulated) and a DV that might be affected by the IV
Steps in Causal-
Comparative Research
SELECT A TOPIC REVIEW LITERATURE
TO IDENTIFY IMPORTANT VARIABLES
DEVELOP A RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
CLEARLY DEFINE THE INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
SELECT PARTICIPANTS USING PROCEDURES TO CONTROL EXTRANEOUS VARIABLES
SELECT RELIABLE AND VALID INSTRUMENTS AND COLLECT DATA
ANALYZE DATA TO SEE IF THE GROUPS DIFFER
INTERPRET THE RESULT
It is hypothesized that students who are employed 15 hours or more a week will have lower achievement than students who are employed 5 hours or less a week
IV is being employed or not employed
DV is achievement measured by high school grade point average
Steps in Causal-
Comparative Research
SELECT A TOPIC REVIEW LITERATURE
TO IDENTIFY IMPORTANT VARIABLES
DEVELOP A RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
CLEARLY DEFINE THE INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
SELECT PARTICIPANTS USING PROCEDURES TO CONTROL EXTRANEOUS VARIABLES
SELECT RELIABLE AND VALID INSTRUMENTS AND COLLECT DATA
ANALYZE DATA TO SEE IF THE GROUPS DIFFER
INTERPRET THE RESULT
Steps in Causal-
Comparative Research
SELECT A TOPIC REVIEW LITERATURE
TO IDENTIFY IMPORTANT VARIABLES
DEVELOP A RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
CLEARLY DEFINE THE INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
SELECT PARTICIPANTS USING PROCEDURES TO CONTROL EXTRANEOUS VARIABLES
SELECT RELIABLE AND VALID INSTRUMENTS AND COLLECT DATA
ANALYZE DATA TO SEE IF THE GROUPS DIFFER
INTERPRET THE RESULT
Steps in Causal-
Comparative Research
SELECT A TOPIC REVIEW LITERATURE
TO IDENTIFY IMPORTANT VARIABLES
DEVELOP A RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
CLEARLY DEFINE THE INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
SELECT PARTICIPANTS USING PROCEDURES TO CONTROL EXTRANEOUS VARIABLES
SELECT RELIABLE AND VALID INSTRUMENTS AND COLLECT DATA
ANALYZE DATA TO SEE IF THE GROUPS DIFFER
INTERPRET THE RESULT
Steps in Causal-
Comparative Research
SELECT A TOPIC REVIEW LITERATURE
TO IDENTIFY IMPORTANT VARIABLES
DEVELOP A RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
CLEARLY DEFINE THE INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
SELECT PARTICIPANTS USING PROCEDURES TO CONTROL EXTRANEOUS VARIABLES
SELECT RELIABLE AND VALID INSTRUMENTS AND COLLECT DATA
ANALYZE DATA TO SEE IF THE GROUPS DIFFER
INTERPRET THE RESULT
……….the results of her sample cannot be generalized to the whole population of students at her school
No random selection……….
Steps in Causal-
Comparative Research
SELECT A TOPIC REVIEW LITERATURE
TO IDENTIFY IMPORTANT VARIABLES
DEVELOP A RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
CLEARLY DEFINE THE INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
SELECT PARTICIPANTS USING PROCEDURES TO CONTROL EXTRANEOUS VARIABLES
SELECT RELIABLE AND VALID INSTRUMENTS AND COLLECT DATA
ANALYZE DATA TO SEE IF THE GROUPS DIFFER
INTERPRET THE RESULT
Steps in Causal-
Comparative Research
SELECT A TOPIC REVIEW LITERATURE
TO IDENTIFY IMPORTANT VARIABLES
DEVELOP A RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
CLEARLY DEFINE THE INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
SELECT PARTICIPANTS USING PROCEDURES TO CONTROL EXTRANEOUS VARIABLES
SELECT RELIABLE AND VALID INSTRUMENTS AND COLLECT DATA
ANALYZE DATA TO SEE IF THE GROUPS DIFFER
INTERPRET THE RESULT
Steps in Causal-
Comparative Research
SELECT A TOPIC REVIEW LITERATURE
TO IDENTIFY IMPORTANT VARIABLES
DEVELOP A RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
CLEARLY DEFINE THE INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
SELECT PARTICIPANTS USING PROCEDURES TO CONTROL EXTRANEOUS VARIABLES
SELECT RELIABLE AND VALID INSTRUMENTS AND COLLECT DATA
ANALYZE DATA TO SEE IF THE GROUPS DIFFER
INTERPRET THE RESULT
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