quality assured measurements of animal building emissions: part 1. gas concentrations albert heber;...
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Quality Assured Measurements of Animal Building Emissions: Part 1. Gas
Concentrations
Albert Heber; Ji-Qin Ni; Teng Lim; Pei-Chun TaoPurdue University, West Lafayette, IN
Amy M. MillmierUniversity of Missouri, Columbia, MO
Larry Jacobson, Richard NicolaiUniversity of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN
Jacek KozielTexas A&M University, Amarillo, TX
Steven HoffIowa State University, Ames, IA
Yuanhui ZhangUniversity of Illinois, Urbana, IL
David BeasleyNorth Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
Dr. Ji-Qin Ni
Dr. Teng Lim
Feed
H2S, NH3
Eggs
Waste
“Livestock take a relatively benign N (and S) in the feed
and convert it to a susceptible, volatile, and
mobile form of N (and S)” H. Tyrell 4/29/02
Emission Sources
Land Application
HousingStorage/Treatment
Source: Arogo et al. 2001
Emission Point = Exhaust Fan
Inside Exhaust Fans
1996-97 Air Quality Study
3,500 data subsets were collected between March and September
Instrument Shelter
SamplingManifolds
PC
Gas analyzers
Full-time field engineer
Carbon Dioxide Concentrations
Photoacoustic infrared
1.0 Lpm internal pump
0 - 5,000 ppm
Model 3600, MSA, Inc.
$2,000
Pegged!Concentration,ppm
SummerWinter
Zero and span calibration gases
H2S Concentrations(pulsed fluorescence technique)
Site 3
1 to 1,527 ppb
H2S odor threshold concentration = 1 ppb
NH3 Concentrations(chemiluminescence method)
NH3 odor threshold concentration ~ 5 ppm
Sampling Location Group (SLG)
Wall fans
Pit fan
Instrument trailer
AnalyzersSamplingmanifold
Mixing
manifold
Teflon manifolds
Problems Condensation in gas lines.
Keep gas temperature 3 C above that of sampled air. Air conditioning in trailer caused condensation.
Sensor failure and drift. Lack of sensor maintenance, e.g. psychrometer ran dry. Lightning strikes (need UPS systems) PC hard drive failed. Dust and moisture buildups in gas sampling lines. Pigs damaged several sensors and lines. Harsh environment for sensors.
Recommendations from 1997 Study Develop Quality Assurance Project Plan (needed or not) Test, evaluate and fine-tune DAQ before taking to field Test field installation and data analysis before collecting
data Assure good field site management Establish good communication with collaborator Keep gas temperature 3 C above that of sampled air. Protect integrity of data collection/storage Use proper statistical techniques
Proper sampling frequency/locations Sufficient accuracy Estimate and propagate all errors Use proper averaging methods
Manure Additive Study, 1999
Gas Sampling System (GSS)
First QAQC-based contract
Web-based Labview data monitoring
Biweekly calibrations
39 reactors
Calibrationnotebooks
BackupAnalyzers
Hood failure:1000’s emails!
PC DAQ
Documentation of procedures Accurate records Reference gases for CEM. Reactor ventilation monitoring Email of alarms to reseachers. Monitoring of all exhaust hoods in lab Blank checks. Pilot Study
Real Time Gas Monitoring
Reactor Number
Hydrogen sulfide
Ammonia
Carbon dioxide
Reactor airflow
Emission Measurement Methods Study – 2001-2002
“Air Sampling & Measurement Methodology for Confined Animal Housing Systems”
“Improving Measurement of Emissions from Poultry Houses”
“Odor Emissions Factors for Caged-Layers” “Real-time Dust Concentration Monitor”
CL Method: Spatial 9 exhaust locations 1 inlet location 2 cage location 10 min sampling period
CL Method: Temporal 1 exhaust location Continuous monitoring
Photoacoustric IR Electrochemical sensors
Six months of gas sampling Analyzer comparisons Bypass pumping tests Sampling period 5-10 min Labview DAQ &
Computer Boards First test of TEOM Ammonia 15 to 150 ppm QAQC-based contract Wireless ISP Web publishing of data Lightning arrestor for IS Microwave oven Small vane anemometers
Monitoring Plan at Laying House
Ammonia emission = k x 186 m3/s x (25.3 – 1.6) = 11,267 g/d
APECAB StudyAerial: Air quality new EPA initiative for ag.Pollutant: Volatile forms of N, S, odor.Emissions: Outward mass flows from barns.
from
Confined: Efficient method of raising animals.Animals: Swine is the focus in this studyBuildings: Mechanically-ventilated rooms only.
Measurement Sites: APECAB study
SwinePoultry
All sites described in paper
E67 E47
N
Attic
Pit
Cages
W20
W1
Mixing manifold
Floor plan (186 m x 30 m)
Hall
Exhaust air locations
Fan number
Instrument shelter
1 2
5
6
4 3
Animal exposure group
Air inlet group
Side view
Cages
Mettower
Cross-sectional view
Exhaust air locations
Thermocouple Air
samplingAnemometer (SVA)RH/Temp probeStatic pressure port
To instrumentshelter
Instrument shelter
Pit
Barn A(not shown)
Barn B
Barn 14
Lab
Feedbins
Barn 13
Service road
N
Barn 15 Barn 16
Hall
Barns 1-12
Hall
Control of Aerial Pollutant Emissions from Swine Housing (CAPESH)
Test soybean oil sprinkling Test the “Biocurtain”
Lagoon
Tunnel-ventilated finishing houses
with flushing
CAPESHstudy
APECABstudy
Mobile Instrument Shelters
3
1
S
Attic
Shallow pit with recycle flush
Pens
Side View
5
Exhaust air sampling
Fan #
Trailer
Instrument trailer
TEOM sampler for PM10Air sampling
Static pressure port
Background air sampling
Met tower
4
2
Barn 7
1-5
Relative humidity/temperature probe
Temperature sensor
Diffusers
Summer air inlets
Odor sampling location
Floor plan (61 m x 13.2 m)
Anemometer (SVA)
End view
End view
Barn 7 Barn 8
S12
P1
P2
M3P3
F
Analyzers
Cal gases
S1
M: manifold
P: pumpS: solenoid
Sampling probes,
10-115 mlong
C6H14/CH4
CO2
Zero air
NH3
H2S
NO6-port diluter
(5 L/min)
p
M2
M1
Flow restrictors
Bypass pumping circuit
Mass flow meter
NH3
H2S
CO2
CH4/VOC
7.9 mm OD, 4.8 mm ID vinyl
22.2 mm OD 15.9 mm ID
vinyl
9.5 mm OD,6.4 mm ID Teflon
9.5 mm OD, 6.4 mm ID Teflon
3.2 mm OD, 1.6 mm ID Teflon
6.4 mm OD3.2 mm ID vinyl
Exhaust
F
f
SO2
6-solenoid manifold
Pressuresensor
M4Exhaust
ABCD
Bubbler
F: filter
F
Note: S1-S6: NO, S7-S12: NC
Calibration gas circuit
Bag fillport
JarP4
Rotameter
Leak test circuit
1
1
Pressure gage
Air valve
S13
S14
Bypass manifold M1
Analyzer sampling manifold M3
M4
Bag fill port
3-way solenoid
Sampling manifold M2
Bypass pump P1
Sampling pump P2
3-way solenoid
Sampled airfrom sampling
location group (SLG)
¼” i.d.3/8” o.d.Teflon
Mass flow meter0-10 L/min
Flow restrictor
Sample airflow & manifold pressure
1: Ambient, 2: Barn A, 3: Barn B
Figure 1. Sample airf low and manifold pressure before and after maintenance.
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 0
Time of Day, h (Oct. 28, 2002)
Pre
ss
ure
, 10
00
x P
a
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Sa
mp
le A
irfl
ow
, L/m
inMaintenanceand calibration
activity
1
2
3
Samplingprobe
Pressure1
2
3
Plugged probe
Evidence of leak
Leak fixed
Flow
Probe unplugged
On-Line Data Inspection
Flushing peak
AmbientBarn A
Barn B
The Measurement SystemSample system
Sample acquisitionSample transportSample conditioningProtection of analyzers from sampled
gas
Gas analyzer: senses and generates output
Data recorder
NH3 analyzer
APMTRC
Pump
SolenoidCatalytic converter
ScrubberCapillary
Filter
DetectorInternal gas sampling system
0.6 L/min
Calibration at A accounts for converter inefficiency and losses in scrubber, solenoid, capillary, filter and tubing along with detector sensitivity.
p
f
Manifold
Pump
NH3 analyzer
B
CA
PMTRC
Pump
SolenoidCatalytic converter
ScrubberCapillary
Filter
DetectorInternal gas sampling system
External gas sampling system
Pressure sensor
Manifold
Solenoid Massflow
meter
RestrictorD
10-123 mTeflon tube
0.6 L/min
4.0 L/min
Filter
Calibration at A accounts for converter inefficiency and losses in scrubber, solenoid, capillary, filter and tubing along with detector sensitivity.
Calibration at B or C accounts for additional error introduced by the external gas sampling system.
Calibration at D accounts for additional error introduced by the long sampling probes and is the most desirable location to introduce calibration gas but is sometimes too impractical.
Gas Analyzer Calibration
Remote Calibration of Gas Analyzers at Point D in Barn A
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
21:00 21:10 21:20 21:30 21:40 21:50
Time of Day
NH
3, C
on
cen
trat
ion
, p
pm
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
H2S
, p
pb
; C
O2,
pp
m
Zero air
NH3
2500 ppb CO2
H2S
4000 ppm 40 ppm
Raw CO2 Concentrations CAPESH Site, 11/8/02
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 0
Time of day, h
CO
2 co
ncen
tratio
n
CO2 Concentrations by LocationCAPESH Site, 11/8/02
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 0
Time of Day, h (Nov. 8, 2002)
CO
2 Con
cent
ratio
n, p
pm
60
20
Barn A
Barn B
Amb
November 8, 2002CAPESH Site
H2S Concentrations by LocationCAPESH Site, 11/8/02
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 0
Time of Day, h (Nov. 8, 2002)
H2 S
Co
nce
ntr
atio
n, p
pb
Barn A Barn BFlushingevents
NH3 Concentrations by LocationCAPESH Site, 11/8/02
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 0Time of Day, h (Nov. 8, 2002)
NH
3 C
on
cen
tra
tion
, pp
m
November 8, 2002CAPESH Site
Barn A
Barn B
Samplingcycle
Ambient
Ambient NH3 Concentrations CAPESH Site, 11/8/02
0
1
2
3
4
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 0Time of Day, h (Nov. 8, 2002)
NH
3 C
on
cen
tra
tion
, p
pm
Ambient NH3
Sampling location: 1: ambient, 2: barn A, 3: barn B
Methane Concentrations
0
25
50
75
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 0
Time of Day, h (Nov. 8, 2002)
CH
4 C
on
cen
tra
tion
, pp
m
Barn A
Ambient
Flushingevents
Barn B
VOC Concentrations by LocationCAPESH Site, 11/8/02
0
25
50
75
100
125
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 0
Time of Day, h (Nov. 8, 2002)
VO
C C
on
cen
tra
tion
, pp
b
Barn A Barn B
Unexplained peakAutomaticcalibration(2.03 ppm)
Recent Advances to Emission Measurements at Livestock Buildings
New gas sampling system with mass flow sensor and manifold pressure sensor
Complete QAPP documentsRemote multipoint calibrationsIntroduction of cal gas into probeNon-methane VOC measurementsCommon protocol among
universities
Albert J. HeberProfessor
Agricultural and Biological Engineering
Purdue University
Building EnvironmentResearch & Education
AgAirQuality.com
Check out www.AgAirQuality.com
Thank you!