pn

pn p

n !"#

$ n ND cm

3 p NA > ND#

%

& # ' n p ( # ) p ( * n ( #

$ +

* *

' ,

-,# ##

np = n2i #

"

,.

p # " * p pp 10

17 cm3

. np-,# ##

np =n2ipp

=1020

1017= 103

[cm3

]#

'# " n / nn = 10

16 elettroni/cm3 pn = 104 lacune/cm3#

0 /

# $ 1 1 p ,

n

#2 pn

#

#2 ' pn#

PN 3

# 4 * ' /

.

# 0 / * 5 (

# "

!,' ,

1

1 ( '

!

* '#

)

(

% #

6

* !. (

2

E = s

#3

. s # 7 *

# #3 E(x) -,# #8#

E(x) =1

s

(x)dx #8

) & #3

' # $

. p ( qNA q (

! %

x = 0 & ! xp# 7

n ( +qND % & ! +xn#

#32

pn

!,' #

$ '' /

.

'

(

!/, #9#

qNAxp = qNDxn. #9

8

$ (

!

. (

% # , '

!

%

& #8 #

#82 6 pn

!,' 2 :& ; ' :& ; % ; "

; " #

$ # #8 ! / # #8 * ! j -,# #

#

j =

E(x)dx #

j 1 p ,

n

<

!, #=#

9

j = vT ln

(NANDn2i

)#=

6 vT = KT/q ( #) !

% '/#

xd = xn + xp =

2sq

(1

NA+

1

ND

)j . #>

6

!, #> * ( ,

*'

!

%#

:

'/ #9 # 4 !

% ' #

$ ( * ,

# #8

! x #

$ ,

#

# %( ,' 1

# $ 1

'

# 0,' #? #2

Jn = qnnE + qDnn

x= 0 #?

Jp = qppE qDp px

= 0. #

)!,' < ! / * &* '

* 5 * #

* VD ID #

) 1

% * + # < * '

* @ !

%#

%*

! ' !,' 1

, # $ * !

' 5 # " ' * ( #

$ 5

( /

! ' ' # 0& * p ( & '

/

* 5

# $ n '

* ' '

n #

) < / ,

.

/ # : , # 7 , * !/, -,# #

*

I V 2

ID = IS

(e

qVDKT 1

)#

IS ( ( ,

ni /

# IS (

! 1014 "# $ KT/q ( ( vT !,# # !,# #2

ID = IS

(e

VDvT 1

). #

) #

/

#

* / * * # A

( * * , '

#

$

!, IV # )

& #9 * VD & # 4 (

#

,

' -,# #3 2

ID = ISeVDvT . #3

IV /

PN =

#92 % I V pn

4

# ## 0 /

( *

' #

#2 % I V pn

pn

: VD < 0 # $ , B 5

>

IS # " VD = 4vT =100mV

ID = IS -,# #8#

ID = IS

(e

4vTvT 1

)= IS

(e4 1) = IS #8

) VR * VD

%# - '/

+ / , ( # %(

% (

!, #9

!, # !

% ( ,

* ,

2

xd = xn + xp =

2sq

(1

NA+

1

ND

)(j + VR) #9

xd = xd

1 +

VRj

. #

& 6

# )!/ 6 ( ' , #) * 6 ( 6 < *

* # $

6 (

# : ' * 6 + #

$ 6 2 # $

* *

% ' & C * , * # $ * * 6 9 4 , 6#

$ 1 D * + ,

* 108 4 * 3 107 4#%< < , < * ' 6 D ,

# ) * D % (200 500 ) / C # , ! ' p ,

n# $ 6 D ( #

$ '

# $ / 6 6 ,

! ' ' '. * ,

PN ?

C # : 6 D & !/ , !

+ # $ , ( ' & , #

$

D ( VZK *

, ' RZ ( E # $ / * IZK * (

!

VZK #

$ 6

# $ & ' /# " D F > 4 ' ( 9 "#

pn

% ( ! xd

%

, *

!.

# 0 1

. *G

#

) n (

!, #= A ( !

# ) . (

!, #> Cj0 = sA/xd .

2

Qn = qNDxnA = q

(NAND

NA +ND

)xdA #=

Cj =QndVR

=Cj01 + VRj

. #>

)

.

/

<

* & .

#

$ ,

.

%# ) ,. (

#? ( (

** &* 2

QD = ID. #?

:*G !,

*

/ * &

. CD Eq. 2.20 *G

2

CD =dQDdVD

=(ID + IS)

vT= ID

vT. #

) . 1 < #

!"#$

$ ' *BH (

'

"

:# -1 , ,

pn *

( & *# :*G( + *BH n

, # I * n+ * *# ) *BH '

# #=#

#=2 6 ' *BH2 & ' '#

$ *BH * I V # #> ,

pn * ! + ' # 4 + ,.

*(

< # : ,!

*BH < + pn (#

#>2 %* I V pn *BH

% &

% , # #?# )! ( dc ( * # $ ( * /

(

I: , Q 2 Q(V QD , IQD)#

$ !, -,# # * / ,

!, -,# #2

VTh = IDRTh + VD #

ID = IS

(e

VDvT 1

). #

I ,

,

/ ID VD# " !, #

!, #'' !, #3 ! ( VD

VTh = IS

(e

VDvT 1

)RTh + VD. #3

J , ( !, * * ( #

"* VD !,

ID

'2

VTh = IDRTh + vT ln

(1 +

IDIS

). #8

' ( / fixed point#

/

, &

#

$ ( (

*

VD#

I ragionevole

# " <

,

/ !,

# I @

VD

!,

ID# $ &*(

#

7

, ( ( . &

/* I V

!, J*# %<

# $ * + & #

" &

/ I V

*

!, J*#

#?2 % , J*

) ( 2 ISC =2V

200 = 10mA# $ VD -,# #92

VD = vT ln

(1 +

IDIS

)= 0.025ln

(1 +

10 103

1011

)= 0.518 V. #9

" vT = 25 mV IS = 1011 A#

-! '

-,# #2

ID =

E VDR

=2 0.518

200= 7.41 mA. #

3

#2 6

*

!, J*#

2

VD = 0.025ln

(1 +

7.41 103

1011

)= 0.511 V

ID =

2 0.511200

= 7.45 mA

VD = 0.025ln

(1 +

7.45 103

1011

)= 0.511 V

ID =

2 0.511200

= 7.45 mA.

0 * ( 2 Q(V QD , IQD) = Q(0.511, 0.00745)

* ''

* #

-! ' ! * # $ / * ( ,

* delle tangenti , #

' & ()*

( )

$ ! * & , . !

!, '' # -! '

+

#

8

$ I V

< & , /

# : ( , ( #

) + :F) ( ,

2 VD ! V ! VD > 0

! I

& ##

#2 % #

%( ID > 0 VD = 0 ID = 0 VD < 0# $ * 2 #

,

/ * ( ,

# :'' , ( ! + * ! V # V = 0.6V #

$

*2 ID > 0 VD = V ID = 0 VD < V # 0/ ! /

!,

!, J*

!,

! C.

! #

7

! / , VD (

V , 2

ID =E V

R=

2 0.6200

= 7 mA

* < '#%!( , '. !

* * &

& ##

$ , ( '

, # "

9

#2 " :F) #

!

# " "

ID = 1 mA1

!, 2

IDVD

ID

=1

vTID = gD =

1

rD.

)

2

VD = V + IDrD.

4 Q(V QD , IQD)

1rD

! < 2

V = VQD IQDrD.

% , ! 2

& V gD

# 6 , :F) ! ' /

!

,* mV

#

, ! <

ID VD # I *

!, J*

!

# $ 2 E V E V # :*G

! E = 2 V R =200 * < ,

2 ISC = 10mA ( * "# " <

! :F) 9 "

#32 A

:F) 2

I V #

0 #9 4 # I

rD = 5 V = V

QD IQDrD = 0.5 5 103 5 = 0.475 V #

: ,2

E RID = VD (Retta di carico)

VD = V + rDID (Approssimazione PWL del diodo)

*2

E RID = V + IDrD 2

E V = ID(R + rD) ,2

ID =E VR+ rD

=2 0.475200 + 5

= 7.43 mA.

%* !

# $ ( C ! :F) ! #4

#

)! :F) : F ) < * *#

) I V D (

& #8 :F) ( & #9# % # ##

4 # ) ( ,

=

#82 % I V D#

#92 A

:F) D#

>

#2 % D#

J*# ) J* (

K/K!# * Vo R2# - R2 R1 * Vth = Vo/2# ) J* (

K/K! ( , Vo ( # * RTh =R3 +R1//R2# $ ,

& #=#

#=2 % ,

# #

K/K! , J*#

6 &

!, J* I V . # #>#

)

& #? Vop =VZK = 3V ; Iop = 3mA#

+ ,

$ '

+ * # I ON OFF *

' ' ,

* + # " & :F) &

?

#>2 % &

#

# (

* ( 1#

)! # #?#

#?2 % #

)

'. (

'

#

% D1 D2 I7 I7' I7 I I I7 I I

" ' ,

/ ( ' # * .

* !

# % (

!/ :F) + * # J& ( & ,

! /& & # * D1 (

A ( & # D1 D2 I7#

#2 % #

I

* A (

#

I1 =15 V

10 k= 1.5 mA #=

I2 =10 V

5 k= 2 mA. #>

% , * !,'

A )L% D1 '' 5 ID1 =0.5mA * ( ! #

* D1 D2 ' % # ##

#2 % #

( D1 A ( , D2 ( D2 < #

"

D1 OFF D2 ON % # ## D2 ( & *

# #3#$ , 2

I1 = I2 =25 V

15 k= 1.67 mA.

#2 % D1 OFF D2 ON #

#32 % D1 OFF D2 ON #

) A (2

VA = 15 V 10 k 1.67 mA = 1.7 V* , ( ! # " , '' * !

:F)

+ * #

)! '. & ( * D1 D2 # D1 ( (

& #8#

#82 % ' D1 ON D2 OFF #

- A D2 ( D2 < #

: * ! '. , / ( * D1 D2 #

-! * , * .

! ! / .# : !

! #

" & #9

*2 OR AND#

#92 - *#

-! & * V1 V2 '

'

* Vo = 0# A V1 V2 '

9 4

Vo = 5 V 0.6 V =4.4 V ( *! #

7 V1 V2 '

Vo = 0.6 V (

'# - V1 V2 9 4 Vo = 5 V

#

- &

- * /

+ ' # : , / ( 1 ,

* & dc * ( ! &*( . * # # $ / &

# 7 , !:F)

& # 6 & '

!, J* * I V , J* # %< * /'

# $

!

* #

3

( ,

# * * * * # *

! #

$

& #

+ * / ,

* ( #

: ! dc / :F) V rD = 1/gD# $ #

! , /

!

1 ! ' 1

'

!

1 2 ,

Vi ,

* ! V #

:

)LJ2

Vi = IDR+ Vo

! .

Vi > V2

ID =Vi VR+ rD

*2

Vi = R Vi VR+ rD

+ Vo

* < * 2

Vo = Vi rDR+ rD

+ V RR+ rD

C Vi

,Vi > V ( ' rD

8

+

-

+

-

vI vO

R

vO

vI

V

R

+vI

- -

vO

+

vO

VvI-

R

+vI

-

vO

+V

vO

vID1 D2 -V

R

vI

+

- -

vO

+

vO

vI+

-E

E+V

E

E

11

11

11

-

R

+ +

vO

-

vI

-

vO

11

vI

Z1

Z2

VZ2 +V

+V-(VZ1 )

RvI vO

+V

vO

11

vI

D1

D2

+V

-V

V

V +V

V V- -

V- -V

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

(e) (f)

#2 - #

9

#=2 % &

#

* + * D# 7

& * *Vi Vo#

Vi Vo # ! *G # $ , &*( ! ( @ !( (

# 0 ( (

* 5 # 7

#>#

J ,

, ( ac

( # $ , # 0

(

+ #

)! # $

*

< * , !, J* ac# " ( IV

& #?#

#>2 % Vi Vo #

#?2 $ ,

!, J*

#

#32 !

,

!#

=

) & #3 !

R# )!1

! V ( ,

/ ac * distorcere

#

*

R 5 , ( ,

# I 'BM C ,

#

( T = 2/ /

* 5 2

IDC =1

T

T0

i(t)dt =1

2

20

i(t)dt

IDC =1

2

0

Imsen(t)dt =1

2Im[cos(t)]0 =

Im

.

) ( ,2

Pd = VIDC = V Im3.

) (2

VDC = IDCR =ImR

= Vm

= 0.318 Vm

#)

& #3 ( 2

V dDC =1

2

( 0

ImrDsen(t)dt+

2

Vmsen(t)dt

)=

=1

(ImrD Vm) =

=1

[ImrD Im(rD +R)] =

= ImR

( #: * , C ###

2

Ieff =

(1

2

20

i2(t)dt

) 12

=

=

(I2m2

0

sen2(t)dt

) 12

=

>

#32 "

#

=Im2

{[1

2

(t 1

2sen(2t)

)]} 12

=

=Im2

2=

=Im2

> IDC .

&

!

R C

R VCA VDC 2

r =VCAVDC

.

: VCA C 2

V 2eff = V2DC + V

2CA.

% ,2

V 2eff =1

T

T2

0

V 2msin2(t)dt

sin2(t) 1cos(2t)2 :

V 2eff =V 2mT

T2

0

1

2 dt = V

2m

2T

T

2=

V 2m4

.

"

2

V 2CA = V2eff V 2DC =

V 2m4

V2m

2

2

?

VCA = Vm

1

4 1

2= 0.386 Vm.

$ & r (2

r =VCAVDC

=0.386 Vm0.318 Vm

= 1.21 = 121%.

0 ' & #

< * & !C 2

R =PDCPCA

=VDCIDCVeff Ieff

=4

2= 40%.

: ( . C

R# ( , 50Hz T = 20 mS

. C * RC T #

)

. !

RC (

& #3 '#

7 * R !

( C# 0 2

iL = CdVo(t)

dt # 4 R '' .

* dVo(t)dt # $ < ' *G . ' #

4 r

/

& #3 * * !

(2

V = Vm Vmsin(2 t

)= Vm(1 cos(t)).

I , C

ac ,# ! t

!

( T t *

. C R# :

RC >> T < , ! !

t ( T # < * C , ( VDC = Vm V2 (2

VCA =V3

=Vm

(1 e TRC

)3

= VmT3RC

( RC >> T , !/

. Tt ! T

! #

&2

3

#32 . #' "

RC# % R#

3

r =VCAVDC

= 23(2fRC 1) .

0 < , . C# $ & r * R .

R# " & r = 1% R = 1k

C = 1.15 mF #

'' , * / . # " ! . / '

! C ( + ! # %<

* # $

.

!

T t '

*

!

t# %< * ( + ,

# ) (

& #3 #

$ * . + , + ( t#

4 !. , * / !, * '

T #

idmt = ILT

( idm

. ' IL

.#

*2

idm = ILT

t=

ILt

2

, ! t# ,

2

V = Vm [1 cos(t)] JH

! * t

3

idm = IL2

Vm2V

= IL2

RC

2T

* * '' .

,

. #

" r = 1% R = 1k C = 1.15mF * ,

/ 89 ( IL = 10 mA idm = 1.45 A#

$ . *

* / ,

,

#

$ * *'# %( ( & <

#

( ,

& '

! D#

#332 * #

& 2

VoVs

VoIL

#

:F)

D

& #38

1 2

Vo = VZ0R

R+ rz+ Vs

rzR+ rz

IL(R//rz).

$ , ' / ' Vzo# $ /

! ( * ( * ,

#

:

( * D ' Vz ( D 'BM#

) RL

D * < / ''

# ) ( *

& #39 *

33

#382 A

:F) D#

&

I V ' :F)

D#

#392 % & *

!

D/#

)

RL D * I

*

'B/M , ( # / , ,

!, J* Vs

R * RL Vz * !/ * * , Vs IL

38

D Vs ILR#7 Vsmin

Izmin *

D ILmax

R * * !

* *

# 2

R =Vsmin Vzo rzIzmin

Izmin + ILmax

6! *

D ( # $ ' * ( & Vz *

' # $ & (

D ! *I V , Vs IL#

! (

T # & C TC # 6 D Vzo < 5 V * TC < 0 Vzo > 5 V *TC > 0# "

& 9 4 < pn * *TC = 2 mV/C D 8#3 4 * * TC = 2 mV/C 1 #

+ C * ( ,

#3 * , '

* #?##

$ * ' / *

! #

) / ( #3 ' !

,

#3 #

% * ,

*2

IDC =2Im

; VDC =2Im

RL; Ieff =Im2;

) ( 2Vm (

# 0 (

! #

: , & # $ 2

VDC = Vm V = Vm VmT4RC

= Vm IDC4fC

;

V = VmT4RC

=IDC4fC

; VCA =V

23;

39

#32 % ; ' % ; !

,

#

3

r =1

3(4RfC 1) .

% < ( .

. C ,

. ( C . #

, & /'

!

! / # / ( #3= * ! Vm ( .

#

#3=2 % ; ' !

,

#

%!( *

! ( , ( ! 2V#

) #3>

!

#

$ ( #) & #3? * '

!

! #

3=

#3>2 : #

#3?2 * '

3>

$

! 1

&*

*

* ! ( *

/'# : , ' * ,

( 220 2 = 314 V #

< * * ' 3 ,

# $ * ' C'. , * ( +

! # $ ' . , /

( . #

) . ( + / , D =>KK ' ,

D#

)! 1 * # (

#8 clamping aggancio

dc restorer#

#82 ! !

$ ' *

. ( VC

# , * #

$ ( , ! ( (

!

# $ /

* .

3?

$ .

#

)!. , * dc !/ # " ( '

dc # $

dc *

#

* ( ,

&/ #8 * 2 D1 C1 & D2 C2#

#82 % ' ! VD1

0 Vp 4 2Vp# $ , & * C2 2Vp#

: , * /# $ Vp

# % , * Vp#

8

. /

'' , * ! # , #

-

(

* , ' & Q ! * # " * ID ! VD # * ( # %< , J* ### E R #

*

E dc ' vs(t)

! 8

$ . * * vs(t) '' ' ,

( & , . ,#

%

& #8 * Vd = VD+vd /

,

,

' # "

* Id = ID + id #

6! * * < 2

Id = ISeVD+vd

vT = IDevdvT

vd(t)

8

!( rD = 1/gD ( 1

2 rD =vTIQD

# " IQD = 1 mA, rD =251031103 = 25 #

:

* &

!

#8 < Q# I , L*1#

" , *

& #6 , * ,

* *

( vd(t)

vT # 7 * ! vs(t) , ,

1 (

R #

: * ! *

! / Q

! vd(t) * ( & !#

!

)! /. ( & ,. 2

nl = ID ID

ID 100.

ID

!, #I

D

JH #$ .

& *

( , '' ,

# J , + 1 nl & #

$

& #83 *2

ID = Id IQD = ISeVD+vd

vT ISeVDvT = ISe

VDvT

(e

vdvT 1

)= IQD

(e

vdvT 1

)

ID = Id IQD = IQD

(1 +

vdvT

) IQD = IQD

vdvT

.

!

! . ''2

nl(%) =IQD

(e

vdvT 1

) IQD vdvT

IQDvdvT

100 =(e

vdvT 1

) vdvT

vdvT

100.

" ,! 1

! JH /# J 1 < ,

/ # . ''2

! 83

#832 $ #

88

nl(%) =12

v2dv2T

vdvT

100 = 12

vdvT

100.

0! *G ( *G ! * ! #" vd

vT = 26 mV

! . 9N#

$ ' .

! N#"* ,

! 89

" , * ,

/' ! , * ,

#

&

,. * / # $ A1 !

/ A2 ,

A3 ,

*2

HD2 =A2

A1; HD3 =

A3

A1; .....

2

THD =A2 +A3 + ...+An

A1.

" * C

*

#

' & < JO6 N#

$ * ! '

! ( # 7

8

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/CreateJDFFile false /Description > /Namespace [ (Adobe) (Common) (1.0) ] /OtherNamespaces [ > /FormElements false /GenerateStructure false /IncludeBookmarks false /IncludeHyperlinks false /IncludeInteractive false /IncludeLayers false /IncludeProfiles false /MultimediaHandling /UseObjectSettings /Namespace [ (Adobe) (CreativeSuite) (2.0) ] /PDFXOutputIntentProfileSelector /DocumentCMYK /PreserveEditing true /UntaggedCMYKHandling /LeaveUntagged /UntaggedRGBHandling /UseDocumentProfile /UseDocumentBleed false >> ]>> setdistillerparams> setpagedevice