Python Modules

What are Python modules? Files with previously written code that

can be imported to the Python interpreter.

A module contains its own public and private variables to prevent interferences with user defined ones.

Modules file have .py extension

An example of a module $ vim modex.py

def cube(x): //Returns the value of x^3

return x*x*x,

Importing Modules >>> import modex >>> modex.cube(6) 216 >>> y = modex.cube(6) >>>y 216

Accessing global variables in a module Using dot notation.

>>> a = anymodule.globalvar

Note that a global variables will not affect another module; i.e. modify module1.gvar will not change the value of module2.gvar.

From/import statements Used to import specific functions from a

module

>>> from modex import cube >>> cube(3) >>>27

Executing modules as scripts Python modules can be executed in

command line whith

python modex.py <arguments>

Compiled Python files When importing modex.py, a modex.pyc

file is generated. It contains the bytecode from the last

time modex.py is imported. If there is no .pyc file exists, it is created For future imports, these .pyc files are

used to speed up the loading time, not the execution time

The dir() function This function returns a list of modules

and functions that have been imported

>>> dir() [‘_ _name_ _’, ‘_ _package_ _’] >>>import modex >>>dir() [‘_ _name_ _’, ‘_ _package_ _’,’_

_modex’]

Standard Modules Python comes with a library of standard modules. These modules contains built-in operations that

are not actually part of Python’s core Some of them are only imported based on the OS.

For instance: winreg module is only provided on Windows systems.

An important Std module is sys. it is used to change the search path for the module

>>> sys.path.append(‘/home/pnp29/cs265_spring_2011

Packages They are organized collections of

modules. Modules are stored in directories Each directory contains a __init__.py file

which tells the Python interpreter that it is a package directory.

Example of a package math/

__init__.py triArea.py sqArea.py statistics/

__init__.pymeanVal.py

Example of using packages >>> import math.sqArea >>> math.sqArea.area(5) 25 >>> from math.sqArea import area >>> area(5) 25

Questions?

Sources http://docs.python.org/tutorial/

modules.html