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Journal of Habitat Engineering and Design Volume 5, Number I , March 2013
Contents
T h e Influence of a Riverside Landscape on Imaginary Behavior Kiyotaka FUKAHORI. Ayako SAT0 and Yoichi KUBOTA
Characteristics of the Spatial Genotypes in Post-War Public Housing in Iraq Tara Abhlrmak ALIMARDAN and Suguru MON
The Overflow of Selling Space: a Comparative Study between Kad Luang, Chiangmai, Thailand and 27 1 Nishiki, Kyoto, Japan
( 1 .' Pandin OIRVCHANUM and Hiroaki KIMURA
Hedonic Method in House Price Analysis in Johor Bahru, Malaysia Burhaida BUMAN, Kazunori HOKAO and Mohd Lizam MOHD DIAH
What Businesses and Services Promote Shorter Inner Neighborhood Travels under Mixed Land Uses 49 Strategy? Te-1 Albert TSAI
Multi-Agent Simulation for Village Formation Process: Application of Migration and Aggregation Model 65 of Farmers Junko TAMLIRA
Chronological Transition of Urban Form of Block 70 in New Belgrade, Serbia, 1945-present Vladimir POPOVIC. Chikako TABATA and Yoshito TOMIOKA
Transitional Public Housing Program in Yogyakarta, Indonesia: From Self-Manage Community to 87 Managed Community Ardhya NARESWAN and Tamiyo KONDO
. : - ' An Analysis of Consolidation Patterns of Kampung Alley Living Space in Yogyakarta, Indonesia 99 - - Budi PRAYITNO
The Degree of Privacy Requirement for Residents' Activities in the Shophouse in Yogyakarta Lya Dewi ANGGRAINI and Ryuzo OHNO
- - From Tin Mining to Swallow-Bird Nesting: Post-Traditional Settlements in Muntok Bangka Kemas Ria'wan KURNIAWAN
' l - .
Editorial Members
Achmad Djunaedi, Gadjah Mada ~ d v m i t y , Indonesia P'rasanna Divigalpitiya, Kyushu Univasity, Japan
Alrinobu Muxakami, University of Tsukuba, Japan Reiji Tomilcy Oita University, Japan
Daisuke Sumiyoshi, Kyuhsu university, Japan Sakurako Chou, Southwest Jiaotong University, China
Gunawan Tjahjono, Universitas Pernbangunan Jaya, Indonesia Satoko Cho, Niigam Institute of Tahnology, Japan
KienTo, Singapore Univasity ofTechnology and Design, Singapore Slarnet Trisutomo, Hasanuddii University, Indonesia
Koji Sakai, Meiji University. Japan T a k a h i Arima, Kyuhsu university, Japan
Lan Wan& Tongji University, China Takeru Sakai, Kyushu University, Japan
Li Tian, Tongji University, Japan Takeyoshi Chibana, The University of Tokyo, Japan
Naoki Tsurusaki, Kyushu University, Japan Yasuhiro Hiraguri, Tokuyamn College of Technology, Japan
Norihisa Shima, The University of Tokyo, Japan Yasunori Akashi, Kyuhsu univenity.hpan
Ombeni Andrew Swai, Ardhi University, Tanzania Yi Hung, Tongji University. China
Pek Matous, The University of Tokyo, Japan
Journal of Habitat Engineering and Design 2013 Volume 5, Number 1.99-112
Original Article
An Analysis of Consolidation Patterns of Kampung Alley Living Space in Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Budi PRAYITNO Associate Professor, Department of Architecture and Planning. Faculty o f Engineering, Gadjah Mada University.
Consolidation patterns of alley space use design provide opportunities for creating new patterns and diversification of collective shared space. Simulation modelling by using space syntax for exploration of the consolidation patterns of the use of kampung alley space was performed in this study. It included three interacting themes, namely the extension of space, the interaction and the defenre space dealt with the transformation of living space use from landed kampungs to multistorey kampungs. Kampung alleys an not only used for circulation and as dwelling units connectors, but also as space for interactions. Social interactions occur at alleys with high integration value that created pocket space in alleys at residential clusters. The typology of organic kampung alleys are used as shared space and defense space system within the kampung setting system. Defense space system within kampung alleys will arrange, protect, and preserve the residential clusters in order to keep activities running safely and under
i control. The corridor in a conventional multistorey kampung merely functions as circulation space that connects the dwelling units !: in it. Innovative cityblock kampung on the corridor space of multistorey housing adopting the shape of vernacular settlement alleys with pocket space and defense space system, which are also cluster-shaped, can increase the corridor's visual integration value. Raising the visual integration value inside the corridor will increase the use of the corridor as circulation and shared space. i t will also keep the dwelling units' privacy and security against the activities in the conidor.
Keywords: Kompung. Alley, Pocket Space, Viszrol integration. Permeability
- -
I . Introduction
A kampung ' can be defined as a village settlement,
whether rural or urban. Originally, kampungs are rural
o r informal sett lements which have expanded and
coalesced under the pressure of urbanization. Most of
Indonesian cities were developed naturally long before
formal urban development was introduced later in the
last century; through conglomeration and densification
process of villages. The majority o f kampungs are
neither squatter nor slum settlements. On the contrary,
they have developed continuously and incrementally in
unplanned manner.
Generally, kampungs are located in 'the backward'
areas of the block of settlements surrounded by roads and
strategically located in all pans of the city and providing
opportunities for many kinds of employments due to
the easy access to the urban economic activities. Thus,
a house in a kampung often consists of a working place,
ranging from informal manufacturing of leather, cloth,
and domestic wares, to various ready-made food and
services, as well as a home. Housing constituting about
two 'third of urban population comprises various sizes
and shapes of housing, and is mostly occupied by low
- - -
and low-middle income families. After improvements
by KIP (Kampung Improvement Program), nowadays
kampungs do not necessarily refer to poor housing areas within the cities. Though the buildings in kampungs are
scattered and often dense, in general they have good
houses, paved pedestrian, communitylpublic facilities
such as an 'MCK' (Mandi (bathing), Cuci (washing)
dun Kakus (toilet)), which is used communally. It seems
that several typologies of kampung housing exist with
different socio-economic and physical environment
characteristics.
2. The C h a n g i n g P a t t e r n s of Alleys in K a m p u n g
Multi-storey Living
2.1. Alley and Pocket Space
The moment when a kampung resident steps outside
o f the house, he or she is in the shared space. Some
of the names by which this space is known declare its
functions in the form of alleys and pocket open space
among houses. In general, a car cannot enter a karnpung,
because there are only these narrow alleys and small
pocket open spaces. There are board-signs for bicycles
and motorbikes made by the community that read 'harap
ISSN: 2186-6503 Olnternational Society of Habitat Engineering and Design
100 Prayitno
pelan-pelan', means "ride slowly, please". These alleys openness, the pocket space is well-used not only for
give the residents opportunities to meet each other social activities but also for the community's informal
because when doors and windows are open, people who activities involving the kampung retails and services.
pass along the alleys and pocket open spaces can easily Examples of this informal activities are food stalls, small
see inside the houses. This space are, therefore, crucial kiosks for daily household needs, reparation services
in supporting the residents' socialization activities in the of kitchen wares, and occasional small markets in the
living of a kampung environment. The most obvious morning. Usually, these facilities have some simple
feature of shared space in a kampung is its informal benches in front of the stalls or kiosks, thus providing
nature, i.e. the activities happen unintentionally rather space for friendly conversation instead of only for
than intentionally. However, it is not without hierarchy selling and buying activities. Another function of the
in terms of level of usage and the type of users. pocket open space is mostly for public gathering place
The starting rung in this hierarchy is the space in kampung housings, that is a small roofed space called
attached to the kampung housing itself. It constitutes 'gardu ronda", can also be observed. 'Gardu ronda' is an essential front part of a proper kampung housing, usually located near the gatelentrance of kampung alleys hence it is commonly subjected to different kinds of or at other strategic places for community night watch embellishment such as: hanging bird cages, flower by male residents. pots, comfortable benches, sometimes even sofa 'Gardu ronda' also can be used interchangeably for chairs, arranged for friendly conversation. The kind multipurpose activities. In the morning, sometimes it is of embellishments depends on the size of the veranda used as a moming market stall, during the day it is used itself, which in turn depends on the type of the h o ~ ~ s e . by children for playing and some people also use it for Thus, informal because of its openness, sometimes taking a rest, and at night it is used for community night the veranda is nevertheless a place to receive guests. watch. The community sport activities can also be done Tliis is the space where the residents of the house meel in the pocket open space such as table tennis, badminton, casual visitors, usually people who pass by or whose or even volleyball if there is enough space for facilitating intention is to drop by and then continue to engage in a these activities. Communities usually plant flowers and friendly conversation. Another function of shared space other vegetation io small gardens, which also commonly along kampung alleys is as a space for daily household spread out in pocket open spaces. chores such as: laundry drying, poultry rearing, and even 2.2. From Ground Living to Muftistorey Living
children caring. The children are accustomed to using With the transformation of kampung settlement from this space for playing and resting. Thus, kampung alleys' ground living to multi-storey living ', inevitably, there functions as both circulation space and social space is a change in the pattern of the use of shared space by concurrently give the alleys social liveliness. kampung community. A corridor and small hall either
Another space form between kampung houses in ground floor or in upper floor are shared spaces is called pocket space. Due to its accessibility and in a kampung multistorey housing instead of alleys
Fig.1. Kampung Alley and Pocket Space
Olnternational Society of Habitat Engineering and Design
An Analysis of Consolidation Patterns of Kampung Alley Living Space in Yogyakarta, Indonesia 101
Fig. 2. Innovative Kampung Cityblock
and pocket open spaces as i n a vernacular kampung. roles as settings and catalyst for social interaction are to
Corridors are among the most frequently used shared
spaces in a kampung multistorey housing since they are
both shortcuts and stopping places. Their important as a
locale to community is evident from different purposes
o f the residents in using the shared spaces for a variety o f activities; for example, for casual gathering, running
' I small business activities, wedding ceremonies, funerals ( 1 .*. and religious rites as well as activities organized by
community-based organization ( 'RT and RW' meeting ).
The most important shared spaces i n karnpung
multistorey housing is the corridor. The fol lowing
social activities can be observed daily at the corridors:
passing bylcirculating through (go space). opening small
business activities, playing with children, and receiving
guests ("do space"), relaxing, playir~g cards or chess ("sit
space"), storaging, drying clothes, parking bicycles or
motorcycles ("place space"), having meetings, wedding
ceremony, funeral ceremony and religious rites ("occur
space").
Due to the varied uses, interactions in corridors and
small halls can give more opportunity for generating
a sense o f community. Furthermore, some residents
build semi permanent niches on these space. Where
such niches have been established, some forms o f
r proprietary behaviors, such as the extension o f the space
with the benches, additional tables and chairs and, very
occasionally, a table for preparing meals or kitchen-
related activities can be found. A l l thesc indicate the
be examined.
The pattern o f use o f shared spaces in multistorey
kampung illustrates that different types o f designs
accommodate the various behavior o f kampung
residents' daily life. These spaces, therefore, assume
varied socio-economic significance for the kampung
community, depending on the latter type o f their
housing. I n the daily life o f the community, however, the
lower end o f the planning hierarchy. like the corridor,
small hall, and shared facilities such as toilet or kitchen
are more frequently and intimately used. These spaces
would, therefore, potentially offer more opporti~nities for
creating sense o f commiinity than the public hall or'other
neighborhood facilities which are at the top o f planning
hierarchy.
3. Research Purposes and Methods
The goal o f this study is to provide an improved
information base and to use i t in judging the merits
o f conventional and innovative types o f kampung
with multi-storey housing as an alternative in urban
redevelopment projects. This study investigated the
continued living adaptability of kampung community in
using shared spaces o f kampung alley. A comparative
study o f vernacular landed karnpung and conventional
karnpung multistorey and innovative kampung cityblock
has been observed for recapturing past qualities o f
the sense o f kampung community and how they have
extension o f dwelling unit activity i n tire shared spaces compromised with the present condition.
for both economic and social purposes. This study examined the vernacular landed kampung
The shared spaces network which includes path, alley settings to be reorganized into new pattern o f
pocket open space, corridor, small hal l and shared space use and how the settings can be reorganized into
facilities in various types o f designs are the physical new conceptual arrangement o f space use patterns in
skeleton, which mainly function as a symbol o f l i fe multistorey kampung cooridor.
style in kampi~ng multistorey housing. Thus, the social This research used the configuration space approach,
and economic significance o f shared spaces has to be due to the fact that alleys are a collection o f linear-
understood and given the the necessary emphasis i f their shaped space connected to each other i n a settlement
@International Society of Habitat Engineering and Design
102 Prayitno
system. The data in this research which collected during three month ( from February 2012 to April 2012 ) was divided into three parts, namely the activities data taken by direct observations, the data containing kampung space structure used to determine the kampung alleys typology, and space connection data taken by using the space syntax method that is in nature quantitative with visual integration value, depth value, and permeability map. The aforementioned three types of data were compared in order to find a new model for rnultistorey housing designs that adopt the shape of a kampung.
4. Conceptual Model of Neighborly Shared Territory and Behavior The model of neighborly shared territory illustrates the
( ! i dynamic nature of territorial behavior and the strong interrelationship of social, economic, and physical
functions as pathways that connect nodes. Alleys a l s o func t ion a s shared spaces d a n
intermediary spaces between the inside dan the outside, therefore the alleys sometimes viewed as "the interiorization" of the exterior space ( Madge,2006). Therefore, they do not only function as narrow traffic paths, but also as shared occupancy with potential community interactions.
Through territorial behavior observations, shared spaces in the forms of alleys were also considered as an extension of the house, creating community occupancy (Brower, 1980). Observation on the relation between territorial behavior and threat simulation of setting system had also been done by Altman, Taylor, and Wheeler (1971). who discovered the existence of space appropriation concept in a territorial behavior model.
Prayitno (1997), out of his study using the space influences '. It also poses many questions about the appropriation concept approach, discovered the way in which changes are introduced into the system, continued living adaptability patterns from an alteration and about the effects of intervention. When they are of a setting system, that is from the neighborly shared stored in the consciousness, they should be traced back territory of a single-storeylground living kampung to the origin for getting the possibilities in creating to multistorey living. There are three elements that and discovering space appropriation with much contribute to the space appropriation: occupancy, diversification and new images in shared territorial attachment too place and defense that creates a sense of spaces. According to Wolch (2010). alleys create community. ~~nstructured setting for local community interaction and According to Hiller (1996), human behavior is not
- Jogoyudan kampung
Fig. 3 Research Spot Observations in Kampung Jogoyudan, Yogyakarta
@International Sociaty of Habitat Engineering and Design
An Analysis of Consolidation Patterns of Kampung Alley Living Space in Yogyakarta, Indonesia 103
only what happens to a space but also the shape of the This study aims to identify the sensitivity of the
space itself. A space can be used to d o any activity, model in responding to an addition or reduction in the
such as to walk, to eat, to study or t o sleep, but the level of control, whether similar forms of behavior
order o f t h e space arrangement on spatial pattern is respond t o similar conditions. and whether similar
what is termed as spatial configuration. Configuration design strategies are likely to have similar effects, to
explains.how the inter-spatial connection works. It also what extent sense o f kampung community provides
explains the connections among elements or the singular a context for shared territorial behavior that brings
connection of the space itself. Configuration on spatial about changes in living style. Design improvements
layout explains the connection among units of the space, caused by the effect changing living style related to
not distance-wise, but on the topography value. The the process of kampung improvement or development concept of measurement in space syntax is the depth will, by themselves, give the opportunities creating
instead of the distance measurement. This explains the diversification and new images in neighborly shared connection among spaces in a system. territorial spaces for emerging sense of kampung
The accessibility of a space becomes important in community. With the transformation from ground living a region as the ability of a space to 'communicate' with to multistorey living, there is inevitably a change in the
( 1 i other spaces in a region defines whether it is 'alive' or design and the pattern of use of alley shared spaces. As 'dead'. One of the most fundamental findings revealed the patterns are constitutive to the sense of kampung i n space syntax is that the pattern of movement and community, there is a corresponding transformation of interaction in a building are strongly influenced by the spatial organization of the community itself. the layout. Every spot in a space layout has a given
"accessibility space" value. Th i s value reflects a 5. Space Use Patterns of Kampung Alley complexity of a route from one spot to another in a Alley typology of J o g o y ~ ~ d a n kampung settlement system. This visual complexity influences movement in is influenced by the staircase-shaped tread with an two ways. First, the integrated locations are generally approximately 15 - 30 degrees slope. Jogoyudan easier to access so they are easier to reach with simple kampung a l l eys have a re la t ively narrow space routes. Second, "separated" locations in a system will be characteristic ( Im- 1.5 m) with the organic shape of difficult to reach from other locations. The consequence many branches. The kampung's alleys are divided into 4
is that the integrated locations will have more potential parts: the kampung's gates, outer alley, inner alley, and for being chosen as part o f the route to attract more the riversideouter alley. movements. The gate to the kampung has several typologies:
O u t ~ Alley
I I I I
Fig. 4 Alley Typology of Kampung Jogoyudan in the Code Riverfront Area
Olnternational Society of Habitat Engineering and Design
104 Prayitno
a pocket-shaped gate (pocket space) that connects the kampung with neighboring kampungs, and a linear gate connecting the kampung with the outside world. The typology of outer alley is linear in shape and located on the side in which the slope of 30 degrees. The typology of winding inner alley with many branches is on the 15 degrees slope and on average they have pockets (pocket space). The riverside outer alley is the alley located on the riverside and linear in shape. This alley also has pockets (pocket space) serving as shared space. The number of dwelling unitshouses in an alley ranges between 3 and 10 houses on average, with the alley as the building orientation. 5.1. Extension Space Limitation of space and typology pattern of winding
( . alley within a kampung creates a direct space connection characteristic between the swelling units and alley. Figure 5 displays the space connection of every type of alley, whether i t is the outer alley, inner alley, or riverside outer alley that is direct in nature, without any space in between. Every dwelling unit faces the alley directly. The figure of space connection diagram proves this point. The permeability map on each segment of alley spot and dwelling spot does not have any in-between space and massive limit. Every dwelling unit is directly connected to the alley.
The pattern of direct connection with no in-between
space between the dwelling units and all.ey and the space typology that tends to branch out with only a few dwelling units will cause the alley to have more functions not only as a circulation facility by also as a public space where residents interact.
Figure 5 shows that the addition function of the alley as public space will create more spaces used together (shared space) for activities like playing. trading (stalls), and household dinings (cooking, wedding, funeral). Due to the high demand for public space as social areas and the limited availability of space, pocket space is created. Pocket space is located the sides of the alley, among small groups of dwelling units (10 houses maximum per pocket space). 5.2. Space Interaction Attachment to a place creates an interaction in the form of gathering concentration on certain spots that reflects a sense of community. As seen in Figure 7, visibility value influences the residents' co-present. High Visibility Value causes the space to be easily seen and used as shared space. There are residents gathering points located i n
the pocket space that are divided into 2 types: house scale and neighborhood scale. House scale is the pocket space located in the alley between houses bordered by an intersection, with 3-10 units of house. Neighborhood scale is the pocket space located within the dwelling area used by all residents to gather. This area is not bordered
Gate I Ouler Alley I Inner Alley I Allcv Near Thc River I PcrmcabiliIy Map
Fig. 5 The Inside Space Relation and.The Space Outside of The Settlement
@International Society of Habitat Engineering and Design
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An Analysis of Consolidation Patterns of Kampung Alley Living Space in Yogyakarta, Indonesia 107
that of the residents living in landed housing because the social habits will not change.
From the analysis of Figure I la, the conventional type of corridcr in conventional flats is only utilized as a circulation. It is shown by the shape of the linear visibility pattern on the corridor both in single loaded and double loaded. Compared to Figure I l b that adopts the shape of kampung alley corridor with pocket space and the cluster pattern, the visual integration value of the corridor and pocket space increases. Clustered corridor and pocket space will create the space utilized as shared space, since spaces with high visual integration value will ease the way-finding in the system.
The intelligibility value of both types displays a
pattern adopting the corridor with pocket space that have higher space value R2=0.94 , while the conventional corridor has a lower value R2= 0.89. It proves that pocket space in the corridor space of dwelling units clusters will emphasize that the corridor does not only hnction as a circulation space but also a social space, a place for gathering and playing.
In Figure 12, the typology model of kampung alley with pocket space as a shared space is restructured into the corridor's configuration and the pattern of innovative kampung cityblock units, creating a new pattern with numerous visual integration value configuration of corridors and'pocket space. High visual integration value means that it would be easy to find a space in a
Fig. 10 Visual Integration Value of Nlultistorey Kampung Layout a) Conventional ( Flat Housing ) Model of Single and Double Loaded Corridor b) Model Adopted the
Principal Structure of Kampung Alley with Pocket Space
Fig.11 Scatter Diagram of the Corridors' intelligibility Relation a) Conventional Flat Corridor b) Corridor Adopting Kampung Alley's Structure
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spatial structure system. A corridor with a pocket space of a high visibility value will spur people to utilize it as a shared space because it is easy to reach each space in every dwelling units cluster. The openness on the corridor should be controlled with the space defense system, so that the.comdors in a cityblock are safe, and despite its nature as a public space, it would still be safe and can protect each dwelling unit's privacy
An alley is a space extension for the dwelling units that are utilized as shared space for many activities. This characteristic is transformed into cityblock model corridor. Conidors in a cityblock do not only function for circulation but are also used as shared spaces. By adopting the structure of a kampung consisted of clusters of 3-10 houses with one pocket space, the social
( 1 ' interaction habits in the kampungs will not change in a cityblock. In Figure 13, the permeability map shows
that the dwelling units, corridor, and pocket space on cityblock graph model are directly connected exactly as the alleys in a kampung.
The result of integration visual analysis shows that corridor and pocket space are strongly connected and will facilitate way-finding. An easily reached/accessed space will create activities for gathering or make it easier to arrange gatherings.
People who use corridors as shared spaces and circulation will create various temporary activities that will alternate both in the schedule and activities. It is necessary to control the corridor rout from the cityblock's gate to keep the circulation and activities system of the alley undisturbed. The result of step depth analysis in Figure 15 shows that every space has its own way-finding from the entrance into different dwelling units that would influence the choice of way taken to go
Fig, 12 Configuration of Settlement with the Concept of Pocket Space as Shared Space a).Kampung Model b) City Block Building Model c) CityBlock Settlement
Fig. 13 Diagram of Permeability Map on the Kampung Cityblock Configuration Model
@International Society of Habitat Engineering and Design
An Analysis of Consolidation Pattems of Kampung Alley Living Space in Yogyakarta, Indonesia 109
to each dwelling unit. This way, every corridor space
can be controlled and i t wi l l have a space defense system
that determines which space wi l l be closed and which
will be kept open in case o f temporary activities.
7. Conclusion
To this day, urban kampung redevelopment has not demonstrated any good result in engineering occupancy
behavior from landed housing to rnultistorey housing.
This can be identif ied from the many occupancy
behaviors that still do not go in accordance with their
built environment design. One that stands out is the
occupancy behavior i n the corridors o f rnultistorey
kampung's buildings. This behavior has not been able
to adopt the existing buil t environment within the
landed housing kampung. There are inappropriations
between the patterns o f occupancy behavior and the setting system o f corridors o f conventional multistorey
karnpung. This system is a form o f a new engineering
from kampung alleys o f landed housing. Because o f
Fig. 14 Kampung Cityblock Configuration Visual lntegration
Fig. 15 Step Depth Value from Cityblock Entrance
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Fig. 16 The lmage of Cityblock Model for Urban Kampung Upgrading
these inappropriations, Inany values o f kampung style l i v ~ n g have been lost. One o f them is the very strong
social interactions occuring i n the l i f e o f an urban
kampung.
Corridors in the conventional multistorey kamp11r.g
can be in the forms o f circulation paths either double
loaded corridor or a single loaded corridor (corridor
balcoliy type). These paths can on ly funct ion as a
circulation path ("go space"), and sometimes as a storage
("place space"). The function as an interaction space ("do
space, sit space, occur space") can no longer be found
in the buildings o f conventional multistorey housing. As
a result, the corridors become spaces with low visibility
and integrity value indicated by the non-occurring o f
connecting space due to the absence o f pocket spaces
that are ust~ally found in landed housing kampi~ng.
Through space syntax, this study simulated a
modeling o f innovative cityblock kampung based on the
pattelns of occupancy behaviors in kampung alleys and
pocket spaces. This study also learned from the failure
o f conventional ~nodels o f multistorey housing. I n this
simulation it is found that:
1 . Al leys i n a kampung do not only function as
connectors between residential unitslhouses but
also spaces for social interaction (social shared
space) in the forms o f pocket spaces at the cuts o f the alleys as a common space for residents
gathering.
2. Through visual assessment o f conventional
corridor integrations (single and double loaded
corridor) in multistorey kampung, these corridors
are only used as circulation paths so spaces for
gathering cannot be found.
3. Consolidation pattern o f alleys i n the model o f
innovative kampung cityblock tries-to adopt an
alley pattern with pocket spaces as an integrated
system o f al ley space setting. The results o f
the simulation o f space syntax show that this
consolidation is able to improve the Function o f
corridors not only as a circulation but also i s a
space for social interaction.
4. By regulating the closing and opening o f the
entrance o f a bu i ld ing or part o f a corridor,
this space w i l l have a defensible space system
@International Society of Habitat Engineering and Oesign
An Analysis of Consolidation Patterns of ffirnpung Alley Living Space in Yogyakarta. Indonesia 111
so that the common shape o f the corridor can
st i l l provide private spaces. I t can also provide
security for residential units. T h e benefits go i n
accordance w i th occupancy behaviors in landed
housing kampung, wh ich i n certain times the
characteristics o f occupancy in lcampung alleys
need to be changed from community occupancy to private occupancy (such as when there is a
wedding, funeral ceremony, religious community
meeting, etc). This regulation can also function to
prcvide security within the residential area.
I t can be deduced from the aforementioned findings
that i n order to create continued l i v ing adaptability performance f rom landed housing kampung alleys
to kampung ci tyblock corridor, consolidation i n the
(.'- ) form o f restructuring and strengthening is absolutely necessary. The consolidation is done on the use o f
kampung's l i v i ng space i n the form o f landed alley kampung patterns. Landed kampung alley patterns in the form of alley space and pocket space are a unity capable
o f shaping social interactions. Furthermore, defensible
space arrangement has to be adopted into the new
patterns o f kampi~ng corridor i n innovative kampung
cityblock.
Acknowledgements
The author would l ike to thank to Widi Cahya Yudhanta
and [ w a n Yudha Hadinata for their cooperation and help
relating to the survey and analysis the data used in this
research.
Notes
I Kampung housed about two thirds o f urban population
in Indonesia, which contain various sizes and shapes
o f housing, and most ly occi~ppied by the low and
middle-low income families. After improvements by
K IP ( Kampung Improvement Program ), nowadays
the kamp~ings are not necessary a poor housing areas
within the cities.
2 The word 'alley' is related to Old French words 'alee-
allee' in Modern French means 'a path, passage, way,
corridor' and 'aler' or 'alare' which are supposed to
be a contraction o f the Latin. 'ambulare' that means
to walk, which is also sources o f the English word
'amble' (Wolch,2OIO)
3.The 'gardu ronda' is usually located i n the gale
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i n kampung a l l ey o r in other strategic place fo r
commun i t y night p a t r o l b y vo lunteer m e n w h o
participate i n the commdty security o f their kampung l iving in the night, .# 'gardu ronda' also can be used interchangeable f o r multipurpose activities. In the
morning, sometimes used for morning market stall.
i n the day used for children playing and some people also used for taking a rest and i n the night used for
community night patrol.
4 Currently, several urban redevelopment projects of
kampung housing are being carried out i n Indonesian
vernacular urban settlement typically called kampung
housing. The planner emphasizes that it has a proper concept i n imp lemen t i ng urban redevelopment
projects, so that karnpung dwellers would not have to
move from their original areas. The basic principle o f this project was to resettle all cjf the former residents
without changing their existing l iving style. 5. There are three types o f funct ional relationship
be teween h u m a n b e h a v i o r and the p h y s i c a l
environment, which have differentiated by Wohlwill
(1970). The first type, the environmental context limits
the particular behavior patterns that can occur within
it. The second type o f relationship is one i n which
some o f the qualities that characterize specific residing
within them. The third type, environment serves as a motivating forces which may result i n either strong
feelings or attitudes, approach or avoidance behavior,
or adaptation.
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