purpose · web viewduring the eleven year study period from 1 january 2001 to 31 december 2011...

DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH

Hospitalised childhood injuries in the Northern Territory 2001-

2011

Steven SkovEmily O’KearneyKaren Dempsey


AcknowledgementsThe authors are grateful to all who have assisted in this report including the Department of Health data warehouse team for providing hospital data for analysis in useable formats. Thanks also to Drs Vicki Krause and Yuejen Zhao for reviewing and providing valuable comments on early drafts of the report.

© Department of Health, Northern Territory 2016

This publication is copyright. The information in this report may be freely copied and distributed for non-profit purposes such as study, research, health service management and public information subject to the inclusion of an acknowledgement of the source. Reproduction for other purposes requires the written permission of the Chief Executive Officer of the Department of Health, Northern Territory.

Suggested citation

Skov S, O’Kearney E, Dempsey K. Hospitalised childhood injury in the Northern Territory 2001-2011, Department of Health, Darwin, 2016

ISBN 978 0 9924437 3 3

An electronic version is available at: http://www.health.nt.gov.au/s/Health_Gains_Planning_Publications/index.aspx

General enquiries about this publication should be directed to:

Director, Health Gains Planning,

Department of Health

PO Box 40596, Casuarina, NT 0811

Phone: (08) 8985 8074

Email: [email protected]

HOSPITALISED CHILDHOOD INJURIES IN THE NORTHERN TERRITORY 2001-2011


TABLE OF CONTENTSSUMMARY.................................................................................................................................................. 1

Falls.............................................................................................................................................................2Other unintentional injury...........................................................................................................................2Transport....................................................................................................................................................3Exposure to smoke, fire, heat and hot substances......................................................................................3Assault........................................................................................................................................................4

INTRODUCTION AND METHODOLOGY......................................................................................................... 5

OVERVIEW OF ALL CAUSES OF INJURY.......................................................................................................................7TRENDS OVER TIME............................................................................................................................................10

EXTERNAL CAUSES OF INJURY................................................................................................................... 16

External causes of injury by age................................................................................................................20External causes of injury by region............................................................................................................24

FALLS........................................................................................................................................................ 25

TRENDS OVER TIME............................................................................................................................................27TYPES OF FALL...................................................................................................................................................31

OTHER UNINTENTIONAL INJURY................................................................................................................ 34

TRENDS OVER TIME............................................................................................................................................36TYPES AND CAUSES OF OTHER UNINTENTIONAL INJURY..............................................................................................40

TRANSPORT RELATED INJURIES................................................................................................................. 44

TRENDS OVER TIME............................................................................................................................................46TYPES OF TRANSPORT INJURY...............................................................................................................................50

SMOKE, FIRE, HEAT AND HOT SUBSTANCES...............................................................................................55

TRENDS OVER TIME............................................................................................................................................57Types of Exposure to smoke, fire, heat and hot substances......................................................................60

ASSAULT................................................................................................................................................... 64

TRENDS OVER TIME............................................................................................................................................66TYPES OF ASSAULT INJURIES.................................................................................................................................69

Perpetrators..............................................................................................................................................71

LIST OF TABLES.......................................................................................................................................... 72

LIST OF FIGURES........................................................................................................................................ 75

REFERENCES.............................................................................................................................................. 78


Summary During the eleven year study period from 1 January 2001 to 31 December 2011 there were 10,428 hospitalisations in children age 0–14 years in NT public hospitals with annual counts varying between 835 (2005) and 1,039 (2011). Boys outnumbered girls throughout the study period with 62% of admissions overall: this proportion was virtually the same for both Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal children. Australia wide, boys comprised 63% of admissions during a similar but not identical time period (1999-2007). Aboriginal children accounted for 52% of all admissions in the NT. In NT non-Aboriginal children the proportions in each age group were 0-4 year olds 34%, 5-9 years 33% and 10-14 years 33% which was very similar to the national proportions. Proportions in NT Aboriginal children were a few percent higher among 0--4 and 5-9 year olds and 8% less in 10-14 year olds.

Rates for all injuries combined were higher in the NT than seen Australia wide. Between 1999–2007 Australia wide the yearly age standardised rate for all injuries in all children declined very slightly and was around 1,500 per 100,000 population. In the NT, the age-standardised rate over the period 2001–2011 was 1,717 per 100,000 population with a significantly increasing trend over the study period. The NT annual rate varied between 1,520 and 1,922 and was in excess of 1,600 per 100,000 population in eight of the 11 study years.

Age-standardised rates were higher in the NT than nationally for boys and girls. Rates for NT Aboriginal children were significantly higher than both NT non-Aboriginal children and all Australian children. NT non-Aboriginal rates were broadly similar to the all of Australia rates. A significant increase over the study period was seen in rates for NT Aboriginal children, both boys and girls, but not for either sex among non-Aboriginal children.

Rates in the Central Australian region in both Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal children were significantly higher than those in the Top End region and increased over the study period whereas Top End region rates showed no significant change.

For all injury types combined, the Barkly district had the highest age-standardised rate over the whole study period followed by Katherine and the Alice Springs Rural district. The Darwin Urban district had the lowest rate.

The leading five injury causes in the NT were, Falls (39%), Other unintentional injury (32%), Transport (12%), Exposure to smoke, fire, heat and hot substances (8%), and Assault (4%). Aboriginal children had the same top five but with Other unintentional injury in first place and Falls in second place. The top five causes for NT non-Aboriginal children and for the whole of Australia were, in order, Falls, Other unintentional injury, Transport, Exposure to smoke, fire, heat and hot substances and Poisoning, pharmaceuticals. The proportions accounted for by each of the top 3 causes were fairly similar in the NT and nationally. In total, Falls, Other unintentional injury and Transport were responsible for about 88% of all admissions nationally and in NT non-Aboriginal children and about 83% in NT Aboriginal children.

HOSPITALISED CHILDHOOD INJURIES IN THE NORTHERN TERRITORY 2001-2011 1


FallsDuring the study period there were 4,045 hospitalisations for fall injuries with a low of 318 in 2005 up to 425 in 2010. Fall injuries accounted for a relatively greater proportion of non-Aboriginal admissions (43%) than Aboriginal ones (35%). The age-standardised rate in non-Aboriginal children (637 per 100,000) was similar to the national rate (around 650 per 100,000) and lower than that for Aboriginal children (723 per 100,000). Over the study period the NT rates for the whole population, all boys and Aboriginal children showed an increasing trend but did not change for non-Aboriginal children of either sex. Rates were highest in the 5–9 year old age group for both Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal children.

The age-standardised rate was also higher in Central Australia with an increasing trend than the Top End where there was no significant trend over time. The Katherine district had the highest rate over the study period followed by the Barkly with the lowest rate in the Darwin Urban district.

The top 10 most common types of falls accounted for 90% of all falls hospitalisations in the NT and 88% Australia wide. Nine of the top 10 causes were the same in the NT as nationally. The most common type of fall for NT non-Aboriginal and Aboriginal children and nationally was Fall involving playground equipment. Fall from tree was in third place in the NT but in 10th place nationally whereas Fall from out of or through building was in 7th place in the NT but not in the top 10 nationally. Both of these fall types were more important causes for Aboriginal than non-Aboriginal children in the NT.

Other unintentional injuryThis injury category is comprised of a wide range of diverse injury types. There were 3,380 hospitalisations over the entire study period for Other unintentional injury with a low of 256 in 2003 and a high of 372 in 2010. Aboriginal children accounted for 57% of this category of injuries and they were the most common type of injury responsible for admissions among Aboriginal children. The age-standardised rate for Aboriginal children was substantially higher than for non-Aboriginal children (731 and 421 per 100,000 population respectively). The overall NT rate of 554 per 100,000 was higher than the national rate of around 475 and showed an increasing trend, whereas the national rate did not change. Within the NT, rates for all boys, all girls and Aboriginal children increased over time.

The rates in Central Australia were significantly higher than the Top End for both Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal children. An increasing trend was apparent in Central Australia but not in the Top End. The Barkly district had the highest rate overall followed by East Arnhem with the lowest rate seen in the Darwin Urban district.

The top 10 causes accounted for 76% of Other unintentional injuries in the NT; virtually the same proportion as nationally. Eight of the top 10 causes were the same in the NT as nationally but in somewhat different orders and proportions. A major difference in the NT was injuries due to contact with animals. Bitten or crushed by other reptiles and Contact with venomous animals were much more common in the NT as was Bitten or struck by dog to a lesser extent. Contact with venomous animals was much more common in Aboriginal children.

2 HOSPITALISED CHILDHOOD INJURIES IN THE NORTHERN TERRITORY 2001-2011


TransportThere were 1,296 hospitalisations related to transport injuries of which all but seven were land transport-related. The numbers ranged from 88 in 2011 to 145 in 2008. Transport injuries caused a greater proportion of non-Aboriginal admissions (16% compared with 9% in Aboriginal children), and non-Aboriginal children accounted for 61% of transport injury admissions. The age-standardised rate during the study period was significantly higher among non-Aboriginal children for the whole NT and in the Top End. The overall rate in the NT (218 per 100,000) was very similar to the national rate. The Central Australian rate was higher than the Top End. There was no significant increasing or decreasing trend over time in any population sub-group or region in the NT. The Alice Springs Urban district had the highest overall rate followed by Katherine with the lowest rate in the Darwin Rural district.

In contrast to the age group distribution for all injury types, 10–14 year olds accounted for the greatest proportion of transport injuries in both Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal children with the 0–4 year age group the smallest proportion. This is the same profile as seen Australia wide.

The most common modes of transport relating to hospitalisations in the NT were Pedal cycle (44%), Car (20%), Motor cycle (12%), Pedestrian (9%) and Animal or animal drawn vehicle (5%). This is the same as Australia wide and with similar proportions with the exception that Car and Motor cycle are in the reverse order. Injuries relating to Special all terrain or off road vehicles were notably more common in the NT.

Pedal cycle injuries were the most common type for both Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal NT children although relatively more important for non-Aboriginal children. Car-related injuries and pedestrian injuries were relatively more common in Aboriginal admissions.

The top 10 single causes made up 83% of all transport injury hospitalisations both in the NT and Australia wide with eight of the top 10 causes being the same. The most common single cause of transport injury hospitalisations both in the NT and nationally was a pedal cyclist injured in non-collision transport accident. Occupant of special all-terrain or other motor vehicle designed primarily for off road use injured in transport accident was in 7th place in the NT but was not in the top ten nationally.

Exposure to smoke, fire, heat and hot substancesThere were 777 hospitalisations due to this cause during the study period with a low of 47 in 2002 and a high of 102 in 2011. This cause was relatively more important in Aboriginal children accounting for 9% of their admissions compared with 6% for non-Aboriginal children, with 65% of these admissions being in Aboriginal children. The age-standardised rate was substantially higher in Aboriginal than non-Aboriginal children (183 and 73 per 100,000 population respectively). The national rate was around 55 per 100,000 population. Australia wide there was no significant change in age-standardised rates between 1999 and 2007 but in the NT rates did increase significantly for all children, all boys, all girls, both Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal children and both regions. The overall age-standardised rate was higher in Central Australia than the Top End. The Alice Springs Rural district had the highest rate overall followed by Darwin Rural with the lowest rate in the Darwin Urban district.

The youngest children accounted for a much greater proportion of these injuries with 69% of them being in the 0–4 year age group in the NT and 70% Australia wide.



The top 10 types of injury were responsible for 94% of NT hospitalisations due to exposure to smoke, fire, heat or hot substances, and 93% Australia wide. Of the top 10 causes, nine were the same in the NT as nationally. The major difference being in the NT that Exposure to controlled fire not in building or structure -- which are mostly campfire burns -- was the most common cause for both Aboriginal (27%) and non-Aboriginal children (24%) whereas nationally it was only responsible for 4% of admissions and in 9th place. The other most common causes in both the NT and nationally were Contact with hot drinks, food, fats and cooking oils, Contact with other hot fluids and Contact with hot water.

AssaultThere were 398 admissions arising from assaults ranging from 30 in 2001 to 42 in 2002. Assault admissions accounted for 3.8% of all injury admissions in the NT and were in 5th place overall compared to 1.3% of all admissions Australia wide and 7th place. Assault was a much more important cause of admissions amongst Aboriginal children who accounted for 82% of all such admissions and for whom they represented 8% of all admissions compared with 1% for non-Aboriginal children. Boys and girls accounted for equal proportions of assault-related admissions, whereas for all injuries boys represented 62%. Among admissions for Aboriginal children, girls outnumbered boys. Age standardised rates were much higher in Aboriginal children and in central Australia. The highest rate was seen in the Barkly district followed by Alice Springs Rural with the lowest in the Darwin Urban district.



Introduction and methodologyThis is the first report on injury hospitalisation in the Northern Territory (NT) that is specific to children. It examines hospitalisations related to community injuries for children under 15 years of age who were hospitalised during the years 2001 to 2011.

Injuries cover a broad spectrum of events and include, in addition to those caused by various physical impacts or traumas, events such as poisonings, burns, drowning or near drowning, contact with venomous animals or plants and exposure to the natural elements. The report presents information on childhood injury hospitalisation for three age groups (0-4, 5-9 and 10-14) by calendar year.

Public hospital admission data were searched for injury cases admitted during the 11 year period 2001 to 2011. Records with primary diagnosis codes in the International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10th Revision, Australian Modification (ICD-10-AM) reference range S00-T75 or T79, were included. This ICD-10-AM code range is that defined by the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare to represent “community injuries”; that is, those usually sustained in the community setting1. Cases included were aged between 0 and 14 at the time of hospitalisation. Variables used in the analysis included birth date, admission date, separation date, sex, Aboriginal status, residential district and principal diagnosis. The cause of the injury was determined by reference to the first listed external cause code in the list of secondary diagnosis ICD-10-AM codes.

A ‘case’ or ‘hospitalisation’ is described as a hospital admission or group of linked admissions for one person with a principal diagnosis of an injury. Using the hospital registration number, which is a unique patient identifier in the NT, if an admission to a hospital occurred within one day of a separation from another acute hospital or another ward within the same hospital, and had the same principal diagnosis, the admissions were linked and counted as one hospitalisation.

Age standardised rates were calculated on the basis of injury cases for NT residents only using the –dstdize- command in STATA IC version 13.1 statistical software (Stata Corporation 2013). Population rates were calculated using denominators derived from the NT Department of Health population data set. This data set is compiled from the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) estimates of the annual (mid-year) resident population in each of the NT Health Districts and predicted estimates of the Indigenous population. Age-standardised rates were calculated by standardising to the 2001 Australian Estimated Resident Population. Trends over time for rates were analysed by negative binomial regression using the –nbreg- command in STATA.

The methods of this study were closely based on the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW) report Trends in hospitalised childhood injury in Australia 1999-072. Much of the data are displayed in a similar format to this report. Throughout the current document regular comparisons are made to national level data contained in this AIHW report in order to provide some context for the NT situation. These instances are not specifically referenced each time but where reference is made to rates or proportions “Australia wide” or nationally, the source is this AIHW document. In addition, there is extra focus in the current report on data concerning Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal children, the differences seen between Central Australia and the Top End and finer detail concerning causes of injury than is possible to do at a national level. Tables regarding trend analysis of age standardised rates over time are presented in Appendix I.



The structure of the report is as follows:

Executive summary Overview of all causes of injury External causes of injury Falls injuries Other unintentional Injuries Transport injuries Exposure to smoke, fire, heat and hot substances Assault injuries



Overview of all causes of injuryIn the 11 year period, there were 10,428 hospitalisations for injuries in children in the NT. Children normally resident outside of the NT accounted for 609 admissions (5.8%). Boys made up 62% of hospitalisations overall and outnumbered girls in all age groups with the relative proportions being very similar for both Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal children. See table 1.1. Australia wide during the years 1999-2007, boys accounted for 63% of all childhood injury hospitalisations. Australia wide between 1999-2007, the gap between the proportion of girls and boys hospitalised for injury increased with age group and this trend is also seen in both NT Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal children. The ratio of boys to girls in the NT was 1.61:1 for all children, 1.58:1 for Aboriginal children and 1.65:1 for non-Aboriginal children. Australia wide it was 1.7:1.

Table 1.1: Estimated number of children hospitalised for injury by sex and Indigenous status, NT, 2001-2011

Aboriginal Non Aboriginal TotalNo. of cases Percent

No. of cases Percent


Male 3286 31.5 3149 30.2 6435 61.7Female 2081 20 1912 18.3 3993 38.3Total 5367 51.5 5061 48.5 10428 100

The proportions of boys and girls in each age group in both Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal NT children and Australia wide were very similar with the greatest difference of 4% occurring between NT Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal 10-14 year olds. See tables 1.2-1.5.

Table 1.2: Estimated number of all children hospitalised for injury by sex and age group, NT, 2001-110-4 5-9 10-14 All children



No. of cases

Percent


Girls 1,627 44 1,444 39 922 31 3,993 38Boys 2,078 56 2,261 61 2,096 69 6,435 62All children 3,705 100 3,705 100 3,018 100 10,428 100

Table 1.3: Estimated number of Aboriginal children hospitalised for injury by sex and age group, NT, 2001-11

0-4 5-9 10-14 All childrenNo. of cases Percent




Girls 862 43 783 39 436 33 2081 39Boys 1147 57 1240 61 899 67 3286 61All children 2009 100 2023 100 1335 100 5367 100

Table 1.4: Estimated number of non-Aboriginal children hospitalised for injury by sex and age group, NT, 2001-11

0-4 5-9 10-14 All childrenNo. of cases Percent




Girls 765 45 661 39 486 29 1,912 38Boys 931 55 1,021 61 1,197 71 3,149 62All children 1,696 100 1,682 100 1,683 100 5,061 100



Table 1.5: Estimated number and relative proportions of children hospitalised for injury by age group and Indigenous status, NT, 2001-2011 and Australia wide 1999-2007

NT Aboriginal NT Non Aboriginal NT Total NationalNo. of cases Percent




0 to 4 2009 37.4 1696 33.5 3705 35.5 154456 32.85 to 9 2023 37.7 1682 33.2 3705 35.5 146739 31.110 to 14 1335 25 1683 33.3 3018 29 170221 36.1Total 5367 100 5061 100 10428 100 471416 100

The age-standardised injury hospitalisation rate for NT resident children from 2001 to 2011 was 1,716 cases per 100,000 population per year. The corresponding Australian rate in 1999-00 to 2006-07 was approximately 1,500 cases per 100,000 population per year. Over the study period the age standardised rates for boys and girls in the NT were 2,062 and 1,344 per 100,000 population compared to about 1,900 and 1,150 respectively Australia wide.

Age standardised rates in the NT were significantly higher for Aboriginal children in both Central Australia and the Top End, and higher in Central Australia than in the Top End for both Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal children. See table 1.6. The rate ratio between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal children in the NT was 1.39. In comparison, in the whole of Australia in 2007-2008 for children up to age 17 the rate ratio was 1.33.

Table 1.6: Age standardised rates of childhood injury hospitalisations per 100,000 population by region and Indigenous status, NT residents 2001-2011

Aboriginal Non Aboriginal All childrenRate 95% CI Rate 95% CI Rate 95% CI

Top End 1883.5 1820-1948

1428.3 1384-1473

1605.3 1568-1642

Central Australia

2437 2325-2550

1665.7 1559-1773

2106.4 2028-2185

All NT 2046.9 1991-2103

1468.4 1427-1510

1716.5 1683-1750

The Barkly district had the highest rates of childhood injury hospitalisation followed by Katherine, Alice Springs Rural and East Arnhem. The lowest rate overall was seen in the Darwin Urban district. See figure 1.1.



Figure 1.1: Age standardised rates of childhood injury hospitalisations per 100,000 population by District, NT residents 2001-2011

NT wide Alice Springs Rural

Alice Springs Urban

Barkly Darwin Rural

Darwin Urban

East Arnhem

Katherine0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000



TRENDS OVER TIMEDuring the study period the number of children admitted each year varied between 835 in 2005 and 1,091 in 2010. See table 1.7.

Table 1.7: Estimated number of children hospitalised for injury by year, sex and age group, NT 2001-11.Year 0-4 5-9 10-14 All children2001

Boys 146 222 163 531Girls 140 119 71 330Children 286 341 234 861

2002Boys 165 209 183 557Girls 149 130 85 364Children 314 339 268 921










Total cases 3705 3705 3018 10428



In the whole of Australia age standardised rates of childhood injury hospitalisation varied within a narrow range during the period 1999-2007 with overall a slightly decreasing trend when analysed using negative binomial regression. In the NT the same analysis showed a significant increasing trend over the study period (2.6% 95%CI 1.4%-3.7%). Nationally, for boys, rates varied between 1,738 and 1,863 cases per 100,000 population and for girls between 1,105 and 1,171 per 100,000 population. In the NT, there was a greater degree of variation at a somewhat higher level for both sexes. For boys, rates varied between 1,661 and 2,355 per 100,000 population and were in excess of 2,000 per 100,000 population for 7 of the 11 years of the study period. For girls rates varied between 1,163 and 1,510 and were in excess of 1,300 per 100,000 population for 7 of the 11 years. Rates for boys varied between 1.2 times (2005) and 1.7 times (2004) those for girls. In the NT, there was a significantly increasing trend for both sexes during the study period. Aboriginal boys had the highest rates with their rates varying between 1,997 and 3,015 per 100,000 population. Aboriginal girls and non-Aboriginal boys had quite similar rates fluctuating respectively in a range just below and just above the national rate for boys. NT non-Aboriginal girls had the lowest rates at levels quite similar to the national rates for girls. There was a significant increase over time in both sexes in Aboriginal children but in neither boys nor girls in non-Aboriginal children. See figures 1.2 & 1.3.

Figure 1.2: Age standardised rates of childhood injury hospitalisation per 100,000 population by year and sex, NT residents, 2001-2011



Figure 1.3: Age standardised rates of childhood injury hospitalisation per 100,000 population, by year, sex and Indigenous status, NT residents 2001-2011

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 20110

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

Aboriginal boysAboriginal girlsNon Aboriginal boysNon Aboriginal girls

Figures 1.4 – 1.6 present age specific rates of injury hospitalisation for the three age groups. In the 0-4 and 5-9 year age groups Aboriginal boys had clearly the highest rates and non-Aboriginal girls the lowest. Aboriginal girls and non-Aboriginal boys had similar rates with Aboriginal girls being slightly higher in 0-4 year olds and slightly lower in 5-9 year olds. In 10-14 year olds a different profile was seen with boys of both groups having quite similar rates as did girls of both groups, with the rates for boys being significantly higher than for girls.

Australia wide, age specific rates varied in a relatively narrow range and were for

0-4 year old boys around 1,600-1,700 per 100,000 population and 1,400 for girls, 5-9 year old boys around 1,600 and 1,150 for girls, and 10-14 year old boys around 2,100 and 950 for girls.



Figure 1.4: Age specific rates of 0-4 year old injury hospitalisation by sex and Indigenous status, NT residents 2001-2011

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 20110

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500



2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 20110

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000





2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 20110

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000


Different rates of hospitalisation were observed in Central Australia and the Top End with the age standardised rates over the whole study period being 2,106 and 1,605 per 100,000 population respectively (table 1.6). At the beginning of the study period, rates were similar in both regions. However, rates increased significantly for both Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal children in Central Australia but did not do so for either group in the Top End. See figures 1.7 & 1.8.

Figure 1.7: Age standardised rates of childhood injury hospitalisation per 100,000 population by year and region, NT residents, 2001-2011



2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 20110

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

Central AustraliaTop EndAll NT

Figure 1.8: Age standardised rates of childhood injury hospitalisation by year, region and Indigenous status, NT residents, 2001-2011

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 20110

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

Central AboriginalCentral Non Aboriginal Top End AboriginalTop End Non Aboriginal



External causes of injuryThe greatest number of injury hospitalisations in children were caused by Falls (38.8%), followed by Other unintentional injuries (32.4%) and transport injuries (12.4%). The same ranking of injury types with very similar proportions occurred Australia wide with Falls at 41%, Other unintentional injuries at 33% and transport at 14%. The NT had higher proportions of admissions for assault (3.8% vs 0.9%) and for injuries due to smoke, fire heat and hot substances (7.5% vs 3.5%) but a lower proportion due to poisoning due to pharmaceuticals (2% vs 3.4%).

In the NT, there were more males hospitalised in every cause category except assault, for which the proportions of males and females were equal, and intentional self-harm where 76% of hospitalisations were female. Australia wide, girls predominated in hospitalisations from intentional self-harm but for assault, the numbers of boys were nearly twice those for girls.

Falls and transport injuries were relatively more important causes of hospitalisation for NT non-Aboriginal children, while the opposite was true for Other unintentional injuries, injuries from Exposure to smoke, fire, heat and hot substances, and assault. Aboriginal girls outnumbered boys for assault hospitalisations. Broadly speaking, the proportions due to other causes of injuries were similar between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal children. See tables 2.1 – 2.3.



Table 2.1: Estimated number of all children hospitalised for injury, by external cause and sex, NT 2001-11

Girls Boys All children

External causeNo of cases Percent

No of cases Percent

No of cases Percent

Unintentional injuries

Falls 1564 39.2 2481 38.6 4045 38.8

Other unintentional injury 1259 31.5 2121 33 3380 32.4

Transport 400 10 896 13.9 1296 12.4

Smoke, fire, heat and hot substances

320 8 457 7.1 777 7.5

Poisoning, pharmaceuticals 99 2.5 106 1.6 205 2

Poisoning, other substances 52 1.3 75 1.2 127 1.2

Drowning 36 0.9 50 0.8 86 0.8

Intentional injuries

Assault 199 5 199 3.1 398 3.8

Intentional self-harm 41 1 13 0.2 54 0.5

Undetermined intent 18 0.5 26 0.4 44 0.4

Other 5 0.1 11 0.2 16 0.2

Total 3993 100 6435 100 10428 100



Table 2.2: Estimated number of Aboriginal children hospitalised for injury, by external cause and sex, NT 2001-11


External causeNo of cases Percent

No of cases Percent

No of cases Percent


Falls 716 34.4 1,149 35.0 1,865 34.7

Other unintentional injury 704 33.8 1,218 37.1 1,922 35.8

Transport 153 7.4 350 10.7 503 9.4

Smoke, fire, heat and hot substances 210 10.1 291 8.9 501 9.3

Poisoning, pharmaceuticals 44 2.1 48 1.5 92 1.7


Drowning 13 0.6 18 0.5 31 0.6


Assault 176 8.5 149 4.5 325 6.1

Intentional self-harm 26 1.2 11 0.3 37 0.7


Other 1 0.0 8 0.2 9 0.2

Total 2,081 100 3,286 100 5,367 100



Table 2.3: Estimated number of non-Aboriginal children hospitalised for injury, by external cause and sex, NT 2001-11


External causeNo of cases

Percent

No of cases Percent

No of cases Percent


Falls 848 44.4 1332 42.3 2,180 43.1

Other unintentional injury 555 29.0 903 28.7 1,458 28.8

Transport 247 12.9 546 17.3 793 15.7

Smoke, fire, heat and hot substances 110 5.8 166 5.3 276 5.5

Poisoning, pharmaceuticals 55 2.9 58 1.8 113 2.2


Drowning 23 1.2 32 1.0 55 1.1


Assault 23 1.2 50 1.6 73 1.4

Intentional self-harm 15 0.8 2 0.1 17 0.3


Other 4 0.2 3 0.1 7 0.1

Total 1912 100 3149 100 5061 100



External causes of injury by ageBroadly the pattern of external causes of injury in NT children was the same as seen at the national level. Falls and Other unintentional injuries were the top two types of injury for all age groups in the NT and nationally. Fall injury hospitalisations were most common in the 5-9 year age group which made up almost 50% of all fall injuries in the NT. In the NT, transport injuries were in third place for 5-9 and 10-14 year olds, but for 0-4 year olds, the third highest were injuries due to smoke, fire, heat and hot substances. Assaults accounted for the fifth highest proportion in all age groups.

Proportions of Other unintentional injury hospitalisations were similar between the three age groups. The numbers of transport injury hospitalisations increased with age group. All other types of specific unintentional external causes have the majority of hospitalisations occurring in the youngest age group. Over 90% of all poisoning by pharmaceuticals and drowning hospitalisations occurred in 0-4 year olds.

Across all ages, Other unintentional injuries, Exposure to smoke, fire, heat and hot substances and assaults accounted for greater proportions of hospitalisations amongst Aboriginal children while the reverse was true for transport injuries and Falls. This pattern was seen across all age groups. See tables 2.4 – 2.6 and figure 2.1.

0-4 year oldsThe most common causes of hospitalisations in this age group were Other unintentional injuries and Falls as was seen at the national level. The third highest cause of hospitalisations in this group were injuries due to smoke, fire, heat and hot substances (14.5%) followed by transport (5.8%), poisoning by pharmaceuticals (5.2%) and assault (4.1%). Nationally, poisoning by pharmaceuticals was the third leading cause. This age group accounted for 69% of all burns hospitalisations, 87% of all poisoning hospitalisations and 91.8% of those due to drowning with similar proportions being observed at the national level.

5-9 year oldsFalls and Other unintentional injuries were the most common causes in 5-9 year olds with Falls being responsible for a higher proportion than in the other age groups and accounting for 46.6% of all hospitalisations. This pattern is also seen at the national level. Transport injuries were in third place followed by Exposure to smoke, fire, heat and hot substances.

10-14 year oldsFalls, Other unintentional injuries and transport injuries were the three leading causes in this age group followed by assaults. Over half (57%) of all transport injury hospitalisations were in this age group as was the case nationally. Almost all (94.4%) of hospitalisations due to intentional self harm were in this age group as was also seen at the national level.



Table 2.4: Estimated number of all children hospitalised for injury, by age group and external cause, NT, 2001-11

0-4 5-9 10-14 All children


Per cent

No of cases

Per cent

No of cases

Per cent

No of cases

Per cent


Falls 1097 29.6 1884 50.9 1064 35.3 4,045 38.8

Other unintentional injury 1308 35.3 1150 31.0 922 30.6 3,380 32.4

Transport 216 5.8 406 11.0 674 22.3 1,296 12.4

Smoke, fire, heat and hot substances 537 14.5 141 3.8 99 3.3 777 7.5

Poisoning, pharmaceuticals 188 5.1 13 0.4 4 0.1 205 2.0

Poisoning, other substances 102 2.8 12 0.3 13 0.4 127 1.2

Drowning 79 2.1 4 0.1 3 0.1 86 0.8


Assault 150 4.1 73 2.0 175 5.8 398 3.8

Intentional self-harm 1 0.0 2 0.1 51 1.7 54 0.5

Undetermined intent 20 0.5 13 0.4 11 0.4 44 0.4

Other 7 0.2 7 0.2 2 0.1 16 0.2

Total 3705 100 3705 100 3018 100 10,428 100



Table 2.5: Estimated number of Aboriginal children hospitalised for injury, by age group and external cause, NT, 2001-11


External cause

No of case

sPer cent

No of cases

Per cent

No of cases

Per cent

No of cases

Per cent


Falls 503 25.0 959 47.4 403 30.2 1865 34.7

Other unintentional injury 719 35.8 729 36.0 474 35.5 1922 35.8

Transport 115 5.7 167 8.3 221 16.6 503 9.4




Drowning 26 1.3 2 0.1 3 0.2 31 0.6


Assault 135 6.7 54 2.7 136 10.2 325 6.1



Other 5 0.2 4 0.2 0 0.0 9 0.2

Total 2009 100 2023 100 1335 100 5367 100



Table 2.6: Estimated number of non-Aboriginal children hospitalised for injury, by age group and external cause, NT, 2001-11



Per cent

No of cases

Per cent

No of cases

Per cent

No of cases

Per cent


Falls 594 35.0 925 55.0 661 39.3 2180 43.1

Other unintentional injury 589 34.7 421 25.0 448 26.6 1458 28.8

Transport 101 6.0 239 14.2 453 26.9 793 15.7




Drowning 53 3.1 2 0.1 0 0.0 55 1.1


Assault 15 0.9 19 1.1 39 2.3 73 1.4



Other 2 0.1 3 0.2 2 0.1 7 0.1

Total 1696 100 1682 100 1683 100 5061 100



Figure 2.1: Estimated number of children hospitalised for injury by external cause and Indigenous status, NT 2001-2011

Falls

Other unintentional injury

Transport

Smoke, fire, heat and hot substances

Poisoning, pharmaceuticals

Poisoning, other substances

Drowning

Assault

Intentional self-harm

Undetermined intent

Other

0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000

TotalNon AboriginalAboriginal

External causes of injury by regionThe proportions of hospitalisations for most external causes were broadly similar between Central Australian and Top End hospitals. Falls accounted for a greater proportion in the Top End than Central Australia (40.6% vs 34.5%) and drowning (1% vs 0.4%), while the reverse was true for assaults which comprised 6.5% of hospitalisations in Central Australian hospitals as against only 2.7% in Top End ones. See figure 2.2.

Figure 2.2: Percentage of children hospitalised for injury by external cause and hospital, NT, 2001-2011

Falls

Other unintentional injury

Transport

Smoke, fire, heat, hot substances

Assault

Poisoning, pharmaceuticals

Poisoning, other substances

Drowning

Intentional, self-harm

Undetermined intent

Other

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

All NTRDH,KH & GDHASH & TCH



FallsFalls injury hospitalisations are defined by the ICD external cause codes W00-W19. They were the most common type of external cause of injury hospitalisation overall during the study period. In total there were 4,045 hospitalisations for fall injuries of which 3,831 were in NT resident children.

Falls caused 38.8% of all injury hospitalisations in the NT while Australia wide the corresponding proportion was 41%. In the NT 46.1% were Aboriginal children compared to 58.8% of all injury hospitalisations. Falls represented 43.1% of hospitalisations in non-Aboriginal children and 34.7% in Aboriginal children. Boys accounted for 61.3% of admissions in the NT and Australia wide. The ratio of male to female admissions over the entire study period was 1.49: 1 and ranged between 2: 1 and 1.24: 1 in 2001 and 2005 respectively.

Table F.1: Estimated number of children hospitalised for fall injury by sex and Indigenous status, NT, 2001-2011

Aboriginal Non Aboriginal Total




Male 1149 28.4 1332 32.9 2481 61.3

Female 716 17.7 848 21 1564 38.7

Total 1865 46.1 2180 53.9 4045 100

Age standardised rates over the whole study period were higher for Aboriginal children in both regions and higher in Central Australia for both Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal children. See table F.2. The rate ratio between Aboriginal and non Aboriginal children was 1.13 while nationally during the year 2007-2008 it was 1.03.

Table F.2: Age standardised rates of childhood fall injury hospitalisations per 100,000 population by region and Indigenous status, NT 2001-2011

Aboriginal Non Aboriginal All children

Rate 95% CI Rate 95% CI Rate 95% CI

Top End 693.6 655-733 629.3 599-659 654.4 631-678

Central Australia

792.3 727-857 677.1 609-746 743.5 696-791

All NT 722.9 689-757 637.2 610-665 674.1 653-695



The highest age standardised rates over the whole study period were seen in the Katherine district followed by the Barkly with the lowest being observed in the Darwin Urban district. See figure F.1.

Figure F.1: Age standardised rates of childhood fall injury hospitalisations per 100,000 population by District, NT residents, 2001-2011


Alice Springs Urban

Barkly Darwin Rural

Darwin Urban

East Arnhem

Katherine0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

In the NT 5-9 year olds accounted for the greatest proportion of Falls hospitalisations (46.6%) as was the case nationally (38.8%). This was more marked in Aboriginal 5-9 year olds who comprised 51.4% of Aboriginal fall hospitalisations. The proportion seen in the 10-14 year age group in NT non-Aboriginal children was similar to that Australia wide, whereas this age group comprised a smaller proportion in NT Aboriginal children. See table F.3.

Table F.3: Estimated numbers and relative proportions of children hospitalised for fall injury by age group and Indigenous status, NT, 2001-2011 and Australia wide 1999-2007

NT AboriginalNT Non

Aboriginal NT Total National





0 to 4 503 27 594 27.2 1097 27.1 56651 29.3

5 to 9 959 51.4 925 42.4 1884 46.6 75009 38.8

10 to 14 403 21.6 661 30.3 1064 26.3 61481 31.8

Total 1865 100 2180 100 4045 100 193141 100



TRENDS OVER TIMETotal numbers of fall hospitalisations varied between 318 in 2005 and 425 in 2010 with an overall increasing trend. Boys outnumbered girls every year throughout the study period. See figure F.2.

Figure F.2: Estimated number of children hospitalised for fall injury, by year and sex, NT, 2001-11

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 20110

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

BoysGirlsAll children

Over the study period the age standardised rate of falls hospitalisation for all children resident in the NT was 674 per 100,000 population. It ranged between a low of 595 per 100,000 population in 2005 and a high of 760 per 100,000 in 2010 with a significantly increasing trend over the study period (Neg binomial regression +2.3% 95%CI 0.7-3.9% p=0.005). See figure F.3. This rate Australia wide was relatively stable between 1999-2007 around the 650 per 100,000 population level. In the NT, rates were higher for Aboriginal than non Aboriginal children. The increasing overall trend in the NT is due to an increase in rates for Aboriginal children of both sexes while there was no significant change in rates for non-Aboriginal boys and girls. See figure F.4.



Figure F.3: Age standardised rates of childhood fall injury hospitalisation per 100,000 population by Indigenous status, NT residents, 2001-2011

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 20110

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

AboriginalNon AboriginalAll children

Figure F.4: Age standardised rates of childhood fall injury hospitalisation per 100,000 population by sex and Indigenous status, NT residents, 2001-2011

2001 2002200320042005 200620072008 2009201020110

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

Aboriginal boysNon Aboriginal boysAboriginal girlsNon Aboriginal girls

Age specific rates of hospitalisations were noticeably higher amongst 5-9 year olds in both Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal NT children. In 5-9 year olds the Aboriginal rates were higher than for non-Aboriginal children but in contrast amongst 10-14 year olds the non-Aboriginal rates were higher. In 0-4 year olds, Aboriginal children had lower rates in the first half of the study period, but these increased over time to be higher by the end of it. See figures F.5-F.7.



Figure F.5: Age-specific rates of childhood fall injury hospitalisation per 100,000 population by age group, NT residents, 2001-2011.

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 20110

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

0 to 45 to 910 to 14

Figure F.6: Age-specific rates of Aboriginal childhood fall injury hospitalisation per 100,000 population by age group, NT residents, 2001-2011.

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 20110

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

0 to 45 to 910 to 14



Figure F.7: Age-specific rates of non-Aboriginal childhood fall injury hospitalisation per 100,000 population by age group, NT residents, 2001-2011.

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 20110

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

0 to 45 to 910 to 14

The proportion of fall injury hospitalisations that occurred in the two regions of the NT is similar to all injury hospitalisations, with 74% of hospitalisations occurring in the Top End and 26% occurring in Central Australia. Over the whole study period, the age standardised rate was substantially and statistically significantly higher in central Australia. This was a result of an increase in the central Australian rates for both Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal children in the second half of the period, while the Top End rates for both groups did not change significantly. See figure F.8.

Figure F.8: Age standardised rates of childhood fall injury hospitalisation per 100,000 population by year and region, NT residents 2001-2011

20012002

20032004

20052006

20072008

20092010

20110

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

Central AustraliaTop End



TYPES OF FALLThe top ten causes of Falls in the NT were responsible for 90% of all falls hospitalisations compared to 88% Australia wide. See figure F.9. The most frequent type of fall causing a hospitalisation in all NT children was a Fall involving playground equipment (26.2%) as was the case at the national level (23%). In the NT, the proportions of hospitalisations due to playground equipment falls were similar between Aboriginal (24.5%) and non-Aboriginal children (27.7%). The third most common fall type in the NT was a Fall from tree which caused 414 or 10.2% of all falls admissions, with 71.7% of them being in Aboriginal children. Falls from a tree comprised 15.9% of Aboriginal falls hospitalisations but only 5.4% of non- Aboriginal ones and 4% nationally. Hospitalisations for falls involving ice-skates (2 in the NT!), skis, roller skates or skateboards caused 5.7% of falls hospitalisations in the NT and 7% nationally. In the NT 78.2% of such hospitalisations were in non-Aboriginal children representing 8.2% of non- Aboriginal fall hospitalisations and 2.7% in Aboriginal children. A Fall from, out of or through building or structure (eg from a balcony, roof, through a window or from a fence or gate) comprised 8.6% of Aboriginal and 3.8% of non- Aboriginal falls hospitalisations and 65.8% of this type of injury hospitalisation were Aboriginal children with 86% of hospitalisations due to falls from a roof being in Aboriginal children. This type of fall accounted for less than 4% of falls hospitalisations Australia wide. A Fall on same level from slipping, tripping and stumbling caused 6.9% of hospitalisations in the NT (4.2% Aboriginal, 9.2% non-Aboriginal) compared to 12% nationally. Other than these, the proportions of types of fall injuries did not differ greatly by Aboriginal status nor between the NT and the rest of Australia.



Figure F.9: Top ten causes of falls leading to hospitalisation by Indigenous status, 0-14 years, NT, 2001-2011

Fall involving playground equipment

Unspecified fall

Fall from tree

Other fall on same level

Other fall from one level to another

Fall on same level from slipping, tripping or stumbling

Fall from out of or through building or structure

Fall involving ice-skates,skis, roller skates or skateboards

Other fall on same level due to collision with or pushing by another person

Fall involving bed

0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200

All childrenNon AboriginalAboriginal

0-4 year oldsThe five leading causes of Falls in this age group accounted for 59% of hospitalisations in this group with 59% in Aboriginal children and 60% in non-Aboriginal children. This is the same proportion as was observed nationally. A Fall involving playground equipment was the most common fall type as was the case nationally. See table F.4. Among these in the NT the most common playground equipment types causing hospitalisations were trampolines (62), swings (40) and playground climbing equipment (31).

Table F.4: Top five causes of hospitalised fall injury, 0-4 years, NT, 2001-2011

Rank Type of fall No of cases

Per cent of

0-14 casesNo of 0-14 cases

1 Fall involving playground equipment 213 20 1,061

2 Unspecified fall 130 29 448

3 Other fall from one level to another 114 40 285

4 Fall involving bed 114 64 178

5 Fall involving other furniture 81 69 118

All fall injuries for 0-4 years 1,097 27 4,045



5-9 year oldsThe five leading causes of falls in this age group accounted for 74% of hospitalisations in this group with 80% in Aboriginal children and 68% in non-Aboriginal children. Australia wide this proportion was 71%. The most common type of type was a Fall involving playground equipment which was also the case nationally. Fall from tree was the second most common fall type in the NT but was not among the top 5 nationally. See table F.5.

Among playground equipment falls, the most common types were playground climbing equipment (237), trampolines (129) and swings (116).



Per cent of



2 Fall from tree 270 65 414


4 Fall out of or through building or structure 127 52 243

5 Other fall from one level to another 115 69 285

All fall injuries for 5-9 years 1884 47 4,045

10-14 year oldsThe five leading causes of falls in this age group accounted for 65% of hospitalisations in this group with 60% in Aboriginal children and 68% in non-Aboriginal children. Australia wide this proportion was 69%. The most common fall type in the NT was that due to an Other fall on same level due to a collision with or pushing by another person which was the third most common fall type in this age group Australia wide. Nationally the most common fall type in this age group was one involving ice-skates, skis, roller skates or skateboards which was the third most common in the NT. Playground equipment falls were the second most common type in the NT but were not in the top 5 nationally.



Per cent of


1 Other fall on same level due to collision with or pushing by another person

146 68 215



4 Fall involving ice-skates, skis, roller skates or skateboards

137 60 229

5 Other fall same level 124 43 289

All fall injuries for 10-14 years 1,064 26 4,045



Other unintentional injuryThis category covers a very broad range of diverse injury types. They can be classified into different “types” and then into individual causes. The “types” of other unintentional injuries are:

• Exposure to inanimate mechanical forces (W20–W49)ie being injured by contact with any inanimate object including sharp objects, tools, machinery, gunshot, and any foreign body entering the person’s body

• Exposure to animate mechanical forces (W50–W64)ie injury by unintentional contact with humans or contact with any animal but excluding venomous stings or bites

• Other accidental threats to breathing (W75–W84) Exposure to electric current, radiation and extreme ambient air temperature and

pressure (W85–W99)• Contact with venomous animals and plants (X20–X29)

ie where the injury is one of envenomation rather than mechanical such as a bite• Exposure to forces of nature (X30–X39)

eg lightning, sunlight, storms, floods• Overexertion, travel and privation (X50–X57)• Accidental exposure to other and unspecified factors (X58–X59)• Sequelae of external causes of morbidity and mortality (Y85–Y89)

eg sequelae of accidents or medical or surgical care

Other unintentional injury (OUI) was the second most common cause of childhood injury hospitalisation in the NT with 3,380 cases of which 3,179 were in NT resident children.

Among all cases, males accounted for 62.8% of OUI hospitalisations compared to 61.7% for all injuries. Aboriginal children represented 56.9% of this category of injury compared to 51.5% of all categories while for non-Aboriginal children the corresponding proportions were 43.1% and 48.5%. OUI were the most common category of injury hospitalisation in Aboriginal children (36%) and the second most common in non-Aboriginal children (29%). See table OUI.1.

Table OUI.1: Estimated number of children hospitalised for other unintentional injury by sex and Indigenous status, NT, 2001-2011





Male 1218 36 903 26.7 2121 62.8

Female 704 20.8 555 16.4 1259 37.2

Total 1922 56.9 1458 43.1 3380 100

During the study period, the age standardised rate for OUI hospitalisations was higher amongst Aboriginal children. It was also higher in Central Australia than the Top End. See table OUI.2. The rate ratio between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal children was 1.73. The Barkly and East Arnhem districts had the highest rates with the Darwin Urban region the lowest. See figure OUI.1.



Table OUI.2: Age standardised rate of childhood hospitalisations per 100,000 population for other unintentional injury by region and Indigenous status, NT 2001-2011



Top End 686.9 648-726 401.3 388-425 512.6 492-534

Central Australia

835.1 769-902 517.9 458-578 698.4 653-744

All NT 730.8 697-765 420.9 399-443 553.8 535-573

Figure OUI.1: Age standardised rates of childhood hospitalisations per 100,000 population for other unintentional injury by District, NT residents, 2001-2011


Alice Springs Urban

Barkly Darwin Rural

Darwin Urban

East Arnhem

Katherine0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

In the NT 0-4 year olds accounted for the greatest proportion of hospitalisations due to OUI whereas Australia wide it was 10-14 year olds. In Aboriginal children 5-9 year olds comprised the greatest proportion and 10-14 year olds the smallest which represented a different profile to non-Aboriginal children and to children Australia wide. See table OUI.3.

Table OUI.3: Estimated number and relative proportions of children hospitalised for other unintentional injury by age group and Indigenous status, NT, 2001-2011 and Australia wide 1999-2007

NT Aboriginal NT Non Aboriginal NT Total National





0 to 4 719 37.4 589 40.4 1308 38.7 53344 34.6

5 to 9 729 37.9 421 28.9 1150 34 44109 28.6

10 to 14 474 24.7 448 30.7 922 27.3 56665 36.8

Total 1922 100 1458 100 3380 100 154118 100



TRENDS OVER TIMEThe numbers of hospitalisations due to OUI fluctuated between a low of 256 cases in 2003 and 372 cases in 2010. The number of boys hospitalised as a result of OUI was substantially greater than for girls in each year of the study period. See figure OUI.2.

Age standardised rates were consistently higher for Aboriginal children particularly for boys and demonstrated a significant increase over time whereas non Aboriginal rates showed no significant trend. At the national level age standardised rates for all children, boys and girls were fairly consistent during the years 1999-2007 at about 475, 600 and 375 per 100,000 population respectively. In the NT rates fluctuated significantly from year to year but with a significantly increasing trend over time. Aboriginal boys showed an increasing trend in the range of 800-1000 per 100,000 population with Aboriginal girls also showing an increasing trend in the range of 400-700. Rates for non Aboriginal boys varied in range similar to that of Aboriginal girls, while non-Aboriginal girls’ rates were more stable over time at around 375 per 100,000 population. See figures OUI.3 and OUI.4.

Figure OUI.2: Estimated number of children hospitalised for other unintentional injury, by sex and year, NT, 2001-11

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 20110

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

BoysGirlsAll



Figure OUI.3: Age standardised rates of childhood hospitalisations per 100,000 population for other unintentional injury by year and Indigenous status, NT residents, 2001-2011

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 20110

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

AboriginalNon-AboriginalAll children

Figure OUI.4: Age standardised rates of childhood hospitalisations per 100,000 population for other unintentional injury by year, sex and Indigenous status, NT residents, 2001-2011

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 20110

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400




Age group specific rates for OUI were higher for Aboriginal children in all age groups but particularly in the 0-4 and 5-9 year age groups. Rates also increased over time for Aboriginal children but seemed stable for non-Aboriginal children. See figures OUI.5 – OUI.7.

Figure OUI.5: Age-specific rates of childhood hospitalisations per 100,000 population for other unintentional injury by age group and year, NT residents 2001-2011

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 20110

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

0 to 45 to 910 to 14

Figure OUI.6: Age-specific rates of Aboriginal childhood hospitalisations per 100,000 population for other unintentional injury by age group and year, NT residents 2001-2011

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 20110

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

0 to 45 to 910 to 14



Figure OUI.7: Age-specific rates of non-Aboriginal childhood hospitalisations per 100,000 population for other unintentional injury by age group and year, NT residents 2001-2011

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 20110

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

0 to 45 to 910 to 14

Age standardised rates increased quite markedly in Central Australia over time whereas in the Top End there was no significant change. See figure OUI.8.

Figure OUI.8: Age standardised rates of childhood hospitalisations per 100,000 population for other unintentional injury by year and region, NT residents, 2001-2011

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 20110

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000




TYPES AND CAUSES OF OTHER UNINTENTIONAL INJURYThe most common type of Other unintentional injury was Exposure to inanimate mechanical forces in both Aboriginal (62.7%) and non-Aboriginal children (60.2%) which was also the case at the national level with a corresponding proportion of 55.5%. The second most common type nationally was Accidental exposure to other and unspecified factors at 21.1% but this type only accounted for 7.2% in the NT and ranked third. Second ranked in the NT was Exposure to animate mechanical forces which comprised 19.1% in NT Aboriginal children and 21.4% in NT non-Aboriginal children compared to 15.2% nationally. Contact with venomous animals or plants was third in the NT at 6.1% (8.2% Aboriginal and 3.4% non-Aboriginal) whereas nationally it was in fourth place accounting for 3.6% of OUI hospitalisations. See tables OUI.4 and OUI.5.

Table OUI.4: Type of other unintentional injury hospitalisations by age group, NT, 2001-2011

0-4 5-9 10-14

Type of injuryNo. of cases

Per cent

No. of cases

Per cent

No. of cases

Per cent

Exposure to inanimate mechanical forces

874 66.8722 62.8 487 52.8

Exposure to animate mechanical forces 211 16.1 243 21.1 273 29.6

Contact with venomous animals and plants 52 4.0 98 8.5 57 6.2

Other accidental threats to breathing 41 3.1 6 0.5 6 0.7

Exposure to electric current, radiation and extreme ambient air temperature and pressure 5 0.4 2 0.2 9 1.0

Exposure to forces of nature 4 0.3 0 0.0 2 0.2

Overexertion, travel and privation 3 0.2 12 1.0 28 3.0

Accidental exposure to other and unspecified factors 118 9.0 67 5.8 60 6.5

Total 1308 100 1150 100 922 100

Table OUI.5: Type of other unintentional injury by Indigenous status, NT 2001-2011


Type of injuryNo. of cases

Per cent

No. of cases

Per cent

No. of cases

Per cent

Exposure to inanimate mechanical forces 1206 62.7 877 60.2 2083 61.6

Exposure to animate mechanical forces 376 19.6 351 24.1 727 21.5

Contact with venomous animals and plants 157 8.2 50 3.4 207 6.1

Other accidental threats to breathing 20 1.0 33 2.3 53 1.6

Exposure to electric current, radiation and extreme ambient air temperature and pressure 6 0.3 10 0.7 16 0.5

Exposure to forces of nature 1 0.1 5 0.3 6 0.2

Overexertion, travel and privation 17 0.9 26 1.8 43 1.3

Accidental exposure to other and unspecified factors 139 7.2 106 7.3 245 7.2

Total 1922 100 1458 100 3380 100



The top 10 causes accounted for 76.7% of all OUI in the NT which is virtually identical in proportion to that observed nationally. See figure OUI. 9. These causes were mostly from the category of Exposure to inanimate mechanical forces. However, there were some important differences in the causes between the NT and the rest of Australia. Nationally, Exposure to unspecified factor was responsible for just over 20% of such admissions but in the NT only 6.3%. In the NT the most common individual cause was Foreign body entering into or through eye or natural orifice which caused 581 or 17.2% of these admissions followed by Caught, crushed, jammed or pinched in or between objects (309 or 9.1%) and Foreign body or object entering through skin (295 or 8.7%). Nationally these causes were responsible for 11%, 9% and 6% of OUI hospitalisations.

A major difference seen in the NT was in injuries due to contact with animal life. Bitten or crushed by other reptiles caused 228 or 6.7% of admissions, Contact with venomous animals caused 205 or 6.1% and Bitten or struck by dog was responsible for 203 or 6%. Of these, Bitten or struck by dog accounted for 4% at the national level and the other two causes less than this. Contact with venomous animals was the cause of 7.4% of Aboriginal admissions compared to 3.8% for non-Aboriginal children, but Bitten or crushed by other reptiles was more common in non-Aboriginal children: 9.2% vs 5.3%.

The highest number of hospitalisations due to Contact with venomous animals was caused from contact with a redback spider with 46 hospitalisations of which 35 were in Aboriginal children. There were 44 hospitalisations from irukandji jellyfish stings of which 85% were Aboriginal children while 14 out of 15 hospitalisations from contact with box jellyfish were also Aboriginal. Of the 203 hospitalisations due to Bitten or struck by dog injuries, 108 (60%) occurred in Aboriginal children.



Figure OUI.9: Top Ten causes of unintentional other injury leading to hospitalisation by Indigenous status, NT, 2001-1022

Foreign body entering into or through eye or natural orifice

Caught, crushed, jammed or pinched in or between objects

Foreign body or object entering through skin

Bitten or crushed by other reptiles

Exposure to unspecified factor

Contact with sharp glass

Contact with venomous animals

Bitten or struck by dog

Struck by thrown, projected or falling object

Striking against or struck by other objects

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

All childrenNon Aboriginal Aboriginal

0-4 year oldsThere were 1308 cases of OUI in 0-4 year olds during the study period accounting for 38.7% of such injuries in children. The leading cause in 0-4 year olds was Foreign body entering into or through eye or natural orifice as was the case nationally. Four of the top five causes were the same in the NT and nationally, with Bitten or struck by dog featuring in the NT instead of Striking against or struck by other objects. See table OUI.6.

Table OUI.6: Top five causes of other unintentional injury hospitalisations, 0-4 years, NT, 2001-2011

Rank Type of OUI No of cases

Per cent of

0-14 casesNo of 0-14

cases

1 Foreign body entering into or through eye or natural orifice 321 55 581

2 Caught, crushed, jammed or pinched in or between objects 184 60 309

3 Exposure to unspecified factor 104 49 214

4 Bitten or struck by dog 83 41 203

5 Struck by thrown, projected or falling object 82 47 176

All other unintentional injuries for 0-4 years 1,308 39 3,380



5-9 year oldsIn 5-9 year olds there were 1,150 cases of OUI accounting for 34% of other unintentional injuries in all children (vs 29% nationally). Foreign body entering into or through eye or natural orifice was the leading cause in the NT and in second place nationally. Foreign body or object entering through skin and Caught, crushed, jammed or pinched in or between objects were in the top 5 in both the NT and nationally. In the top 5 in the NT but not nationally were Contact with venomous animals and Bitten or struck by dog. See table OUI.7.



Per cent of


1 Foreign body entering into or through eye or natural orifice 211 36 581

2 Foreign body or object entering through skin 130 44 295

3 Contact with venomous animals 98 48 205

4 Caught, crushed, jammed or pinched in or between objects 95 31 309

5 Bitten or struck by dog 83 41 203

All other unintentional injuries for 5-9 years 1,150 34 3,380

10-14 year oldsIn 10-14 year olds there were 922 cases accounting for 27.3% of OUI in all children (vs 37% nationally). The profile in the NT in this age group is very different to the national profile with only Exposure to unspecified factor being common to both. Nationally four of the five leading causes in this age group involved being struck by objects or people. See table OUI.8.



Per cent of


1 Bitten or crushed by other reptiles 114 50 228

2 Foreign body or object entering through skin 98 33 295

3 Contact with sharp glass 76 37 208

4 Contact with venomous animals 56 27 205

5 Exposure to unspecified factor 54 25 214

All other unintentional injuries for 10-14 years 922 27 3,380



Transport related injuriesTransport related injuries are defined by the external cause codes V01-V99 and encompass those related to land transport, transport on water and transport in the air. Land transport related injuries very much predominate and these include injuries which occur on the formal road transport network but also those occurring off road.

There were 1,296 hospitalisations related to transport injuries of which 1,214 were in NT resident children. All but 7 of these were land transport related. Of all cases, 69.1% were in males and 38.8% were in Aboriginal children. This proportion is higher than that seen for all injuries regarding males (61.8%), but for Aboriginal children is significantly less than their contribution to all injury types (51.5%). The 793 transport injury hospitalisations for non-Aboriginal people is 15.67% of all non-Aboriginal injury hospitalisations, while the 503 for Aboriginal people amounts to only 9.37% of all Aboriginal hospitalisations. Non-Aboriginal people represent 48.5% of all injury hospitalisations but 61.1% of transport injury hospitalisations. Transport injuries were the third leading cause of injury hospitalisation for both Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal children in the NT and also at the national level. See table T.1

Table T.1: Estimated number of children hospitalised for transport injury by sex and Indigenous status, NT, 2001-2011





Male 350 27 546 42.1 896 69.1

Female 153 11.8 247 19.1 400 30.9

Total 503 38.8 793 61.2 1296 100

The age standardised rates over the whole study period were lower for Aboriginal than non-Aboriginal children. The Central Australian rate was higher than that seen in the Top End. See table T.2. The district with the highest rate during the study period was Alice Springs Urban, followed by Katherine while the Darwin Urban district had the lowest rates. See figure T.1. The rate ratio between Aboriginal and non Aboriginal children was 0.82, while at the national level in 2007-08 it was 1.13.

Table T.2: Age standardised rates of childhood transport injury hospitalisations per 100,000 population by region and Indigenous status, NT 2001-2011



Top End 164 145-183 228.4 210-247 203.2 190-217

Central Australia

266.7 229-305 271.9 228-315 270.1 241-299

All NT 194.1 177-212 236.1 219-253 218.1 206-230



Figure T.1: Age standardised rates of childhood transport injury hospitalisations per 100,000 population by District, NT residents, 2001-2011


Alice Springs Urban

Barkly Darwin Rural

Darwin Urban

East Arnhem

Katherine0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

In the NT the proportion of transport injury hospitalisations in the different age groups in non-Aboriginal children was very similar to the proportions seen nationally. Amongst Aboriginal children in the NT, a greater proportion was seen in 0-4 year olds and a smaller proportion in 10-14 year olds. See table T.3.

Table T.3: Estimated numbers and relative proportions of children hospitalised for transport injury by age group and Indigenous status, NT, 2001-2011 and Australia wide 1999-2007

NT AboriginalNT Non




No. of cases

Per cent

No. of cases

Percent

0 to 4 115 22.9 101 12.7 216 16.7 8172 12.2

5 to 9 167 33.2 239 30.1 406 31.3 20717 31

10 to 14 221 43.9 453 57.1 674 52 37975 56.8

Total 503 100 793 100 1296 100 66864 100



TRENDS OVER TIMEThe number of hospitalisations each year has fluctuated from a low of 88 in 2011 to a high of 147 in 2008 but without any clear increasing or decreasing trend. Boys significantly outnumbered girls in all years. See figure T.2

Figure T.2: Estimated number of children hospitalised for transport injury, by sex and year, NT, 2001-11

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 20110

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160


Age standardised rates fluctuated from year to year and were in general lower for Aboriginal children than non-Aboriginal children with no significant trend for either group in either sex. Aboriginal girls had the lowest rates overall ranging between 54 and 222 per 100,000 population in 2011 and 2003 respectively while the highest rates overall were in non-Aboriginal boys in a range between 230 and 411 per 100,000 in 2009 and 2006. See figures T.3 and T.4. At the national level between 1999 and 2007, age standardised rates for boys ranged between 268 and 297 per 100,000 population and between 126 and 149 per 100,000 population for girls.



Figure T.3: Age standardised rates of childhood transport injury hospitalisations per 100,000 population by year and Indigenous status, NT residents, 2001-2011

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 20110

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

AboriginalNon-AboriginalAll children

Figure T.4: Age standardised rates of childhood transport injury hospitalisations per 100,000 population by year, sex and Indigenous status, NT residents, 2001-2011

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 20110

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450


Ages specific rates for transport injury hospitalisations in the NT increased with each age group with clear differences between them as was the case throughout Australia. This profile was apparent in both Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal children although for Aboriginal children there was some overlap of rates during the early part of the study period. In the 0-4 year group, Aboriginal rates were generally slightly higher than for non-Aboriginal children whereas in the 5-9 year group, the rates for Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal children were similar overall. However in the 10-14 year age group, non-Aboriginal rates exceeded those of Aboriginal children for all but one year of the study period. See figures T.5 – T.7.



Figure T.5: Age-specific rates of childhood transport injury hospitalisation per 100,000 population by year and age group, NT residents 2001-2011

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 20110

100

200

300

400

500

600

0 to 45 to 910 to 14

Figure T.6: Age-specific rates of Aboriginal childhood transport injury hospitalisation per 100,000 population by year and age group, NT residents 2001-2011

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 20110

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

0 to 45 to 910 to 14



Figure T.7: Age-specific rates of non-Aboriginal childhood transport injury hospitalisation per 100,000 population by year and age group, NT residents 2001-2011

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 20110

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

0 to 45 to 910 to 14

Age standardised rates were higher in Central Australia than the Top End in all but 2 of the study years. There were no significant trends in either region. See figure T.8.

Figure T.8: Age standardised rates of childhood transport injury hospitalisations per 100,000 population by year and region, NT residents, 2001-2011

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 20110

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500




TYPES OF TRANSPORT INJURYWithin the NT the 3 most common modes of transport relating to hospitalisation were Pedal cycle (44.3%), Car (19.8%) and Motor cycle (12.3%). The same 3 were observed nationally but with motor cycles being more common than cars: Pedal cycle 43.8%, Motor cycle 16.9% and Car 12.7%. Being a pedestrian was in fourth place in both the NT and nationally with similar proportions 8.6% vs 9.6%. Fifth place in both was Animal or animal drawn vehicle which was relatively more common nationally (9.1%) than in the NT (5.3%) while in the NT, Special all-terrain or off-road vehicle was more common (4.8%) than nationally (1.6%). Different proportions were seen in different age groups reflecting the differing capabilities and activities of children. Pedestrian injuries accounted for a greater proportion of hospitalisations in 0-4 year olds and pedal and motor cycle injuries were more common in the older age groups. Car injuries were responsible for the greatest proportion of 0-4 year old hospitalisations in the NT. This profile of age group injuries was very similar between the NT and the rest of Australia. See table T.4.

Pedal cycle injuries were the most common type for both Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal NT children although relatively more important for non-Aboriginal children. Car related injuries represented a much greater proportion of Aboriginal hospitalisations at 30.6% than the 12.9% seen in non-Aboriginal children which was very similar to the national proportion. A Pick-up truck or van was the mode of transport more often for Aboriginal children (3% vs 0.9%). A greater proportion of Aboriginal children’s hospitalisations were in pedestrians while the reverse was true for having been a motor cyclist. See table T.5.

Of the 69 admissions relating to animal transport, 52 involved a horse or a horse-drawn vehicle while 71/112 of the pedestrian admissions arose from a collision with a car.

Table T.4: Mode of transport for injury hospitalisations, by age group, NT 2001-2011

0-4 5-9 10-14

ModeNo. of cases

Per cent

No. of cases

Per cent

No. of cases

Per cent

Pedestrian 43 19.9 39 9.6 30 4.5

Pedal cycle 66 30.6 199 49.0 309 45.8

Motor cycle 7 3.2 35 8.6 117 17.4

Car 71 32.9 68 16.7 117 17.4

Pick-up truck or van 4 1.9 5 1.2 13 1.9

Heavy transport vehicle 1 0.5 3 0.7 1 0.1

Bus 2 0.9 1 0.2 2 0.3

Animal or animal drawn vehicle 5 2.3 29 7.1 35 5.2

Special all-terrain or off-road vehicle 7 3.2 16 3.9 39 5.8

Other land transport 6 2.8 11 2.7 8 1.2

Water transport 3 1.4 0 0.0 2 0.3

Other and unspecified transport 1 0.5 0 0.0 1 0.1

Total 216 100 406 100 674 100



Table T.5: Mode of transport for injury hospitalisations, by Indigenous status, NT 2001-2011

Aboriginal Non-Aboriginal All children

ModeNo. of cases

Per cent

No. of cases

Per cent

No. of cases

Per cent

Pedestrian 52 10.3 60 7.6 112 8.6

Pedal cycle 196 39.0 378 47.7 574 44.3

Motor cycle 34 6.8 125 15.8 159 12.3

Car 154 30.6 102 12.9 256 19.8

Pick-up truck or van 15 3.0 7 0.9 22 1.7

Heavy transport vehicle 3 0.6 2 0.3 5 0.4

Bus 5 1.0 0 0.0 5 0.4

Animal or animal drawn vehicle 11 2.2 58 7.3 69 5.3

Special all-terrain or off-road vehicle 13 2.6 49 6.2 62 4.8

Other land transport 18 3.6 7 0.9 25 1.9

Water transport 1 0.2 4 0.5 5 0.4

Other and unspecified transport 1 0.2 1 0.1 2 0.2

Total 503 100 793 100 1296 100

The top 10 single causes made up 83% of all transport injury hospitalisations both in the NT and Australia wide with 8 of the top 10 causes being the same. See figure T.9. The most common single cause of transport injury hospitalisations both in the NT and nationally was of a pedal cyclist injured in non-collision transport accident. This accounted for 33% of hospitalisations in the NT (30% for Aboriginal and 35% for non-Aboriginal children) and 24% in the whole of Australia. Car occupant injured in non-collision transport accident was in second place in the NT accounting for 11% of hospitalisations (19% Aboriginal, 6% non-Aboriginal) but only in 8th place nationally (3%). Occupant of special all-terrain or other motor vehicle designed primarily for off road use injured in transport accident caused 5% of hospitalisations (3% Aboriginal, 6% non-Aboriginal) in the NT but was not in the top ten nationally.



Figure T.9: Top Ten causes of transport injury hospitalisations by Indigenous status, NT, 2001-1022

Pedal cyclist injured in non-collision transport accident

Car occupant injured in non-collision transport accident

Motor cycle rider injured in non-collision transport accident

Pedal cyclist injured in other and unspecified transport accidents

Pedestrian injured in collision with car, pick up truck or van

Animal rider or occupant of animal-drawn vehicle injured in transport accident

Occupant of special all-terrain or other motor vehicle designed primarily for off-road use injured in transport accident

Car occupant injured in collision with car, pick up truck or van

Car occupant injured in collision with fixed or stationary object

Pedal cyclist injured in collision with car, pick up truck or van

0 100 200 300 400 500

All childrenNon-AboriginalAboriginal



0-4 year oldsThere were 216 cases of transport injury in 0-4 year olds during the study period accounting for 17% of such injuries in children. The top five causes were the same in the NT and nationally but in different orders. The leading two causes in 0-4 year olds in the NT were first, Pedal cyclist injured in non-collision transport accident and second, Pedestrian injured in collision with car, pick-up truck or van as was the case nationally but in the reverse order. See table T.6.

Table T.6: Top five causes of transport injury hospitalisations, 0-4 years, NT, 2001-2011

Rank ModeNo of cases

Per cent of0-14 cases

No of 0-14 cases

1 Pedal cyclist injured in non-collision transport accident 47 11 432

2 Pedestrian injured in collision with car, pick-up truck or van 34 44 78

3 Car occupant injured in non-collision transport accident 33 23 141

4 Car occupant injured in collision with car, pick-up truck or van 19 41 46

5 Pedal cyclist injured in other and unspecified transport accidents 16 20 81

All transport injuries for 0-4 years 216 17 1296

5-9 year oldsIn 5-9 year olds there were 335 hospitalisations due to transport injury. See table T.7. Four of the top 5 causes were the same in the NT and the whole of Australia with Pedal cyclist injured in non-collision transport accident being the leading cause in both. Animal rider or occupant of animal-drawn vehicle injured in transport accident was in the top 5 in the NT but not nationally while the reverse was true for Motor cycle rider injured in non-collision transport accident.


Rank Mode No of cases


No of 0-14 cases



3 Animal rider or occupant of animal-drawn vehicle injured in transport accident 29 42 69


5 Pedestrian injured in collision with car, pick-up truck or van 26 33 78




10-14 year oldsThere were 570 transport injury hospitalisations in 10-14 year olds. Three of the top 5 causes were common to both the whole of Australia and the NT and the leading cause in both was Pedal cyclist injured in non-collision transport accident. Car occupant injured in non-collision transport accident and Occupant of special all-terrain or other motor vehicle designed primarily for off road use injured in transport accident were in the top 5 in the NT but not nationally. See table T.8.


Rank ModeNo of cases


No of 0-14 cases


2 Motor cycle rider injured in non-collision transport accident 77 73 106


4 Occupant of special all-terrain or other motor vehicle designed primarily for off road use injured in transport accident 39 63 62





Smoke, fire, heat and hot substancesExposure to smoke, fire, heat and hot substances is defined by the external cause codes X00-X19 and caused the 4th highest number of injury hospitalisations in children during the study period. There were a total of 777 hospitalisations of which 715 were in NT residents. This type of injury constituted 7.5% of all injury admissions in the NT with 9.3% in Aboriginal children and 5.5% in non-Aboriginal children. Australia wide the proportion was 3.5%. In the NT 64.5% were Aboriginal children compared to 52% of all injury hospitalisations. Boys accounted for 58.8% of admissions in the NT compared to 61.1% in the whole of Australia. See table B.1.

Table B.1: Estimated number of children hospitalised for injury from exposure to smoke, fire, heat and hot substances by sex and Indigenous status, NT, 2001-2011





Male 291 37.5 166 21.4 457 58.8

Female 210 27 110 14.2 320 41.2

Total 501 64.5 276 35.5 777 100

Age standardised rates for Aboriginal children were substantially higher than for non-Aboriginal children. The Central Australian rate was also higher than that in the Top End. See table B.2. The rate ratio between Aboriginal and non Aboriginal children was 2.5 while in the rest of Australia in 2007-08 it was 2.133.

Table B.2: Age standardised rates of childhood hospitalisation for exposure to smoke, fire, heat and hot substances per 100,000 population by region and Indigenous status, NT 2001-2011



Top End 170.4 515-189 76.2 66-86.4 112.5 103-122

Central Australia 211.7 179-244 58.9 39-79 147 126-168

All NT 182.6 166-199 73.3 64-82 120.1 111-129

Within the NT, the highest rates for hospitalisations due to Exposure to smoke, fire, heat and hot substances were in the Alice Springs Rural, Darwin Rural and Barkly districts with the lowest in the Alice Springs and Darwin Urban districts. See figure B.1



Figure B.1: Age standardised rates of childhood hospitalisation for exposure to smoke, fire, heat and hot substances per 100,000 population by District, NT residents, 2001-2011


Alice Springs Urban

Barkly Darwin Rural

Darwin Urban

East Arnhem

Katherine0

50

100

150

200

250

In the NT, 69% of hospitalisations due to Exposure to smoke, fire, heat and hot substances occurred in 0-4 year olds with the proportions in Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal children being 73% and 62% respectively. Nationally the proportion was 69.7%. A relatively greater proportion of burns hospitalisations in the NT were in children 5-9 years of age than nationally. See table B.3.

Table B.3: Estimated number and relative proportions of children hospitalised for injury from exposure to smoke, fire, heat and hot substances by age group and Indigenous status, NT, 2001-2011 and Australia wide 1999-2007

NT Aboriginal NT Non Aboriginal NT Total National





0 to 4 366 73.1 171 62 537 69.1 11390 69.7

5 to 9 85 17 56 20.3 141 18.1 2441 14.9

10 to 14 50 10 49 17.8 99 12.7 2516 15.4

Total 501 100 276 100 777 100 16347 100



TRENDS OVER TIMEThe numbers of children admitted in the NT each year was relatively small and ranged from 47 in 2002 to 102 in 2011. Boys outnumbered girls with the exception of the final 3 years of the study period when numbers were very similar. See figure B.2.

Figure B.2: Estimated number of children hospitalised for injury from exposure to smoke, fire, heat and hot substances, by year and sex, NT, 2001-11.

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 20110

20

40

60

80

100

120

BoysGirlsAll

Age standardised rates for both Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal children increased significantly as did the rates for boys and girls. See figures B.3 and B.4. Age standardised rates by sex and Indigenous status were not calculated as the numbers in many of the cells were too small. Age group specific rates of burns hospitalisations by year for children are demonstrated in figures B.5 to B.7.

Figure B.3: Age standardised rates of childhood hospitalisation for exposure to smoke, fire, heat and hot substances per 100,000 population by year and Indigenous status, NT residents, 2001-2011

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 20110

50

100

150

200

250

300

AboriginalNon AboriginalAll children



Figure B.4: Age standardised rates of childhood hospitalisation for exposure to smoke, fire, heat and hot substances per 100,000 population by year and sex, NT residents, 2001-2011

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 20110

50

100

150

200

250

BoysGirls

Rates for 0-4 year olds were well above those of the older children as they also were Australia wide. While numbers of children in each year are relatively small, the rates of admission for Aboriginal children are clearly greater than for non-Aboriginal children particularly for the 0-4 and 5-9 year olds. It is also apparent that, over time, rates of admissions have been increasing particularly in the 0-4 year old age group in both Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal children and to a lesser extent in Aboriginal 5-9 year olds. In contrast, these rates at the national level have been relatively stable.

Age specific rates in the NT were substantially higher than in the rest of Australia for both Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal children with the exception of non-Aboriginal 10-14 year olds. This was particularly the case for Aboriginal 0-4 and 5-9 year olds where the age specific rates in the NT were of the order of 4 times the national rates.

Figure B.5: Age-specific rates of childhood hospitalisation for exposure to smoke, fire, heat and hot substances by age group, NT residents, 2001-2011.

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 20110

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

0 to 45 to 910 to 14



Figure B.6: Age-specific rates of Aboriginal childhood hospitalisation for exposure to smoke, fire, heat and hot substances by age group, NT residents, 2001-2011.

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 20110

100

200

300

400

500

600

0 to 45 to 910 to 14

Figure B.7: Age-specific rates of non-Aboriginal childhood hospitalisation for exposure to smoke, fire, heat and hot substances by age group by age group, NT residents, 2001-2011.

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 20110

50

100

150

200

250

300

0 to 45 to 910 to 14



Age standardised rates were generally higher in Central Australia than in the Top End and increased significantly over time in both regions. See figure B.6.

Figure B.8: Age standardised rates of childhood hospitalisation for exposure to smoke, fire, heat and hot substances by age group by year and region, NT residents, 2001-2011

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 20110

50

100

150

200

250

300


Types of Exposure to smoke, fire, heat and hot substances.Ten types of injury were responsible for 94% of hospitalisations due to Exposure to smoke, fire, heat or hot substances, which is very similar to the 93% accounted for by the top 10 causes nationally. Of the top 10 causes, 9 were the same in the NT as nationally. Contact with hot engines, machinery and tools was present in the NT top 10 but not nationally while the reverse was true for Contact with hot heating appliances, radiators and pipes. Contact with hot drinks, food, fats and cooking oils was the most common cause nationally (31%) with Contact with other hot fluids and Contact with hot water in second and third place. These causes were also in the top 5 in the NT although Contact with hot drinks, food, fats and cooking oils was much less common in the NT only accounting for 14% of the total. The most common cause in the NT was Exposure to controlled fire not in building or structure (27.1%) which was only in ninth place nationally (4%). This classification includes campfire burns and it was common in both Aboriginal (27.1%) and non-Aboriginal children (23.9%) in the NT.

As has been noted above, within the NT injuries due to Exposure to smoke, fire, heat and hot substances occurred at much higher rates in Aboriginal children. This pattern was broadly observed in relation to individual causes of these injuries with the exception of Contact with hot engines, machinery and tools and Contact with hot household appliances. See figure B. 7.



Figure B.9: Top Ten causes of exposure to smoke, fire, heat and hot substance injury by Indigenous status, NT, 2001-1022

Exposure to controlled fire not in a building

Contact with other hot fluids

Contact with hot drinks, food, fats and cooking oils

Exposure to unspecified smoke, fire and flames

Contact with hot tap water

Contact with hot household appliances

Exposure to ignition of highly flammable material

Contact with other and unspecified heat and hot substances

Exposure to other specified smoke, fire and flames

Contact with hot engines, machinery and tools

0 50 100 150 200 250

All childrenNon AboriginalAboriginal

0-4 year oldsThere were 537 hospitalisations due to Exposure to smoke, fire, heat and hot substances in 0-4 year olds during the study period accounting for 69% of such injuries in children. The corresponding proportion Australia wide was 70%. The top 3 causes nationally were Contact with hot drinks, food, fats and cooking oils, Contact with other hot fluids and Contact with hot tap water which were also in the top 5 in the NT but in different orders. The most common cause in the NT was Exposure to controlled fire not in a building which was not in the top 5 nationally. See table B. 8.



Table B.4: Top five causes of exposure to smoke, fire, heat and hot substances injury hospitalisations, 0-4 years, NT, 2001-2011

Rank Type of fire, burn or scald injury No of cases


No of 0-14 cases

1 Exposure to controlled fire not in a building 137 68 202

2 Contact with other hot fluids 104 75 139

3 Contact with hot drinks, food, fats and cooking oils 77 69 112

4 Exposure to unspecified smoke, fire and flames 58 77 75

5 Contact with hot tap water 43 86 50

All fire, burn and scald injuries for 0-4 years 537 69 777

5-9 year oldsIn 5-9 year olds there were 141 hospitalisations due to Exposure to smoke, fire, heat and hot substances. See table B.9. Nationally the 3 leading causes were the same as for 0-4 year olds. In the NT Exposure to controlled fire not in a building was again the leading cause in this age group. Exposure to ignition of highly flammable material was in fourth place in both the NT and nationally. This category of injury includes ignition of petrol.




No of 0-14 cases




4 Exposure to ignition of highly flammable material 9 24 38





10-14 year oldsThere were 99 hospitalisations arising from Exposure to smoke, fire, heat and hot substances in 10-14 year olds. Four of the top 5 causes were common to both the whole of Australia and the NT with the leading cause in both being Exposure to controlled fire not in a building was present in the NT but not nationally, while Contact with hot tap water was in fifth place nationally but not in the top 5 in the NT. See table B.10.




No of 0-14 cases




4 Exposure to ignition of highly flammable material 9 24 38





AssaultAssault was the fifth most common cause of injury hospitalisation among NT children with a total of 398 or 3.8% of hospitalisations. There were 368 hospitalisations in NT residents. Males and females were equally represented overall. In general, boys accounted for about 60% of all injury hospitalisations, and this is the case for assaults in non-Aboriginal children. However, there were more Aboriginal girls than boys hospitalised as a result of assault. See table A.1. Aboriginal children made up 82% of the assault injury hospitalisations, much more than the overall proportion of 52% Indigenous children for overall injury hospitalisations. Assault injury hospitalisations contributed 8% of all injury hospitalisations in Aboriginal children, as against only 1% of all hospitalisations for non- Aboriginal children. Assault was the 4th most common cause of injury hospitalisation in Aboriginal children, but was the equal 7th top cause with drowning or near in non- Aboriginal children.

Table A.1: Estimated number of children hospitalised for assault injury by sex and Indigenous status, NT, 2001-2011





Male 149 37.4 50 12.6 199 50

Female 176 44.2 23 5.8 199 50

Total 325 81.7 73 18.3 398 100

Age standardised rates for Aboriginal children were substantially higher than for non-Aboriginal children. The Central Australian rate was also very much higher than that in the Top End. See table A.2. The rate ratio between Aboriginal and non Aboriginal children was 5.6 while in the whole of Australia in 2007-08 it was 5.43.

Table A.2: Age standardised rates of childhood assault injury hospitalisation per 100,000 population by region and Indigenous status, NT 2001-2011



Top End 83.5 70-97 20.7 15-26 45.1 39-51

Central Australia 214.1 180-248 27.5 14-41.4 132.9 113-153

All NT 122 108-136 21.9 17-27 64.7 58-71

Assault is the only cause of hospitalisation that does not have a similar proportion of hospitalisations occurring in the regions compared to the distribution of the population in the regions. For all childhood injuries 25.8% occurred in residents of Central Australia. However for assault hospitalisations, 42.5% were in Central Australians. In addition, of the 30 non NT residents admitted for assault, 28 of them were admitted to either Alice Springs or Tennant Creek hospitals. The result of this is that half of all admissions arising from an assault occurred in central Australia. The highest age standardised rate in the NT is seen in the Barkly district followed by Alice Springs Rural and Katherine with the lowest in the Darwin Urban district. See figure A.1.



Figure A.1: Age standardised rates of childhood assault injury hospitalisation per 100,000 population by District, NT residents, 2001-2011


Alice Springs Urban

Barkly Darwin Rural

Darwin Urban

East Arnhem

Katherine0

50

100

150

200

250

300

In the NT, 37.7% of hospitalisations due to assault occurred in 0-4 year olds with the proportions in Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal children being 41.5% and 20.5% respectively. Nationally the proportion was 38.9%. See table A.3.

Table A.3: Estimated number and relative proportions of children hospitalised for assault injury by age group and Indigenous status, NT, 2001-2011 and Australia wide 1999-2007

NT AboriginalNT Non


No. of cases

Percent




0 to 4 135 41.5 15 20.5 150 37.7 2397 38.9

5 to 9 54 16.6 19 26 73 18.3 806 13.1

10 to 14 136 41.8 39 53.4 175 44 2966 48.1

Total 325 100 73 100 398 100 6169 100



TRENDS OVER TIMEThe total numbers of children admitted each year due to assault was relatively small with significant fluctuations year to year. The numbers of boys and girls admitted was equal over the study period. See figure A.2.

Figure A.2: Estimated number of children hospitalised for assault injury, by year and sex, NT, 2001-11

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 20110

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50


Over the study period there was no significant trend in the rates of hospitalisations overall or for Aboriginal or non-Aboriginal children or boys or girls. Age standardised rates over time by sex and Indigenous status were not calculated as the numbers in many of the cells were too small. There was a significant increasing trend in Central Australia. Although absolute numbers year by year are relatively small and rates fluctuated substantially, in all age groups, Aboriginal children were hospitalised at rates well in excess of non-Aboriginal children. Rates for 0-4 and 5-9 year olds seemed stable but appear to have risen during the study period for 10-14 year olds in both Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal children. For both groups, rates were generally highest in 10-14 year olds and lowest in 5-9 year olds. See figures A.3 – A.5.



Figure A.3: Age-specific rates of childhood assault injury hospitalisation per 100,000 population by age group, NT residents, 2001-2011.

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 20110

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

0 to 45 to 910 to 14

Figure A.4: Age-specific rates of Aboriginal childhood assault injury hospitalisation per 100,000 population, NT residents, 2001-2011.

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 20110

50

100

150

200

250

0 to 45 to 910 to 14



Figure A.5: Age-specific rates of non-Aboriginal childhood assault injury hospitalisation per 100,000 population by age group, NT residents, 2001-2011.

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 20110

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

0 to 45 to 910 to 14



TYPES OF ASSAULT INJURIESThe top 10 types of assault accounted for 98% of all assault hospitalisations. See figure A.6. Assault by bodily force (ie physical contact without the use of a weapon) was the most common type of assault injury to result in hospitalisation (110 or 28%). It was also the most common assault injury type in non-Aboriginal children accounting for 53.4% of assault admissions compared to 21.8% in Aboriginal children. The second most common type of assault injury was Other maltreatment, which is a very broad classification which includes mental cruelty, physical abuse and sexual abuse and which lead to 70 cases (18%). Of these, there were 41 cases where a parent was identified as the perpetrator. Assault by blunt object caused the third highest number of assault injury hospitalisations (55 or 14%). Out of 47 hospitalisations for Assault by sharp object, 23 were from assault with a knife. Neglect and abandonment was the fourth commonest assault injury hospitalisation and there were no non-Aboriginal hospitalisations for this type of injury. The profile of assault type varied greatly with the different age groups; see below.

Figure A.6: Top ten types of childhood hospitalisations due to assault by Indigenous status, NT, 2001-2011

Assault by bodily force

Other maltreatment

Assault by blunt object

Assault by sharp object

Neglect and abandonment

Sexual assault by bodily force

Assault by unspecified means

Assault by other specified means

Assault by pushing from high place

Assault by smoke, fire and flames

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

All childrenNon-AboriginalAboriginal



0-4 year oldsThere were 150 hospitalisations due to assault in 0-4 year olds during the study period accounting for 37% of such injuries in children. The corresponding proportion Australia wide was 39%. Neglect and abandonment was the leading cause and this age group accounted for 94% of all 0-14 year old hospitalisations of this type. Other maltreatment was in second place and 64% of this type of assault was in this age group. No similar data are available at the national level. See table A.4.

Table A.4: Top five causes of assault injury hospitalisations, 0-4 years, NT, 2001-2011

Rank Type of assault No of cases

Per cent of


1 Neglect and abandonment 46 94 49

2 Other maltreatment 45 64 70

3 Assault by bodily force 20 18 110

4 Sexual assault by bodily force 11 37 30

5 Assault by blunt object 10 18 55

All assault injuries for 0-4 years 150 37 398

5-9 year oldsIn 5-9 year olds there were 73 hospitalisations due to assault. See table A.5. This age group comprised 18% of all assault hospitalisations in children in the NT and 13% Australia wide. The leading 3 causes were Assault by bodily force, Other maltreatment and Assault by blunt object.



Per cent of






5 Assault by sharp object 9 18 49




10-14 year oldsThere were 175 hospitalisations arising from assaults in 10-14 year olds. This represents 44% of all childhood assault hospitalisations in the NT with the corresponding proportion nationally being 48%. The leading cause was Assault by bodily force followed by Assault by sharp object and Assault by blunt object. See table A.6.



Per cent of



2 Assault by sharp object 34 69 49





PerpetratorsThe type of perpetrator was either not known or not identified in 151 (37.8%) of assault hospitalisations. The most common type of perpetrator was a parent: 31.4% overall, 37.8% in Aboriginal cases and 27.3% in non- Aboriginal cases. However, in the 247 cases where the type of perpetrator was identified, the respective proportions were 59% and 51%. “Another family member” was the perpetrator in 15.4% and 16.4% overall of Aboriginal and non- Aboriginal cases respectively and 24% and 31% of cases respectively where the type of perpetrator was known.



List of TablesTable 1.1: Estimated number of children hospitalised for injury by sex and Indigenous

status, NT, 2001- 2011……………………………………………………

Table 1.2: Estimated number of all children hospitalised for injury by sex and age group, NT, 2001-11………………………

Table 1.3: Estimated number of Aboriginal children hospitalised for injury by sex and age group, NT, 2001-11………….

Table 1.4: Estimated number of non-Aboriginal children hospitalised for injury by sex and age group, NT, 2001-11

Table 1.5: Estimated number and relative proportions of children hospitalised for injury by age group and Indigenous status, NT, 2001-2011 and Australia wide 1999-2007

Table 1.6: Age standardised rates of childhood injury hospitalisations per 100,000 population by region and Indigenous status, NT residents 2001-2011

Table 1.7: Estimated number of children hospitalised for injury by year, sex and age group, NT 2001-11

Table 2.1: Estimated number of all children hospitalised for injury, by external cause and sex, NT 2001-11

Table 2.2: Estimated number of Aboriginal children hospitalised for injury, by external cause and sex, NT 2001-11

Table 2.3: Estimated number of non-Aboriginal children hospitalised for injury, by external cause and sex, NT 2001-11

Table 2.4: Estimated number of all children hospitalised for injury, by age group and external cause, NT, 2001-11

Table 2.5: Estimated number of Aboriginal children hospitalised for injury, by age group and external cause, NT, 2001-11

Table 2.6: Estimated number of non-Aboriginal children hospitalised for injury, by age group and external cause, NT, 2001-11

Table F.1: Estimated number of children hospitalised for fall injury by sex and Indigenous status, NT, 2001-2011

Table F.2: Age standardised rates of childhood fall injury hospitalisations per 100,000 population by region and Indigenous status, NT 2001-2011

Table F.3: Estimated numbers and relative proportions of children hospitalised for fall injury by age group and Indigenous status, NT, 2001-2011 and Australia wide 1999-2007




Table OUI.1: Estimated number of children hospitalised for other unintentional injury by sex and Indigenous status, NT, 2001-2011

Table OUI.2: Age standardised rate of childhood hospitalisations per 100,000 population for other unintentional injury by region and Indigenous status, NT 2001-2011



Table OUI.3: Estimated number and relative proportions of children hospitalised for other unintentional injury by age group and Indigenous status, NT, 2001-2011 and Australia wide 1999-2007

Table OUI.4: Type of other unintentional injury hospitalisations by age group, NT, 2001-2011

Table OUI.5: Type of other unintentional injury by Indigenous status, NT 2001-2011




Table T.1: Estimated number of children hospitalised for transport injury by sex and Indigenous status, NT, 2001-2011

Table T.2: Age standardised rates of childhood transport injury hospitalisations per 100,000 population by region and Indigenous status, NT 2001-2011

Table T.3: Estimated numbers and relative proportions of children hospitalised for transport injury by age group and Indigenous status, NT, 2001-2011 and Australia wide 1999-2007

Table T.4: Mode of transport for injury hospitalisations, by age group, NT 2001-2011

Table T.5: Mode of transport for injury hospitalisations, by Indigenous status, NT 2001-2011




Table B.1: Estimated number of children hospitalised for injury from exposure to smoke, fire, heat and hot substances by sex and Indigenous status, NT, 2001-2011

Table B.2: Age standardised rates of childhood hospitalisation for exposure to smoke, fire, heat and hot substances per 100,000 population by region and Indigenous status, NT 2001-2011

Table B.3: Estimated number and relative proportions of children hospitalised for injury from exposure to smoke, fire, heat and hot substances by age group and Indigenous status, NT, 2001-2011 and Australia wide 1999-2007




Table A.1: Estimated number of children hospitalised for assault injury by sex and Indigenous status, NT, 2001-2011

Table A.2: Age standardised rates of childhood assault injury hospitalisation per 100,000 population by region and Indigenous status, NT 2001-2011



Table A.3: Estimated number and relative proportions of children hospitalised for assault injury by age group and Indigenous status, NT, 2001-2011 and Australia wide 1999-2007






List of FiguresFigure 1.1 Age standardised rates of childhood injury hospitalisations per 100,000

population by District, NT residents 2001-2011

Figure 1.2: Age standardised rates of childhood injury hospitalisation per 100,000 population by year and sex, NT residents, 2001-2011

Figure 1.3: Age standardised rates of childhood injury hospitalisation per 100,000 population, by year, sex and Indigenous status, NT residents 2001-2011




Figure 1.7: Age standardised rates of childhood injury hospitalisation per 100,000 population by year and region, NT residents, 2001-2011

Figure 1.8 Age standardised rates of childhood injury hospitalisation by year, region and Indigenous status, NT residents, 2001-2011

Figure 2.1: Estimated number of children hospitalised for injury by external cause and Indigenous status, NT 2001-2011

Figure 2.2: Percentage of children hospitalised for injury by external cause and hospital, NT, 2001-2011

Figure F.1: Age standardised rates of childhood fall injury hospitalisations per 100,000 population by District, NT residents, 2001-2011

Figure F.2: Estimated number of children hospitalised for fall injury, by year and sex, NT, 2001-11

Figure F.3: Age standardised rates of childhood fall injury hospitalisation per 100,000 population by Indigenous status, NT residents, 2001-2011

Figure F.4: Age standardised rates of childhood fall injury hospitalisation per 100,000 population by sex and Indigenous status, NT residents, 2001-2011

Figure F.5: Age-specific rates of childhood fall injury hospitalisation per 100,000 population by age group, NT residents, 2001-2011

Figure F.6: Age-specific rates of Aboriginal childhood fall injury hospitalisation per 100,000 population by age group, NT residents, 2001-2011

Figure F.7: Age-specific rates of non-Aboriginal childhood fall injury hospitalisation per 100,000 population by age group, NT residents, 2001-2011

Figure F.8: Age standardised rates of childhood fall injury hospitalisation per 100,000 population by year and region, NT residents 2001-2011

Figure F.9: Top ten causes of falls leading to hospitalisation by Indigenous status, 0-14 years, NT, 2001-2011

Figure OUI.1: Age standardised rates of childhood hospitalisations per 100,000 population for other unintentional injury by District, NT residents, 2001-2011



Figure OUI.2: Estimated number of children hospitalised for other unintentional injury, by sex and year, NT, 2001-11

Figure OUI.3: Age standardised rates of childhood hospitalisations per 100,000 population for other unintentional injury by year and Indigenous status, NT residents, 2001-2011

Figure OUI.4: Age standardised rates of childhood hospitalisations per 100,000 population for other unintentional injury by year, sex and Indigenous status, NT residents, 2001-2011

Figure OUI.5: Age-specific rates of childhood hospitalisations per 100,000 population for other unintentional injury by age group and year, NT residents 2001-2011

Figure OUI.6: Age-specific rates of Aboriginal childhood hospitalisations per 100,000 population for other unintentional injury by age group and year, NT residents 2001-2011

Figure OUI.7: Age-specific rates of non-Aboriginal childhood hospitalisations per 100,000 population for other unintentional injury by age group and year, NT residents 2001-2011

Figure OUI.8: Age standardised rates of childhood hospitalisations per 100,000 population for other unintentional injury by year and region, NT residents, 2001-2011

Figure OUI.9: Top Ten causes of unintentional other injury leading to hospitalisation by Indigenous status, NT, 2001-1022

Figure T.1: Age standardised rates of childhood transport injury hospitalisations per 100,000 population by District, NT residents, 2001-2011

Figure T.2: Estimated number of children hospitalised for transport injury, by sex and year, NT, 2001-11

Figure T.3 Age standardised rates of childhood transport injury hospitalisations per 100,000 population by year and Indigenous status, NT residents, 2001-2011

Figure T.4: Age standardised rates of childhood transport injury hospitalisations per 100,000 population by year, sex and Indigenous status, NT residents, 2001-2011

Figure T.5: Age-specific rates of childhood transport injury hospitalisation per 100,000 population by year and age group, NT residents 2001-2011

Figure T.6: Age-specific rates of Aboriginal childhood transport injury hospitalisation per 100,000 population by year and age group, NT residents 2001-2011

Figure T.7: Age-specific rates of non-Aboriginal childhood transport injury hospitalisation per 100,000 population by year and age group, NT residents 2001-2011

Figure T.8: Age standardised rates of childhood transport injury hospitalisations per 100,000 population by year and region, NT residents, 2001-2011

Figure T.9: Top Ten causes of transport injury hospitalisations by Indigenous status, NT, 2001-1022

Figure B.1: Age standardised rates of childhood hospitalisation for exposure to smoke, fire, heat and hot substances per 100,000 population by District, NT residents, 2001-2011

Figure B.2: Estimated number of children hospitalised for injury from exposure to smoke, fire, heat and hot substances, by year and sex, NT, 2001-11.



Figure B.3 Age standardised rates of childhood hospitalisation for exposure to smoke, fire, heat and hot substances per 100,000 population by year and Indigenous status, NT residents, 2001-2011

Figure B.4 Age standardised rates of childhood hospitalisation for exposure to smoke, fire, heat and hot substances per 100,000 population by year and sex, NT residents, 2001-2011

Figure B.5: Age-specific rates of childhood hospitalisation for exposure to smoke, fire, heat and hot substances by age group, NT residents, 2001-2011.

Figure B.6: Age-specific rates of Aboriginal childhood hospitalisation for exposure to smoke, fire, heat and hot substances by age group, NT residents, 2001-2011.

Figure B.7: Age-specific rates of non-Aboriginal childhood hospitalisation for exposure to smoke, fire, heat and hot substances by age group by age group, NT residents, 2001-2011.

Figure B.8: Age standardised rates of childhood hospitalisation for exposure to smoke, fire, heat and hot substances by age group by year and region, NT residents, 2001-2011

Figure B.9: Top Ten causes of exposure to smoke, fire, heat and hot substance injury by Indigenous status, NT, 2001-1022

Figure A.1: Age standardised rates of childhood assault injury hospitalisation per 100,000 population by District, NT residents, 2001-2011

Figure A.2: Estimated number of children hospitalised for assault injury, by year and sex, NT, 2001-11

Figure A.3: Age-specific rates of childhood assault injury hospitalisation per 100,000 population by age group, NT residents, 2001-2011.

Figure A.4: Age-specific rates of Aboriginal childhood assault injury hospitalisation per 100,000 population, NT residents, 2001-2011.

Figure A.5: Age-specific rates of non-Aboriginal childhood assault injury hospitalisation per 100,000 population by age group, NT residents, 2001-2011.

Figure A.6: Top ten types of childhood hospitalisations due to assault by Indigenous status, NT, 2001-2011



REFERENCES


1 AIHW National Injury Surveillance Unit 2010. Hospital separations due to injury and poisoning, Australia 2005-06. Cat. no. INJCAT 131. Canberra: AIHW. 2 AIHW: Pointer S & Helps Y 2012. Trends in hospitalised injury in Australia 1999-2007, Injury research and statistics series no. 75. Cat. no. INJCAT 151. Canberra: AIHW.3 Australian Institute of Health and Welfare 2011. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander child safety. Cat. no. IHW 50. Canberra: AIHW.

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