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Puerto Rican Campaign

Puerto Rican Campaign

Part of the Spanish-American War

Land Campaign in Puerto Rico

Date May 12, 1898 August 13, 1898

Location Puerto Rico

Result Militarily inconclusive, Spain cedesPuerto Rico in accordance with theaccords of the Treaty of Paris of1898.[1]

Belligerents

Kingdom of Spain Puerto Rico

(as an autonomous

colony)

United States

Commanders

Manuel Macas yCasado

Nelson A. Miles

Strength

8,000 (Spanish)10,000 (PuertoRican)[2]

15,472 [2]

Casualties and losses

17 dead

88 wounded324 captured [2]

3 dead

40 wounded[2]

The Puerto Rican Campaign was anAmerican military sea and land operation onthe island of Puerto Rico during the Span-ishAmerican War. The offensive began onMay 12, 1898, when the United States Navyattacked the archipelagos capital, San Juan.Though the damage inflicted on the city wasminimal, the Americans were able to estab-lish a blockade in the citys harbor, San Juan

Bay. Two Spanish ships counterattacked theunprotected cruiserIsabel IIand the destroy-er Terror on June 22, but were unable to

Flag of the Batalln Provisional No. 3 de Puerto Rico

(3rd Provisional Battalion of Puerto Rico)

break the blockade and the destroyerEl Ter-rorwas damaged.

The land offensive began on July 25, when1,300 infantry soldiers led by Nelson A. Milesdisembarked of the coast of Gunica. Aftercontrolling the first skirmish, the Americansadvanced to Coamo, where they engagedPuerto Rican and Spanish troops in battle.The battle concluded when the allied soldiersretreated after the battle left two dead ontheir side, and four on the American side.The United States was able to seize control ofFajardo on August 1, but were forced to with-draw on August 5 after a group of 200 PuertoRican-Spanish soldiers led by Pedro del Pinogained control of the city, while most civilianinhabitants fled to a nearby lighthouse. TheAmericans encountered larger opposition as

they advanced towards the main islands in-terior. They engaged in two crossfires inGuamani River and Coamo, both of whichwere inconclusive as the allied soldiers re-treated. A battle in San Germn concluded ina similar fashion with the Spanish retreatingto Lares.

On August 9, 1898, American troops thatwere pursuing units retreating from Coamoencountered heavy resistance in Aibonito andretreated after six of their soldiers were injured. They returned three days later, rein-forced with artillery units and attempted asurprise attack. In the subsequent crossfire,confused soldiers reported seeing Spanish

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Puerto Rican Campaign

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reinforcements nearby and five American of-ficers were gravely injured, which prompteda retreat order. All military actions in PuertoRico were suspended on August 13, afterU.S. President William McKinley and FrenchAmbassador Jules Cambon, acting on behalfof the Spanish government, signed anarmistice whereby Spain relinquished its sov-ereignty over the territories of Cuba, PuertoRico, and Philippines.

Prelude to the PuertoRican Campaign

Manuel Macas y Casado

Following the sinking of the battleshipMainein Havana harbor, Cuba, the United Statesforwarded an ultimatum to Spain to withdrawfrom Cuba. In response, Spain broke off dip-lomatic relations with the United States, andon April 23, 1898, Spain declared war. OnApril 25, the U.S. Congress declared that astate of war between the United States andSpain had existed since April 20.[3] One ofthe United States principal objectives in the

Spanish-American War was to take control ofSpanish possessions in the Atlantic Puerto

Rico and Cuba and their possessions in thePacific the Philippines and Guam.[4]

On April 27, U.S. ships, the monitorUSSPuritan, the armored cruisers USSNewYork, and the USS Cincinnati, bombarded theSpanish fortifications at Matanzas Bay and byJuly 16, an armistice was signed at the Arbolde La Paz (a large ceiba tree) by U.S. andSpanish forces. The United States then dis-patched its fleet to Puerto Rico.[5] Two prom-inent leaders of the Puerto Rican section ofthe Cuban Revolutionary Party, Dr. Julio J.Henna and Roberto H. Todd,[6] had written toU.S. President McKinley asking that PuertoRico be included in whatever interventionwas planned for Cuba as early as March 10.They even provided the U.S. governmentwith information about the Spanish military

presence on the island.[7]

Spanish preparationsWith the outbreak of war, the SpanishGovernor of Puerto Rico, Manuel Macas yCasado, declared martial law, resolving toresist the American forces.[8] He declared:"Providence will not permit that in thesecountries which were discovered by theSpanish nation the echo of our languageshould ever cease to be heard, nor that our

flag should disappear before the eyes.... Longlive Puerto Rico, always Spanish. Long liveSpain."[8] Macas y Casado hoped that agrant ofautonomy would ensure that PuertoRicans would remain loyal to the Spanishcrown.[8]

The naval campaign inPuerto Rico (May 12 -

August 13)Battle of San Juan and blockadeThe Battle of San Juan, not to be confusedwith the Battle of San Juan Hill, refers to anAmerican naval attack on the fortifications ofSan Juan, Puerto Rico during the Spanish-American War. For weeks, the United StatesNavy had been anxiously awaiting the arrivalof the Spanish fleet under Admiral PascualCervera y Topete, unaware that he had

already eluded them and slipped his squad-ron into the Bay of Santiago.[10]


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Ordoez 15 cm cannon which opened fire onthe Yale[9]

On May 10, 1898, Capt. ngel Rivero

Mndez was assigned the command of theSpanish forces in the fortress of SanCristbal in San Juan. Capt. Rivero-Mndezordered his men to upen fire upon theUSS Yale using an Ordoez 15 centimetrecannon, thus becoming the first attackagainst the Americans in Puerto Rico in theSpanish-American War.[11] For his actions,he was awarded the "Cruz de la Orden deMerito Militar" (The Cross of the Order of theMilitary Merit) first class.[11]

On May 12, U.S. Admiral William T.Sampson and a fleet of 12 American ships ar-rived in San Juan to enforce a blockade andbombarded the city, causing and receivingsuperficial damage. Taking casualties andlow on coal, Sampson broke off the engage-ment and returned to Key West, Florida forrepairs and supplies.[12]

Bombardment of San Felipe del Morro

On June 22, 1898, the USS Saint Paul un-der the command of Captain Charles Sigsbee

arrived to San Juan Bay from Cuba andjoined the blockade. Shortly after midday anold Spanish cruiser named Isabel IIset off

from San Juan to engage the Saint Paul un-der protection of shore batteries. She openedfire on Saint Paul at long range without suc-cess in an attempt to break the blockade.Terror, a Spanish destroyer docked in San Juan for repairs, attempted to cover thecruisers escape with a torpedo attack butwas thwarted when her rudder was put out ofaction by a direct hit from the Saint Paul. Thebreaking of the Terrors rudder caused theship to turn, allowing the Saint Paul to scoredirect hits near the Terrors waterline, dis-abling one of her engines and causing her tolist. The Terror gave up the attack and re-turned to port, followed by Isabel II. On June26 the Saint Paul was relieved by theUSS Yosemite, which continued to blockadethe port.[13]

The residents of San Juan were furiouswith Rivero and blamed him for the destruc-tion caused to their city by the Americanbombardments. Nothing came of those accus-ations and Capt. Rivero-Mndez was orderedto turn over the keys of all the military in-stallations in San Juan to Captain Henry A.Reed of the U.S. Army after the Treaty ofParis of 1898 was signed. [11]

The land campaign inPuerto Rico (July 25 -August 13)

Landing in Gunica

USS Yale (1898)

The Spanish forces expected the Americansto attack the northern region of the island

and concentrated their defenses around SanJuan and Arecibo. The Spanish governmentwas also aware of a planned landing by the Americans in Fajardo, located on the east


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coast and had that city fortified. However,the southern and western regions of PuertoRico were left with little or no defenses atall.[14]

After Cuba was taken, President McKinleyapproved the land invasion of Puerto Rico byway of Fajardo, taking into consideration thatthe Spaniards had fortified San Juan, wherethey expected the initial attack. A convoy ofships left Tampa, Florida and on July 21 an-other convoy, which included the USS Yale,USSMassachusetts, USS Gloucesterand theUSS Dixie, departed from Guantnamo for a4 day journey to Puerto Rico.[15]

Major General Nelson A. Miles, Command-ing General of the Army, was aboard the USSYale. While approaching the Strait of Mona ofPuerto Rico, Miles opted to land his troops in

the southern region of the island, pickingGunica as his landing zone. He sent patrolboats to notify all other convoys of his de-cision and order them to join him. His de-cision was based on his belief that the city ofFajardo would be fortified and he feared thatsmall gun boats based on the shore could dis-rupt a landing there.[14][15]

Gunica Lighthouse c.1893

On July 25, Miles and a convoy of ships,under the command of Naval Captain FrancisJ. Higginson, arrived at Gunica Bay. The fol-lowing troop carrying ships were part of theconvoy: USS Yale with Generals Miles andGarretson, plus 1,300 infantry soldiers of the3,300 total that were assigned for the initialinvasion, USS Columbia, USS Lampasas,USS Windom, USS Comanche with GeneralGuy V. Henry, Nueces, USS Unionist, USS

Stillwater, Rita and USS Specialist (both theNueces and the Rita were Spanish shipswhich were confiscated by the Yale). Theseships were accompanied by the following

battleships, destroyers and cruisers: the flag-ship USSMassachusetts, USS Gloucester,USSDixie and USS Wasp.[14][15]

In 1898, Gunica was a small barrio withinthe jurisdiction of the town of Yauco. It had60 houses in all and its only defense was el-even members of the 4th Volante de Yauco, aPuerto Rican militia unit, under the commandof Lieutenant Enrique Mndez Lpez. Whenthe Gunica lighthouse keeper RobustianoRivera spotted the approaching convoy, heimmediately gave the alert to the residents ofthe barrio. All of the residents, with the ex-ception Agustn Barrenechea, Vicente Ferrer,Juan Mara Morciglio, Simn Mejil, SalvadorMuoz, Cornelio Serrano and Pascual Elenawho welcomed the invaders, abandoned theirhomes and joined Rivera on his journey to

Yauco where he broke the news of the invad-ing forces to the citys mayor.[15]

First skirmish

Gloucester landing team

The Gloucesterwas the first ship to set an-chor in the Bay of Guanica. Twenty-eight sail-ors and Marines, under the command of Lieu-tenants H. P. Huse and Wood, departed fromthe ship on rafts and landed on the beach.The Marines lowered the Spanish flag fromthe beach flagpole and replaced it with theAmerican flag. They then proceeded to set up

a machine gun nest and placed barbed wirearound their perimeter. The first land skir-mish in Puerto Rico between the Puerto Ric-an militia and the American forces occurredwhen Lt. Mndez Lpez and his men attackedand opened fire on the Americans. During thesmall battle which followed, the Americansreturned fire with their machine gun and theGloucesterbegan to bombard the Spanish po-sition. Lt. Mndez Lpez and three of his menwere wounded and the militia unit was forced

to retreat to the town of Yauco.[14][15]

Invasion


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General Nelson Miles and other soldiers onhorseback in Puerto Rico.

After the skirmish was over, men from theLampasas landed on the beach to secure thearea and to build a landing dock. 3,300 Amer-ican soldiers under the command of GeneralMiles landed. The units that landed were the6th Volunteer Regiments of Illinois and Mas-sachusetts, an Artillery battalion, five batterycompanies, two engineer companies and amedical unit.[15] The men who had not aban-doned the barrio of Guanica swore allegianceto the United States. Brigadier General Ge-orge A. Garretson named Agustn Bar-renechea mayor of Guanica and Simn Mejilthe chief of police. On the afternoon of the25th, Garretson left Gunica with seven com-panies of the 6th Massachusetts and onecompany of the 6th Illinois and headed to-wards Yauco.[15]

Secretary of War Russell A. Alger learnedabout the landing at Guanica the next daywhen he read an Associated Press report in alocal Washington, D.C. newspaper. The WarDepartment had ordered Miles to invadePuerto Rico by way of San Juan and thereforeAlger was completely surprised with the re-port. Miles would have been subject to dis-ciplinary actions had the invasion not gone sosmoothly. Alger received the following cablefrom Miles three days after the invasion:[16]

"Spanish troops are retreating fromsouthern part of Puerto Rico. This is

a prosperous and beautiful country.

The Army will soon be in mountainregion. Weather delightful; troops in

the best of health and spirit. Anticip-

ate no insurmountable obstacles infuture results. Results thus far have

been accomplished without loss of asingle life."[16]

Battle of Yauco

LtCol Francisco Puig

After Rivera, the keeper of the Gunica light-house, notified Atilio Gaztambide, the mayorof the town of Yauco, located six miles(10 km) north of Gunica, of the American in-vasion of Guanica, the mayor in turn notified

Governor Macas via telegraph. GovernorMacas ordered Captain Salvador Meca andhis 3rd company of the 25th Patria Battalionfrom Yauco to head for Gunica. Meca andhis men were joined by Lieutenant ColonelFrancisco Puig, who assumed command ofthe Spanish forces at Hacienda Desideria twomiles (3 km) from Gunica. Puig arrived withtwo companies known as "Cazador PatriaBattalion", and they were joined by PuertoRican volunteers, the Civil Guards, andmounted guerrillas from the towns of Yaucoand Sabana Grande. Puig had the men posi-tioned on both sides of the road that ran fromGunica to Hacienda Desideria and Yauco, as


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well as an infantry company positioned on ahill south of the hacienda.[17]

In the meantime, U.S. Brigadier GeneralGeorge A. Garretson, set out of Gunica withhis men towards Yauco with the intention ofcapturing the Yauco rail terminus that ranbetween that town and the City of Ponce, thelargest city in the southern region of the is-land.[17] Garretson and his men arrived inthe darkness of night and was informed byhis scouts of the possibility of a hostile situ-ation at the Hacienda Desideria. He orderedthe Illinois company and two companies(companies L and M) of the 6th Massachu-setts to occupy a small hill on his right thatoverlooked the hacienda.[17]

Battlefield of Yauco 1898

Captain San Pedro detected the move-

ments of the American troops from his posi-tions on a nearby hill and ordered his men toopen fire. Garretson then ordered a direct at-tack on the Spanish and Puerto Rican forcesin the hacienda. At day break, the 6th Mas-sachusetts overran the Spanish forces andsuffered four casualties.[17] Puig was expect-ing reinforcements from Yauco which did notarrive and was ordered to disengage and re-treat. Before retreating the right wing of theSpanish force, which was not overrun, initi-

ated a flanking attack against two positionsheld by the Illinois and Massachusetts com-panies. The unexpected strength of the Span-ish force caused some of the 6th Massachu-setts troops to momentarily panic, but theSpanish forces were eventually driven off.Puig and his forces suffered two officers andthree soldiers wounded and two soldiersdead.[17]

Puig and his men retreated towardsYauco, but failed to destroy the rail terminuswhich connected the town to the city ofPonce, and proceeded to march towards thetown ofPeuelas. Garretsons troops enteredYauco in the afternoon of July 26 and on July

19th century train station in Yauco

27 Puigs men continued their march, leavingtheir artillery and heavy equipment behind,passing the towns of Adjuntas and Utuado

and finally arriving at the town ofArecibo onthe northern coast of the island on July29.[17] Col. Puig, believing that he would bedishonored and accused by the SpanishGovernment of abandoning military equip-ment during his retreat, committed suicideon August 2.[18]

Major General Nelson A. Miles, uponlearning about the lack of discipline of the6th Massachusetts during the battle, orderedan investigation. The 6th Massachusetts was

sent on a hard march from Gunica to Ponceas punishment and the regimental command-er, a lieutenant colonel, a major, and a cap-tain resigned upon request.[17]

Battle of Fajardo

Faro de Las Cabezas de San Juan (Cape SanJuan lighthouse), c. 1898.

On August 1, the USSPuritan under the com-mand of Captain Frederic W. Rodgers, wassailing by the coastline of the city ofFajardo,when Rogers noticed the "Faro de LasCabezas de San Juan" (Cape San Juan light-

house) which was supposed to be the landingsite for the US Army in Puerto Rico. Rodgersordered some of his men ashore, which


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included Puerto Rican volunteers, with themission of posting the American Flag atopthe lighthouse.[19]

On August 2, three more ships, theUSSAmphitrite, USS Leyden, and theUSSHannibal arrived and joined thePuritan.The 25-man Spanish garrison stationed in thecity became aware of the American presenceand, after notifying their superiors in SanJuan, were told to withdraw. When Dr. Santi-ago Veve Calzada, the mayor of the city, real-ized that the garrison was gone and that thecity was defenseless against the invadingAmericans, he implored the Spanish authorit-ies in San Juan to dispatch troops to defendhis city.[19] Believing that the Spanish forceswould not come to his aid, Dr. Santiago VeveCalzada then went to the lighthouse to seek

protection for the city from the Americans.On the afternoon of August 3, Dr. VeveCalzada entered the city with a contingent ofMarines and the United States flag was hois-ted over the Fajardo Customs House and CityHall.[19]

On August 4, Governor General Maciassent Colonel Pedro del Pino and 200 men torecapture the city. When Colonel Pinoentered Fajardo he found it nearly desertedbecause the residents, fearing a battle, had

fled to the Fajardo lighthouse. Pino waiteduntil darkness fell and then ordered his mento attack the lighthouse. The Marinessignaled the ships that they were under at-tack and the ships began to bombard theshore in a protective pattern. The Spanishforces retreated back to the city.[19]

The following day U.S. Marine LieutenantJohn A. Lejeune came ashore with a detach-ment of Marines and evacuated the civiliansand Marines for transport to Ponce, and thelighthouse was abandoned. Meanwhile, in the

City of Fajardo, Pinos men tore down the Un-ited States flags that flew over the CustomsHouse and City Hall and returned to SanJuan after verifying that the lighthouse wasabandoned, displaying the flags as histrophies of war. It was the only time that American forces were forced to withdrawfrom any position during the campaign inPuerto Rico.[19]

Battle of Guayama

After the town of Yauco was taken, MajorGeneral Nelson A. Miles decided to attackthe City ofPonce by sea and by land. General

Garretsons 6th Illinois and 6th Massachu-setts had returned to Guanica and after thetroops rested, Garretson and his men wereordered to move eastward to Ponce. Lt. Col.Rafael Martinez Illecas, in charge of theSpanish forces in that city, had pulled out,leaving behind a small garrison of 300 volun-teers to hold the town. [20] When the Americ-an forces arrived in Ponce they met no resist-ance and the Spanish volunteers surrenderedto the invaders. Miles then ordered BrigadierGeneral Peter G. Hains and the men of the3rd Illinois, 4th Ohio and 4th PennsylvaniaVolunteer Infantry Regiments to take Arroyo,a small port 60 miles east of Ponce thatserved the larger, nearby coastal town ofGuayama.[20] Arroyo was taken on August 2and on August 5 Hanes ordered the 4th Ohio,

the 3rd Illinois and a battery of Sims-Dudleyguns, manned by Company G of the 4th Ohio,to capture Guayama.[20]

Spanish troops in Guayama

Spanish forces were entrenched on thecrest of two small hills, between which theroad from Arroyo to Guayama ran. The Amer-icans had crossed a stream in front of the

hills when suddenly the Spanish opened fire.The Americans protected their position bythe stream and increased their fire power asmore reinforcements arrived.[20] The out-numbered Spanish troops retreated toGuayama as the Americans made their ad-vance on the hills. The firefight, which lastedhalf an hour, left three American wounded.When the 4th Ohio entered the town they dis-covered that the Spaniards had fled northand abandoned the city, ending the Battle ofGuayama. General John Rutter Brooke used

the Cautio Residence (Casa Cautio) by thetown square in Guayama as his militaryheadquarters.[20]


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Battle of the Guamani River BridgeOn August 6, Colonel Coit sent two compan-ies of the 4th Ohio on a reconnaissance mis-sion across and beyond a cast iron bridgethat crossed the Ro Guanam (GuamaniRiver). The road beyond the bridge was es-

sential for General Hains projected advanceto the town of Cayey.[16] The 4th Ohio ob-served elements of Spains 6th ProvisionalBattalion entrenched in Guanam Heights, sixmiles north of the bridge. The 4th felt thatthey were too strongly entrenched to attemptan assault at the time.[20] The 4th Ohio re-quested reinforcements and on August 9, at-tacked the Spaniards and a short firefighterupted. The numerical superiority of theAmericans forced the Spanish to retreat fromGuanami Heights.[16][20] This battle was the

costliest battle yet for the Americans sincetheir landing at Guanica, as it resulted in sev-en wounded. The Spanish forces suffered 2dead and 15 wounded.[16]

Battle of Coamo

The 3rd Wisconsin awaits orders to chargethe Spanish at Coamo

Shortly after the American soldiers disem-barked, a group of Spanish and Puerto Ricanunits began moving from Ponce to Aibonito,marching through the Carretera Central(Central Highway). The caravan was com-posed of two companies of the Batalln deCazadores de la Patria (Battalion of theMotherlands Hunters) and some members ofthe Civil Guard and a Puerto Rican guerillaforce. A total of 248 infantry men and 42members of the cavalry formed the battalionsunder the command of Lt. Col. RafaelMartnez Illescas, the same person who was

in charge of the Ponce garrison.[21] Travelingby foot, the journey would last two days. Thegroup decided to spend one night in Coamo

before continuing their march in the morn-ing.[21] Martnez Illescas immediatelyordered the construction of several trenches;while building these, the soldiers were am-bushed by an anti-Spanish guerilla force, ledby Pedro Mara Descartes, who managed tokill a member of the Civil Guard.[21]

Spanish and Puerto Rican prisoners of war

after the Battle of Coamo

Meanwhile, two battalions of volunteersfrom Wisconsin and Pennsylvania, led byGenerals Oswald H. Ernst and James H.Wilson, settled on opposite sides of the roadto Coamo.[21] On August 9, 1898, the Americ-ans began their offensive, opening cannonfire against the city and completing their at-tack with artillery fire.[22] The Americans in-tended to encircle and defeat the defenses in

the city. A group of soldiers entered the cityfrom the backside, having advanced througha river nearby. The rear assault was rein-forced by Wilsons army under General Ernst,attempting to trap the allied soldiers in acrossfire, employing a tactic known as thepincer movement.[23] Martnez Illescas wassurprised by the attack and led an improvisedattack, but he was killed in the crossfirealong with his second-in-command, leavingCaptain Hita in charge, who ordered his mento surrender. Half of the allied troops ignoredthe order, and continued the attack. Hitasmen were sent to a prisoner-of-war camp loc-ated a Ro Descalabrado, while the men whocontinued to attack retreated to Aibonitowhen they realized that the Americans wereusing the pincer movement tactic.[23]

Battle of Silva HeightsBrigadier General Theodore Schwan and2,896 men of his Independent Brigade hadlanded in Guanica and marched towards oc-

cupied Yauco. Schwan and his men wereordered to move westward and to capture thecity of Mayagez. Colonel Julio Soto


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Col. Julio Soto Villanueva (X) with his staff inMayagez

Villanueva ordered 1,500 Spanish Regulars of

the 24th Rifle Battalion, six companies of theAlfonso XIII auxiliaries, and other scatteredSpanish and Puerto Rican guerilla forces dis-patched from the garrison at Mayagez tomeet and defeat Schwan. The Spanish forcesentrenched themselves at a high ridge calledSilva Heights, located at a road near thetown ofHormigueros.[16]

Schwans troops arrived in the town ofSan Germn and continued the march to-wards their objective. Troop A of Schwans

5th Cavalry approached Silva Heights andwere soon engaged in a firefight when theSpanish forces opened fire. The Americanswere aided by two companies of the 19th In-fantry, supported by artillery and Gatlingguns, as well as the 11th Infantry. The Span-ish forces retreated after the American rein-forcements brought them under intensefire.[16] Schwans men set up camp on SilvaHeights for the night and the following daythey continued their drive to Mayagez. Theyarrived the following morning to find that the

Spanish forces had abandoned the city to re-treat to the east towards Lares. Schwan didnot follow Soto Villanueva, but instead wasordered to take the town ofLas Marias. Theoutcome of the Silva Heights Battle left 3Spanish dead, 6 wounded, and 136 prisoners.Schwans brigade suffered 15 wounded and 2killed in action.[16]

Battle of AsomanteThe American cavalry pursued the soldiers

that had retreated from Coamo, but were notable to reach them until the units hadentered Aibonito Pass, a region more

Spanish trenches in Asomante

commonly known as Asomante. The regionhad been prepared by allied Puerto Ricanand Spanish troops, who had built a trenchand placed soldiers and equipment aroundthe foliage.[24] As soon as the soldiers no-ticed the presence of the invading unit theyopened cannon fire. The cavalry received in-fantry reinforcements, which were receivedby battery fire. Six American soldier were in-jured in the crossfire, prompting a retreat or-der.[24] The allied units (Spanish and PuertoRican) lost five soldiers and two civilguards.[24] During the following two days theAmericans decided to do a battlefield recon-naissance and Colonel S. Reber, developed acroquis of the Aibonito Pass. Spies were de-

ployed throughout Coamo, including a PuertoRican separatist named Carlos Patterne, whowas able to enter the city without suspicionand contact Rufino Huertas, a separatistteacher.[25] Huertas gave Patterne a series ofdefense plans that were previously developedand organized by Martnez Illescas.[25] Whileinactive, the Puerto Rican soldiers deployedin Asomante completed rounds every twohours, working four hours daily. They mostlyate beans, some rice and meat, while con-

serving several cracker packs for Spanish re-inforcements that were supposed to ar-rive.[26] They slept in improvised huts thatdid not protect them from the rain.[26]

The American commanders decided to at-tack the trenches with artillery, while send-ing a large group to Barranquitas, fromwhich they would try to attack the alliedtroops from the back.[27] At 10:30 a.m. Cap-tain R.D. Potts led part of the 3rd Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry Regiment through thecentral highway to Aibonito. Lieutenants

Bliss and OHern led two units with similarequipment. At 1:00 p.m. the allied troopsopened cannon fire as the Americans entered


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10/13

Puerto Rican soldiers and their Spanish Com-mander (in white) pose with their Americancaptors

their range.[28] Potts ordered the deploymentof two batteries while OHern received or-ders from Commander Landcaster to set acannon at a distance of a 100 yards to thevanguards right.[28] They intended to defeatthe a small group led by Captain Hernaz.Shrapnel from allied cannon fire was fallingclose to Lancasters location, and he askedPotts to help him by deploying a batterynearby. One of Hernazs Placensias cannonsoverheated, which forced him to order a tem-porary cease to the offensive.[29] Landcasterbelieved that the opposition had been annihil-ated, ordered an advance. However the alliedfire was renewed, this time supported byMauser rifle fire. The sudden attack caused

confusion among some soldiers, who repor-ted seeing a second Spanish unit nearby.[30]

Fearing that the allied units could capturethe American equipment, Landcaster ordereda retreat. Lieutenant Hains was gravely in-jured by a Mauser bullet, being replaced bySergeant John Long. Meanwhile, most ofPotts men fled the battlefield. In the cross-fire the allied forces overpowered the Amer-ican infantry, using Mauser fire to disorgan-ize their artillery,[31] during which time fourAmerican officials were gravely injured in-cluding Long, Lieutenant Harris, Captain E.T.Lee and Corporal Oscar Sawanson.[32] Priv-ate Frederick Yough, Corporal August Yank,George J. Bruce and Private Sices also re-ceived injuries, with Yough subsequently dy-ing. Harris position was filled by OHern,while Sawanson was fatally shot while tryingto support the artillery. In total the alliedunits had only a injured artillery man, whilethe American side had two dead and five in-jured. Wilsons camp was the first to receive

a telegram from General Miles notifying himof the amnesty declared by the signing of theTreaty of Paris. The Americans sent Bliss to

Asomante, but Nouvilas refused to suspendthe hostilities after receiving a telegram fromMacas denying any peace treaty.[33] All mil-itary actions in Puerto Rico were suspendedAugust 13, after President William McKinleyand French Ambassador Jules Cambon, act-ing on behalf of the Spanish government,signed an armistice whereby Spain relin-quished its sovereignty over the territory ofPuerto Rico.[7]

Aftermath

In a 1898 newspaper cartoon, "Uncle Sam"

watches as the "Goddess of Liberty" heralds"freedom" for Cuba, Puerto Rico and thePhilippines

The Puerto Rico Campaign, which began withthe blockade of San Juan harbor on May 12and ended on August 13 after the Treaty ofParis was signed, was short compared to theother campaigns in the Spanish AmericanWar. This was in part because the Puerto Ric-ans who resided in the southern and westerntowns and villages resented Spanish rule and

tended to view the Americans as their liberat-ors.[16] Some Puerto Rican leaders such asJos de Diego and Eugenio Mara de Hostosexpected the United States to grant the is-land its independence.[34][35] Believing thatPuerto Rico would gain its independence, agroup of men staged an uprising in Cialeswhich became known as "El Levantamientode Ciales" or the "Ciales Uprising of 1898"and proclaimed Puerto Rico to be a republic.The Spanish authorities who were unaware

that the cease fire had been signed brutallysuppressed the uprising[36] The Spanish,Puerto Ricans and Americans that particip-ated in the campaign totaled 33,472. Of this


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total 18,000 were Spanish, 10,000 werePuerto Rican and 15,472 were American mil-itary personnel. The Spanish and Puerto Ric-an suffered 429 casualties which included 17dead, 88 wouded and 324 captured. The American forces suffered 43 casualties: 3dead and 40 wounded.[2]

Under the terms of the Treaty of Paris of1898, ratified on December 10, 1898, PuertoRico was annexed by the United States.Spain had lost its last colony in the westernhemisphere and the United States gained im-perial strength and global presence. The Un-ited States established a military governmentand appointed Major General Nelson A. Milesthe first head of the military government es-tablished on the island, acting as both headof the army of occupation and administrator

of civil affairs.[37] Members of the Spanishforces and civilians who were loyal to theSpanish Crown were allowed to return toSpain. By October 18, the Spanish withdraw-al from Puerto Rico was completed as the fi-nal troops left San Juan for Spain.[7] Thosewho belonged to the Spanish military who de-cided to stay in Puerto Rico were offered theoption by the United States to serve in thenewly formed "Porto Rico Regiment". Sometook the offer, such as Tefilo Marxuach, a

former Lieutenant in the Spanish Army whojoined the regiment,[38], and others, such asCapt. Angel Rivero Mndez, declined the of-fer and retired from the military.[39]

Almost immediately, the United Statesbegan the "Americanization" process ofPuerto Rico. The U.S. occupation broughtabout a total change in Puerto Ricos eco-nomy and polity and did not apply democraticprinciples to the colony. Puerto Rico wasclassified as an "unincorporated territory"which meant that the protections of the Un-

ited States Constitution did not automaticallyapply because the island belonged to theU.S., but was not part of the U.S.[40] In 1899,U.S. Senator George Frisbie Hoar describedPuerto Ricans as "uneducated, simple-mindedand harmless people who were only inter-ested in wine, women, music and dancing"and recommended that Spanish should be ab-olished in the islands schools and only Eng-lish should be taught.[41] Schools became theprimary vehicle of Americanization, and ini-

tially all classes were taught in English,which also made for a large dropout rate.[40]

On January 15, 1899, the military govern-ment changed the name of Puerto Rico to

Porto Rico (On May 17, 1932, U.S. Congresschanged the name back to "Puerto Rico") andthe islands currency was changed from thePuerto Rican peso to the American dollar, in-tegrating the islands currency into the U.S.monetary system.[42] The United States exer-ted their control over the economy of the is-land by prohibiting Puerto Rico from negoti-ating commercial treaties with other nations,from determining tariffs, and from shippinggoods to the mainland on other than U.S. car-riers.[40] Military rule was replaced by a civil-ian government by way of the Foraker Act of1900. However, the Act stipulated that thegovernor and top officials were presidentiallyappointed and they were all to be Americ-ans.[40] In 1952, the archipelagos status wasreviewed, and theEstado Libre Associado, a

variation of self-governing commonwealth,was implemented.[43][44]

See also Military history of Puerto Rico Spanish-American relations Politics of Puerto Rico

Footnotes[1] Zwick, Jim (April 23, 1995). "Sitting in

Darkness: An Unheeded Message AboutU.S. Militarism". Baltimore Sun: pp. J1,

J6.

[2] ^Negroni, Coronel Hctor Andres(1992). "La Guerra Hispanoamericana en

Puerto Rico (Military history of PuertoRico)" (in Spanish). 1898 Los

Documentos de Puerto Rico. SociedadEstatal Quinto Centenario.

http://www.fortunecity.com/victorian/churchmews/1216/historia.negroni.htm.

Retrieved on 2008-09-04.[3] Hakim 1994, pp. 144-149[4] The World of 1898: The Spanish-

American War, Hispanic Division,

Library of Congress, http://www.loc.gov/rr/hispanic/1898/intro.html, retrieved on

2008-08-03

[5] "Chronology of Cuba in the Spanish-American War". The World of 1898: The

Spanish-American War. HispanicDivision, Library of Congress.

http://www.loc.gov/rr/hispanic/1898/chroncuba.html. Retrieved on

2008-08-02.


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[6] "Hombres Illustres de Puerto Rico" (inSpanish). www.prfrogui.com.

http://www.prfrogui.com/fortune/

ballester.htm. Retrieved on 2008-08-07.[7] ^ "Chronology of Puerto Rico in the

Spanish-American War". The World of1898: The Spanish-American War.

Hispanic Division, Library of Congress.http://www.loc.gov/rr/hispanic/1898/

chronpr.html. Retrieved on 2008-08-04.

[8] ^ Trask 1996, p. 338[9] Can Ordez de 15 cm modelo 1885[10] "Pascual Cervera y Topete". The World of

1898: The Spanish-American War.Hispanic Division, Library of Congress.

http://www.loc.gov/rr/hispanic/1898/

cervera.html. Retrieved on 2008-08-17.[11]^ "1898 - Adjuntas en la Guerra

Hispanoamericana" (in Spanish).http://members.tripod.com/~adjuntas1/

guerra1.html. Retrieved on 2006-10-10.

[12] "Rear Admiral William T. Sampson". TheWorld of 1898: The Spanish-AmericanWar. Hispanic Division, Library of

Congress. http://www.loc.gov/rr/hispanic/1898/sampson.html. Retrieved

on 2008-08-05.

[13] "Saint Paul". Dictionary of AmericanNaval Fighting Ships. Naval Historical

Center, Department of the Navy.http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/s3/

saint_paul-i.htm. Retrieved on2008-07-30.

[14]^Barnes, Mark R.. "The American ArmyMoves on Puerto-Rico, Part 2". War in

Puerto Rico. Spanish American WarCentennial Website.

http://www.spanamwar.com/puertoland2.htm. Retrieved on

2008-08-02.

[15]^ "El desembarco en Gunica" (in

Spanish). 1898 La Guerra HispanoAmericana en Puerto Rico.http://home.coqui.net/sarrasin/

desembarco.guanica.htm. Retrieved on2008-08-02.

[16]^ "Puerto Rico "A Moonlight Picnic"".Home of Heroes.

http://www.homeofheroes.com/wallofhonor/spanish_am/

14_puertorico.html. Retrieved on2008-08-02.

[17]^Barnes, Mark R.. "The American ArmyMoves on Puerto-Rico: The Landing andSkirmish at Gunica and the Battle of

Yauco". War in Puerto Rico. Spanish

American War Centennial Website.http://www.spanamwar.com/

puertoland2.htm. Retrieved on

2007-07-30.[18] "Protagonistas de la Guerra Hispano

Americana en Puerto Rico" (in Spanish).1898 La Guerra Hispano Americana en

Puerto Rico. http://home.coqui.net/sarrasin/pers7.htm#anchor221005.

Retrieved on 2008-08-02.

[19]^ "Fajardo lighthouse". Home of Heroes.http://www.homeofheroes.com/wallofhonor/spanish_am/

14_puertorico.html. Retrieved on2008-08-02.

[20]^Barnes, Mark R.. "The American ArmyMoves on Puerto-Rico Part 3". War inPuerto Rico. Spanish American War

Centennial Website.http://www.spanamwar.com/

puertoland3.htm. Retrieved on2008-08-02.

[21]^ Pratts 2006, p. 42[22] Pratts 2006, p. 46[23]^ Pratts 2006, p. 48[24]^ Pratts 2006, p. 50[25]^ Pratts 2006, p. 51[26]^ Pratts 2006, pp. 70-71[27] Pratts 2006, p. 55

[28]^ Pratts 2006, p. 59[29]"Pratts 2006, p. 60[30]"Pratts 2006, p. 81[31] Pratts 2006, p. 62[32]"Pratts 2006, p. 82[33] Pratts 2006, p. 63[34] "About Eugenio Mara de Hostos

(1839-1903)". Hostos Community

College. http://www.hostos.cuny.edu/about/hostos.html. Retrieved on

2008-08-02.

[35] "Jos de Diego". The World of 1898: The

Spanish-American War. HispanicDivision, Library of Congress.http://www.loc.gov/rr/hispanic/1898/

diego.html. Retrieved on 2008-08-02.[36] Projecto Salon Hogar, Retrieved

December 20, 2008[37]Miles, Nelson Appleton (1896).Personal

Recollections and Observations ofGeneral Nelson A. Miles. Chicago:

Werner. http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/History.Miles.

[38] Hewitt, Holmes & Williams 1905, p. 440[39] "Angel Rivero, Crnica de la GuerraHispanoamericana en Puerto Rico" (in

Spanish). http://perso.wanadoo.es/


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13/13

padron/rivero/. Retrieved on2008-08-02.

[40]^ Safa, Helen (March 22, 2003)."Changing forms of U.S. hegemony inPuerto Rico: the impact on the family

and sexuality". Urban Anthropology andStudies of Cultural Systems and World

Economic Development.http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/

summary_0286-4172324_ITM. Retrievedon 2007-08-03.

[41] "Americanizing Puerto Rico". New YorkTimes: p. 4. February 22, 1899.

http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9D0CE2D6163DE433A25751C2A9649C94689ED7CF.


[42] Dinwiddie 1899, p. 261[43] "Constitution of the Commonwealth of

Puerto Rico" (in Spanish). LexJuris dePuerto Rico. http://www.lexjuris.com/

lexprcont.htm. Retrieved on 2008-08-02.

[44] "Constitution of the Commonwealth ofPuerto Rico". Welcome.toPuertoRico.org.http://topuertorico.org/constitu.shtml.


References Dinwiddie, William (1899),Puerto Rico: Its

Conditions and Possibilities, New York:

Harper & Brothers,

http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&id=f5-lF4a3XvIC&dq=William+Dinwid

Hakim, Joy (1994), History of US: BookEight, An Age of Extremes, New York:

Oxford University Press

Hewitt, Waterman Thomas; Holmes, FrankR.; Williams, Lewis A. (1905), CornellUniversity: A History, The University

Publishing Society

Pratts, Edgardo (2006) (in Spanish), DeCoamo a la Trinchera del Asomante (1sted.), Puerto Rico: Fundacin Educativa

Idelfonso Pratts,ISBN 0976218569

Trask (1996), The War with Spain in 1898,University of Nebraska Press

External links Spanish-American War Centennial site

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Campaign"

Categories: Spanish-American War, Battles of the Spanish-American War, Military in PuertoRico, Military history of Puerto Rico

This page was last modified on 23 May 2009, at 00:11 (UTC). All text is available under theterms of the GNU Free Documentation License. (See Copyrights for details.) Wikipedia is aregistered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a U.S. registered 501(c)(3) tax-deductible nonprofit charity. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers


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