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Publications of KVI researchers 2016 (55)
Vet. Parasitol. 2014 Jan 31; 199(3-4):121-8. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.10.027. Epub 2013 Nov 11.
Vector-borne pathogens in dogs from Costa Rica: first molecular description of Babesia vogeli and Hepatozoon canis infections with a high prevalence of monocytic ehrlichiosis and the manifestations of co-infection. Rojas A1, Rojas D2, Montenegro V3, Gutiérrez R4, Yasur-Landau D4, Baneth G4.
Author information: · 1Departamento de Parasitología, Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, P.O. Box 11501-2060, San José, Costa Rica. Electronic address: [email protected]. · 2Departamento de Parasitología, Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, P.O. Box 11501-2060, San José, Costa Rica. · 3Departamento de Parasitología, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional, P.O. Box 86-3000, Heredia, Costa Rica. · 4Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
Abstract Infection with canine vector-borne pathogens was evaluated in dogs from four different regions of Costa Rica by PCR. Demographic data, clinical signs, packed cell volume values, and the presence of tick infestation were recorded for each dog. Forty seven percent (69/146) of the dogs were infected with at least one pathogen and 12% were co-infected with two pathogens. Ehrlichia canis was detected in 34%, Anaplasma platys in 10%, Babesia vogeli in 8%, and Hepatozoon canis in 7.5% of the blood samples. No infection was detected with Leishmania spp. in blood, skin scrapings or conjunctival swabs. Thirty percent of the dogs presented at least one clinical sign compatible with vector-borne disease, and of those, 66% were infected with a pathogen. Subclinical infections were determined in 58% of the infected dogs including 82% (9/11), 58% (29/50), 42% (5/12) and 36% (5/14) of the dogs with H. canis, E. canis, B. vogeli and A.
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platys infections, respectively. A distinct relationship was found between infection and anemia. The mean PCV values were 34.4% in dogs with no infection, 31.5% in those who had a single infection and 23% in those with co-infection. Co-infected dogs had significantly lower PCV values compared to non-infected and single-infected dogs (p<0.0001). Thirty five percent (51/146) of the dogs were infested with ticks, 82% of them were infested with Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato and 18% with Amblyomma ovale. Dogs infected with A. platys, B. vogeli, or E. canis were significantly associated with R. sanguineus s.l. infestation (p<0.029). This is the first description of infections with B. vogeli and H. canis in Costa Rica as well as in Central America. The results of this study indicate that multiple vector-borne pathogens responsible for severe diseases infect dogs in Costa Rica and therefore, increased owner and veterinarian awareness are needed. Moreover, prevention of tick infestation is recommended to decrease the threat of these diseases to the canine population. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. PMID: 24315693 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Vet J. 2016 Jan; 207:180-3. doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.10.057. Epub 2015 Nov 4.
An overview of Mycoplasma bovis mastitis in Israel (2004-2014). Lysnyansky I1, Freed M2, Rosales RS3, Mikula I4, Khateb N2, Gerchman I4, van Straten M5, Levisohn S4.
Author information: 1 Mycoplasma Unit, Division of Avian and Aquatic Diseases, Kimron Veterinary Institute, PO Box 12, Beit Dagan 50250, Israel. Electronic address: [email protected]. 2 Israel Dairy Board, Laboratory for Udder Health and Milk Quality, Caesarea, Israel. 3 Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK. 4 Mycoplasma Unit, Division of Avian and Aquatic Diseases, Kimron Veterinary Institute, PO Box 12, Beit Dagan 50250, Israel. 5 Hachaklait Veterinary Services LTD, PO Box 3039, Caesarea, Israel.
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Abstract The prevalence of Mycoplasma bovis in milk samples submitted to the Israeli National Service for Udder Health and Milk Quality was determined during the period 2004-2014 and the genetic pattern of the obtained isolates was assessed by multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Mycoplasma spp. were identified in 66 herds including M. bovis (n = 60), M. cottewii (n = 3), M. bovigenitalium (n = 2), M. alkalescens (n = 2) and M. yeatsii (n = 1). The proportion of M. bovis infected herds was relatively low (0-0.68%) in 2004-2007, increased to 3.77% during the 2008 outbreak, and ranged from 0.77 to 2.77% during the 2009-2014 period. Since 2008, about eight M. bovis positive dairy herds have been identified in Israel annually, with six of which on average being newly infected. MLST of 57 M. bovis isolates revealed that sequence type 10 was the dominant genotype identified in 60% of the herds. In conclusion, these data show that M. bovis is the main mycoplasmal mastitic pathogen in Israel.
Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
PMID: 26626090 [Indexed for MEDLINE]
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PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2016 Jan 6; 10(1):e0004341. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004341.eCollection 2016.
Allopurinol Resistance in Leishmania infantum from Dogs with Disease Relapse. Yasur-Landau D1, Jaffe CL2, David L3, Baneth G1.
Author information: · 1Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University, Rehovot, Israel. · 2Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, IMRIC, Hadassah Medical School, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel. · 3Department of Animal Sciences, The Hebrew University, Rehovot, Israel.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Visceral leishmaniasis caused by the protozoan Leishmania infantum is a zoonotic, life threatening parasitic disease. Domestic dogs are the main peridomestic reservoir, and allopurinol is the most frequently used drug for the control of infection, alone or in combination with other drugs. Resistance of Leishmania strains from dogs to allopurinol has not been described before in clinical studies.
METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Following our observation of clinical disease relapse in dogs under allopurinol treatment, we tested susceptibility to allopurinol of L. infantum isolated from groups of dogs pre-treatment, treated in remission, and with disease relapse during treatment. Promastigote isolates obtained from four treated relapsed dogs (TR group) showed an average half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 996 μg/mL. A significantly lower IC50 (P = 0.01) was found for isolates from ten dogs before treatment (NT group, 200 μg/mL), as well as for five isolates obtained from treated dogs in remission (TA group, 268 μg/mL). Axenic amastigotes produced from isolates of the TR group also showed significantly higher (P = 0.002) IC50 compared to the NT group (1678 and 671 μg/mL, respectively). The lower sensitivity of intracellular amastigotes from the TR group relative to those from the NT group (P = 0.002) was confirmed using an infected
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macrophage model (6.3% and 20% growth inhibition, respectively at 300 μg/mL allopurinol).
CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study to demonstrate allopurinol resistance in L. infantum and to associate it with disease relapse in the canine host. These findings are of concern as allopurinol is the main drug used for long term control of the disease in dogs, and resistant L. infantum strains may enhance uncontrolled transmission to humans and to other dogs. PMCID: PMC4711794 Free PMC Article
PMID: 26735519 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases Volume 7, Issue 1, February 2016, Pages 13–19
doi: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2015.07.017. Epub 2015 Jul 30.
Transmission of Babesia ovis by different Rhipicephalus bursa developmental stages and infected blood injection
• Oran Erster, , , Asael Roth, Ricardo Wolkomirsky, Benjamin Leibovich, Igor Savitzky, Varda Shkap
Abstract In this report, the transmission efficacy of Babesia ovis, the principal causative agent of ovine babesiosis, was studied by infestation of lambs with different Rhipicephalus bursa stages or by injection of infected blood. Infected blood injection induced acute babesiosis in splenectomized lambs, while only mild clinical signs were observed in intact animals. Both splenectomized and intact lambs developed high antibody titer, detectable for at least 180 days post infection. Infestation of splenectomized and intact lambs with infected tick larvae did not induce clinical babesiosis or specific serum response in any of the examined animals. Similarly, infestation of one splenectomized lamb with partially-fed infected R. bursa males did not induce any clinical response or seroconversion. Nymph infestation caused a mild clinical response followed by specific seroconversion, in one out of five lambs. All animals infested with infected unfed adults
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(males and females) showed mild-to-severe clinical signs 8 to 12 days post infestation. The acute phase was followed by a marked seroconversion. Our results indicate that the principal transmission of B. ovis is performed by adult R. bursa ticks, and that the host reaction can last as long as 6 months following the acute infection. Keywords: Babesia ovis; Rhipicephalus bursa; Transmission; Acute babesiosis; Seroconversion
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SOJ Vaccine Research
Research Article Open Access
Antigenically and Genetically Diverse Isolates of Low Pathogenicity H9N2 Avian Influenza Virus Provide Cross-Clade Vaccinal Protection
Irit Davidson1*, Natalia Osidze1, Amira Altory1, Israel Raibshtein1, Ezra Rozenbluth1, Yigal Parnoushi1 and Erica
Spackman2 1 Division of Avian Diseases, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan, Israel.
2 Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, US National Poultry Research Center, US Dept. of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Athens, GA 30605
Received: January 27, 2016; Accepted: February 08, 2016; Published: February 23, 2016
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*Corresponding author: Irit Davidson, Division of Avian Diseases, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan, Israel 50250. Phone: 972-3-9681602; Fax: 972-3-9681753; E-mail: [email protected]
Abstract Avian influenza viruses, H9N2 subtype, are endemic in Asia and the Middle East. The
Israeli H9N2 (G1 lineage) consists of five phylogenetic clades that were detected in the country since the year 2000. The influence of the inter-clade genetic differences on vaccine efficacy was evaluated by vaccination-challenge trials in specific pathogen free (SPF) chickens. Experimental vaccines utilizing isolates belonging to Israeli H9 clades IV and V were prepared with Montanide ISA 70VG adjuvant. When challenged with H9 AIV strains from different genetic clades and antigenic groups provided similar protection, indicating the existence of cross-genetic clade protection (i.e. reduction in amount of virus shed and number of chickens shedding virus). Notably, the protection conferred by both experimental vaccines was highly dependent on the infection dose of the challenge virus.
Keywords: Low pathogenic avian influenza virus, H9N2 influenza, poultry disease, cross-clade protection, quantitative real-time
Parasit. Vectors. 2014 Mar 24;7:118. doi: 10.1186/1756-3305-7-118.
Mucocutaneous Leishmania tropica infection in a dog from a human cutaneous leishmaniasis focus. Baneth G1, Zivotofsky D, Nachum-Biala Y, Yasur-Landau D, Botero AM.
Author information: · 1School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University, P,O, Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel. [email protected].
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Abstract
BACKGROUND: Leishmania tropica is a causative agent of cutaneous leishmanaisis in the Middle East, North Africa and parts of southeastern Europe. Although transmission of L. tropica has been reported as anthroponotic, in Israel it was found to have a zoonotic pattern.
FINDINGS: A one year old male Pekingese dog from Maale Adumim, a focus of L. tropica human cutaneous leishmaniasis near Jerusalem, was presented by its owner with a large proliferative red mucocutaneous lesion on the lip between the mouth and nose. Physical examination and a biochemistry panel were normal and a complete blood count showed mild leukocytosis with lymphocytosis and eosinophilia. A biopsy of the lesion was suggestive of the presence of Leishmania organisms. Serology for Leishmania sp. by ELISA was positive and an aspirate from the lesion showed a large number of Leishmania amastigotes. ITS1-HRM-PCR of the lesion was positive and sequencing indicated that infection was caused by L. tropica, which was also cultured from the lesion. Blood PCR was negative. The dog responded well to allopurinol treatment and its lesion shrunk considerably within one month of therapy and healed after two months.
CONCLUSIONS: Only a few cases of dog infection with L. tropica have been described to date. They were reported from Morocco and Iran and involved infection of visceral organs. This is the first report of focal mucocutaneous L. tropica infection in a dog and its response to anti-leishmanial treatment. Domestic and wild canines should be evaluated for being possible animal reservoirs for human L. tropica infection in endemic areas or merely accidental hosts. PMCID: PMC3987837 Free PMC Article
PMID: 24661746 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Vet Pathol. 2016 Mar 3. pii: 0300985815622972. [Epub ahead of print]
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Pathogenesis of New Strains of Newcastle Disease Virus From Israel and Pakistan. Pandarangga P1, Brown CC2, Miller PJ3, Haddas R4, Rehmani SF5, Afonso CL3, Susta L6.
Author information
• 1Department of Veterinary Pathology, Nusa Cendana University, Kupang, Indonesia Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
• 2Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
• 3Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA, USA.
• 4Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan, Israel. • 5University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan. • 6Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, US
Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA, USA Current address: Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada [email protected].
Abstract In the past few years, Newcastle disease virus (NDV) strains with epizootic characteristics belonging to subgenotypes VIIi and XIIIb emerged in the Middle East and Asia. In this study, 2 NDV strains-1 representative of subgenotype VIIi isolated in Israel (Kvuzat/13) and 1 representative of subgenotype XIIIb isolated in Pakistan (Karachi/07)-were characterized by intracerebral pathogenicity index and detailed clinicopathologic assessment. The intracerebral pathogenicity index values for Kvuzat/13 and Karachi/07 were 1.89 and 1.85, respectively, classifying these strains as virulent by international standards. In 4-week-old White Leghorn chickens, both strains caused 100% mortality within 4 (Kvuzat/13) and 5 (Karachi/07) days postinfection. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry for NDV nucleoprotein showed that both strains had wide systemic distribution, especially targeting lymphoid organs and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues in the respiratory and intestinal tracts. Results of the animal experiment confirm that both Kvuzat/13 and Karachi/07 are highly virulent and behaved as velogenic viscerotropic NDV strains. © The Author(s) 2016.
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KEYWORDS: Newcastle disease virus; avian paramyxovirus serotype 1; chickens; fifth NDV panzootic; pathogenesis; pathogenicity; subgenotype VIIi; subgenotype XIIIb; velogenic viscerotropic NDV
J Dairy Sci. 2016 Mar;99(3):2268-75. doi: 10.3168/jds.2015-9745. Epub 2016 Jan 21.
Two approaches to improve fertility of subclinical mastitic dairy cows. Lavon Y1, Kaim M2, Leitner G3, Biran D4, Ezra E1, Wolfenson D5.
Author information
• 1Israel Cattle Breeders Association, Caesarea 38900, Israel. • 2Institute of Animal Science, Agricultural Research Organization, Bet Dagan
50250, Israel. • 3Mastitis Laboratory, Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel. • 4Extension Services, Ministry of Agriculture, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel. • 5Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment,
Hebrew University, Rehovot 76100, Israel. Electronic address: [email protected].
Abstract Mastitis, particularly in its subclinical form, is a widely spread disease that reduces the fertility of lactating cows. A major cause of poor conception risk has been associated with delayed ovulation of a large subgroup of subclinical mastitic cows. This study examined 2 approaches to improve fertility in this subgroup. Subclinical mastitic cows were defined by somatic cell count elevated above a threshold of 150,000 cells/mL of milk determined in all monthly test day samples collected before AI. Uninfected (control) cows were defined by somatic cell count below threshold. In experiment 1, we examined a hormonal approach aimed to correct the timing of ovulation in mastitic cows in which it would otherwise be delayed. The probability of conception of mastitic and uninfected groups following Ovsynch (OVS) and timed AI versus AI following detected estrus (E) was examined (n=1,553 AI) and analyzed by a multivariable, logistic model statement using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS. The OVS protocol significantly
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elevated the probability of conception of mastitic cows to a level similar to that of their uninfected counterparts. Actual mean conception risks for uninfected-E, subclinical-E, uninfected-OVS, and subclinical-OVS groups were 41.8, 26.4, 39.3, and 40.5%, respectively. The OVS protocol did not improve probability of conception in cows diagnosed with uterine disease postpartum. In experiment 2, a management approach aimed to better synchronize timing of ovulation with timing of AI in subclinical mastitic cows was examined. A second AI was added 24h after the first (routine) AI, following detection of natural estrus. Probability of conception did not differ between subclinical mastitic cows inseminated once or twice. Lack of improvement in conception risk might be related to low preovulatory LH surge in mastitic cows, which is likely to induce not only delayed ovulation but also disruption of oocyte maturation. Thus the OVS protocol can improve fertility of subclinical mastitic cows, probably due to "corrected" timing of ovulation in cows in which it would otherwise be delayed. Copyright © 2016 American Dairy Science Association. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
KEYWORDS: Ovsynch protocol; delayed ovulation; fertility; subclinical mastitis
Vet Pathol. 2016 Mar 3. pii: 0300985815622972. [Epub ahead of print]
Pathogenesis of New Strains of Newcastle Disease Virus from Israel and Pakistan. Pandarangga P1, Brown CC2, Miller PJ3, Haddas R4, Rehmani SF5, Afonso CL3, Susta L6.
Author information
• 1Department of Veterinary Pathology, Nusa Cendana University, Kupang, Indonesia Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
• 2Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
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• 3Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA, USA.
• 4Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan, Israel. • 5University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan. • 6Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, US
Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA, USA Current address: Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada [email protected].
Abstract In the past few years, Newcastle disease virus (NDV) strains with epizootic characteristics belonging to subgenotypes VIIi and XIIIb emerged in the Middle East and Asia. In this study, 2 NDV strains-1 representative of subgenotype VIIi isolated in Israel (Kvuzat/13) and 1 representative of subgenotype XIIIb isolated in Pakistan (Karachi/07)-were characterized by intracerebral pathogenicity index and detailed clinicopathologic assessment. The intracerebral pathogenicity index values for Kvuzat/13 and Karachi/07 were 1.89 and 1.85, respectively, classifying these strains as virulent by international standards. In 4-week-old White Leghorn chickens, both strains caused 100% mortality within 4 (Kvuzat/13) and 5 (Karachi/07) days postinfection. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry for NDV nucleoprotein showed that both strains had wide systemic distribution, especially targeting lymphoid organs and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues in the respiratory and intestinal tracts. Results of the animal experiment confirm that both Kvuzat/13 and Karachi/07 are highly virulent and behaved as velogenic viscerotropic NDV strains.
KEYWORDS: Newcastle disease virus; avian paramyxovirus serotype 1; chickens; fifth NDV panzootic; pathogenesis; pathogenicity; subgenotype VIIi; subgenotype XIIIb; velogenic viscerotropic NDV Prev Vet Med. 2016 Mar 1;125:82-8. doi: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2015.12.019. Epub 2015 Dec 29.
Prevalence and risk factors for foot and mouth disease infection in small ruminants in Israel. Elnekave E1, van Maanen K2, Shilo H1, Gelman B3, Storm N3, Berdenstain S4, Berke O5, Klement E6.
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Author information: 1 Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, POB 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel. 2 The European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease (EUFMD), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Italy. 3 Kimron Veterinary Institute, The Foot and Mouth Disease laboratory, Beit Dagan, Israel. 4 Kimron Veterinary Institute, Brucellosis referent laboratory, Beit Dagan, Israel. 5 Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada. 6 Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, POB 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel. Electronic address: [email protected].
Abstract During the last decade, 27% of the foot and mouth disease (FMD) outbreaks in Israel affected small ruminant (SR) farms. FMD outbreaks reoccur in Israel despite vaccination of all livestock and application of control measures. We performed a cross-sectional serological study, aimed at estimating the prevalence of FMD infection in SR in Israel and the possible risk factors for infection. Overall, 2305 samples of adult sheep (n=1948) and goats (n=357) were collected during 2011-14 in two separate surveys. One survey was based on random sampling of intensive management system farms and the other was originally aimed at the detection of Brucella melitensis at extensive and semi-intensive management system farms. Sera were tested by NS blocking ELISA (PrioCHECK(®)). The serological prevalence of antibodies against non structural proteins (NSP) of FMD virus was estimated at 3.7% (95% confidence interval (CI95%)=3.0% -4.5%). Additionally, a significantly lower infection prevalence (p value=0.049) of 1.0% (CI95%=0.1%-3.6%) was found in a small sample (197 sera) of young SR, collected during 2012. The positive samples from adult SR were scattered all over Israel, though two significant infection clusters were found by the spatial scan statistic. Occurrence of an outbreak on a non-SR farm within 5km distance was associated with a fifteen times increase in the risk of FMD infection of SR in the univariable analysis. Yet, this variable was not included in the multivariable analysis due to collinearities with the other independent variables. Multivariable logistic regression modeling found significantly negative associations (P value<0.05) of grazing and being in a herd larger than 500 animals with risk of infection. Grazing herds and herds larger than 500 animals, both
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represent farms that are intensively or semi-intensively managed. Higher maintenance of bio-safety, fewer introductions of new animals and higher vaccination compliance in these farms may explain their lower risk of infection by FMD virus. We conclude that despite the wide distribution of infection among SR farms, low farm level prevalence indicates that in Israel SR pose only limited role in the transmission and dissemination of FMD. This conclusion may be applicable for other endemic countries in which, similar to Israel, all livestock are vaccinated against FMD.
Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
PMID: 26774447 [Indexed for MEDLINE]
Jubb, Kennedy & Palmer's Pathology of Domestic Animals:
3-Volume Set, 6th Edition by Grant Maxie DVM PhD DipACVP (Author)
• Hardcover: 2456 pages • Publisher: Saunders Ltd.; 6 edition, 2016 • Language: English • ISBN-10: 0702053228 • ISBN-13: 978-0702053221
VOLUME 2:
1. Alimentary system and peritoneum.
Infectious and Parasitic Diseases of the Alimentary Tract. Page 130-131
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Figure 1-95 Peste-des-petits-ruminants. Ulceration and fibrinonecrotic pseudomembrane on the oral mucosa of a sheep.
B. Hemorrhagic colitis in a goat. (Courtesy S. Perl, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan, Israel)
Vaccine. 2016 Mar 18;34(13):1630-3. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.01.006. Epub 2016 Jan 17.
Infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) vaccine intake evaluation by detection of virus amplification in feather pulps of vaccinated chickens. Davidson I1, Raibshtein I2, Altori A2, Elkin N3.
Author information
• 1Division of Avian Diseases, Kimron Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 12, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel. Electronic address: [email protected].
• 2Division of Avian Diseases, Kimron Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 12, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel.
• 3Biovac, Biological Laboratories, Ltd, Israel.
Abstract Infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) is a respiratory disease of poultry caused by an alphaherpesvirus, ILTV. The live vaccine is applied worldwide by drinking water or by the respiratory route, and by the vent application in Israel. No system of direct evaluation of the efficacy of vaccination exists today, except of antibody elicitation, which is an indirect indication of vaccination intake and might happen due to environment exposure. We suggest for the first time an assay for evaluating the accuracy of the vaccination process by spotting the spread of the live vaccine systemically, namely by virus detection in the feather shafts of the vaccinated birds. The feathers are particularly beneficial as they are easy to collect, non-lethal for the bird, therefore advantageous for monitoring purposes. Moreover, the continuous survey of the vaccine virus unveiled the different kinetics of viremia by the different vaccination routes; while after the vent vaccination the systemic viremia peaks during the first week afterwards, after two
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consecutive vaccine administration by drinking water with 6 day interval, the vireamia peaks only after the second administration. A robust amplification was needed because the vaccine ILTV was present in the bird in minute quantities compared to the wild-type virus. For the vaccine virus identification in feather shafts a nested real-time PCR for the TK ILTV gene was developed. The sensitivity of detection of the nested rtPCR was greater by 1000 compared to conventional nested PCR and 10 times that real-time PCR. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
KEYWORDS: Feathers; Infectious laryngotracheitis virus; Live vaccine; Nested real-time PCR; Systemic spread
CLINICAL DESCRIPTION OF AN OUBREAK OF FOOT & MOUTH DISEASE IN A CLOSE-CYCLE UNIT. DESCRIZIONE CLINICA DI UN FOCOLAIO DI AFTA EPIZOOTICA IN UN ALLEVAMENTO A CICLO CHIUSO
Conference Paper · March 2016
Conference: Meeting SIPAS (Italian Society Swine Farming and Pathology), At Montichiari (BS) - Italy, Volume: 52
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MBio. 2016 Apr 5;7(2). pii: e00431-16. doi: 10.1128/mBio.00431-16.
Characterization of a Novel Orthomyxo-like Virus Causing Mass Die-Offs of Tilapia. Bacharach E1, Mishra N2, Briese T2, Zody MC3, Kembou Tsofack JE1, Zamostiano R1, Berkowitz A4, Ng J2, Nitido A2, Corvelo A3, Toussaint NC3, Abel Nielsen SC2, Hornig M2, Del Pozo J5, Bloom T3, Ferguson H6, Eldar A7, Lipkin WI8.
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Author information
• 1Department of Cell Research and Immunology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
• 2Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.
• 3New York Genome Center, New York, New York, USA. • 4Department of Poultry and Fish Diseases, The Kimron Veterinary
Institute, Bet Dagan, Israel. • 5Easter Bush Pathology, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies
and The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland. • 6Marine Medicine Program, Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine,
St. George's University, Grenada, West Indies. • 7Department of Poultry and Fish Diseases, The Kimron Veterinary
Institute, Bet Dagan, Israel [email protected] [email protected]. • 8Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health,
Columbia University, New York, New York, USA [email protected] [email protected].
Abstract Tilapia are an important global food source due to their omnivorous diet, tolerance for high-density aquaculture, and relative disease resistance. Since 2009, tilapia aquaculture has been threatened by mass die-offs in farmed fish in Israel and Ecuador. Here we report evidence implicating a novel orthomyxo-like virus in these outbreaks. The tilapia lake virus (TiLV) has a 10-segment, negative-sense RNA genome. The largest segment, segment 1, contains an open reading frame with weak sequence homology to the influenza C virus PB1 subunit. The other nine segments showed no homology to other viruses but have conserved, complementary sequences at their 5' and 3' termini, consistent with the genome organization found in other orthomyxoviruses.In situhybridization indicates TiLV replication and transcription at sites of pathology in the liver and central nervous system of tilapia with disease.
IMPORTANCE: The economic impact of worldwide trade in tilapia is estimated at $7.5 billion U.S. dollars (USD) annually. The infectious agent implicated in mass tilapia die-offs in
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two continents poses a threat to the global tilapia industry, which not only provides inexpensive dietary protein but also is a major employer in the developing world. Here we report characterization of the causative agent as a novel orthomyxo-like virus, tilapia lake virus (TiLV). We also describe complete genomic and protein sequences that will facilitate TiLV detection and containment and enable vaccine development. Copyright © 2016 Bacharach et al.
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Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2016 Apr 25. pii: 16-0116. [Epub ahead of print]
Brucellosis Outbreak in Children and Adults in Two Areas in Israel. Megged O1, Chazan B2, Ganem A2, Ayoub A2, Yanovskay A2, Sakran W2, Miron D2, Dror-Cohen A2, Kennes Y2, Berdenstein S2, Glikman D2.
Author information
• 1Pediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, Pediatric Department, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel; Infectious Diseases Unit, Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel; Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya, Israel; Pediatric Department, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya, Israel; Pediatric Department B', Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel; The Pediatric Infectious Diseases Service, Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel; Pediatric Department A', Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel; The Pediatric Infectious Diseases Service, Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel; Immunology and Serology Laboratory, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel; Microbiology Laboratory, Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel; Brucellosis Lab, OIE, FAO Reference Laboratory, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan, Israel; The Pediatric Infectious Diseases Service, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya, Israel; The Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel [email protected].
• 2Pediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, Pediatric Department, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel; Infectious Diseases Unit, Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel; Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya, Israel; Pediatric Department, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya, Israel; Pediatric Department B', Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel; The Pediatric Infectious Diseases Service, Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel; Pediatric Department A', Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel; The Pediatric Infectious Diseases Service, Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel; Immunology and Serology Laboratory, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel; Microbiology Laboratory, Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel; Brucellosis Lab, OIE, FAO Reference Laboratory, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan, Israel; The Pediatric Infectious
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Diseases Service, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya, Israel; The Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel.
Abstract Two parallel outbreaks of Brucella melitensis infection occurred in 2014 in two geographical areas in Israel. In two medical centers in northern Israel and one medical center in Jerusalem, 102 patients (58 children, 47 adults) were diagnosed with brucellosis. Most patients (N = 76, 72%) were Muslim Arabs, 28 (27%) were Druze, and one was Jewish. The source of infection was often traced to cheese from the Palestinian Authority. Biovar-1 was evident in 98% in northern Israel but only in 42% in Jerusalem. Most common manifestations were fever (82%) and osteoarticular symptoms (49%). The major differences between the geographic areas were ethnicity and duration until diagnosis. Compared with adults, children had higher rates of hospitalization (93% versus 64%, P = 0.001), osteoarticular symptoms (60% versus 36%, P = 0.05), elevated alanine aminotransferase (12% versus 0%, P = 0.01), and lower C-reactive protein (2.28 ± 2.08 versus 5.57 ± 6.3l mg/dL, P = 0.001). Two unrelated brucellosis outbreaks occurred in 2014 in two different geographic areas of Israel and were limited to sections of the Arab and Druze populations. Most of the demographic and clinical aspects of patients were not affected by geographic variability. Clinical and laboratory differences were found between children and adults emphasizing the nonuniformity of the disease in different age groups. Effective control of unpasteurized dairy foods, health education programs, and improved regional cooperation are required to control brucellosis in Israel. © The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.
Front Microbiol. 2016 Apr 27;7:595. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00595. eCollection 2016.
Mycoplasma bovis: Mechanisms of Resistance and Trends in Antimicrobial Susceptibility. Lysnyansky I1, Ayling RD2.
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Author information
• 1Mycoplasma Unit, Division of Avian and Aquatic Diseases, Kimron Veterinary Institute Beit Dagan, Israel.
• 2Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency Addlestone, UK.
Abstract Mycoplasma bovis is a cell-wall-less bacterium and belongs to the class Mollicutes. It is the most important etiological agent of bovine mycoplasmoses in North America and Europe, causing respiratory disease, mastitis, otitis media, arthritis, and reproductive disease. Clinical disease associated with M. bovis is often chronic, debilitating, and poorly responsive to antimicrobial therapy, resulting in significant economic loss, the full extent of which is difficult to estimate. Until M. bovis vaccines are universally available, sanitary control measures and antimicrobial treatment are the only approaches that can be used in attempts to control M. bovis infections. However, in vitro studies show that many of the current M. bovis isolates circulating in Europe have high minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) for many of the commercially available antimicrobials. In this review we summarize the current MIC trends indicating the development of antimicrobial resistance in M. bovis as well as the known molecular mechanisms by which resistance is acquired.
KEYWORDS: Mycoplasma bovis; aminoglycosides; chloramphenicols; fluoroquinolones; macrolides; minimum inhibitory concentrations; pleuromutilins; tetracyclines
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Front Vet Sci. 2016 Apr 25;3:32. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2016.00032. eCollection 2016.
Seroprevalence of Foot-and-Mouth Disease in Susceptible Wildlife in Israel. Elnekave E1, King R2, van Maanen K3, Shilo H1, Gelman B4, Storm N4, Klement E1.
Author information
• 1The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Rehovot , Israel.
• 2Israel Nature and Parks Authority (INPA) , Jerusalem , Israel. • 3The European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease
(EUFMD), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) , Rome , Italy.
• 4Kimron Veterinary Institute , Beit Dagan , Israel.
Abstract Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) epidemics recur in Israel almost every year. Wild even-toed ungulates are seldom affected during these epidemics. The seroprevalence of FMD in wild ungulates during 2000 and 2005-2013 was estimated using anti-non-structural proteins ELISA. Overall, 209 samples were tested, comprising sera of 120 wild boar (Sus scrofa lybicus), 64 mountain gazelles (Gazella gazella gazella), 6 water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis), and 19 Persian fallow deer (Dama dama mesopotamica). None of the tested animals presented clinical signs of FMD during blood collection. Sixteen samples [7.7% (95% confidence interval (CI95%) = 4.4-12.1%)] were found to be seropositive. Fifteen out of 120 samples (12.5%) from wild boar were seropositive, compared with only 1 out of 89 samples (1.1%) from all other species combined (Fisher's exact test: p = 0.003). Most of the positive samples obtained from wild boar [13/15 (86.7%)] were collected during 2007, and analysis was restricted to that year and species only. The seroprevalence of FMD in this species during 2007 was estimated at 54.2% (CI95% = 32.8-74.5%; n = 24). A significant infection cluster, comprising nine seropositive samples collected in three different
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locations, was identified in the north-eastern part of Israel. These findings indicate that wild boar was affected during the 2007 FMD epidemic, even though wild boar presenting FMD typical clinical signs were not observed during that year. The actual role of wild boar in the spread of FMD virus in this epidemic, however, could not be determined. The negligible seroprevalence of FMD found for all other surveillance years indicates that ongoing circulation of FMD among wildlife in Israel is unlikely. It is concluded that while the role of wildlife species in the dynamics of FMD in Israel is usually limited, there might be occasions, in which wildlife plays a part in the spread of the virus.
KEYWORDS: FMD; NSP; prevalence; wild boar; wildlife
Vet Parasitol. 2016 May 15;221:39-45. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.03.004. Epub 2016 Mar 9.
Quantitative analysis of Babesia ovis infection in sheep and ticks. Erster O1, Roth A2, Wollkomirsky R2, Leibovich B2, Savitzky I2, Zamir S3, Molad T2, Shkap V2.
Author information
• 1Division of Parasitology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, PO Box 12, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel. Electronic address: [email protected].
• 2Division of Parasitology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, PO Box 12, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel.
• 3Israeli Veterinary Field Services, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel.
Abstract A quantitative PCR, based on the gene encoding Babesia ovis Surface Protein D (BoSPD) was developed and applied to investigate the presence of Babesia ovis (B. ovis) in its principal vector, the tick Rhipicephalus bursa (R. bursa), and in the ovine host. Quantification of B. ovis in experimentally-infected lambs showed a
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sharp increase in parasitemia 10-11days in blood-inoculated and adult tick-infested lambs, and 24days in a larvae-infested lamb. A gradual decrease of parasitemia was observed in the following months, with parasites detectable 6-12 months post-infection. Examination of the parasite load in adult R. bursa during the post-molting period using the quantitative PCR assay revealed a low parasite load during days 2-7 post-molting, followed by a sharp increase, until day 11, which corresponded to the completion of the pre-feeding period. The assay was then used to detect B. ovis in naturally-infected sheep and ticks. Examination of samples from 8 sheep and 2 goats from infected flocks detected B. ovis in both goats and in 7 out of the 8 sheep. Additionally, B. ovis was detected in 9 tick pools (5 ticks in each pool) and two individual ticks removed from sheep in infected flocks. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
KEYWORDS: Babesia ovis; BoSPD; Experimental infection; Quantitative PCR; Rhipicephalus bursa
Acta Trop. 2015 May;145:39-44. doi: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.02.006. Epub 2015 Feb 18.
Detection of Leishmania donovani and L. tropica in Ethiopian wild rodents.
Kassahun A1, Sadlova J2, Dvorak V3, Kostalova T4, Rohousova I5, Frynta D6, Aghova T7, Yasur-Landau D8, Lemma W9, Hailu A10, Baneth G11, Warburg A12, Volf P13, Votypka J14.
Author information: · 1Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Vinicna 7, 128 44 Prague 2, Czech Republic. Electronic address: [email protected]. · 2Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Vinicna 7, 128 44 Prague 2, Czech Republic. Electronic address: [email protected]. · 3Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Vinicna 7, 128 44 Prague 2, Czech Republic. Electronic address: [email protected]. · 4Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague,
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Vinicna 7, 128 44 Prague 2, Czech Republic. Electronic address: [email protected]. · 5Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Vinicna 7, 128 44 Prague 2, Czech Republic. Electronic address: [email protected]. · 6Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Vinicna 7, 128 44 Prague 2, Czech Republic. Electronic address: [email protected]. · 7Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 675 02 Studenec 122, Czech Republic. Electronic address: [email protected]. · 8School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University, P.O. Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel. Electronic address: [email protected]. · 9Department of Zoological Science, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Electronic address: [email protected]. · 10Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 9086, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Electronic address: [email protected]. · 11School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University, P.O. Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel. Electronic address: [email protected]. · 12Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Kuvin Centre for the Study of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, The Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel. Electronic address: [email protected]. · 13Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Vinicna 7, 128 44 Prague 2, Czech Republic. Electronic address: [email protected]. · 14Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Vinicna 7, 128 44 Prague 2, Czech Republic. Electronic address: [email protected].
Abstract Human visceral (VL, also known as Kala-azar) and cutaneous (CL) leishmaniasis are important infectious diseases affecting countries in East Africa that remain endemic in several regions of Ethiopia. The transmission and epidemiology of the disease is complicated due to the complex life cycle of the parasites and the involvement of various Leishmania spp., sand fly vectors, and reservoir animals besides human hosts. Particularly in East Africa, the role of animals as reservoirs for human VL remains unclear. Isolation of Leishmania donovani parasites from naturally infected rodents
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has been reported in several endemic countries; however, the status of rodents as reservoirs in Ethiopia remains unclear. Here, we demonstrated natural Leishmania infections in rodents. Animals were trapped in 41 localities of endemic and non-endemic areas in eight geographical regions of Ethiopia and DNA was isolated from spleens of 586 rodents belonging to 21 genera and 38 species. Leishmania infection was evaluated by real-time PCR of kinetoplast (k)DNA and confirmed by sequencing of the PCR products. Subsequently, parasite species identification was confirmed by PCR and DNA sequencing of the 18S ribosomal RNA internal transcribed spacer one (ITS1) gene. Out of fifty (8.2%) rodent specimens positive for Leishmania kDNA-PCR and sequencing, 10 were subsequently identified by sequencing of the ITS1 showing that five belonged to the L. donovani complex and five to L. tropica. Forty nine kDNA-positive rodents were found in the endemic localities of southern and eastern Ethiopia while only one was identified from northwestern Ethiopia. Moreover, all the ten ITS1-positive rodents were captured in areas where human leishmaniasis cases have been reported and potential sand fly vectors occur. Our findings suggest the eco-epidemiological importance of rodents in these foci of leishmaniasis and indicate that rodents are likely to play a role in the transmission of leishmaniasis in Ethiopia, possibly as reservoir hosts. Copyright © 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Free Article
Parasit Vectors. 2016 May 10;9(1):246. doi: 10.1186/s13071-016-1541-2.
Leishmania major infection in a dog with cutaneous manifestations. Baneth G1, Nachum-Biala Y2, Shabat Simon M3, Brenner O4, Gaier S5, Rojas A2, Yasur-Landau D2.
Author information 1 School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University, P.O. Box 12, Rehovot, 76100, Israel. [email protected]. 2 School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University, P.O. Box 12, Rehovot, 76100, Israel. 3 Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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4 Department of Veterinary Resources, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel. 5 Veterinary Center, Hadera, Israel.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Leishmania major is a main cause of cutaneous leishmaniasis in humans in an area that stretches from India through Central Asia, the Middle East, to North and West Africa. In Israel, it is a common infection of humans with rodents as the reservoir hosts and Phlebotomus papatasi as its sand fly vector.
FINDINGS: A 6 months old spayed female mixed breed dog was referred to the Hebrew University Veterinary Teaching Hospital with a large ulcerative dermal lesion on the muzzle, and lesions in the foot pads and left hind leg. Histopathology of a skin biopsy found chronic lymphohistiocytic dermatitis with the presence of Leishmania spp. amastigotes in the muzzle. Physical examination indicated that the dog was overall in a good clinical condition and the main findings were the skin lesions and enlarged prescapular lymph nodes. Complete blood count and serum biochemistry profile were within reference ranges. Serology by ELISA was positive for Leishmania spp. and PCR of the prescapular lymph node was positive by an ITS1 region PCR-high resolution melt analysis. However, the melt curve and subsequent DNA sequencing indicated that infection was caused by L. major and not L. infantum, which is the main causative agent of canine leishmaniosis in the Mediterranean region. DNA was extracted from the paraffin embedded muzzle biopsy and PCR with sequencing also indicated L. major. The dog's young age and the absence of hyperglobulinemia and anemia were not typical of L. infantum infection. The dog was treated with allopurinol and the skin lesions improved and later disappeared when the dog was re-evaluated.
CONCLUSIONS: This is the first molecularly-confirmed case of L. major infection in a dog. Two previous reports of L. major in dogs originated from Saudi-
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Arabia and Egypt in 1985 and 1987 were confirmed by enzymatic biochemical techniques. Serology for L. infantum was positive probably due to the well documented serological cross-reactivity between Leishmania spp. Although dogs and wild carnivores are not considered main reservoirs for L. major, the possibility of clinical canine disease and their potential as secondary hosts should be investigated in areas endemic for human L. major infection.
KEYWORDS: Allopurinol; Canine; Cutaneous leishmaniasis; Israel; Leishmania major; Leishmania major treatment; Molecularly-confirmed PMID: 27160919 PMCID: PMC4862095 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1541-2
[Indexed for MEDLINE] Free PMC Article
Current Analytical Chemistry 12(3):169-182 · May 2016
The Occurrence of Veterinary Pharmaceuticals in the Environment: A Review
Fabio Kaczala Linnaeus University Shlomo Eduardo Blum Kimron Veterinary Institute Abstract
It is well known that there is a widespread use of veterinary pharmaceuticals and consequent release into different ecosystems such as freshwater bodies and groundwater systems. Furthermore, the use of organic fertilizers produced from animal waste manure has been also responsible for the occurrence of veterinary pharmaceuticals in agricultural soils. This article is a review of different studies focused on the detection and quantification of such compounds in environmental compartments using different analytical techniques. Furthermore, this paper reports the main challenges regarding veterinary pharmaceuticals
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in terms of analytical methods, detection/quantification of parent compounds and metabolites and, risks/toxicity to human health and aquatic ecosystems. Based on the existing literature, it is clear that only limited data is available regarding veterinary compounds and there are still considerable gaps to be bridged in order to remediate existing problems and prevent future ones. In terms of analytical methods, there are still considerable challenges to overcome considering the large number of existing compounds and respective metabolites. A number of different studies highlight the lack of attention given to the detection and quantification of transformation products and metabolites. Furthermore more attention needs to be given in relation to the toxic effects and potential risks that veterinary compounds pose to environmental and human health. To conclude, the more research investigations focused on these subjects take place in the near future, more rapidly we will get a better understanding about the behavior of these compounds and the real risks they pose to aquatic and terrestrial environments and how to properly tackle them.
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Avian Dis. 2016 May; 60(1 Suppl):218-25. doi: 10.1637/11087-041015-Reg.
Antigenic Cartography of H9 Avian Influenza Virus and Its Application to Vaccine Selection. Wang Y1, Davidson I2, Fouchier R3, Spackman E1.
Author information
• 1A Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605.
• 2B Kimron Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 12, Bet Dagan, 50250, Israel. • 3C Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, P.O. Box 2040,
Rotterdam, the Netherlands 3000 CA.
Abstract Vaccination is frequently used as a control method for the H9 subtype of low pathogenicity avian influenza virus (AIV), which is widespread in Asia and the Middle East. One of the most important factors for selecting an effective vaccine strain is the antigenic match between the hemagglutinin protein of the vaccine and the strain circulating in the field. To demonstrate the antigenic relationships among H9 AIVs, with a focus on Israeli H9 isolates, antigenic cartography was used to develop a map of H9 AIVs. Based on their antigenic diversity, three isolates from Israel were selected for vaccination-challenge studies: 1) the current vaccine virus, A/chicken/Israel/215/2007 H9N2 (Ck/215); 2) A/chicken/Israel/1163/2011 H9N2 (Ck/1163); and 3) A/ostrich/Israel/1436/2003 (Os/1436). A 50% infective dose (ID50) model was used to determine the effect of the vaccines on susceptibility to infection by using a standardized dose of vaccine. Sera collected immediately prior to challenge showed that Ck/215 was the most immunogenic, followed by Ck/1163 and Os/1436. A significant difference in ID50 was only observed with Ck/215 homologous challenge, where the ID50 was increased by 2 log 10 per bird. The ID50 for Ck/1163 was the same, regardless of vaccine, including sham vaccination. The ID50 for Os/1436 was above the maximum possible dose and therefore could not be established.
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KEYWORDS: H9N2 influenza; antigenic cartography; low pathogenic avian influenza virus; poultry disease http://www.aaapjournals.info/loi/avdi
Prev. Vet Med. 2015 Jun 15;120(2):236-40. doi: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2015.03.011. Epub 2015 Mar 21.
Risk factors for foot and mouth disease outbreaks in grazing beef cattle herds. Elnekave E1, Zamir L2, Hamd F3, Even Tov B3, Klement E4.
Author information
• 1Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, POB 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
• 2Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, POB 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel; Israeli Veterinary Services, Kanot Local District, Israel.
• 3Israeli Veterinary Services, Rosh Pina Local District, Israel. • 4Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of
Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, POB 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel. Electronic address: [email protected].
Abstract Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is considered one of the most important diseases of cattle. Recurrence of FMD outbreaks in Israel is common, even though routine vaccination of livestock is mandatory and control measures are applied during the outbreaks. Grazing beef herds are occasionally involved in these outbreaks and play an important role in disseminating the disease, due to the large efflux of animals from these herds to feedlots. Nevertheless, the risk factors for the occurrence of FMD among these herds have never been investigated. In 2011,
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Israel faced a large scale outbreak of serotype O FMD virus, which strongly affected beef cattle. We conducted a case-control study of 44 beef cattle herds grazing in the Golan Heights in order to determine the risk factors for FMDV infection. Data were analyzed using a generalized estimation equation (GEE) with a logit link function. Multivariable analysis was conducted for factors with p-value lower than 0.1 in the univariable analysis. The presence of calves under 6 months of age was found as a significant risk factor for FMDV infection in the univariable analysis (odds ratio (OR)=5.95, confidence intervals of 95% (CI95%)=1.59-22.29, p=0.008). This was also the only variable that remained statistically significant in the multivariable analysis. Herds in which more than 6 months between vaccination of adults and exposure had elapsed were in higher risk, albeit not statistically significant, for the occurrence of FMDV infection (OR=3.29, CI95%=0.83-12.99, p=0.089). The higher probability of infection in herds, which included young calves may be a result of their higher susceptibility due to administration of only one or no vaccine prior to the outbreak. The results of the study thus support increasing the frequency of vaccination of both cows and calves in grazing beef herds. Intensifying surveillance where young calves are abundant may also prove efficient for early detection of infected herds and for mitigating outbreaks of FMDV. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
KEYWORDS: Calf; Case–control study; Cattle; FMD; Risk factor; Vaccine PMID: 25841998
DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2015.03.011
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J Clin. Microbiol. 2016 Jun;54(6):1671. doi: 10.1128/JCM.00665-16.
Correction for Adler et al., Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Transmission Dynamics of Extended-Spectrum-β-Lactamase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae: a National Survey of Cattle Farms in Israel in 2013. Adler A1, Sturlesi N2, Fallach N1, Zilberman-Barzilai D1, Hussein O1, Blum SE3, Klement E2, Schwaber MJ1, Carmeli Y1.
Author information
• 1National Center for Infection Control, Ministry of Health, Tel-Aviv, Israel. • 2Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University, Rehovot, Israel. • 3Kimron Veterinary Institute, Beit Dagan, Israel.
Erratum for
• Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Transmission Dynamics of Extended-Spectrum-β-Lactamase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae: a National Survey of Cattle Farms in Israel in 2013. [J Clin Microbiol. 2015]
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J Dairy Sci. 2016 Jun; 99(6):4178-87. doi: 10.3168/jds.2015-10599. Epub 2016 Mar 24.
Real-time evaluation of individual cow milk for higher cheese-milk quality with increased cheese yield.
Katz G1, Merin U1, Bezman D1, Lavie S1, Lemberskiy-Kuzin L1, Leitner G2.
Author information
• 1Afimilk, Afikim 15148, Israel. • 2National Mastitis Reference Center, Kimron Veterinary Institute, PO Box 12, Bet
Dagan 50250, Israel. Electronic address: [email protected].
Abstract
Cheese was produced in a series of experiments from milk separated in real time during milking by using the Afilab MCS milk classification service (Afikim, Israel), which is installed on the milk line in every stall and sorts milk in real time into 2 target tanks: the A tank for cheese production (CM) and the B tank for fluid milk products (FM). The cheese milk was prepared in varying ratios ranging from ~10:90 to ~90:10 CM:FM by using this system. Cheese was made with corrected protein-to-fat ratio and without it, as well as from milk stored at 4°C for 1, 2, 3, 4, and 8d before production. Cheese weight at 24h increased along the separation cutoff level with no difference in moisture, and dry matter increased. The data compiled allowed a theoretical calculation of cheese yield and comparing it to the original van Slyke equation. Whenever the value of Afi-Cf, which is the optical measure of curd firmness obtained by the Afilab instrument, was used, a better predicted level of cheese yield was obtained. In addition, 27 bulk milk tanks with milk separated at a 50:50 CM:FM ratio resulted in cheese with a significantly higher fat and protein, dry matter, and weight at 24h. Moreover, solids incorporated from the milk into the cheese were significantly higher in cheeses made of milk from A tanks. The influence of storage of milk up to 8d before cheese making was tested. Gross milk composition did not change and no differences were found in cheese moisture, but dry matter and protein incorporated in the cheese dropped significantly along the storage time. These findings confirm that milk stored for several days before processing is prone to physico-chemical deterioration processes, which result in loss of milk constituents to the whey and therefore reduced product yield. The study demonstrates that introducing the unknown parameters for calculating the predicted cheese yield,
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such as the empiric measured Afi-Cf properties, are more accurate and the increase in cheese yield is more than increasing just the protein level, the value that is being tested by the dairies, or even casein.
Copyright © 2016 American Dairy Science Association. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
KEYWORDS: cheese yield; cheese-milk quality; real-time milk sorting PMID: 27016823 [PubMed - in process]
Vaccine. 2016 Jun 8;34(27):3178-83. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.04.036. Epub 2016 May 5.
Optimized polypeptide for a subunit vaccine against avian reovirus. Goldenberg D1, Lublin A2, Rosenbluth E2, Heller ED3, Pitcovski J4.
Author information
• 1Department of Animal Sciences, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel; Migal - Galilee Technology Center, Kiryat Shmona, Israel.
• 2Division of Avian and Fish Diseases, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan, Israel.
• 3Department of Animal Sciences, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel.
• 4Migal - Galilee Technology Center, Kiryat Shmona, Israel; Department of Biotechnology, Tel-Hai Academic College, Israel. Electronic address: [email protected].
Abstract Avian reovirus (ARV) is a disease-causing agent. The disease is prevented by vaccination with a genotype-specific vaccine while many variants of ARV exist in the field worldwide. Production of new attenuated vaccines is a long-term
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process and in the case of fast-mutating viruses, an impractical one. In the era of molecular biology, vaccines may be produced by using only the relevant protein for induction of neutralizing antibodies, enabling fast adjustment to the emergence of new genetic strains. Sigma C (SC) protein of ARV is a homotrimer that facilitates host-cell attachment and induce the production and secretion of neutralizing antibodies. The aim of this study was to identify the region of SC that will elicit a protective immune response. Full-length (residues 1-326) and two partial fragments of SC (residues 122-326 and 192-326) were produced in Escherichia coli. The SC fragment of residues 122-326 include the globular head, shaft and hinge domains, while eliminating intra-capsular region. This fragment induces significantly higher levels of anti-ARV antibodies than the shorter fragment or full length SC, which neutralized embryos infection by the virulent strain to a higher extent compared with the antibodies produced in response to the whole virus vaccine. Residues 122-326 fragment is assumed to be folded correctly, exposing linear as well as conformational epitopes that are identical to those of the native protein, while possibly excluding suppressor sequences. The results of this study may serve for the development of a recombinant subunit vaccine for ARV. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
KEYWORDS: ARV; Sigma C; Subunit vaccine
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Israel Journal of Veterinary Medicine, Vol. 71 (2) June 2016
Wildlife Pathogen Surveillance in Israel to Inform Human and Animal Infectious Disease Control: a Prioritization Exercise
Lapid, R.,1* King, R.,2 Yakobson, B.,3 Shalom, U.4 and Moran-Gilad, J.5,6
1 Hai Park Zoo, 79th Ha-Hashmonaim Street, Qiryat Motzkin, 2633761, Israel. 2 Science and Conservation Division, Israel Nature and Parks Authority, 3rd Am Ve’Olamo Street, Jerusalem, 95463, Israel. 3 Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan, 50250, Israel. 4 Pest Surveillance and Control Division, Ministry of Environment Protection, Jerusalem, Israel. 5 Public Health Services, Ministry of Health, Jerusalem, Israel. 6 Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel. * Corresponding author: Dr. Roi Lapid, Hai Park Zoo, Qiryat Motzkin, 2633761, Israel. Tel: +972-54-4986652.
Email: [email protected].
ABSTRACT
In December 2013, as a part of the establishment of the ’Israel Wildlife Diseases Surveillance’(IWDS) Program, building on the ‘One Health’ approach for human, livestock and wildlife disease control, a prioritization exercise using a validated risk analysis method was carried out by distributing online questionnaires to 86 relevant experts. The results were subsequently presented in the prioritization of a wildlife surveillance workshop, compiling the risk assessments of 51 pathogens by human, livestock, wildlife and total risks. The endemic diseases, brucellosis, rabies and foot and mouth disease ranked as the highest risks. The Risk Analysis method was used successfully in the prioritization exercise. Furthermore, the results combined surveillance priorities of relevant stakeholders and will be used in planning and implementing the national surveillance program.
Keywords: Surveillance; Wildlife; Pathogen; Israel; One Health; Risk Analysis; Surveillance Program.
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Vaccine. 2016 Jun 14;34(28):3317-23. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.03.097. Epub 2016 May 9.
Detection and isolation of Bluetongue virus from commercial vaccine batches. Bumbarov V1, Golender N1, Erster O2, Khinich Y1.
Author information
• 1Division of Virology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan, PO Box 12, 50250, Israel.
• 2Division of Virology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan, PO Box 12, 50250, Israel. Electronic address: [email protected].
Abstract In this report we describe the detection and identification of Bluetongue virus (BTV) contaminations in commercial vaccines. BTV RNA was detected in vaccine batches of Lumpy skin disease (LSD) and Sheep pox (SP) using quantitative PCR (qPCR) for VP1 and NS3 genes. Both batches were positive for VP1 and NS3 in qPCR. The LSD vaccine-derived sample was positive for VP1 and VP2 in conventional PCR. The SP vaccine-derived sample was examined by amplification of VP1, VP4, VP6, VP7, NS2 and NS3 gene segments in conventional PCR. The SP vaccine-derived sample was further propagated in embryonated chicken eggs (ECE) and Vero cells. Preliminary sequence analysis showed that the LSD vaccine-derived sequence was 98-99% similar to BTV9. Analysis of the six genomic segments from the SP vaccine-derived isolate showed the highest similarity to BTV26 (66.3-97.8%). These findings are particularly important due to the effect of BTV on cattle and sheep, for which the vaccines are intended. They also demonstrate the necessity of rigorous vaccine inspection and strict vaccine production control. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
KEYWORDS: Bluetongue virus; NS3; Real-time PCR; VP1; Vaccine safety J Virol Methods. 2016 Jun;232:12-5. doi: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2016.02.008. Epub 2016 Feb 20.
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A high-resolution melting (HRM) assay for the differentiation between Israeli field and Neethling vaccine lumpy skin disease viruses. Menasherow S1, Erster O1, Rubinstein-Giuni M1, Kovtunenko A1, Eyngor E1, Gelman B1, Khinich E1, Stram Y2.
Author information
• 1Virology Division, Kimron Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 12, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel.
• 2Virology Division, Kimron Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 12, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel. Electronic address: [email protected].
Abstract Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a constant threat to the Middle East including the State of Israel. During vaccination programs it is essential for veterinary services and farmers to be able to distinguish between animals affected by the cattle-borne virulent viruses and vaccinated animals, subsequently affected by the vaccine strain. This study describes an improved high resolution-melting (HRM) test that exploits a 27 base pair (bp) fragment of the LSDV126 extracellular enveloped virion (EEV) gene that is present in field viruses but is absent from the Neethling vaccine strain. This difference leads to ∼0.5°C melting point change in the HRM assay, when testing the quantitative PCR (qPCR) products generated from the virulent field viruses compared to the attenuated vaccine. By exploiting this difference, it could be shown using the newly developed HRM assay that virus isolated from vaccinated cattle that developed disease symptoms behave similarly to vaccine virus control, indicating that the vaccine virus can induce disease symptoms. This assay is not only in full agreement with the previously published PCR gradient and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) tests but it is faster with, fewer steps, cheaper and dependable. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
KEYWORDS: EEV gene; HRM; High-resolution melting; LSDV126 gene; Lumpy Skin Disease Virus
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Vet Surg. 2016 Jun 8. doi: 10.1111/vsu.12490. [Epub ahead of print]
The Effect of Perfusate Volume on Amikacin Concentration in the Metacarpophalangeal Joint Following Cephalic Regional Limb Perfusion in Standing Horses. Oreff GL1, Dahan R1, Tatz AJ1, Raz T1, Britzi M2, Kelmer G1.
Author information
• 1Department of Large Animal, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel.
• 2Kimron Veterinary Institute, National Residue Control Laboratory, Bet Dagan, Israel.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To determine the influence of 3 perfusate volumes on amikacin concentration in the metacarpophalangeal joint following cephalic regional limb perfusion (RLP) in standing horses. ANIMALS: Seven healthy horses. METHODS: Three perfusate volumes (100, 60, and 30 mL), containing 2 grams of amikacin, were tested during intravenous RLP at the cephalic vein, placing the tourniquet at mid antebrachium, in standing sedated horses. Synovial fluid was collected from the metacarpophalangeal joint before perfusion and at 30 and 120 minutes after perfusion. Serum samples were taken from the jugular vein at the same time points. Samples were analyzed for amikacin concentrations and a repeated measures ANOVA, followed by least squares difference pairwise comparisons to identify differences in amikacin concentration across perfusate volumes. Differences were considered significant at P<.05. RESULTS: The mean amikacin concentration in synovial fluid at 30 minutes after perfusion was significantly higher following perfusate volume of 100 mL (579 μg/mL), compared to volumes of 60 mL (227 μg/mL) or 30 mL (282 μg/mL) (P<.05). When a threshold of 160
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μg/mL was used, more horses reached the synovial therapeutic threshold following perfusate volume of 100 mL (100%), than horses receiving 60 mL (43%) and 30 mL (57%) at 30 minutes after injection. CONCLUSION: The use of 100 mL volume for RLP at the cephalic vein in standing horses resulted in higher concentration of amikacin in the synovial fluid and is recommended for use in clinical cases. © 2016 by The American College of Veterinary Surgeons.
Influence of Animal Health, Breed, and Diet on Non-cow Milk Composition N. Silanikove1, G. Leitner2, U. Merin1
1 Agricultural Research Organization, Bet Dagan, Israel; 2 Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan, Israel Source: Non-Bovine Milk and Milk Products, 1st Edition
Chapter 4: INFLUENCE OF ANIMAL HEALTH, BREED, AND DIET ON NON-COW MILK COMPOSITION
Editor(s) : Tsakalidou & Papadimitriou
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Release Date: 21 Jun 2016 Imprint: Academic Press Print Book ISBN: 9780128033616
Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 2016 Jul;7(5):742-7. doi: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2016.03.005. Epub 2016 Mar 10.
Molecular characterization of Theileria orientalis from cattle in Ethiopia. Gebrekidan H1, Gasser RB1, Baneth G2, Yasur-Landau D2, Nachum-Biala Y2, Hailu A3, Jabbar A4.
Author information: · 1Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia. · 2The Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel. · 3Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 9086, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. · 4Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia. Electronic address: [email protected].
Abstract This study reports the first molecular characterization of Theileria orientalis in local breeds of cattle in Ethiopia. A conventional PCR utilizing major piroplasm surface protein (MPSP) gene and an established multiplexed tandem PCR (MT-PCR) were used to characterize T. orientalis and to assess the infection intensity, respectively. Of 232 blood samples tested, T. orientalis DNA was detected in only 2.2% of samples using conventional PCR; two genotypes buffeli (1.3%; 3/232) and type 5 (0.9%; 2/232) of T. orientalis were detected. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the buffeli MPSP sequences from Ethiopia were closely related to those reported from Kenya, Sri Lanka and Myanmar, and type 5 sequences from Ethiopia grouped with those from Korea, Japan, Vietnam and Thailand. A higher number of samples (3.9%; 9/232) were test-positive by MT-PCR and four genotypes (buffeli, chitose, ikeda and type 5) of T. orientalis were detected. The average intensity of infections with genotypes buffeli (DNA copy numbers 11,056) and type 5 (7508) were significantly higher (P<0.0001) than the pathogenic genotype ikeda (61 DNA copies). This first insight into T. orientalis from
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cattle in Ethiopia using MPSP gene provides a basis for future studies of T. orientalis in various agroclimatic zones and of the impact of oriental theilerosis on cattle in this and other countries of Africa. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved. PMID: 27034193 [PubMed - in process]
Parasit. Vectors. 2015 Jul 8;8:360. doi: 10.1186/s13071-015-0976-1. Exposure to Leishmania spp. and sand flies in domestic animals in northwestern Ethiopia. Rohousova I1, Talmi-Frank D2, Kostalova T3, Polanska N4, Lestinova T5, Kassahun A6, Yasur-Landau D7, Maia C8,9, King R10, Votypka J11, Jaffe CL12, Warburg A13, Hailu A14, Volf P15, Baneth G16. Author information: · 1 Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Vinicna 7, 128 44, Prague 2, Czech Republic. · 2School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12, Rehovot, 76100, Israel. · 3Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Vinicna 7, 128 44, Prague 2, Czech Republic. · 4Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Vinicna 7, 128 44, Prague 2, Czech Republic. · 5Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Vinicna 7, 128 44, Prague 2, Czech Republic. · 6Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Vinicna 7, 128 44, Prague 2, Czech Republic. · 7School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12, Rehovot, 76100, Israel. · 8Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Vinicna 7, 128 44, Prague 2, Czech Republic. · 9Medical Parasitology Unit, Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Institute of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008, Lisboa, Portugal. · 10Israel Nature and Parks Authority, 3 Am Ve'Olamo Street, Jerusalem, 95463, Israel
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· 11Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Vinicna 7, 128 44, Prague 2, Czech Republic. · 12Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Kuvin Centre for the Study of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, The Hebrew University - Hadassah Medical School, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel. · 13Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Kuvin Centre for the Study of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, The Hebrew University - Hadassah Medical School, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel. · 14Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 9086, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. · 15Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Vinicna 7, 128 44, Prague 2, Czech Republic. · 16School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12, Rehovot, 76100, Israel. BACKGROUND: Human visceral leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania donovani is considered an anthroponosis; however, Leishmania-infected animals have been increasingly reported in L. donovani foci, and the role of these animals as reservoirs for human L. donovani infection remains unclear. METHODS: We conducted a study of domestic animals (goats, sheep, cows, dogs, and donkeys) in three L. donovani foci in northwestern Ethiopia. Domestic animals were screened for Leishmania DNA and for anti-L. donovani IgG. Serum anti-sand fly saliva antibodies were used as a marker of exposure to the vector sand fly, Phlebotomus orientalis. RESULTS: Of 546 animals tested, 32 (5.9%) were positive for Leishmania DNA, with positive animals identified among all species studied. Sequencing indicated that the animals were infected with parasites of the L. donovani complex but could not distinguish between L. infantum and L. donovani. A total of 18.9% of the animals were seropositive for anti-L. donovani IgG, and 23.1% of the animals were seropositive for anti-P. orientalis saliva IgG, with the highest seroprevalence observed in dogs and sheep. A positive correlation was found between anti-P. orientalis saliva and anti-L. donovani IgGs in cows, goats, and sheep. CONCLUSIONS: The detection of L. donovani complex DNA in the blood of domestic animals, the reported seroprevalence to the L. donovani antigen, and the widespread
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exposure to sand fly saliva among domestic animals indicate that they are frequently exposed to Leishmania infection and are likely to participate in the epidemiology of Leishmania infection, either as potential blood sources for sand flies or possibly as parasite hosts. PMCID: PMC4495613 Free PMC Article PMID: 26152578 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Vet Dermatol. 2016 Aug; 27(4):284-e68. doi: 10.1111/vde.12322. Epub 2016 May 30.
Comparison between point-of-care dermatophyte test medium and mycology laboratory culture for diagnosis of dermatophytosis in dogs and cats. Kaufmann R1, Blum SE2, Elad D2, Zur G1.
Author information
• 1Dermatology Department, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, POB 12, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel.
• 2Department of Clinical Bacteriology and Mycology, The Kimron Veterinary Institute, Veterinary Services, Ministry of Agriculture, Bet Dagan, 5020001, Israel.
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Abstract BACKGROUND: Point-of-care Dermatophyte Test Medium (PoC-DTM) is a diagnostic procedure to rule in/rule out dermatophytosis in veterinary clinics. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the performance of PoC-DTM in the clinic compared to DTM plate culture in a mycology laboratory and to compare results obtained by general practitioners and referral clinicians. ANIMALS: Hair samples were collected from 47 cats and 54 dogs with suspected dermatophytosis and from nine healthy controls (seven cats and two dogs). METHODS: This was a multicentre blinded study. In one group (65 suspected cases, 9 healthy controls), PoC-DTM results were evaluated by clinicians in a referral clinic (SP group) who examined the colony morphology macroscopically and microscopically. In the other group (36 suspected cases) PoC-DTM results were evaluated by clinicians from general practice for colour change only, with no macroscopic or microscopic examination (GP group). All hair samples were also cultured on DTM plates in a mycology laboratory. Laboratory culture was considered the gold standard for comparison. RESULTS: Agreements between tests were 97% (two false positive; κ = 0.839) and 80.6% (five false positives and two false negatives; κ = 0.466) in the SP and GP groups, respectively. This difference between groups was significant (P = 0.024). CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: When applying macroscopic and microscopic evaluation of the colony, PoC-DTM is accurate for diagnosing dermatophytes with only a 3% chance of error. However, when macroscopic and microscopic examination is not included there is significant (19.4%) chance for an incorrect diagnosis. © 2016 ESVD and ACVD. PMID: 27237544 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12322 PubMed - in process]
Virus Genes. 2016 Aug 19. [Epub ahead of print]
Characterization of Shuni viruses detected in Israel. Golender N1, Wernike K2, Bumbarov V1, Aebischer A3, Panshin A1, Jenckel M3, Khinich Y1, Beer M3.
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Author information
• 1Divisions of Virology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, 50250, Bet Dagan, Israel. • 2Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493, Greifswald-
Insel Riems, Germany. [email protected]. • 3Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493, Greifswald-
Insel Riems, Germany.
Abstract Shuni virus (SHUV) was recently identified in Israel in several brains of ovine, bovine, and goat fetuses and newborn animals with congenital arthrogryposis-hydranencephaly syndrome. In the present study, the sequences of several Israeli SHUV strains were analyzed in detail; based on the small genome segment which encodes the nucleocapsid protein and the small nonstructural protein (NSs), a very high similarity of 99-100 % among each other was found. In contrast to the highly conserved N protein, several mutations were found within the NSs-coding sequence of SHUVs present in brain samples of malformed fetuses, resulting in a considerably frequent appearance of stop codons. Interferon alpha/beta production was demonstrated in an in-vitro interferon bioassay; hence, the virus isolated from the brain of a malformed sheep fetus acquired mutations, resulting in the loss of its NSs protein function.
KEYWORDS: Genetics; Orthobunyavirus; Phylogeny; Ruminants; Sequence analysis; Shuni virus PMID: 27540741
DOI: 10.1007/s11262-016-1381-3
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11262-016-1381-3
Vaccine. 2016 Aug 9. pii: S0264-410X(16)30650-8. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.07.052. [Epub ahead of print]
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The long term effect of age and maternally derived antibodies against foot and mouth disease on the serological response following vaccination in young dairy calves. Elnekave E1, Dekker A2, Eble P2, van Hemert-Kluitenberg F2, Gelman B3, Storm N3, Klement E4.
Author information
• 1Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, POB 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
• 2Central Veterinary Institute, Part of Wageningen UR, Lelystad, The Netherlands. • 3Kimron Veterinary Institute, Beit Dagan, Israel. • 4Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture,
Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, POB 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel. Electronic address: [email protected].
Abstract In Israel, occurrence of foot and mouth disease (FMD) in dairy farms is rare. However, when FMD outbreaks occur, dairy calves are the most affected, despite routine vaccination. Contradictory findings exist regarding the effect of age and maternally derived antibodies (MDA) on the serological response following vaccinations against FMD in dairy calves. Furthermore, the long term effect of FMD vaccination regimen during early life was rarely assessed. This study was conducted in order to assess both the short and long term effects. In total 44 non-vaccinated calves were divided into four groups of different age. Calves were vaccinated up to four times and 484 serum samples were collected on 11 time points in a period of 70weeks. Virus neutralizing tests were performed in order to determine the neutralizing antibody titers (NAT) against the vaccine strains (homologous serotypes): O-4625, O-Manisa, ASIA-1-Shamir and the heterologous serotype A-Turkey-20/2006. A similar NAT pattern was observed to all serotypes and therefore statistical analysis was restricted to O-4625 serotype. The MDA titer was negatively associated with the age of the calves and the MDA half-life was 22days. We demonstrated that early vaccination of calves (younger than three months) resulted in low NAT, even after four repeated vaccinations, compared with vaccination of calves older than three months. The percentage of time in which these calves had a NAT above 2.0 (log10) between the age of six months and 1.5years was significantly
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lower compared to older calves (older than three months). Additionally, we found that by increasing the frequency of vaccination in calves older than three months, it is possible to reach high NAT by the age of one year. Adoption of such a vaccination regimen in Israel as well as other FMD endemic countries may allow better protection against FMD in dairy calves and reduction in FMD incidence. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
KEYWORDS: Calves; Dairy; FMD; Maternally derived antibodies (MDA); Neutralization antibody titers (NAT); Serology PMID: 27521229 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.07.052
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher] http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleListURL&_method=list&_ArticleListID=-1040777077&_sort=r&_st=13&view=c&md5=2ba0216a38ec81f6e942f1608200501c&searchtype=a
Vet Rec Open. 2016 Aug 16; 3(1):e000187. doi: 10.1136/vetreco-2016-000187. eCollection 2016.
Streptococcus equi subspecies equi in horses in Israel: seroprevalence and strain types. Tirosh-Levy S1, Blum SE2, Steward KF3, Waller AS3, Steinman A1.
Author information
• 1Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Rehovot , Israel.
• 2Department of Bacteriology , Kimron Veterinary Institute , Bet Dagan , Israel. • 3Centre for Preventive Medicine, Animal Health Trust , Newmarket, Suffolk , UK.
Abstract The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to determine the seroprevalence of Streptococcus equi in Israel, to monitor seropositive horses over time and to identify archived strains that were recovered from Israeli horses. A serological survey of 200
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healthy horses on 20 farms throughout Israel was performed to detect recent exposure to S equi antigens A and C via indirect ELISA. Seroprevalence was 9.5 per cent (19/200) and positive horses were found in 30 per cent (6/20) of the farms. Sixteen horses that returned a positive serology result were retested three and six months later. Most (12/16) positive horses remained positive, which suggests the presence of animals with persistent infection. Molecular characterisation of S equi strains by sequencing of the SeM gene of 16 archived isolates of S equi that were recovered from clinical cases of strangles between 2008 and 2012 identified two strains: SeM-2 and SeM-28.
KEYWORDS: Horse; Serology; Streptococcus equi PMID: 27651915 PMCID: PMC5013422 DOI: 10.1136/vetreco-2016-000187
[PubMed] Free PMC Article
Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2016 Sep; 22(9):1545-53. doi: 10.3201/eid2209.151953.
Travel- and Community-Based Transmission of Multidrug-Resistant Shigella sonnei Lineage among International Orthodox Jewish Communities. Baker KS, Dallman TJ, Behar A, Weill FX, Gouali M, Sobel J, Fookes M, Valinsky L, Gal-Mor O, Connor TR, Nissan I, Bertrand S, Parkhill J, Jenkins C, Cohen D, Thomson NR.
Abstract Shigellae are sensitive indicator species for studying trends in the international transmission of antimicrobial-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. Orthodox Jewish communities (OJCs) are a known risk group for shigellosis; Shigella sonnei is cyclically epidemic in OJCs in Israel, and sporadic outbreaks occur in OJCs elsewhere. We generated whole-genome sequences for 437 isolates of S. sonnei from OJCs and non-OJCs collected over 22 years in Europe (the United Kingdom, France, and Belgium), the United States, Canada, and Israel and analyzed these within a known global genomic context. Through phylogenetic and genomic analysis, we showed that strains from outbreaks in OJCs outside of Israel are distinct from strains in the general population and relate to a single multidrug-resistant sublineage of S. sonnei that prevails in Israel. Further Bayesian phylogenetic analysis showed that this strain emerged approximately 30 years ago, demonstrating the speed at which antimicrobial drug-resistant pathogens
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can spread widely through geographically dispersed, but internationally connected, communities.
KEYWORDS: Belgium; Canada; Enterobacteriaceae; Europe; France; Israel; Jewish orthodox; Shigella sonnei; United States; antimicrobial resistance; bacteria; diarrhea; dysentery; enteric infections; gastroenteritis; shigellosis
PMID: 27532625
PMCID: PMC4994374
DOI: 10.3201/eid2209.151953
[PubMed - in process] Free PMC Article
J Vet Diagn Invest. 2016 Sep; 28(5):550-4. doi: 10.1177/1040638716656024. Epub 2016 Jul 7.
Infectious agents identified in aborted swine fetuses in a high-density breeding area: a three-year study. Salogni C1, Lazzaro M2, Giacomini E2, Giovannini S2, Zanoni M2, Giuliani M2, Ruggeri J2, Pozzi P2, Pasquali P2, Boniotti MB2, Alborali GL2.
Author information: 1 Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia ed Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), Brescia, Italy (Salogni, Lazzaro, Giacomini, Giovannini, Zanoni, Giuliani, Ruggeri, Boniotti, Alborali)Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan, Israel (Pozzi)Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy (Pasquali) [email protected]. 2 Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia ed Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), Brescia, Italy (Salogni, Lazzaro, Giacomini, Giovannini, Zanoni, Giuliani, Ruggeri, Boniotti, Alborali)Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan, Israel (Pozzi)Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy (Pasquali).
Abstract Reproductive failure in sows is one of the most important factors affecting pig breeding. Many reproductive disorders are linked to both environmental factors and infectious agents. The goal of our study was to determine the presence of
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pathogens that are known to cause abortion, considering a set of conditioning factors, such as seasonality and pregnancy period. A large number of aborted fetuses (1,625 fetuses from 140 farms) from a high-density breeding area in northern Italy was analyzed for a period of 3 years. The pigs were diagnosed based on direct (culture, PCR) or indirect (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) evidence. An infectious etiologic agent was found in 323 of 549 cases of abortion (58.8%). These included viral agents (Porcine circovirus-2, 138/323; Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, 108/323; porcine parvovirus, 20/323; pseudorabies virus, 6/323; and Encephalomyocarditis virus, 3/323) and bacteria (Escherichia coli, 64/323; Streptococcus sp., 63/323; Staphylococcus sp., 5/323; Pasteurella sp., 3/323; Shigella sp., 1/323; and Yersinia sp., 1/323). This study describes the prevalence of infectious agents involved in reproductive failure in a high-density swine population. The data can be useful to swine breeders, practitioners, and medical specialists in monitoring animal health and in supervising the breeding process.
© 2016 The Author(s).
KEYWORDS: Infective abortion; retrospective survey; swine
PMID: 27400956 DOI: 10.1177/1040638716656024
Israel Journal of Veterinary Medicine, Vol. 71 (3), September 2016
Pricing of Cow’s Milk in Relation to Bulk Milk Somatic Cell Count
in the Threshold Range of 400×103 cells per Milliliter
Leitner, G.,1* Lavon, Y.,2 Matzrafi, Z.,3 Benun, O.,3 Bezman, D.4 and Merin, U.4
1 National Mastitis Center, Kimron Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 12, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel. 2 Israel Cattle Breeders Association, Caesarea 38900, Israel. 3 Ruppin Academic Center, Israel. 4 Afimilk, Afikim 1514800, Israel. * Corresponding author: Prof. Gabriel Leitner. e-mail: [email protected]
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ABSTRACT
The study evaluated the influence of existing bulk milk tank somatic cell count (BMTSCC) thresholds in Israeli dairy herds on 24 hour cheese yield and milk coagulation properties that should be considered in a payment scheme. In experiment 1, 36 bulk tank milk samples were used to evaluate soft cheese yield and the level of correlation with coagulation properties. No correlation was found with BMTSCC and cheese yield. However, a significant correlation was found between curd firmness and cheese yield. In experiment 2, 320 bulk tank milk samples were used to test the level of coagulation properties vs. BMTSCC, which ranged from 64×103 to 597×103 cells/mL. No correlation was found with curd firmness and rennet clotting time. The results suggest that up to BMTSCC thresholds of 400×103 cells/mL the quality of milk does not correlate with the somatic cell count since the milk in the tank represents many individual cows. Keywords: Bulk Milk Tank Somatic Cell Count; Coagulation Properties; Milk Pricing; Cheese Yield.
Food Chemistry 219 (2017) 459–467
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/foodchem
Newly discovered ergot alkaloids in Sorghum ergot Claviceps Africana occurring for the first time in Israel
J.A. Shimshoni a,⇑, O. Cuneah a, M. Sulyok b, R. Krska b, E. Sionov c, S. Barel a, Y. Meller Harel d
a Kimron Veterinary Institute, Department of Toxicology, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel b Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department for Agrobiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 3430 Tulln, Austria c Department of Food Science, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 502500, Israel d Plant Protection and Inspection Services, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, P.O. Box 78, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
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Article history:
Received 14 April 2016 Received in revised form 23 September 2016 Accepted 28 September 2016 Available online 29 September 2016 Keywords: Ergot sorghum, Claviceps Africana, Dihydroergosine, Dihydrolysergol, Dihydroergotamine A b s t r a c t
Sorghum ergot is a disease caused commonly by C. africana. In 2015, ergot was identified for the first time in sorghum fields in Israel, leading to measures of eradication and quarantine. The aims of the study were to identify the ergot species by molecular and ergot alkaloid profile analysis, to determine the ergot alkaloid profile in pure honeydew and in infected sorghum silages and to estimate the safety of sorghum silages as a feed source. C. africana was rapidly and reliably identified by microscopical and molecular analysis. Dihydroergosine was identified as the major ergot alkaloid. Dihydrolysergol and dihydroergotamine were identified for the first time as significant ergot alkaloid components within the C. Africana sclerotia, thereby providing for the first time a proof for the natural occurrence of dihydroergotamine. The sorghum silages were found to be safe for feed consumption, since the ergot alkaloids and the regulated mycotoxins were below their regulated limits. 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleListURL&_method=list&_ArticleListID=-1062095568&_sort=r&_st=13&view=c&md5=ec883711b6132bfaa936a5a6237c98d3&searchtype=a
Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. 2016 Sep 20. [Epub ahead of print]
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Neurochemical binding profiles of novel indole and benzofuran MDMA analogues. Shimshoni JA1, Winkler I2, Golan E3, Nutt D4.
Author information
• 1Department of Toxicology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan, Israel. [email protected].
• 2Pharmaseed Ltd, Ness Ziona, Israel. • 3BSC BV Company, Veemarkt 61, Amsterdam, Netherlands. • 4Neuropsychopharmacology Unit, Imperial College London, London, UK.
Abstract: 3,4-Methylenedioxy-N-methylamphetamine (MDMA) has been shown to be effective in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in numerous clinical trials. In the present study, we have characterized the neurochemical binding profiles of three MDMA-benzofuran analogues (1-(benzofuran-5-yl)-propan-2-amine, 5-APB; 1-(benzofuran-6-yl)-N-methylpropan-2-amine, 6-MAPB; 1-(benzofuran-5-yl)-N-methylpropan-2-amine, 5-MAPB) and one MDMA-indole analogue (1-(1H-indol-5-yl)-2-methylamino-propan-1-ol, 5-IT). These compounds were screened as potential second-generation anti-PTSD drugs, against a battery of human and non-human receptors, transporters, and enzymes, and their potencies as 5-HT2 receptor agonist and monoamine uptake inhibitors determined. All MDMA analogues displayed high binding affinities for 5-HT2a,b,c and NEα2 receptors, as well as significant 5-HT, DA, and NE uptake inhibition. 5-APB revealed significant agonist activity at the 5-HT2a,b,c receptors, while 6-MAPB, 5-MAPB, and 5-IT exhibited significant agonist activity at the 5-HT2c receptor. There was a lack of correlation between the results of functional uptake and the monoamine transporter binding assay. MDMA analogues emerged as potent and selective monoamine oxidase A inhibitors. Based on 6-MAPB favorable pharmacological profile, it was further subjected to IC50 determination for monoamine transporters. Overall, all MDMA analogues displayed higher monoamine receptor/transporter binding affinities and agonist activity at the 5-HT2a,c receptors as compared to MDMA.
KEYWORDS: 3,4-Methylenedioxy-N-methylamphetamine (MDMA); MDMA analogues; Monoamine receptors; Monoamine transporters; Neurochemical profile PMID: 27650729
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DOI: 10.1007/s00210-016-1297-4 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00210-016-1297-4
J Sci. Food Agric. 2016 Oct 4. doi: 10.1002/jsfa.8064. [Epub ahead of print]
The new Israeli feed safety law: challenges in relation to animal and public health. Barel S1, Elad D2, Cuneah O1, Shimshoni JA3.
Author information
• 1Kimron Veterinary Institute, Department of Toxicology, Bet Dagan, 50250, Israel.
• 2Kimron Veterinary Institute, Department of Bacteriology, Bet Dagan, 50250, Israel.
• 3Kimron Veterinary Institute, Department of Toxicology, Bet Dagan, 50250, Israel. [email protected].
Abstract The Israeli feed safety legislation, which came to prominence in the early 1970's, has undergone a major change from simple feed safety and quality regulations to a more holistic concept of control of feed safety and quality throughout the whole feed production chain, from farm to the end user table. In February 2014 a new law was approved by the Israeli parliament, namely the Control of Animal Feed Law, which is expected to enter into effect in 2017. The law is intended to regulate the production and marketing of animal feed, guaranteeing the safety and quality of animal products throughout the production chain. The responsibility on the implementation of the new feed law was moved from the Plant Protection Inspection Service (PPIS) to the Veterinary Services and Animal Health (VSAH). In preparation for the law's implementation, we have characterized the various sources and production lines of feed for farm and domestic animals in Israel and assessed the current feed safety challenges in terms of potential hazards or undesirable substances. Moreover, the basic requirements for feed safety laboratories, which are mandatory for analyzing and
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testing for potential contaminants, are summarized for each of the contaminants discussed hereby. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. PMID: 27701742
DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8064 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jsfa.8064/abstract
Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2016 Oct 14;82(21):6386-6394. Print 2016 Nov 1. High Prevalence of Diverse Insertion Sequences within the rRNA Operons of Mycoplasma bovis. Amram E1, Borovok I2, Nachum-Biala Y3, Ayling R4, Lerner U5, Harrus S3, Lysnyansky I6.
Author information 1Mycoplasma Unit, Division of Avian and Aquatic Diseases, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Beit Dagan, Israel Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel. 2Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel. 3Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel. 4Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, United Kingdom. 5Mycoplasma Unit, Division of Avian and Aquatic Diseases, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Beit Dagan, Israel Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel. 6Mycoplasma Unit, Division of Avian and Aquatic Diseases, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Beit Dagan, Israel [email protected].
Abstract Insertion sequences (ISs) are widespread in the genome of Mycoplasma bovis strain PG45, but no ISs were identified within its two tandemly positioned rRNA operons (rrn1 and rrn2). However, characterization of the rrn locus in 70 M. bovis isolates revealed the
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presence of ISs related to the ISMbov1 (IS30 family) and ISMbov4 (IS4 family) isomers in 35 isolates. ISs were inserted into intergenic region 1 (IGR-1) or IGR-3, which are the putative promoter regions of rrn1 and rrn2, respectively, and into IGR-5, located downstream of the rrl2 gene. Seven different configurations (A to G) of the rrn locus with respect to ISs were identified, including those in five annotated genomes. The transcriptional start site for the single rrn operon in M. bovis strain 88127 was mapped within IGR-1, 60 bp upstream of the rrs gene. Notably, only 1 nucleotide separated the direct repeat (DR) for ISMbov1 and the promoter -35 element in configuration D, while in configuration F, the -35 motif was a part of the ISMbov1 DR. Relative quantitative real-time (qRT) PCR analysis and growth rate comparisons detected a significant increase (P < 0.05) in the expression of the rrs genes and in the number of viable cells during log phase growth (8, 12, and 16 h) in the strains with configuration F in comparison to strains with one or two rrn operons that did not have ISs. A high prevalence of IS elements within or close to the M. bovis rrn operon-promoter region may reflect their important role in regulation of both ribosome synthesis and function.
IMPORTANCE: Data presented in this study show a high prevalence of diverse ISs within the M. bovis rrn locus resulting in intraspecies variability and diversity. Such abundance of IS elements near or within the rrn locus may offer a selective advantage to M. bovis Moreover, the fact that expression of the rrs genes as well as the number of viable cells increased in the group of strains with IS element insertion within a putative promoter -35 sequence (configuration F) in comparison to that in strains with one or two rrn operons that do not have ISs may serve as a basis for understanding the possible role of M. bovis IS elements in fundamental biological processes such as regulation of ribosome synthesis and function. Copyright © 2016, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. PMID: 27542937 PMCID: PMC5066355 [Available on 2017-04-14] DOI: 10.1128/AEM.01628-16 http://aem.asm.org/content/82/21/6386.long
Vet Ital. 2016 Sep 30;52(3-4):333-341. doi: 10.12834/VetIt.643.3163.3.
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Bluetongue virus serotype 24 (BTV-24) in Israel: phylogenetic characterization and clinical manifestation of the disease. Golender N1, Panshin A, Brenner J, Rotenberg D, Oura C, Khinich E, Bumbarov V.
Author information
• 1Division of Virology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, 50250 Bet Dagan, Israel.
Abstract Bluetongue (BT), an arthropod-borne viral disease of ruminants, a ects sheep most severely than other domestic animals. Bluetongue virus serotype 24 (BTV-24) is one of 26 known Bluetongue virus (BTV) serotypes. In this article, we present data of phylogenetic analysis of 9 viral genes (Seg1, Seg2, Seg3, Seg4, Seg5, Seg6, Seg8, Seg9, and Seg10) from 8 Israeli BTV-24 isolates and relate the genotype of the BTV-24 isolates to their phenotype with regard to clinical manifestations. The high level of genetic identity (> 99.6%) between Seg2, Seg4 and Seg5 in all 8 BTV-24 isolates indicated that these segments shared the same viral ancestor. Phylogenetic analysis of Seg1, Seg3, Seg5, Seg8, Seg9, and Seg10 revealed that the Israeli BTV-24 strains comprised 4 variants. Five of the viruses revealed high identity among all 9 segments, and represented variant 1. A second variant (BTV24/3027/6/10), isolated in 2010, showed signi cant variation from variant 1 in 3 gene segments (VP-1, VP-3, and NS-3 genes). A third variant (BTV24/3027/1/10) showed signi cant variation from variant 1 in 6 segments (VP-1, VP-3, VP-6 and NS-1, NS-2 and NS-3 genes), while a fourth variant (BTV24/2214/1/10) showed signi cant variation from variant 1 in 4 segments (VP-1, NS-1, NS-2 and NS-3 genes). These marked di erences in sequence identity indicate that a high level of genetic reassortment is occurring between co-circulating BTV strains in Israel. PMID: 27723045
DOI: 10.12834/VetIt.643.3163.3
http://www.izs.it/vet_italiana/2016/52_3/52_3.htm
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Vet. Ital. 2016 Sep 30;52(3-4):353-362. doi: 10.12834/VetIt.547.2587.2.
What can Akabane disease teach us about other arboviral diseases. Brenner J1, Rotenberg D, Jaakobi S, Stram Y, Guini-Rubinstein M, Menasherov S, Bernstein M, Yaakobovitch Y, David D, Perl S.
Author information
• 1Department of Virology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan 50 250, Israel.
Abstract Viruses of the Simbu serogroup cause lesions to foetuses that are seen at birth and that correlate with the stage of pregnancy at which the dam first contracts the virus. The Simbu serogroup comprises arboviruses known to cause outbreaks of abnormal parturitions in domestic ruminants; these abnormalities include abortion, stillbirth, and congenitally deformed neonates. Simbu serogroup members include: Akabane virus (AKAV), Aino virus, Cache Valley virus, and Schmallenberg virus. Lately, dairy herds calf malformations have been observed in Europe, where there have been reports of clinical manifestations such as diarrhoea, fever, and reduced milk yield in adult lactating cows. The Israeli dairy cattle industry has experienced 2 major episodes of abnormal parturitions that resulted from 2 arboviral Simbu serogroup episodes, which occurred 35 years apart. A wave of apparently newly introduced AKAV was noted from the beginning of January 2012. Investigations carried out throughout the period of late Summer 2011 to early Winter 2012, associated the Israeli AKAV strain with central nervous system manifestations in lactating cows. A lack of clinical/epidemiological 'uniformity' among the AKAV infections was noted during these investigations. Here we describe and discuss the clinical and spatial distribution differences found among the 3 above-mentioned outbreaks. Comparable features in the clinical presentation, spatial distribution, and target-animal issues relating to Akabane disease are discussed. PMID: 27723047 DOI: 10.12834/VetIt.547.2587.2
http://www.izs.it/vet_italiana/2016/52_3/52_3.htm
Vet. Ital. 2016 Sep 30; 52(3-4):343-351. doi: 10.12834/VetIt.641.3154.2.
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Unusual clinical manifestations in Israeli ruminant populations infected with Orbiviruses. Bumbarov V1, Golender N, Rotenberg D, Brenner J.
Author information
• 1Department of Virology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet-Dagan, 50250 Israel.
Abstract Orbiviruses, some of which are virulent in ruminant species, are transmitted by blood- sucking insects. They can cause the smallest blood vessels to leak, leading to oedema, which is presented as Bluetongue (BT) and/or Epizootic haemorrhagic diseases (EHD). Other clinical manifestations include big-muscle necrosis, excessive scialorrea, and coronitis. Pathology and laboratory testing can con rm the involvement of orbivirus. Bluetongue infection in naïve sheep can elicit the 'classical signs' of the disease and, therefore, can warn of Bluetongue virus' (BTV) attacks and of increased vector activity. In 2006, infection of cattle by serotype 7 of the Epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) was detected in Israel, with lesions clinically identical to those of BT disease in sheep. In 2006, serotype 15 of the BTV (BTV-15) was isolated in Israel from sheep with acute BT. In 2008 clinical BT in cattle was reported and con rmed in Israel. To date, additional serotypes (BTV-2, BTV-4, BTV-5, BTV-8, BTV-12, BTV-16, and BTV-24) have been reported, of these BTV-5, BTV-8, BTV-12, and BTV-24 were isolated for the rst time in the region. Some of these serotypes have been detected in animals with simultaneous double/triple infections with di erent BTV serotypes, so that reassortment may also occur during these simultaneous infections. The use of local strains for the development of inactivated or subunit vaccines would however help to ensure antigenic matching. Various changes in orbiviral diseases occurred between 2006 and 2013 in Israel, and similarities and di erences between Israel and Europe have been reported in this study. PMID: 27723046
DOI: 10.12834/VetIt.641.3154.2
http://www.izs.it/vet_italiana/2016/52_3/52_3.htm
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Avian Pathol., 2016 Nov 3:1-27. [Epub ahead of print]
Development of duplex dual-gene and DIVA real-time RT-PCR assays and use of feathers as a non-invasive sampling method. Davidson I1, Raibstein I1, Altory-Natour A1, Simanov M2, Khinich Y2.
Author information
• 1a Division of Avian Diseases , Kimron Veterinary Institute , Bet Dagan , Israel , P.O.Box 12, 50250.
• 2b Division of Virology , Kimron Veterinary Institute , Bet Dagan , Israel , P.O.Box 12, 50250.
Abstract The avian flavivirus Turkey Meningoencephalitis Virus (TMEV) causes a neuroparalytic disease of commercial turkeys, expressed in paresis, incoordination, dropping wings and mortality that is controlled by vaccination. The molecular diagnosis using brain tissue RNA was now upgraded by the development of a diagnostic dual-gene multiplex real-time PCR targeting the env and the NS5 genes, increasing the sensitivity by 10-100 fold compared to the previously existing assays. Based on the recent complete sequences of 5 TMEV isolates we now developed a Differentiating Infected from Vaccinated Animals (DIVA) assay, to distinguish between wild-type TMEV strains and the vaccine virus. The DIVA was evaluated on commercial vaccines produced by two manufacturers, on RNA purified from brains of experimentally infected turkeys with TMEV strains, and on clinical samples collected between the years 2009-2015. We also investigated turkey feather pulps for their suitability to serve for TMEV detection, to avoid invasive sampling and bird killing. The parallel TMEV diagnosis in brain and feather-pulp RNA were similarly useful for diagnosis, at least, in experimentally-infected turkeys and in 3 cases of disease encountered in commercial flocks.
KEYWORDS: Avian Flaviviruses; DIVA; Turkey meningoencephalitis virus; feathers; real-time PCR PMID: 27807983 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2016.1256471 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03079457.2016.1256471
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Infect. Immun. 2016 Nov 18; 84(12):3458-3470. Print 2016 Dec.
The Bacterial Second Messenger Cyclic di-GMP Regulates Brucella Pathogenesis and Leads to Altered Host Immune Response. Khan M1, Harms JS2, Marim FM3, Armon L4, Hall CL5, Liu YP5, Banai M6, Oliveira SC3, Splitter GA2, Smith JA5.
Author information
• 1Cellular and Molecular Pathology Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA [email protected].
• 2Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Veterinary Medicine, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
• 3Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte-Minas Gerais, Brazil.
• 4Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel.
• 5Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
• 6Department of Bacteriology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Beit Dagan, Israel.
Abstract Brucella species are facultative intracellular bacteria that cause brucellosis, a chronic debilitating disease significantly impacting global health and prosperity. Much remains to be learned about how Brucella spp. succeed in sabotaging immune host cells and how Brucella spp. respond to environmental challenges. Multiple types of bacteria employ the prokaryotic second messenger cyclic di-GMP (c-di-GMP) to coordinate responses to shifting environments. To determine the role of c-di-GMP in Brucella physiology and in shaping host-Brucella interactions, we utilized c-di-GMP regulatory enzyme deletion mutants. Our results show that a ΔbpdA phosphodiesterase mutant producing excess c-di-GMP displays marked attenuation in vitro and in vivo during later infections. Although c-di-GMP is known to stimulate the innate sensor STING, surprisingly, the ΔbpdA mutant induced a weaker host immune response than did wild-type Brucella or the low-c-di-GMP guanylate cyclase ΔcgsB mutant. Proteomics analysis revealed that c-di-GMP regulates several processes critical for virulence, including cell wall and biofilm
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formation, nutrient acquisition, and the type IV secretion system. Finally, ΔbpdA mutants exhibited altered morphology and were hypersensitive to nutrient-limiting conditions. In summary, our results indicate a vital role for c-di-GMP in allowing Brucella to successfully navigate stressful and shifting environments to establish intracellular infection.
Copyright © 2016, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.
PMID: 27672085 PMCID:PMC5116723 [Available on 2017-05-18] DOI:10.1128/IAI.00531-16 [PubMed - in process]
Vaccine. 2016 Nov 21; 34(48):5837-5839. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.10.011. Epub 2016 Oct 19.
Brucella abortus S19 vaccine protects dairy cattle against natural infection with Brucella melitensis. van Straten M1, Bardenstein S2, Keningswald G3, Banai M2.
Author information
• 1"Hachaklait", Mutual Society for Veterinary Services, P.O.B. 3039, Caesarea Industrial Park, 38900, Israel. Electronic address: [email protected].
• 2Kimron Veterinary Institute, P.O.B. 12, Bet Dagan 502501, Israel. • 3"Hachaklait", Mutual Society for Veterinary Services, P.O.B. 3039, Caesarea
Industrial Park, 38900, Israel.
Abstract Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease that can cause severe illness in humans and considerable economic loss in the livestock industry. Although small ruminants are the preferential host for Brucella melitensis, this pathogen has emerged as a cause for Brucella outbreaks in cattle. S19 vaccination is implemented in many countries where B. abortus is endemic but its effectiveness against B. melitensis has not been validated. Here we show that vaccine effectiveness in preventing disease transmission between vaccinated and unvaccinated cohorts, as determined by seroconversion, was 87.2% (95% CI 69.5-94.6%). Furthermore, vaccination was associated with a reduced risk for
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abortion. Together, our data emphasize the role S19 vaccination could play in preventing B. melitensis outbreaks in areas where this pathogen is prevalent in small ruminant populations.
Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
KEYWORDS: Brucella abortus; Brucella melitensis; Cattle; Cross protection; Vaccines PMID: 27771184 DOI:10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.10.011 [PubMed - in process]
Vet. Res. 2016 Nov 4; 47(1):109.
Transmission tree of the highly pathogenic avian influenza (H5N1) epidemic in Israel, 2015.
Vergne T1, Fournié G2, Markovich MP3, Ypma RJ4, Katz R3, Shkoda I5, Lublin A5, Perk S3, Pfeiffer DU2.
Author information
• 1Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, Department of Production and Population Health, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK. [email protected].
• 2Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, Department of Production and Population Health, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK.
• 3Veterinary Services, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Bet Dagan, Israel.
• 4Brain Mapping Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. • 5Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan, Israel.
Abstract The transmission tree of the Israeli 2015 epidemic of highly pathogenic avian influenza (H5N1) was modelled by combining the spatio-temporal distribution of the outbreaks
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and the genetic distance between virus isolates. The most likely successions of transmission events were determined and transmission parameters were estimated. It was found that the median infectious pressure exerted at 1 km was 1.59 times (95% CI 1.04, 6.01) and 3.54 times (95% CI 1.09, 131.75) higher than that exerted at 2 and 5 km, respectively, and that three farms were responsible for all seven transmission events. PMID: 27814754 PMCID: PMC5096331 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-016-0393-2 [PubMed - in process] Free PMC Article
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5096331/
Vet Dermatol. 2016 Dec; 27(6):468-e125. doi: 10.1111/vde.12382.
Prior antimicrobial use as a risk factor for resistance in selected Staphylococcus pseudintermedius isolates from the skin and ears of dogs. Zur G1, Gurevich B1, Elad D2.
Author information 1 Veterinary Teaching Hospital, The Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, PO Box 12, Rehovot, 76100, Israel. 2 Department of Clinical Bacteriology and Mycology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Veterinary Services, Ministry of Agriculture, Beit Dagan, 50250, Israel.
BACKGROUND: Antimicrobial resistance within bacteria continues to present therapeutic challenges. One presumed risk factor for increased rates of resistance is prior exposure to antimicrobial drugs.
OBJECTIVES: To examine the impact of time since most recent exposure, the number of prior antimicrobial exposures and duration of use on antimicrobial resistance rates in Staphylococcus pseudintermedius isolates.
METHODS: Inclusion of a case in the study required laboratory isolation of S. pseudintermedius from a clinical specimen. Antibiograms and information regarding prior antimicrobial exposures were extracted from the medical records of dogs diagnosed with pyoderma or otitis externa.
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RESULTS: Meticillin resistance (MR) was identified in 48.1% of isolates. Recent use of beta-lactam antimicrobials was associated with increased odds of resistance to meticillin (P < 0.001) and fluoroquinolones (P < 0.001). Antimicrobial therapy within 1 month prior to sampling was also associated with MR (60.7%; P = 0.009) and multidrug resistance (61.9%; P = 0.029). The number of prior exposures to beta-lactams or fluoroquinolones were associated with resistance to these same classes (P = 0.001 and 0.02, respectively) and to other antimicrobial classes (P = 0.016 for resistance to fluoroquinolones following treatment with beta-lactams and P = 0.015 for MR following treatment with fluoroquinolones). Longer treatment duration with beta-lactam drugs was associated with higher proportion of MR (P = 0.004).
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Treatment based upon culture and susceptibility testing is highly recommended for dogs that have received multiple antimicrobial drug exposures or that were treated within the preceding month. This may be especially important when the prior therapeutic regimen included a drug from the beta-lactam or fluoroquinolone classes.
© 2016 ESVD and ACVD.
PMID: 27870236 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12382
Zoonoses Public Health. 2016 Dec 2. doi: 10.1111/zph.12309. [Epub ahead of print]
Impact of Rabies Vaccination History on Attainment of an Adequate Antibody Titre Among Dogs Tested for International Travel Certification, Israel - 2010-2014. Yakobson B1, Taylor N2, Dveres N1, Rotblat S1, Spero Ż3, Lankau EW4,5, Maki J6.
Author information
• 1Rabies Department, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan, Israel. • 2Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics Research Unit (VEERU) & PAN Livestock
Services Ltd., School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Reading, UK.
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• 3Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel.
• 4LandCow Consulting, Madison, WI, USA. • 5Ronin Institute, Montclair, NJ, USA. • 6Merial Ltd., Athens, GA, USA.
Abstract Rabies is endemic in wildlife or domestic carnivore populations globally. Infection of domestic dogs is of particular concern in many areas. In regions where domestic animals are at risk of exposure to rabies virus, dogs should be routinely vaccinated against rabies to protect both pet and human populations. Many countries require demonstration of an adequate level of serum rabies neutralizing antibodies to permit entry of dogs during international travel. We analysed rabies titres of dogs seeking travel certification in Israel to assess demographic and vaccine history factors associated with antibody titres below the acceptable threshold for travel certification. Having received only one previous rabies vaccination and a longer duration since the most recent vaccination was received were primary risk factors for not achieving an adequate rabies virus neutralizing antibody titre for travel certification. These risk factors had stronger effects in younger animals, but were consistent for dogs of all ages. In particular, these findings reiterate the importance of administering at least two rabies vaccinations (the primo vaccination and subsequent booster) to ensure population-level protection against rabies in dogs globally.
© 2016 Blackwell Verlag GmbH.
KEYWORDS: Dogs; Israel; global travel; immunity; prevention; rabies; serology; vaccination PMID: 27911041 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12309 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/zph.12309/abstract
RSC Advances Royal Society of Chemistry, Issue 115, Dec 2016,
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Reduced use of glucose by normoxic cow's mammary gland under acute inflammation: an example of homeostatic aerobic glycolysis Nissim Silanikove,*a Fira Shapiro,a Uzi Merin,b Yaniv Lavon,c Shlomo E. Blumd and Gabriel Leitnerd
Author affiliations
* Corresponding authors
a Department of Ruminant Science, Animal Science, The Volcani Center, P.O. Box 6, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel E-mail: [email protected]
b Food Quality and Safety, Postharvest and Food Sciences, The Volcani Center, P.O. Box 6, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
c Israel Cattle Breeders Association, Caesarea, Israel
d National Mastitis Reference Center, Kimron Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 12, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
Abstract The concentrations of glucose and glucose-derived carbons in milk reflect their concentrations in the mammary epithelial cell cytosol. We hypothesized that the sharp reduction in milk secretion observed during acute inflammation in the mammary gland is associated with conversion of the gland's metabolism to aerobic glycolysis and reduced extraction of glucose from the blood, in support to the innate immune system. Acute inflammation was induced by challenging one mammary gland in 5 cows with a single dose of 10 μg bacterial lipopolysaccharide. The glandular response was followed up to 96 h post-challenge. The challenge induced increases in polymorphonuclear leukocytes, milk malondialdehyde concentration and casein degradation. The response peaked at 24 h post-challenge and the inflammation began to decrease after 48 h, but at 96 h post-treatment, values had not yet returned to pre-treatment levels. Milk secretion, and milk lactose, glucose and citrate concentrations decreased sharply, reaching minimal levels at 24 h post-treatment. The correlations between these parameters and inflammation parameters were negative and statistically significant. The reduction of ∼50% in milk yield and lactose concentration in the treated gland indicated that extraction of glucose
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from the blood was reduced from a rate of ∼740 g d−1 to 190 g d−1 (i.e., by 550 g d−1) at the peak of response. The concentrations of glucose-6-phosphate, malate, oxaloacetate, lactate and pyruvate and the activities of the enzymes glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase increased and, in general, were positively and significantly correlated to inflammation parameters. It was concluded that inflammation shifts the passage of glucose-derived carbons to the pentose phosphate pathway and shifts cell metabolism to glycolysis at the expense of mitochondrial activity.
Microbiological Industrial Hygiene Nova Science Publishers Series: Microbiological Hygiene (Series Editor - Eino Elias Hakalehto, Ph.D. - Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland) Binding: Hardcover Pub. Date: 2016 - 3rd Quarter Pages: 7x10 - (NBC-C) ISBN: 978-1-63485-268-5
Chapter 9 pp. 133-150. Brucellosis
(Menachem Banai and Michael Bernstein, Department of Bacteriology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan, Israel)