psychosocial development during the first three years
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Psychosocial Development During the First Three Years. Chapter 8. First Appearance of Basic Emotions. Understanding Emotions of Others. Emotional Contagion Early infancy Recognize Other’s Facial Expressions 7 – 10 months - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Psychosocial Development During the First Three Years
Chapter 8
First Appearance of Basic Emotions
HappinessSmile – from birthSocial smile – 6 to 10 weeksLaugh – 3–4 months
AngerGeneral distress – from birthAnger – 4–6 months
Sadness Distress to “still face” – 2–7 mos.
FearFirst fears – 6–12 monthsStranger Anxiety – 8–12 months
Understanding Emotions of Others
Emotional Contagion Early infancy
Recognize Other’s Facial Expressions 7–10 months
Social Referencing - Understanding an ambiguous situation by seeking out another person’s perception of it Babies look at their caregivers upon
encountering a new person or toy
Self-Conscious Emotions
Shame Embarrassment Guilt Envy Pride
Emerge middle of second year Need adult instruction about when to feel
them
TEMPERAMENTThe foundation of personality…
Structure of Temperament
Kagan – Infant’s temperament video Easy – 40% Difficult – 10% Slow-to-warm-up –
15% Unclassified – 35%
Genetics and Environment in Temperament
Genetic Influences
Responsible for about half of individual differencesEthnicity, gender
Environmental Influences
Cultural caregiving stylesBoys & girls treated differentlyParents emphasize sibling differences
Goodness Of Fit
Combines genetics and environmentGoal is to create environments that recognize temp & encourage more active functioning
Developmental Issues in Infancy
Developing Attachments – video (Bowlby & Ainsworth)
Secure attachment: baby cries or protests when the primary caregiver leaves and greets the caregiver happily upon his or her return
Avoidant attachment: baby rarely cries when separated from the primary caregiver and avoids contact upon his or her return
Ambivalent (resistant) attachment: baby becomes anxious before the primary caregiver leaves, is upset during his or her absence, and both seeks and resists contact on his or her return
Factors that Affect Attachment Security
Opportunity for attachment Quality of caregiving
Interactional synchrony Infant characteristics Family circumstances Parents’ internal working
models
Multiple Attachments
Fathers Siblings Grandparents Professional
caregivers
Factors that Affect Attachment of Children in Child Care Initial Attachment
Quality Family
Circumstances Quality of Child Care
Developmentally Appropriate Practice
Extent of Child Care
Attachment and Later Development
Secure attachment related to positive outcomes in: Preschool Middle childhood
Continuity of caregiving may link infant attachment and later development.
Contact With Other Children
Siblings Rivalry is often present, as is affection The more securely attached siblings are to their parents,
the better they get along with each other
Contact With Other Children
Sociability With Nonsiblings
Some children are more sociable than others, due to such temperamental traits as mood, readiness to accept new people, and ability to adapt to change
Children of Working Parents The Impact Of Early
Child Care Most important
element in the quality of care is the caregiver; stimulating interactions with responsive adults are crucial to early cognitive, linguistic, and psychosocial development