Refers to the emotional and psychological changes across the life-cycle that occur in the context of the individual’s social environment

1. BASIC TRUST VS. MISTRUST (INFANCY-1 YR. OLD) – ORAL STAGE Trust and other positive social values should be

initially experienced at home “the world-especially the social world-is safe

place to be, that people are reliable and loving”

2. AUTONOMY VS. SHAME (TODDLERHOOD, 1-3 YRS. OLD)-ANAL STAGE Parents should let the child manipulate his social

environment as well as to develop a sense of freewill

Excessive autonomy may lead into social crisis – stubbornness, negativism and tantrums

Parents should be “firm but tolerant” Too much dependency would lead into the feeling of

shame and doubt

3. INITIATIVE VS. GUILT (PRESCHOOL 3-6) – GENITAL-LOCOMOTOR STAGE/PLAY AGE The child begins to explore new things and pan

about the future as well as to experience guilt once confronted with wrong decisions

The child starts to “initiate” imagination and curiosity”

Initiative and guilt should be balance in order to have moral judgment

4. INDUSTRY VS. INFERIORITY (SCHOOL AGE, 6-12) LATENCY/SCHOOL AGE The child must tame his imagination and focus

himself to formal education as well as study positive social skills

Social actors should be added in order to develop the social skills of the child

He must develop sense feeling of success Inferiority occurs when the parents or other social

actors are unappreciated of his works

5. IDENTITY VS. ROLE CONFUSION (ADOLESCENCE, 12-MID 20’S) Individuals tends to establish his own ego

identity Ego identity – knowing who you are and how you

fit in the rest of the society “Psychosocial Moratorium” should be done – help

him realize what he is into, his path , his purpose Too much ego identity may lead into a kind of

maladaptive tendency which is called fanaticism Fanaticism – also be interpreted as idealism

6. INTIMACY VS. ISOLATION (YOUNG ADULT, MID 20’S TO MID 40’S) SUCCESFUL YOUNG ADULT Goal is to find a lasting relationship Sign of immaturity: fear of commitment Promiscuity refers to a maladaptive tendency

wherein there is a shallow intimacy

7. GENERATIVITY VS. STAGNATION (Middle Adulthood, mid 40’s to mid 60’s) Individual may have children May view love as not self-centered but reciprocal Generativity means to continue the generation Overextension would occur if there is an

excessive generativity

8. INTEGRITY VS. DESPAIR (LATE ADULTHOOD, MID 60’S ONWARD) The peak of adjustment As well defined and formed life and self-concept

of which he is happy If any of the preceding stages were left

unresolved, then an individual may experience despair