psychology: history subfields

7/28/2019 Psychology: History subfields

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Introduction to Psychology

Danahalaya Institute of Formation, Punnapra

Dr Manuel Karimpanackal MST


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2.Know Others

3.Personal Effectiveness

Temple of Apollo at Delphi,

4th C., B.C.

Gnothi seauton

1.KnowSelf

Sages of India

Self-realization


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Cavemen and modern meneagerly concerned with the

problems of a psychological

nature.


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The Story of Psychology

Psychologys Roots

Prescientific Psychology

Birth of Psychology as a Science Psychology modern approaches

Definition

subfields


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Vedas Lao Tzu Plato

1500 BC 600 BC 427-347 BC

Mind and matter

Ideas innate

Mental aspects ------mental philosophy

Early psychology called mental philosophy

Alignment with BeingAncient psychologicalviews and the art of

spiritual livingUpanisads

samkhya yogaa theory of mind and a practical discipline thatclaims to provide empirical support for its ideas.

Presc

ientific Psychology
http://www.philosophypages.com/dy/zt.htmhttp://www.philosophypages.com/dy/zt.htmhttp://www.philosophypages.com/dy/zt.htmhttp://www.philosophypages.com/dy/zt.htm


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Yoga sutra

Indian psychospiritual craft, for

personal transformation and to

alleviate human suffering


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Daodejing

Pproposed a life orientation that transcends the self, socialstandards, and the unreliable and perishable pursuits ofwealth and objects.

Instead, one should understand, attend to, and tune in to

the Dao so that onecan be in harmony with the natural forces of the universe

and attain the ultimate

peace and unity with the Dao. In addition, the Daodejingsuggested a

way for one to link with the Dao through meditativeintrospection.


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Ideas, thoughts, memories through senses

Transition from inorganic to organic bodies

Vegetative, sentient rational soulMental philosophy----faculties of the soul

Psychology defined --- study of soul

Psyche=soul, life principle. Logos=discourse

Aristotle

Speculated about

Thinking,

intelligence,motives,

emotions

in--About the Soul



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Rene Descartes (1596-1650)

Descartes, like Plato, believed in soul (mind)-bodyseparation, but wondered how the immaterial

mind and physical body communicated.

http://www.spacerad.com

http://ocw.mit.edu


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Francis Bacon (1561-1626)

Bacon is one of the founders of modern science,particularly the experimental method.

http://www.iep.utm.edu


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John Locke (1632-1704)

Locke held that the mind was a tabula rasa, orblank sheet, at birth, and experiences wrote on it.

biografieonline.it/img/bio/John_Lock

e.jpg


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Mind and body are

connected

Mind and body are

distinct

The Hebrews Socrates

Aristotle Plato

Augustine Descartes

What is the relation of mind to the body?


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Some ideas are inbornThe mind is a blank

slate

Socrates Aristotle

Plato Locke

How are ideas formed?


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About 400 years ago, mental philosophersbegan to translate psyche as mind then

psychology was defined as the study of

mind.


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Laboratory studies: From the above philosophical

background grewexperimental method

laboratory studies on sense organs.


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Origin of Species (1859) also suggested continuitybetween the human and the animal mind. Thisstimulated interest in the study of psychologicalbehaviour of man and animals the nature ofanimal and human instinct, motivation andthinking.


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Birth of scientific psychology:

The success of experimental method insciences made some philosophers think

mind and behaviour could be studied with

scientific methods.


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Father of scientific psychology

German philosopher and psychologist

established the first psychological laboratory

at university of Leipzig in 1879, Germany.

Wilhelm Wundt1832 1920

HISTORICAL APPROACHES


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Psychological Science is Born

Structuralism

Wundt and Titchener studied the elements (atoms) ofthe mind by conducting experiments at Leipzig.

The early school of psychology grew up around theideas of Wundt and was established by his student

Edward B. Titchner.

Titchner (1867-1927)


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Structuralism.

Science of consciousness (mental life):

For Wundt, the aim of psychology was toanalyses conscious experience, as a

chemist analyses matter into its elements,

to disclose the simplest unit or elements of

mind, or consciousnessa view known as

structuralism.


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Structuralism

method of experimental introspection.

examines or reflects on ones experience

Wundt focussed on inner sensations,thoughts, and emotional states.

Thus psychology was defined as the

science of mental life or conscious

experience.


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schools of psychology

Wilhelm Wundt and other psychologists of the

time thought of psychology as the study of

mind. In the first decades of the twentieth

century, psychologists came to hold quitedifferent views about the nature of mind and the

best ways to study it. Schools of thought formed

around these psychologists. These schools ofthought were known as the schools of

psychology

F ti li


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challenged by William James and other

psychologists

should focus not on the structure of

consciousness but on its functions.

1842 1910

Functionalism


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Principles of psychology:

The three volume textbook

1890

William James demonstrates the spirit of psychology as a

new separate field of study as it developed

in the last years of the 19th centaury.

It focused on learning, memory, instincts

and related problems.


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PsychoanalysisFounded by the psychiatrist

Sigmund Freud (18561938).

attempts to explain personality,

motivation, and mental

disorders by focusing onunconscious

determinants of behavior.

P h l i


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Psychoanalysis

- the theory and therapy based

on the work of Sigmund Freud.

-Freud proposed that there

is an unconscious (unaware)mind which influence behaviour.

Stressed the influence of unconscious fears,

desires, and motivations on thoughts,behaviors, the development of personality

traits and psychological problems later in life

P h l ti h


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Psychoanalyticapproach

He believed that

these repressed

urges, in trying to

surface, creatednervous disorders.

Freud stressed the

importance of earlychildhood

experiences.


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Gestalt Psychology

Gestaltgood figure

psychology.

Menu


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founded in Germany about 1912 by Max Wertheimer and his

colleagues. These psychologists felt that structuralists were

wrong in thinking of the mind as being made up of elements.


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They argued that

mind could be

thought of asresulting from the

whole pattern of

sensory activity and

the relationships and

organizations within

this pattern.


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emphasized that

perception is more

than the sum of itsparts and studied

how sensations are

assembled into

meaningfulperceptual

experiences

Gestalt Approach


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Behaviourism.

From the 1920s into the 1960s American

psychologists led by John Watson

redefined psychology as the science of

observable behaviour. They said scienceis rooted in observation. You cannot

observe a sensation, a feeling or a thought

but you can observe peoples outerbehaviour in reaction to external

stimulation


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J B Watson

studies how organisms learn new behaviors

or modify existing ones, depending on

whether events in their environments rewardor punish these behaviors

Behaviourism

emphasized the

objective, scientificanalysis of observable

behaviors


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+Towards Humanistic psychology

Psychology had, until the middle of

the twentieth century, beendominated by two major ideological

traditions.

Scientific behaviourism

Freudian psychoanalysis


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Gradually a new tradition began toemerge whose adherents, including

Maslow and Rogers, were

convinced of the limitations of

behaviourism and psychoanalysis.


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Behaviourism, with its view thatfreedom is restricted by social and

cultural conditioning was, in theiropinion, a limiting one.

Psychodynamic explanation that

unconscious forces also restrict the

ability to make free and informed

choices, seemed limiting too.


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Unlike Behaviourism and psychoanalysis,acknowledge important human qualities like

creativity, self-actualisation, self-awareness,

love, choice and freedom.Aim:help each person attain his full potential

to become all that he can become.

Humanistic psychology

Rogers Maslow


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Humanistic psychology

By 1950 established a new force inpsychology called

humanistic psychology,

later known as the third force.


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Many ideas expressed by Rogers and his

colleagues are similar to the

existential approach

stresses the individual's unique and

subjective world and the capacity for

freedom and choice.

Existential approach


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CONTEMPORARY APPROACHES

(Major Perspectives)

Except for the modern version of behaviorism and

psychoanalysis, the old schools of psychologyare no more in existence.

Various viewpoints about what is important in

understanding mental life and behavior,characterize the present outlook.


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Cognitive approach

examines how we process, store, and use informationand how this information influences behaviour and

mental events [what we attend to, perceive, learn,

remember, believe, feel and do]

Study how we

perceive, think, andsolve problems



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Regaining Mind

1960s psychology began to recapture its initialinterest in conscious and unconscious mental

process with the rise ofHumanistic

Psychology, and Cognitive Revolution arenewal of interest in all aspects of cognition.

(Many psychologists became interested in

studying how our mindsprocess, store, andretrieve informationand how cognitiveprocesses influence our behaviors)


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Evolutionary approach

Human and animal behaviour is the result of theprocess of evolution.

Seeks to explain behaviour through principles of

evolution based on natural selectionEvolut ionary psycho logyexamines behavioral

processes in terms of

their adaptive value formembers of a species

over the course of

many generations.


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Evolutionary approach

Evolut ionary psycho logyexamines

behavioral processes in terms of their

adaptive value for members of a

species over the course of manygenerations.



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Cross-cultural approach

examines the influence of cultural and

ethnic similarities and differences onpsychological and social functioning of a

cultures members


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How do psychologists answer questions? Approaches to understanding behavior include:

Biological

Cognitive

Behavioral

Psychoanalytic (more broadpsychodynamic)

Humanistic

Cross cultural


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To include psychologys concern both

with overt behaviour and covertprocess (thoughts and feelings),

todaypsychologyisdefined as thescience of

behaviour and mentalprocesses


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Psychology is a science:

A body of systematized knowledge gathered bycarefully observing and measuring events.

uses the methods of science;

psychologists conduct experiments and makeobservations, which others can repeat.

They obtain data, often in the form ofquantitative measurements,

which others can verify quite different from forming opinions on the

basis of individual experiences


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behaviour any observable action or reaction of a

living organism (eating, speaking, reading,running, sleeping, laughing)

-- overt actions

cognitive(mental) processes every aspect of our mental lifethinking,imagining, studying,decision making.

Psychology -young science but an old


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Psychology young science but an oldsubject

a long past but a short history.


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Sub-fields of

psychology

One way of describing the

work of psychology is to

discus some of the major sub-fields of psychology.

Clinical psychology


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Clinical psychology

study, diagnose, and

treat psychologicaldisorders by

psychotherapy.

Any treatment/interaction in

which a trained therapist usespsychological techniques to

help someone suffering from

psychological difficulties


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+Clinical psychology

(the treatment of psychologicaldisorders using psychological rather

than biological methods.)

-administer psychological tests to facilitatediagnosis

-perform research on problems of clinical nature.

Clinical psychology


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Clinical psychology

People often confuse clinical

psychologist with psychiatrists.

In training, psychologist has Ph.D.psychiatrists require M.D.

psychiatrists can prescribe drugs,

clinical psychologists cannot.work in conjunctions with

psychiatrists


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PsychoanalystPsychoanalyst is one

who uses the

particularpsychotherapeutic

technique, whichoriginated with Freud.


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Counselling psychology

It is quite similar to clinicalpsychology.

-milder emotional or personality

problems within the normal range.-consulted by people with specific

questions choice of career,educational guidance problems

relating to married life.


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Educational psychologyThey study factors involved in

learning, teaching and schooling.

They are concerned with learningdifficulties, efficiency of learning,

educational devices etc.


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Experimental psychology

Conducts much of theirresearch under carefully controlled

lab conditions with both animal and

human subjects. It typically includesthe study of animal and human

learning and behaviour, perception,languages, thinking memory,

motivation, emotion etc.

Industrial psychology


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Industrial psychology

-branch of applied psychology

applies the principles and theoriesof psychology in relation to

industrial environment.-try to improve the ways and means

of knowing the tastes and interests

of the consumers, advertising andsale of products, selection training

and placing of personnel


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-solving labour problems,establishing harmonious

relationship between employeesand employer,

-strengthening morale of workers

and increasing production.

S l h l


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Social Psychology

studies how an individuals thoughts,feelings, and behavior are affected byother people.

Social psychology


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Social psychology

-how social factors affect behaviour.group processes.

-the influence of the group on theindividual.

-interpersonal events in group like

attraction, aggression, emergenceof leadership, competition, customs,

culture and family Developmental psychology


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p p y gy-They study physical and

psychological changes thataccompany growth and aging.

-concerned with the effects of

maturation and experience across

life span.

-interests and tasks related toeach stage of healthy

development


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Engineering psychologyThey try to develop equipments

and systems that most suited forhuman operation. More efficient

interaction between people and

machine is their goal. (computer)


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Environmental psychology

They study the effect of

environment on behaviour. Theystudy things like the effect of noise,

pollution, crowding in cities etc


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Psychometrics

Focuses on the measurement of

peoples abilities, skills,

intelligence, personality, and

abnormal behaviors


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Positive Psychology

a viewpoint that recommends shifting the

focus of psychology away from the

negative aspects to a more positive focus

on strengths, well-being, and the pursuit ofhappiness, virtues, and optimal behavior


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Transpersonal psychology

school of psychology that studies thetranspersonal, the transcendent or spiritual

aspects of the human mind.

incorporates spiritual dimensions of existence in

the scientific study of human beings.


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Transpersonal psychology developed

from earlier branches of psychology

including psychodynamic, behaviorism,

humanistic, existential-phenomenological and cognitive.


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Transpersonal literally means beyond thepersonal, beyond the ego, to include soul

consciousness. Mind, spirituality, and

higher states of consciousness are a mainfocus within transpersonal psychology.

Within this context, spirituality refers to a

universal dimension that is bothtranscendent and immanent.

T l h l


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They recognize the importance ofintegrating spiritual with physical and

mental reality to form a holistic approach

to the study of the human person andbehaviour

h l


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parapsychologyPara = next to, along sideof, beyond.

A more or less acceptedbranch of psychology

concerned with paranormal

phenomena i. e. those that

are presumed to be

unexplainable using known

laws and principles.

Generally included in this

branch are esp.

h l


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parapsychology

Telepathy: ability to transfer ones thoughts toanother or to read the thoughts of others

Ability for direct mental contact between two

or more persons. A teacher breaks rule andleaves students to be near the phone. It ringsyour sister is dying.

Telekinesis:

(Lit. Movement from afar;

ability to manipulate

objects mentally

h l


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parapsychology

Clairvoyance: ability to perceive events or objects that

are out of sight

People can pick up information about remote /

hidden objects, persons and events. Uri Geller(Israelis) ten times without error identifiedsealed tins containing an object. The odds: 1in a 1000 million.

Precognition: ability to foretell events

---Advance knowledge of events.

A 19-year-old girl cancelled her programme,went home - moved mother from chair. Sooncar crashed and destroyed the chair.

Biological


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Biological

9.9%

Developmental

24.6%

Cognitive8.0%

Personality

4.8%

Social 21.6%

Psychometrics

5.5%

Experimental

14.1%

Other 11.5%


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HISTORICAL APPROACHES

How did psychology begin?

Structuralism: Elements of the

Mind

Functionalism: Functions of the

Mind

Gestalt Approach: Sensationsversus Perceptions

Behaviorism: Observable

Behaviors

HISTORICAL


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APPROACHES Structuralism

was the study of

the most basic

elements, primarilysensations and

perceptions, that

make up our

conscious mentalexperiences

Wilhelm Wundt

CULTURAL DIVERSITY: EARLY


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DISCRIMINATION

(CONT.) Minorities inPsychology

Ruth Howard was

the first AfricanAmerican woman

to receive a Ph.D in

psychology

from the University

of Minnesota in

1934.

was a successful



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Minorities in Psychology

George Sanchez (an Hispanic)

conducted pioneering work on the

cultural bias of intelligence tests given tominority students

Sanchez showed that intelligence tests

contained many questions that werebiased against minorities

resulting in lower scores

DISCRIMINATION (CONT.)

CAREERS IN


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PSYCHOLOGY Psychologist versus Psychiatrist

psychologists have completed four to five years

of postgraduate education and have obtained a

Ph.D., PsyD., or Ed.D in psychology clinical psychologists have a Ph.D., PsyD., or

Ed.D., have specialized in a clinical subarea,

and have spent an additional year in a

supervised therapy setting to gain experience indiagnosing and treating a wide range of

abnormal behaviors


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CAREERS IN PSYCHOLOGY

Psychologist versus Psychiatrist counseling psychologists provide many

of the same services as Clinical

Psychologists, but usually work withdifferent problems such as thoseinvolving marriage, family, or careercounseling

psychiatrists are medical doctors(M.D.s) who have spent several years inclinical training, which includes

diagnosing possible physical and


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CAREERS IN PSYCHOLOGY

Many Career Settings 49% of psychologists work as clinical or

counseling psychologists in either

private practice or therapy settings 28% of psychologists work in academic

settings of universities and colleges

13% of psychologists work in a varietyof other kinds of jobs and careersettings

6% of psychologists work in industrial

settin s


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p17 Piechart

RESEARCH AREAS


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RESEARCH AREAS

Areas ofSpecialization

Social and

Personality Developmental

Experimental

Biological Cognitive

Psychometrics

RESEARCH AREAS


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(CONT.) Areas of Specialization

Social psychology

involves the study of social

interactions, stereotypes, prejudices,attitudes,conformity, group behaviors,

and aggression

Personality psychology involves the study of personality

development, personality change,

assessment, and abnormal behaviors

RESEARCH AREAS


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(CONT.) Areas of Specialization

Developmental psychology

examines moral, social, emotional,

and cognitive development throughouta persons entire life

Experimental psychology

includes areas of sensation,perception, learning, human

performance, motivation, and emotion


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RESEARCH AREAS (CONT )


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RESEARCH AREAS (CONT.)

Areas of Specialization Biological psychology

or psychobiology

involves research onthe physical and

chemical changes that

occur during stress,

learning, and emotions,as well as how our

genetic makeup, brain,

and nervous system

RESEARCH AREAS (CONT )


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RESEARCH AREAS (CONT.)

Areas of Specialization

Cognitive psychology

involves how we process, store,and retrieve information and how

cognitive processes influence our

behaviors Psychometrics

focuses on the measurement of

psychology: history subfields

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