psychology 3.1 causes of stress. psychology learning outcomes understand the following three studies...
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Psychology
3.1 Causes of stress
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Psychology
Learning outcomes
Understand the following three studies on causes of stress:• Work (Johansson et al. (1978) ‘Social psychological
and neuroendocrine stress reactions in highly mechanised work’, Ergonomics 21 (8), 583–99);
• Hassles and life events (Kanner et al. (1981) ‘Comparison of two modes of stress measurement’, Journal of Behavioural Medicine 4 (1), 1–39);
• Lack of control (Geer, J. and Maisel, E. (1972) ‘Evaluating the effects of the prediction-control confound’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 23 (3), 314–19).
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Psychology
Work Key study: Johansson et al. (1978)
Aim• To measure the psychological and
physiological stress response in two categories of employees.
Method• A quasi-experiment where workers were
defined as being at high risk (of stress) or in a control group.
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Psychology
Participants
• 24 workers at a Swedish sawmill.
•The high-risk group was 14 workers who had to work at a set pace. Their job was complex and they were responsible for their own and their team’s wages.
•The control group was 10 workers who were cleaners or maintenance men.
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Psychology
Design
• An independent design with participants already working in one of the two categories, so no manipulation of the independent variable.
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Psychology
Procedure
• Each participant was asked to give a daily urine sample when they arrived at work and at four other times during the day. They also gave self-reports of mood and alertness plus caffeine and nicotine consumption.
• The baseline measurements were taken at the same time on a day when the workers were at home.
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Psychology
Procedure (cont.)
• Catecholamine (adrenaline) levels were measured in the urine.
• Body temperature was measured at the time of urine collection.
• Self-rating scales of words such as ‘sleepiness’, ‘wellbeing’, ‘irritation’ and ‘efficiency’ were made on scales from none to maximal (the highest level the person had ever experienced).
• Caffeine and nicotine consumption were noted.
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Psychology
Findings
• The high-risk group had adrenaline levels twice as high as their baseline and these continued to increase throughout the day. The control group had a peak level of 1½ times baseline level in the morning and this then declined during the rest of their shift.
• In the self-report, the high-risk group felt more rushed and irritated than the control group. They also rated their wellbeing lower than the control group.
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Psychology
Conclusions
• The repetitive, machine-paced work, which was demanding in attention to detail and was highly mechanised, contributed to the higher stress levels in the high-risk group.
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Psychology
Hassles Key Study: Kanner et al. (1981)
Aim• To compare the Hassles and Uplift Scale
and the Berkman Life Events Scale as predictors of psychological symptoms of stress.
Method• Longitudinal study using self-report and
psychometric tests.
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Psychology
Participants
• 100 people from California.
Design • A repeated design as participants
completed both self-reports.
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Psychology
Procedure
• All tests were sent out by post one month before the study began.
• The participants were asked to complete:• The Hassles rating every month for nine
months.• The Life Events rating after ten months.• The Hopkins Symptom Checklist (HSCL)
and the Bradburn Morale Scale every month for nine months.
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Psychology
Findings
• Hassles were consistent from month to month.
• For men, life events positively correlated with hassles and negatively with uplifts.
• For women, life events positive correlated with hassles and uplifts.
• Hassle frequency positively correlated with psychological symptoms on the HSCL.
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Psychology
Conclusions
• Hassles are a more powerful predictor of psychological symptoms than life events.
• Hassles contribute to psychological symptoms whatever life events have happened.
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Psychology
Lack of control Key study: Geer and Meisel (1972)
Aim• To see if perceived control or actual
control can reduce stress reactions to aversive stimuli (photos of crash victims).
Method • Laboratory experiment.
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Psychology
Participants• 60 psychology undergraduates from New
York University.
Design • Independent design as participants were
randomly assigned to one of three conditions.
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Psychology
Procedure
• Each participant was seated in a sound-shielded room and wired up to galvanic skin response (GSR) and heart-rate monitors. • Group 1 were given actual control over how
long they saw each photograph for. • Group 2 were yoked to the actual control
group, warned how long the photos would be shown for and that a noise would precede them.
• Group 3 were also yoked to actual control group, but were told that that from time to time they would see photographs and hear tones.
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Psychology
Findings
• The predictability group (Group 2) were most stressed by the tone as they knew what was coming, but did not have control over the photograph.
• The control group (Group 1) were less stressed by the photograph than the predictability group and no-control group (Groups 1 and 2) as they had control.
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Psychology
Conclusions
• It is likely that having the control to terminate aversive stimuli reduces the stressful impact of those stimuli.