psychoactive substance abuse in children and youth
TRANSCRIPT
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Psychoactive substances and
new technologies abuse in
children and adolescents
Lenka ChudomelovaDepartment of Child and Youth Health
3rd Faculty of Medicine
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Definition
Psychoactive drugs are chemical substances
that affect the brain functioning, causing
changes in behavior, mood and consciousness.
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Commonly abused drugs
Cannabinoids: hashish, marijuana
Depressants: barbiturates, BZD
Dissociative anesthetics: ketamine, phencyclidine Hallucinogens: LSD, mescaline, psilocybin
Opioids: codeine, fentanyl, heroin, morphine, opium
Stimulants: amphetamine, methamphetamine,cocaine, nicotine
Other compounds: anabolic steroids
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Why do people take drugs?
To feel good
drugs produce intense feelings of pleasure
euphoria is followed by other effects, which
differ with the type of drug used stimulants (cocaine): the high is followed by
feelings of power, self-confidence, and
increased energy
opiates (heroin): feelings of relaxation andsatisfaction
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Why do people take drugs?
To feel better
social anxiety
stress-related disorders
depression
To do better
improve their athletic or cognitive performance
Curiosity and because others are doing it strong influence of peer pressure
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Early signs of risk in the family
lack of mutual attachment and nurturing by
parents or caregivers
ineffective parenting
a chaotic home environment
lack of a significant relationship with a caring
adult
a caregiver who abuses substances, suffersfrom mental illness, or engages in criminal
behavior
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Risk factors outside the family
inappropriate classroom behavior, such as
aggression and impulsivity
academic failure
poor social coping skills
association with peers with problem behaviors,
including drug abuse
misperceptions of the extent and acceptability ofdrug-abusing behaviors in school, peer, and
community environments
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Drug abuse/substance abuse
compulsive, excessive, and self-damaginguse of habit forming drugs or substances,leading to:
addiction or dependence serious health damage (kidneys, liver, heart)
psychological harm (such as dysfunctionalbehavior patterns, hallucinations, memory
loss) death
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Drug addiction/drug dependence
compulsive craving for a drug which offers
short-term intense relief/pleasure
rapid induction of emotional state individualsnormally are not able to experience
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Development of addiction
1st stage =FIRST CONTACT
mostly in a group as a unique episode
experience of belonging to a particular
group or culture
2nd stage =EXPERIMENTATION
a positive experience from the first contact
often motivates uncertain and anxiouschildren to continue
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Development of addiction
3rd stage =USAGE, restful phase trigger point (conflict, trauma)
because of the positive effect the child often regularlyreturns
drug becomes part of their social life - perceived asthe best period of his/her life ever
evolves into compulsive patterns of substance-seekingand substance-taking behavior that take place at theexpense of most other activities
somatic complaints begin to appear, breaking promises,increasing need for money, occasional absencefollowing weekend trips, late arrivals home,deterioration of relations in the family and at school,loss of friends
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Development of addiction
3rd stage =USAGE, problematic/advancedusage
develops after a few months rather years of usage
cumulating problems loss of control over drug use, desire to confide loss of hobbies, lack of interest in school, work, family
conflicts and theft
serious health problems
young person perceives problems and tries to prove he's
got a control 5 10 days sober establish him falsely in his view
within next years the head currently runs two programs program of a drug and program of abstinence
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Development of addiction
4th stage =ADDICTION
unconditional loss of control over life
drug brings nothing positive
loss of dignity
destruction of the closest relations
delusion and inability to perceive reality
loss of lust for life
difference between problematic usage andaddiction?
doses of the drug
ability to admit the addiction
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Development of addiction
5th stage =QUITTING never ending stage
life will never be as friendly as with the drug experiencing pain
high motivation
great social support
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ESPAD 2011 - Alcohol
ESPAD = TheEuropianSchool SurveyProject onAlcohol and OtherDrugs
1,6 % strict nondrinkers 60,0 % regular consumers
! Risk alcohol consumption rising !
Example: drunkennes during last month admitted
37% of 16 year old: 1/5 three times during the past month 5% ten times
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ESPAD 2011 - Illegal drugs
experience with:
cannabis .......................... 42%
ecstasy ............................ 8,3%
hallucinogens .................. 5,6%
first experience in younger age
girls prefer to experiment with amphetaminesand sedatives
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Consumption of tobacco, alcohol and
drugs in CR
one of the leading positions in Europe
reasons
high tolerance to consumption
physical and financial accessibility even for children andyouth
influence of media (celebrities)
commercial interests
role models in the family
lack of control mechanisms and sanctions
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Gambling
slot machines
terminals
electro roulette
common cause
lack of money (allowance)
lack of hobbies
peer influence
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Virtual reality
internet addiction
computer games
completely identical problems as in drug
addiction
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Prevention principles
prevention programes should enhance protectivefactors and reduce risk factors (Hawkins et al.2002)
prevention programes should address all forms of
drug abuse (legal, illegal drugs, inappropriate useof legally obtained substances (Johnston et al.2002)
prevention programes should address the type ofdrug abuse problem in the local community
(Hawkins et al. 2002) prevention programes should be tailored to
address risks specific to population characteristicslike age, gender, ethnicity (Oetting et al. 1997)
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Risk factors x protective factors
Risk facto rs Domain Protective
factors
Early Ag g ress iv e
BehaviorIndivid u al Impuls e Contr ol
Lack of P arent al
Supervi s ionFamily
Parent al
Monitoring
Substance Abuse PeerAcad emi c
Competence
Drug Av ailab ilit y School Antidrug Us ePolic ies
Poverty Communi ty
Strong
Ne ighborhood
Attachment
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Examples of preventive interventions
Prior to birth
preventing/delaying pregnancy in young and vulnerablemothers
antenatal health service
antenatal educational courses/home visitation
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Examples of preventive interventions
Early childhood
school preparation programes
school-based drug education
parent education
family therapy
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Examples of preventive interventions
Adolescents
school-based drug education
peer intervention, peer eduaction
youth sport and recreation programs
mentorship
employment and training
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Examples of preventive interventions
Community based prevention
education campaignes
homelessness strategies
crime prevention
regulation and law enforcement
judicial procedures
harm-reduction strategies (I.e. low threshold centers)
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How to say NO
assertiveness
an important communication skill
learn to reject things that are not right for him based on hisconviction,
ability to say no can save the child from the very first contactwith the drug
self-confidence/self-esteem
child should perceive that he is a unique human being
child with an adequate self-esteem would not use drugs toconfirm his confidence in relation to peers
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Literature
http://www.who.int/substance_abuse/publications/global_alcohol_report/en/
http://www.espad.org/
http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/WDR-
2012.html http://www.who.int/substance_abuse/links/othersites/en/
NIDA: Preventing drug use among children andadolescents. (A research-based guide for parents,educators and community leaders. Second edition.)
http://www.who.int/substance_abuse/publications/global_alcohol_report/en/http://www.who.int/substance_abuse/publications/global_alcohol_report/en/http://www.who.int/substance_abuse/publications/global_alcohol_report/en/http://www.espad.org/http://www.espad.org/http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/WDR-2012.htmlhttp://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/WDR-2012.htmlhttp://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/WDR-2012.htmlhttp://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/WDR-2012.htmlhttp://www.who.int/substance_abuse/links/othersites/en/http://www.who.int/substance_abuse/links/othersites/en/http://www.who.int/substance_abuse/links/othersites/en/http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/WDR-2012.htmlhttp://www.espad.org/http://www.who.int/substance_abuse/publications/global_alcohol_report/en/