protons are in the nucleus (center) of the atom have a positive charge neutrons are in the nucleus...
TRANSCRIPT
• Protons are in the nucleus (center) of the atom
• Have a positive charge • Neutrons are in the nucleus
(center) of the atom • Are neutral; have no charge • Electrons move in energy
levels outside of the nucleus • Have a negative charge • Nucleus contains both
protons and neutrons and most of the atoms mass
• Have a positive charge
http://jchemed.chem.wisc.edu/JCESoft/CCA/pirelli/pages/cca3NI3.html
The columns are called groups or families. Groups have similar physical and chemical properties and the same number of valence electrons
Name the groups boxed in yellow, orange, green and blue.
Name the groups boxed in yellow, orange, green and blue. Alkali metals, Alkaline Earth metals, Halogens, and Noble or Inert Gases.
The rows are called periods. The period number matches the principle energy level of the element. This will be the principle energy level of the valence electrons.
What is the principle energy level of Nickel, Ni?
What is the principle energy level of Nickel, Ni? 4—it is in the row numbered 4
Using the SOL Periodic Table
Click on the link to get the SOL periodic table
Keep this Adobe file open as you work on the review
Let’s use the periodic table to answer some questions about Silicon
Chemistry SOL Review—Atomic Structure
Using the SOL Periodic Table
Let’s use the periodic table to answer some questions about Silicon.
How many protons does Silicon have?
Chemistry SOL Review—Atomic Structure
Using the SOL Periodic Table
Let’s use the periodic table to answer some questions about Silicon.
How many protons does Silicon have? 14 protons = atomic number.
How many electrons does neutral Silicon have?
Chemistry SOL Review—Atomic Structure
Using the SOL Periodic Table
Let’s use the periodic table to answer some questions about Silicon.
How many protons does Silicon have? 14 protons = atomic number.
How many electrons does neutral Silicon have? 14 electrons (# electrons = # protons in neutral atoms)
How many neutrons does Silicon-30 have?
Chemistry SOL Review—Atomic Structure
Using the SOL Periodic Table
Let’s use the periodic table to answer some questions about Silicon.
How many protons does Silicon have? 14 protons = atomic number.
How many electrons does neutral Silicon have? 14 electrons (# electrons = # protons in neutral atoms)
How many neutrons does Silicon-30 have? 16 neutrons. Silicon-30 is an isotope of Silicon. It has a mass number of 30. The mass number is protons + neutrons.
Chemistry SOL Review—Atomic Structure
Using the SOL Periodic Table
Let’s use the periodic table to answer some questions about Silicon.
How many protons does Silicon have? 14 protons = atomic number.
How many electrons does neutral Silicon have? 14 electrons (# electrons = # protons in neutral atoms)
How many neutrons does Silicon-30 have? 16 neutrons. Silicon-30 is an isotope of Silicon. It has a mass number of 30. The mass number is protons + neutrons.
What is the molar mass of Silicon?
Chemistry SOL Review—Atomic Structure
Using the SOL Periodic Table
Let’s use the periodic table to answer some questions about Silicon.
How many protons does Silicon have? 14 protons = atomic number.
How many electrons does neutral Silicon have? 14 electrons (# electrons = # protons in neutral atoms)
How many neutrons does Silicon-30 have? 30 neutrons. Silicon-30 is an isotope of Silicon. It has a mass number of 30. The mass number is protons + neutrons.
What is the molar mass of Silicon? 28.0855 grams/mole (this is the same as the atomic mass on the periodic table)
Chemistry SOL Review—Atomic Structure
Using the SOL Periodic Table
Let’s use the periodic table to answer some questions about Silicon.
How many protons does Silicon have? 14 protons = atomic number.
How many electrons does neutral Silicon have? 14 electrons (# electrons = # protons in neutral atoms)
How many neutrons does Silicon-30 have? 30 neutrons. Silicon-30 is an isotope of Silicon. It has a mass number of 30. The mass number is protons + neutrons.
What is the molar mass of Silicon? 28.0855 grams/mole (this is the same as the atomic mass on the periodic table)
How many valence electrons does Silicon have?
Chemistry SOL Review—Atomic Structure
Using the SOL Periodic Table
Let’s use the periodic table to answer some questions about Silicon.
How many protons does Silicon have? 14 protons = atomic number.
How many electrons does neutral Silicon have? 14 electrons (# electrons = # protons in neutral atoms)
How many neutrons does Silicon-30 have? 30 neutrons. Silicon-30 is an isotope of Silicon. It has a mass number of 30. The mass number is protons + neutrons.
What is the molar mass of Silicon? 28.0855 grams/mole (this is the same as the atomic mass on the periodic table)
How many valence electrons does Silicon have? 4 valence electrons. Look for electrons in the highest principle energy level.
Chemistry SOL Review—Atomic Structure
Chemistry SOL Review—Atomic Structure
An s orbital holds 2 electrons w/ opposite spins
Chemistry SOL Review—Atomic Structure
Each p orbital holds 2e- with opposite spins
Chemistry SOL Review—Atomic Structure
Each d orbital holds 2e- with opposite spins
Chemistry SOL Review—Atomic Structure
The s suborbital fills
The orbitals and the periodic table
Chemistry SOL Review—Atomic Structure
The p suborbitals fill
The orbitals and the periodic table
Chemistry SOL Review—Atomic Structure
The d suborbitals fill
The orbitals and the periodic table
Chemistry SOL Review—Atomic Structure
Valence electron configuration and the periodic table
All group 13 elements have the valance electron configuration ns2np1.and 3 valence electrons
Chemistry SOL Review—Atomic Structure
Valence electron configuration and the periodic table
All group 15 elements have the valance electron configuration ns2np3.and 5 valance electrons.
Chemistry SOL Review—Atomic Structure
Valence electron configuration and the periodic table
What is the valence configuration of the halogens?
Chemistry SOL Review—Atomic Structure
Valence electron configuration and the periodic table
What is the valence configuration of the halogens? ns2np5.
Periodic Trends in Atomic Radius, Ionization Energy, and Electronegativity.
Chemistry SOL Review—Atomic Structure
Atomic Radius: the radius of an atom in picometers
First Ionization Energy: The energy needed to remove the first valence electron from a gaseous atom.
Electronegativity: The tendency of an atom to attract electrons to itself when chemically combined with another element.
Periodic Trends in Atomic Radius, Ionization Energy, and Electronegativity.
Chemistry SOL Review—Atomic Structure
Atomic Radius: the radius of an atom in picometers
1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18
Periodic Trends in Atomic Radius, Ionization Energy, and Electronegativity.
Chemistry SOL Review—Atomic Structure
First Ionization Energy: The energy needed to remove the first valence electron from a gaseous atom.
Ionization energy increases as you move to higher number groups. Group 18 has the highest 1st ionization energy.
Ionization energy decreases as you move down the periodic table.
Periodic Trends in Atomic Radius, Ionization Energy, and Electronegativity.
Chemistry SOL Review—Atomic Structure
First Ionization Energy: The energy needed to remove the first valence electron from a gaseous atom.
Periodic Trends in Atomic Radius, Ionization Energy, and Electronegativity.
Chemistry SOL Review—Atomic Structure
Electronegativity: The tendency of an atom to attract electrons to itself when chemically combined with another element.
The halogen group has the highest electronegativity of the families. The first period has the highest electronegativity. Noble gases do not have electronegativity as the valence shell is already full.
Anions, Cations, and Electron Configuration
Cations form by losing valance electrons to take on a noble gas configuration (ns2np6)
Chemistry SOL Review—Atomic Structure
Anions, Cations, and Electron Configuration
Cations form by losing valance electrons to take on a noble gas configuration (ns2np6)
So Li loses the 2s1 electron to form Li+1.
Mg loses both 3s2 electrons to form Mg+2
Al loses three electrons from 3s23p1 to form Al+3
http://jchemed.chem.wisc.edu/JCESoft/CCA/pirelli/pages/cca2ferrofluid.html
Chemistry SOL Review—Atomic Structure
Anions, Cations, and Electron Configuration
Anions form by gaining valance electrons to take on a noble gas configuration (ns2np6)
So F becomes F1- by gaining a 2p electron to have the new valance configuration 2s22p6. S becomes S2- by gaining two 2p electrons to have the new valance configuration 3s23p6. N becomes N3- by gaining three 2p electrons to have the new valance configuration 2s22p6.
126C 13
6C 14
6C
Isotopes: elements with the same number of protons, but a different number of neutrons.
Chemistry SOL Review—Atomic Structure
Carbon-14 has ___ protons and ___ neutrons
126C 13
6C 14
6C
Isotopes: elements with the same number of protons, but a different number of neutrons.
Chemistry SOL Review—Atomic Structure
Carbon-14 has 6 protons and 8 neutrons
126C 13
6C 14
6C
Isotopes: elements with the same mass, the same number of protons, but a different number of neutrons.
Chemistry SOL Review—Atomic Structure
You figure out the average atomic mass of a compound by using a weighted average of the mass number for each isotope.
Example: a sample contains 10% C-13, 60% C-12 and 40% C-14. The average atomic mass is
(0.10 x 13) + (0.60 x 12) + (0.30 x 14) = 12.7
RadioactivityRadioactivity
Radioactivity: Spontaneous changes Radioactivity: Spontaneous changes in a nucleus accompanied by the in a nucleus accompanied by the emission of energy from the nucleus emission of energy from the nucleus as a radiation.as a radiation.
Radioactive Half-Life: A period of time Radioactive Half-Life: A period of time
in which half the nuclei of a species of in which half the nuclei of a species of radioactive substance would decay. radioactive substance would decay.
Alpha radiationAlpha radiationAlpha radiation is the Alpha radiation is the least penetratingleast penetrating. It can be . It can be
stopped - or absorbed - by just a sheet of paper.stopped - or absorbed - by just a sheet of paper. Beta radiationBeta radiationBeta radiation can Beta radiation can penetrate air and paperpenetrate air and paper. It . It
can be stopped by a thin sheet of aluminum.can be stopped by a thin sheet of aluminum. Gamma radiationGamma radiationGamma radiation is the Gamma radiation is the most penetratingmost penetrating. Even . Even
small levels can penetrate air, paper or thin small levels can penetrate air, paper or thin metal. Higher levels can only be stopped by many metal. Higher levels can only be stopped by many centimeters of lead or many meters of concrete.centimeters of lead or many meters of concrete.
Development of the Development of the Atomic ModelAtomic Model
Thompson ModelThompson Model Rutherford Gold Foil ERutherford Gold Foil E
xperiment and Modelxperiment and Model Bohr ModelBohr Model Quantum-Mechanical Quantum-Mechanical
ModelModel
Chemistry SOL Review—Atomic Structure
The problems of language here are really serious. We wish to speak in some way about the structure of the atoms. But we
cannot speak about atoms in ordinary language.
Heisenberg
Thompson ModelThompson Model
The atom is a positively charged The atom is a positively charged diffuse mass with negatively diffuse mass with negatively charged electrons stuck in it.charged electrons stuck in it.
From Mark Rosengarten’s New York Regent’s Powerpoint
Chemistry SOL Review—Atomic Structure
Rutherford ModelRutherford Model The atom is made of a small, dense, positively The atom is made of a small, dense, positively
charged nucleus with electrons at a distance, charged nucleus with electrons at a distance, the vast majority of the volume of the atom is the vast majority of the volume of the atom is empty space.empty space.
Alpha particles shotat a thin sheet of goldfoil: most go through(empty space). Somedeflect or bounce off(small + chargednucleus).
From Mark Rosengarten’s New York Regent’s Powerpoint
Chemistry SOL Review—Atomic Structure
Bohr ModelBohr Model Electrons orbit around the nucleus in energy Electrons orbit around the nucleus in energy
levels (shells). Atomic bright-line spectra was levels (shells). Atomic bright-line spectra was the clue.the clue.
From Mark Rosengarten’s New York Regent’s Powerpoint
Chemistry SOL Review—Atomic Structure
Quantum-Mechanical Quantum-Mechanical ModelModel Electron energy levels are wave functions.Electron energy levels are wave functions.
Electrons are found in orbitals, regions of Electrons are found in orbitals, regions of space where an electron is most likely to be space where an electron is most likely to be found.found.
You can’t know both where the electron is and You can’t know both where the electron is and where it is going at the same time.where it is going at the same time.
Electrons buzz around the nucleus like gnats Electrons buzz around the nucleus like gnats buzzing around your head.buzzing around your head.
From Mark Rosengarten’s New York Regent’s Powerpoint
Chemistry SOL Review—Atomic Structure