proposal on hms

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Submitted by:Mr.PURNA CHANDRA DASHMr.PURNA CHANDRA DASH

Roll no:-CA25610, Regd No:-1835/2009

Under the Esteemed guidance ofMr. BALKRUSHNA NAYAK

Faculty of Computer Science, CAC, Berhampur-10

Submitted to

Berhampur University,BhanjaBihar, Berhampur

A project report for partial fulfillment of the requirement towards theaward ofB.C.A. Final yr. Course

Through My College

College of Advance Computing

Berhampur


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BERHAMPUR UNIVERSITYBerhampur -760007, Odisha.

PROFORMA FOR THE APPROVAL OF BCA PROJECT PROPOSAL

(Note:All entries of the proforma of approval should be filled up with appropriate and complete information in italic

font only. Incomplete proforma of approval in any respect will be summarily rejected.)

Regd. No. : 1835/2009

Exam. Roll No. : CA25610

Name of College: CAC

E-mail :[email protected]

Mobile/Tel No. : 73816200081. Name and Address of the Student :Purna Chandra Dash

S/o Goura Hari Dash

R.C Church road

Berhampur, Odisha (gm).

2. Title of the Project :Hotele management system

3. Name and Address of the Guide :Mr.Balkrushna Nayak CAC

Ph.D* M.Tech.* B.E*/B.Tech.* MCA M.Sc.*

4. Educational Qualification of the Guide

(*in Computer Science / IT only)

5. Working / Teaching experience of the Guide** Five years

(**Note: At any given point of time, a guide should not provide guidance for more than 4 BCA students of BU in a Project)

6. Software used in the Project Visual Studio.NET and MS-SQL Server 2005

Signature of the Student Signature of the Guide

Date: Date: .

For Office Use Only

Signature, Designation, Stamp of

the

Project Proposal Evaluator

Approved Not Approved Date: .

Project Proposal No:..

(for office use only)

Suggestions for reformulating the Project:


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Hotel Management System

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am giving a tip of great pleasure to the outstanding and inevitable

personalities who helped a lot in completing and submitting the project. I

am thankful to CAC, Berhampur and especially to our course Coordinator

for allowing me to do this project entitled Hotel management

System using VB.NET and MS Access for fulfillment of BCA Final

year Course. I express sincere gratefulness to Mr. Balkrushna Nayak

for providing knowledge and his kind cooperation for making this project

successful.

In this context, I extend my heartiest regard to Mr. Balkrushna

Nayak (Senior Faculty) of CAC, Berhampur for his valuable guidance,

advice and constant encouragement during my project work.

Last but not least, I in depth gratitude towards my parents for their

valuable advice, encouragement and inspiration during the preparation of

my project work.

With best regards,

from our team

Mr.Satya sanatana Rout

Mr.Purna ch.Dash

Mr.Sidheswar Padhi

Mr.Sunil ku. Choudhury

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DECLARATION

I Sri Purna Chandra Dash Student of your college studying BCA Final

year, hereby declare that the particulars of the project i.e.

HOTEL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM submitted, is developed by me and I have

not followed any unfair means to copy or purchase any part/components of the

project from any other party.

Signature of student

Date:

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CERTIFICATE OF AUTHENTICATED WORK

This is to certify that the project report entitled Hotel

Management System submitted to Berhampur University in partial

fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree ofBachelor Of

Computer Applications (BCA) is an original work carried out by Mr.

Purna Chandra Dash Enrollment No. CA25610 under my guidance. The

matter embodied in this project is authentic and is genuine work done by

the student and has not been submitted whether to this University or to

any other University/Institute for the fulfillment of the requirement of any

course of study.

Signature of the Student: Signature of the External Guide

Date: Date:

Name and Address Name, Designation and Address

Of the student of the External Guide

Purna Chandra Dash

S/o Goura Hari Dash

R.C Church road

Berhampur, Odisha (gm).

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Table of Contents

Chapters

Chapter# 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1. Synopsis or Abstract of the project

1.1.1 Title of the Project

1.1.2 Theoretical Background

1.1.3 Introduction To Hotel Management System

1.1.4 Objectives And Scope Of The Project

1.1.5 Necessity Of Computer Based Attendance System

1.1.6 Scope And Benefits Of The Project

1.1.7 Achievements Of The Project

1.1.8 Organization Of The Report

Chapter# 2 : SURVEY OF TECHNOLOGIES

2.1. N-tier Application

2.2. What Is Front End and Back End?

2.3. What Led To .Net?

2.4. Dot Net Platform And Features

2.5. Front End Tool (Introduction to VB.NET)

2.6. Back End Tool (About MS Access)

2.7. Introduction to DBMS and RDBMS

2.8. Normalization

Chapter# 3 : REQUIREMENT AND ANALYSIS

3.1 Hardware Requirements

3.2 Introduction to Oracle

3.3 Hardware Description

3.4 Software used while developing the Project

3.5 Software Requirement to Implement

Chapter# 4 : SYSTEM DESIGN

4.1 Design Methodologies

4.1.1 Structured Design

4.1.2 Dataflow Diagram

4.1.3 System Design Diagram

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4.1.4 Input Design

4.1.5 Feasibility Study

4.2 Software Engineering Paradigm

4.3 UML

4.4 PERT Chart

4.5 Gantt Chart

4.6 DFD

4.7 Data Dictionary

4.8 USECASE model

4.9 ER Diagram

4.10 Working with System

Chapter# 5 : RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

5.1 Administrator

5.2 User

5.3 Screen Shots of the project

5.4 Coding of the project

Chapter# 6 : IMPLEMENTATION AND TESTING

6.1 Unit Testing

6.2 Integrated Testing

6.3 Black Box Testing

6.4 White Box Testing

6.5 System Testing

6.6 Testing Objectives

6.7 Implementation of the System

Chapter# 7 : CONCLUSION

7.1 Future Scope of the Project

Chapter# 8 : REFERENCES

Chapter# 9 : GLOSSORY

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OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT

This project is an efficient one, which makes the work of many

persons much easier than earlier manual way. This project helps the user in maintaining the

records of the students in schools or colleges, employees in the offices, and many other

places of workings where the attendances are being taken. Utilization of this project will

enable the user in easy record maintenance, which can be used later for their use. The

information that they will get will be saved in the database for further references. By using

this project, the user can easily maximize their own profit in the works. Attendance records

should be maintained properly for a reasonable period and should be subject to regular

supervisory checks. To prevent falsification of records, front line supervisors should:

check the daily attendance register.

keep the attendance register at a secured location.

Mark an attendance register, including quick default entry capabilities.

Easy attendance edits functionality.

Why did we need a new computer based Attendance system?

The older permissions (Alternative Attendance Register guidelines) to use a computer for

attendance were very loose and not being followed.

The roll auditors frequently found serious anomalies while verifying the funding roll.

EAR provides schools with assistance in clarifying attendance, absence and truancy terms.

More valid data will be available, as a base for national strategies, to help school improve

student participation in learning.

Scope and Benefits of the project:-

Staff member can mark own attendance

Multiple entries and exits on the same day allowed

Attendance can be recorded by Card.

In-time and Out-Time automatically recorded.

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ACHIEVEMENTS OF EAR:-

EAR software has numerous built in statistical calculations to help you analyze

trends and patterns of attendance.

Attendance objectives can be measured and related back to organization targets.

Over time, links can be made between attendance, behavioral and achievement data.

The time taken per Leader to enter data is minimal.

The attendance data operator in the organization has a clear set of guidelines

informed by organization policy.

Attendance information is available more quickly.

Organization of Report

This project report is organized into various Chapters.

Chapter 2 :

Deals with the survey of technologies. In this chapter you would get details about .NET

technology, VB.NET and asp.net technology. It also describes about SQL SERVER 2005.

In Chapter 3 :

We have specified various requirement of the system (SRS) and also analyze them in order

to meet the requirements.

Chapter 4 :

Deals with System Design that describes various features and operations including screen

layouts, business rules, process diagrams and pseudo code and other documentations.

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Chapter 5 :

Deals with Test results and reports based on the test cases, that show how this project is

capable of facing any problematic situations and that it works fine in different conditions.

This chapter also gives details about user documentations including how this project works.

It also describes different functions, components.

Chapter 6 :

Deals with Implementation and testing of the system. In this chapter we have described the

plan of implementation and the standards used in the implementation.

Chapter 7 :

Deals with Conclusion, including future scope of the project. The future scope describes new

areas of investigation prompted by developments in Electronic Attendance Register system

as well as parts of the current work that were not completed due to time constraints and /or

problems encountered.

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Chapter # 2

First of all the technology here refers to the hardware and the software used in the

preparation of the project. In the project mainly the front-end SOFTWARE

CONSIDERATION used is VB.NET from the VISUAL STUDIO.NET package. As we

have stated earlier of the information to be stored in the database so here the backend

SOFTWARE CONSIDERATION used is MS-SQL Server 2005 So, in order to make the

project run smoothly we have used the above technology which will not put any

importance in the system hardware configuration and will store the data in the database

smoothly.

N-tier Application

Insoftware architecture there are many layers between the hardware and end-user. Each can

be spoken of as having a front- and back-end. The "front" is an abstraction, simplifying the

underlying component by providing a user-friendlyinterface.

In software design, the Model-View-Controller for example, provides front- and back-ends

for the database, the user, and the data processing components. The separation of software

systems into "front-ends" and "back-ends" simplifies development and separates

maintenance.

N-tierapplication architecture provides a model for developers to create a flexible and

reusable application. By breaking up an application into tiers, developers only have to

modify or add a specific layer, rather than have to rewrite the entire application over, if theydecide to change technologies or scale up. In the term "N-tier," "N" implies any number --

like 2-tier, or 4-tier; basically, any number of distinct tiers used in your architecture.

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SURVEY OF TECHNOLOGIES
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/End-userhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/End-userhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User-friendlyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User-friendlyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_designhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model-view-controllerhttp://www.webopedia.com/quick_ref/application.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/quick_ref/application.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/quick_ref/architecture.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/End-userhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User-friendlyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_designhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model-view-controllerhttp://www.webopedia.com/quick_ref/application.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/quick_ref/architecture.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_architecture


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Advantages:

1. Reduce the business and the programming complexity.

2. Easy to process.

What is front-end and backend?

Front-end and back-end are generalized terms that refer to the initial and the end

stages of a process. The front-end is responsible for collecting input in various forms from

the user and processing it to conform to a specification the back-end can use. The front-end is

a kind ofinterface between the user and the back-end.

Microsoft launched .NET in July 2000 at PDC Orlando, Florida after spending 4 years of

development.

.NET is a new development framework with a new programming interface, integrating a

number of technologies that emerged from Microsoft along late 1990s. It incorporates

windows services and APIs, COM+ services and web development framework including web

services.

What led to .Net?

Software industry today faced incompatibilities of languages..

Most of the compilers produce architecture dependant object code.

Applications developed for different operating systems are built on incompatible

APIs, making porting difficult.

A new kind of incompatibility appears when focus shifts from stand-alone

applications and client/server programs to applications that live and run on the Web.

Instead of compiled languages, we have scripting languages. Instead of rich graphical

user interfaces, we have HTML.

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Instead of object-oriented programming, we have enterprise-class applications built with

mixtures of procedural code, HTML, DHTML, XML, COM, and other unrelated

technologies

Dot Net platform

.NET platform consists of

Development tools

o Microsoft VS.NET contains a set of development tools, languages like

C#.NET, VB.NET, J#.NET, C++.NET, a comprehensive Class Library for

building windows as well as web application.

Specialized servers

o A set of .NET enterprise servers, formerly known as SQL Server 2000,

Exchange Server 2000, BizTalk Server 2000 , Host Integration Server,

Internet Security and Acceleration Server 2000 and so on.

Web services

o An offering of commercial web services for building application that require

knowledge of user identity.

Devices

New .NET enables non-PC devices, from cell phone to game box.

Features of .net

Distributed computing :

o .NET simplifies the development of robust client/server application.

o It provides a remote architecture that exploits open internet standards,

including HTTP, XML and SOAP.

Componentization

o It simplifies the integration of software components developed by different

vendors.

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o It provides a simple way to build and deploy COM.

Enterprise services

o Allows the development of scalable enterprise applications without writing

code to manage transactions, security or pooling. Hence greatly reduce the

development time and effort involve in building large-scale applications.

Web Development

o Represent changes in web technologies to simplify the development of web

applications.

o .NET supports for standardization for data transfer through XML, SOAP,

UDDI and WSDL.

Support for multiple platform

o .NET has been designed with multiple platform support. It can run on all

versions of windows which includes 95, 98, 98SE, NT, 2000, XP, 2003. Small

devices with OS Windows CE can also run .NET application.

o Microsoft is working on the CLS with HP, Intel, IBM and other companies.

o Looking forward, it is expected that .NET will run on other platform such as

UNIX.

Common functionality:

o The CLR provides access to common base functionality for all languages via a

Base Class Library (BCL).

Common Type System :

o Different language has built-in primitive type, which make them difficult to

interoperate. For Interoperability to be smooth between languages, the CLR

has a Common Type System

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Front End Tool (Microsoft Visual Basic 2008)

The .NET technology provides a new approach to software development. This is the

first development platform designed from the ground up with the Internet in mind.Visual

Basic is one of the most popular programming languages of Microsoft. The ability to develop

object models, database integration, server components and internet/Intranet application

provides an extensive range of capabilities and tools for the developer.

VB .NET is a programming language designed to create applications that work with

Microsoft's new .NET Framework Previously, Internet functionality has been simply bolted

on to a pre-Internet operating systems like UNIX and Windows. This has required Internet

software developers to understand a host of technologies and integration issues. .NET is

designed and intended for highly distributed software, making Internet functionality and

interoperability easier and more transparent to include in systems than ever before. .NET was

first introduced in the year 2002 as .NET 1.0 and was intended to compete with Suns Java

.And .NET is very easy but the basics of the C language is required and if you know them

then by step you can know and do it well. Unlike Java, .Net is not Free Software, yet source

for the Base Class Library is available under the Microsoft Reference License. .NET is

designed for ease of creation of Windows programs. Various other implementations of .NET

exist, such as the Mono Project, and dot GNU.

The .NET Framework introduces a completely new model for the programming and

deployment of applications. .NET is Microsoft's vision of "software as a service", a

development environment in which you can build, create, and deploy your applications and

the next generation of components, the ability to use the Web rather than your own computer

for various services.

Microsoft introduced great technologies like COM, DCOM, COM+ etc. to enable reuse of

Software. Although these technologies are very powerful to reuse Software, they required a

huge learning curve. According to this aspect, Microsoft realized that its time to come up

with a new Technology, a better one, an easier one, a new Framework, within which each

Programming Task is easy accomplished.

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The .NET platform in turn aims at addressing many of the limitations of "classic" COM,

Microsoft's Component Object Model, which provided one approach toward application and

component interoperability. These limitations included type incompatibilities when calling

COM components, versioning difficulties ("DLL hell") when developing new versions of

COM components, and the need for developers to write a certain amount of code (mostly in

C++) to handle the COM "plumbing." In contrast to VB, with its reliance on COM, VB .NET

offers a number of new features and advantages. Let's take a look at some of these.

Object Orientation

With the release of Version 8, Visual Basic added support for classes and class modules and

in the process became an object-oriented programming language. Yet the debate persists

about whether Visual Basic is a "true" object-oriented language or whether it only supports

limited features of object orientation.

The debate centers on Visual Basic's support for inheritance, an object-oriented programming

concept that allows a class to derive its properties and its functionality from another class.

Proponents of the view that Visual Basic is object-oriented point to Visual Basic's support for

interface-based programming and the use of virtual base classes. Yet relatively few VB

programmers take advantage of interface-based programming. And interface-basedprogramming itself does not allow a derived class to inherit the functionality of a base class;

only virtual base classes can be inherited using the Implementskeyword.

While the object-oriented character of previous versions of VB may be in doubt, there is no

question that VB .NET is an object-oriented programming language. In fact, even if VB

.NET is used to write what appears to be procedural code, it is object-oriented "under the

hood," so to speak.

A Common Type System

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Traditionally, one of the problems of calling routines written in languages from Visual Basic

or of calling Visual Basic routines from other languages is that such inter-language calls

presuppose a common type system. This is the case when calling Win32 API functions from

Visual Basic, but it is also applies to attempts to call methods in a VB COM component from

other languages or to call methods in a non-VB COM component from VB.

For instance, until the addition of the AddressOf operator, which allows us to pass a pointer

to a function or subroutine, there was no way to provide a callback function, which is

required by most Win32 API enumeration functions. As another example, it is expected that

members of structures passed to Win32 API functions be aligned on their natural boundaries,

something that VB programmers had great difficulty accomplishing.

What Can You Do with VB .NET?

With its language enhancements and its tight integration into the .NET Framework, Visual

Basic is a thoroughly modernized language that will likely become the premier development

tool for creating a wide range of .NET applications. In the past, Visual Basic was often seen

as a "lightweight" language that could be used for particular kinds of tasks, but was wholly

unsuitable for others. (It was often argued, sometimes incorrectly, that you couldn't create

such things as Windows dynamic link libraries or shell extensions using Visual Basic.) In the

.NET Framework, VB .NET emerges as an equal player.

Microsoft's claim of language independence that programming language should be a lifestyle

choice, rather than a choice forced on the developer by the character of a project is realized in

the .NET platform.

This means that VB .NET can be used to create a wide range of applications and

components, including the following:

Windows console mode applications

Standard Windows applications

Windows services

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Windows controls and Windows control libraries

Web (ASP.NET) applications

Web services

Web controls and web control libraries

.NET classes and namespaces

VB allows us to build 12 different types of applications/projects:

1. Standard EXE:-Project is used to create a standard executable project.(.Exe)

2. ActiveX EXE:-Project is used to create an out of process OLE server application.

(.Exe)

3. ActiveX DLL:- Project is used to create an in process OLE server application.(.Dll)

4. VB Application Wizard:- Project is used for setting up the skeleton i.e. framework of

a new application.(.Exe)

5. VB Wizard Manager:- Project is used to(.Dll)

6. Data Project:- Project is used to create database-oriented application containing

reports using Data Objects.(.Exe)

7. IIS Application: - Project is used for creating application that can be published on an

IIS web server. The IIS applications are commonly called as web classes. This

allows us to create a server-slide ActiveX component that provides ASP like web

application.(.Dll)

8. ActiveX Control:- Project is used to create your own ActiveX Controls.(.Ocx)

9. ActiveX Document EXE:- Project is used to create browser-based application.(.Exe)

10. ActiveX Document DLL:-Project is used to create browser-based application.

11. DHTML Application:-Project is used to develop Dynamic HTML pages that can bedisplayed in the client's browser window. This project type allows us to create

client-side ActiveX component that provides dynamic web application.

12. VB Enterprise Edition Controls:-It is simply a standard EXE project with all the

tools of the Enterprise edition of VB.

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Accessing application object models (such as those of the individual applications in the

Microsoft Office suite) using COM automation Most importantly, for the first time with the

release of VB .NET, Visual Basic becomes an all-purpose development environment for

building Internet applications, an area in which it has traditionally been weak. This means

that the release of this newest version should revitalize Visual Basic, allowing it to remain

the tool of choice for developing state-of-the-art software for the next generation of software

development.

Sql Server (Back End Tool)

Sql Server is a RDBMS (Relational Database Management System) package. It provides a

platform for client/server technology i.e. it supports distributed databases and distributed

processing. It provides for an application development language i.e. SQL (Structured Query

Language).

What is SQL SERVER?

Microsoft SQL Server is a relational modeldatabase serverproduced by Microsoft. The code

basefor MS SQL Server originated inSybase SQL Server, and was Microsoft's entry to the

enterprise-level database market, competing against Oracle, IBM, and, later, Sybaseitself.

SQL Server 2005

SQL Server 2005 is an ORDBMS, released in October 2005 By Microsoft. It includes a

number of features that any modern RDBMS contains.

Features of the SQL Server 2005

1. T-SQL (TransactionSQL) enhancements

T-SQL is the native set-based RDBMS programming language offering high-performance

data access. It now incorporates many new features including error handling via the TRY and

CATCH paradigm, Common Table Expressions (CTEs), which return a record set in a

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statement, and the ability to shift columns to rows and vice versa with the PIVOT and

UNPIVOT commands.

2. CLR (Common Language Runtime)

The next major enhancement in SQL Server 2005 is the integration of a .NET compliant

language such as C#, ASP.NET or VB.NET to build objects (stored procedures, triggers,

functions, etc.). This enables you to execute .NET code in the DBMS to take advantage of

the .NET functionality

3. Service Broker

The Service Broker handles messaging between a sender and receiver in a loosely coupled

manner. A message is sent, processed and responded to, completing the transaction. This

greatly expands the capabilities of data-driven applications to meet workflow or custom

business needs.

4. Data encryption

SQL Server 2000 had no documented or publicly supported functions to encrypt data in a

table natively. Organizations had to rely on third-party products to address this need. SQL

Server 2005 has native capabilities to support encryption of data stored in user-defined

databases.

5. SMTP mail

Sending mail directly from SQL Server 2000 is possible, but challenging. With SQL Server

2005, Microsoft incorporates SMTP mail to improve the native mail capabilities.

6. HTTP endpoints

you can easily create HTTP endpoints via a simple T-SQL statement exposing an object that

can be accessed over the Internet. This allows a simple object to be called across the Internet

for the needed data.

7. Multiple Active Result Sets (MARS)

MARS allow a persistent database connection from a single client to have more than one

active request per connection. This should be a major performance improvement, allowing

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developers to give users new capabilities when working with SQL Server. For example, it

allows multiple searches, or a search and data entry. The bottom line is that one client

connection can have multiple active processes simultaneously.

8. Dedicated administrator connection

If all else fails, stop the SQL Server service or push the power button. That mentality is

finished with the dedicated administrator connection. This functionality will allow a DBA to

make a single diagnostic connection to SQL Server even if the server is having an issue.

9. SQL Server Integration Services (SSIS)

SSIS has replaced DTS (Data Transformation Services) as the primary ETL (Extraction,

Transformation and Loading) tool and ships with SQL Server free of charge. This tool,

completely rewritten since SQL Server 2000, now has a great deal of flexibility to address

complex data movement.

10. Database mirroring

It's not expected to be released with SQL Server 2005 at the RTM in November, but I think

this feature has great potential. Database mirroring is an extension of the native high-

availability capabilities.

Database Design

Database design involves designing the conceptual model of the database. This model is

independent of the physical representation of data. Once the conceptual model is designed, it

can then be mapped to the DBMS or RDBMS i.e. actually being use. Normalization is a

technique that is more applicable to record based data models i.e. relational database model.

Introduction to DBMS

Database management system is basically a software tool to create, maintain and manipulate

a database.

A database system is nothing more than a computer based record keeping systemize. A

system whose overall purpose is to record and maintain information. Database system

involves four major components:

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Data

Hardware

Software

Users

Then we define, a database is a repository for stored data i.e. both integrated and share. In

other words the software part of the database system is called database management

system.

(Client Server architecture)

It is common two-tier architecture having a server to which numbers of clients are

connected. The client-server architecture was developed to deal with computing

environments where a large number of PCs, workstations, database servers, web servers

and other equipment are connected together via a network. The specialized server

provides the user with the appropriate interface to utilize this server as well as with local

processing power to run local application. This concept can be carried over to software,

package being stored on specific server machines and being made accessible to multiple

clients.

The number of relational database management system products has taken this approach

where a Sql Server or Transaction server is provided to clients. The Sql Server or

Transaction server is the back end machine, where as the client passes a user query and

decomposes it into a number of independent site queries and then sent to the appropriate

server site. Each server processes the local query and sends the result to the client site.

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Then the client site combines the result of the sub queries to produce the result of the

originally submitted query.

The communication software provides the communication primitives that are used by

client to transmit commands and data among various sites as needed. The common

examples of client-server architecture are LAN, WAN etc.

Characteristics of DBMS

1. It represents complex relationship between data.

2. Keeps a tight control of data redundancy.

3. Enforces user-defined rules to ensure integrity of table data.

4. Has a centralized data dictionary for the storage of information pertaining to data

and its manipulation.

5. Ensure that data can be shared across application.

6. Has automatic intelligent back up and recovery procedure for data.

7. Have different interfaces via which users can manipulate data.

Introduction to RDBMS

Database is an organized collection of several related information stored in the form oftables. The method of defining the database and the relation between the field items is

called as relational database management system.

Characteristics of RDBMS

1. It eliminates all parent-child relationships and instead represented all data in the

database as simple row/column table of data values.

2. A relation is similar to a table with rows/columns of data values.

3. Each table is independent entity and there is no physical relationship between

tables.

4. Most data management system based on relational model has built in support for

query language.

5. Relational data management is based set theory.

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6. The user interface used with relational model is non-procedural.

Relation

A relation is a two-dimensional table. It consists of rows, which represents records and

columns, which represents attributes of the entity. Relation is also called as file consists

of a number of records, which are called as tuples. A record consists of a number of

attributes, which are also called as fields or domains.

Properties of a relation:

No duplication: - No two records are identical.

Unique key: - which can access the record.

Order: - No significant order of data in the table.

In order for a relational structure to be useful and manageable, the relation tale must be

normalized.

Normalization

It is defined as the process of non-loss decomposing or simplifying the relationship

between data elements in a record.

Normalization is carried out for four reasons: -

1. To structure the data.

2. To permit simple retrieval of data in response to query.

3. To simplify the maintenance of data.

4. To reduce the needs to restructure of recognize data for new requirements.

The normalization process consists of three basic steps: -

1. First Normal Form:

A relation R is in first normal form (1stNF) if and only if all underlying domains

contain automatic values only. That means removal of repeating group, fixing records

length, identification of primary key etc.

2. Second Normal Form:

A relation R is in 2nd normal form (2ndNF) if and only if it is in 1stNF and every non-

key attribute is fully dependent on the primary key. (Removal of data items which are

not dependent on primary key)

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3. Third Normal Form:

A relation R is in third normal form (3rd NF) if and only if it is in 2 nd NF and every

non-key attribute i.e. the nun-key attributes are dependent not only on the primary

key but also on a non key attribute.(Removal of transitive dependencies)

Key: - An attribute or set of attributes whose value uniquely identify each etui in an

entity set is called key for that entity set.

Super Key: - It is an attribute or set of attributes that identify an entity uniquely. In a

table, a super key is a column or set of columns whose values can be used to distinguish

one record from another.

Candidate Key: - A candidate key is a super key such that no proper subset of its

attribute is itself a super key. A relation has several candidate keys.

Composite Key: -A key that consist of more than one attribute is called composite key.

Primary Key: -It is a candidate key that is used to identify tuples in a relation. None ofits attributes can have null values.

Unique Key: -It is a candidate key that uniquely identifies tuples in a relation. Some of its

attributes may have null values.

Foreign Key (Referential Key): - A field (attribute) or combination of fields in a table is

primary key of some other table.

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Chapter # 3

HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS

To install SQL Server 2000, you should have the Intel or compatible platforms and the

following hardware:

Hardware Requirements

Processor Pentium 166 MHz or higher

Memory

32 MB RAM (minimum for Desktop Engine),

64 MB RAM (minimum for all other editions),

128 MB RAM or more recommended

Hard disk space

270 MB (full installation),

250 MB (typical),

95 MB (minimum),

Desktop Engine: 44 MB

Analysis Services: 50 MB minimum and 130 MB typical

English Query: 80 MB

Oracle 9i supports Intel or compatible platforms, AIX-Based Systems, Compaq Tru64 UNIX,

HP 9000 Series HP-UX, Linux Intel, Sun Solaris and so on.

To install Oracle 9i under the Intel or compatible platforms, you should have the following

hardware:

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REQUIREMENT AND ANALYSIS


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Hardware Requirements

Processor Pentium 166 MHz or higher

MemoryRAM: 128 MB (256 MB recommended)

Virtual Memory: Initial Size 200 MB, Maximum Size 400 MB

Hard disk space

140 MB on the System Drive

plus 4.5 GB for the Oracle Home Drive (FAT)

or 2.8 GB for the Oracle Home Drive (NTFS)

Price comparison

One of the main Microsoft SQL Server 2000 advantage in comparison with Oracle 9i

Database is that SQL Server is cheaper. Other SQL Server advantage is that Microsoft

includes the online analytical processing (OLAP) and Data Mining as standard features in

SQL Server 2000 Enterprise Edition. So, you can save up to four times with SQL Server

2000 Enterprise Edition if you use OLAP and Data Mining.

Number of CPUs Oracle9i Standard EditionSQL Server 2000 Standard

Edition

1 $15,000 $4,999

2 $30,000 $9,998

4 $60,000 $19,9968 $120,000 $39,992

16 $240,000 $79,984

32 $480,000 $159,968

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Introduction of Oracle:-

ORACLE is a fourth generation relational database management system. In general, a

database management system (DBMS) must be able to reliably manage a large amount of

data in a multi-user environment so that many users can concurrently access the same data.

All this must be accomplished while delivering high performance to the users of the

database. A DBMS must also be secure from unauthorized access and provide efficient

solutions for failure recovery. The ORACLE Server provides efficient and effective solutions

for the major database features.

ORACLE consists of many tools that allow you to create an application with ease and

flexibility. You must determine how to implement your requirements using the features

available in ORACLE, along with its tools. The features and tools that you choose to use to

implement your application can significantly affect the performance of your application.

Several of the more useful features available to ORACLE application developers are integrity

constraints, stored procedures and packages, database triggers, cost-based optimizer, shared

SQL, locking and sequences.

This documentation will lead you through the main features and tools of ORACLE. It is

intended to give you a partial view of what is available to you to use within the assignments.

Oracle is a powerful relational database management system that offers a large feature set.

Along with Microsoft SQL Server, Oracle is widely regarded as one of the two most popular

full-featured database systems on the market today

(Oracle Corporation, Redwood Shores, CA, www.oracle.com) The world's largest database

and enterprise software vendor founded in 1977 by Larry Ellison. The Oracle database hasbeen Oracle's flagship product, which was the first DBMS to incorporate the SQL query

language. It became very popular due to its robustness and huge variety of platforms.

In the mid-1990s, Oracle was a major promoter of the network computer, forming subsidiary

Network Computer, Inc. to define the specifications for the platform. Although the network

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computer did not take off, the principles it embodied are widely used in today's thin client

architectures and are ever increasing.

After the turn of the century, the company greatly enhanced its application offerings by

acquiring world class software companies such as PeopleSoft in 2004 and Siebel Systems in

2005. In 2010, Oracle acquired Sun Microsystems to become a full-fledged computer

systems company as well as master of Java, one of the Internet's most widely used software

platforms. See Oracle database, Sun, Java, PeopleSoft and Siebel software

Internet Information Services (web server)

Internet Information Services (IIS) is a web server application developed by Microsoft for its

windows environment to host web sites. IIS brings the power of Web computing to

Windows. With IIS, you can easily share files and printers, or you can create applications to

securely publish information on the Web to improve the way your organization shares

information. IIS is a secure platform for building and deploying e-commerce solutions and

mission-critical applications to the Web.

Using Windows XP Professional with IIS installed provides a personal and development

operating system that allows you to:

Set up a personal Web server

Share information within your team

Access databases

Develop an enterprise intranet

Develop applications for the Web.

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Hardware Description

This Electronic Attendance Register developed in a system having the following

hardware configurations:-

Pentium-IV 1.7 MHz processor.

2GB RAM.

320 GB Hard Disk.

Hard Disk drive (Generic IDE DISK TYPE 74)

1.44 MB floppy disk drive (Generic IDE FLOPPY DISK)

AGP 16MB SDRAM

52X COMBO DRIVE (LG- COMBO DRIVE SW-252B)

PS/2 Compatible Mouse(Optical)

19 AOC 56V color monitor.

INTEX Multimedia keyboard(108/120 keys)

Software used while developing this project

Windows 2000 or higher

Microsoft Visual Studio 2008

Sql Server 2005

mCore .NET SMS Library (Version 1.2)

POP3EMAIL COMPONNET

Software Requirements to implement

Windows x (95,98,98se , 2000,XP sp 1,2 ,NT, or higher)

Microsoft .net Framework ver. 2.0

Sql Server 2005

mCore .NET SMS Library (mCoreLib.dll)

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Chapter #4

Software design is the first of three technical activities: design, code generation and testing.

System design involves the development of logical and physical design for an information

system that meets the system requirements developed by the system analysis process. System

design involves the detailed design of input documents, output reports, database &

processing procedure. Analysis phase focus on what needs to be done independent of how it

done.

Design is the highly creative phase in the software development where the designer

plans how a software system should be produced in order to make it functionally reliable

and easy to understand, modified and maintain.

Each element of analysis mode provides information that is necessary to create the

four-design model required for a complete specification of design.

System Design

System design involves the development of logical and physical design for an

information system that meets the system requirements developed by the system analysis

process. System design involves the detailed design of input documents, output reports,

database & processing procedure. Analysis phase focus on what needs to be done

independent of how it done. During design decisions are made about, how the problem will

be solved? The design process is performed through the following phases:

Data flow diagram

External Design

Internal Design

Detailed Design

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SYSTEM DESIGN


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Software design is the first of three technical activities: design, code generation and

testing. System design involves the development of logical and physical design for an

information system that meets the system requirements developed by the system analysis

process. System design involves the detailed design of input documents, output reports,

database & processing procedure. Analysis phase focus on what needs to be done

independent of how it done. During design decisions are made about, how the problem will

be solved?

Design is the highly creative phase in the software development where the designer

plans how a software system should be produced in order to make it functionally reliable

and easy to understand, modified and maintain.

Each element of analysis mode provides information that is necessary to create the

four-design model required for a complete specification of design.

Design methodologies

The logical methods for developing system that meet user requirements should be clearly

designed. This led to

Improve the productivity of analysis and programmers,

Improve documentation and subsequent maintenance and enhancements,

Cut down drastically on cost overruns and delays,

Simplify design by segmentations

Modularization details

The above s/w tool is meant for analyzing the Attendance Electronic which is

composition of number of modules to reduce the complicity of the entire system.

The term complicity is closely related to the program or project work, as the

complicity go on increasing. It leads and more difficulties in understanding the problem

structure and process logic, so it is good practice to divide the whole program into number of

modules.

Structured Design

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It is a data flow based methodology. The approach begins with a system specification that

identifies inputs and outputs and describes the functional aspects of the system. The system

specifications then are used as a basis for the graphic representations.

Data Flow Diagram:

Data flow gram is the starting point of the design phase that functionally decomposes

the requirements specification. From the DFD, the next step is the definition of the modules

and their relationships to one another in a form called a structured chart.

Structured design partitions a program into small independent modules. The partitions

can be organized as a hierarchy that approximates a model of the system in a top down

manner as detained below. Structured design is an attempt to minimize complexity and make

problem manageable by decomposing it into smaller segments, which is called

modularization.

System Design Diagram

Allocation ofResources

Data Strurcture

Program Design

System Test

DesignSpecification

Program TestRequirement

SystemInterface Speci.

Design Phasewalkthough

Implementation11

2

3

6 7 8

54

Input Design

Once the output requirements have been finalized, the next most important step is to find out

what data are need to produced the desired outputs. Inaccurate data are the most common

cause of the errors in data processing. Errors entered by data entry operators can be

controlled by input design. Input design is the process of converting the user-originated

inputs to a computer-based format.

The main objectives of input design are:

Identifying the basic document

Controlling amount of input

Avoiding delays

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Avoiding error in data

Avoiding extra steps

Keeping the process simple

Feasibility Study

The main aim of the feasibility study activity is to determine whether it would be financially

and technically feasible to develop the product. Feasibility studies are preliminary

investigations into the potential benefits associated with undertaking a specific activity or

project. The main purpose of the feasibility study is to consider all factors associated with the

project, and determine if the investment of time and other resources will yield a desirable

result.The feasibility study activity involves analysis of the problem and collection of

relevant information relating to the product such as the different data items which would be

input to the system, the processing required to be carried out on these data, the output data

required to be produced by the system, as well as various constraints on the behaviors of the

system.

SOFTWARE ENGINEERING PARADIGM

Software engineering process includes all the stages of system development staring

from conceptualizing the system until it is implemented, tested and delivered to customer.

The software development life cycle composed of several phases. Each of these phases

results in the development of either a part of the system or concepts associated with the

system. Software engineering approach is appropriate for developing systems in industrial

settings. It incorporates a development strategy that encompasses the process, method and

tools, which are often referred to as a process model or software engineering paradigm.

A process mode for software engineering is chosen based on the nature of the project and

application methods, tools to be used, and the controls and deliverables that are required.

The followings are a set of process models that are used in software development.

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Developments of project process models are:

Linear sequential model/waterfall model

Prototyping model

Rapid application development model

Incremental model

Spiral model

Component based development model

Concurrent development model

The linear sequential model has been adopted for this project work as the software tool

has been developed through different phases in an systematic manner.

SPIRAL MODEL

The spiral model is an evolutionary software process model that couples in iterative

nature of prototyping with the controlled and systematic aspects of the linear sequential

model. It provides the potential for rapid development of incremental version of the

software.

Using spiral model, software is developed in a series of incremental releases. Spiral mode

is divided into a number of framework activities, also called tasked regions. Generally it

consist three and six regions.

A spiral model that contains six tasks regions are:

Customer communication

Planning

Risk analysis

Engineering

Construction and release

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Project Profile

There has been continuous effort to develop tools, which can ease the process of software

development. But, with the evolving trend of different programming paradigms todays

software developers are really challenged to deal with the changing technology. Among

other issues, software re-engineering is being regarded as an important process in the

software development industry. One of the major tasks here is to understand software

systems that are already developed and to transform them to a different softwareenvironment. Generally, this requires a lot of manual effort in going through a program that

might have been developed by another programmer. This project makes a novel attempt to

address the issued of program analysis and generation of diagrams, which can depict the

structure of a program in a better way. Today, UML is being considered as an industrial

standard for software engineering design process. It essential provides several diagramming

tools that can express different aspects/ characteristics of program such as

Use cases: Elicit requirement from users in meaningful chunks. Construction planning is

built around delivering some use cases n each interaction basis for system testing.

Class diagrams: shows static structure of concepts, types and class. Concepts how users

think about the world; type shows interfaces of software components; classes shows

implementation of software components.

Interaction diagrams: shows how several objects collaborate in single use case.

Package diagram: show group of classes and dependencies among them.

State diagram: show how single object behaves across many use cases.

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Activity diagram: shows behavior with control structure. Can show many objects over many

uses, many object in single use case, or implementations methods encourage parallel

behavior, etc.

The end-product of this project is a comprehensive tool that can parse any vb.net program

and extract most of the object oriented features inherent in the program such as

polymorphism, inheritance, encapsulation and abstraction.

What is UML?

UML stands for Unified Modeling Language is the successor to the wave of Object Oriented

Analysis and Design (OOA&D) methods that appeared in the late 80s. It most directly

unifies the methods of Booch, Rumbaugh (OMT) and Jacobson. The UML is called a

modeling language, not a method. Most methods consist at least in principle, of both a

modeling language and a process. The Modeling language is that notation that methods used

to express design.

Notations and meta-models:

The notation is the graphical stuff; it is the syntax of the modeling language. For instance,class diagram notation defines how items are concepts such as class, association, and

multiplicity is represented. These are:

Class Diagram: The class diagram technique has become truly central within object-oriented

methods. Virtually every method has included some variation on this technique. Class

diagram is also subject to the greatest range of modeling concept. Although the basic

elements are needed by everyone, advanced concepts are used less often. A class diagram

describes the types of objects in the system and the various kinds of static relationship that

exist among them. There are two principal kinds of static relationship:

Association

Subtype

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Class diagram also show the attributes and operations of a class and the constraints that apply

to the way objects are connected.

Association: Association represent between instances of class. From the conceptual

perspective, association represents conceptual relations between classes. Each association has

two roles. Each role is a direction on the association. A role also has multiplicity, which is a

indication of how many object may participate in the given relationship.

Generalization: A typical example of generalization evolves the personal and corporate

customer of a business. They have differences but also many similarity. The similarities can

be placed in generalization with personal customer and corporate customer sub type.

Aggregation: aggregation is the part of relationship. It is like saying a car has engine and

wheels as its parts. This sounds good, but difficult thing is considering, what is the difference

is aggregation and association.

Interaction: interaction diagrams are models that describes how groups of objects

collaboration in some behavior.

Typically, an interaction diagram captures the behavior a single use cases. The diagram

shows a number of example objects and the messages that are passed between these objects

in use cases. These are following approaches with simple use case that exhibits the following

behavior.

Objects can send a message to another. Each message is checks with given stock item. There

are two diagrams: Sequence and Collaboration diagram.

Package Diagram: One of the oldest questions in software methods is: how do you break

down a large system into smaller systems? It becomes difficult to understand and the changes

we make to them.

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Structured methods used functional decomposition in which the overall system was mapped

as a function broken down into sub function, which is further broken down into sub function

and so forth. The separation of process data is gone, functional decomposition is gone, but

the old question is still remains. One idea is to group the classes together into higher-level

unit. This idea, applied very loosely, appears in many objects. In UML, this grouping

mechanism is package. The term package diagram for a diagram that shows packages of

classes and the dependencies among them.

A dependency exists between two elements if changes to the definition of one element may

cause to other. With classes, dependencies exist for various reasons: one class sends a

message to another; one class has another as part of its data; one class mentions another as a

parameter to an operation. A dependency between two packages exists; and any

dependencies exist between any two classes in the package.

State diagram: State diagram are a familiar technique to describe the behavior of a system.

They describe all the possible states a particular object can get into and how the objects state

changes as a result of events that reach the objects. In most OO technique, state diagrams are

drawn for a single class to show the lifetime behavior of a singe object. There are many form

of state diagram, each with slightly different semantics. The most popular one used in OO

technique is based on David Harels state chart.

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PERT CHART (Program Evaluation Review Technique)

PERT chart is organized for events, activities or tasks. It is a scheduling device that

shows graphically the order of the tasks to be performed. It enables the calculation of the

critical path. The time and cost associated along a path is calculated and the path requires the

greatest amount of elapsed time in critical path.

Figure2: PERT Chart representation

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Specification

DesignDatabase

Part

Design

GUI part

Write UserManual

Codedatabase

Part

Code GUI

Part

Integrate

and Test

Implementation


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GANTT CHART

It is also known as Bar chart is used exclusively for scheduling purpose. It is a

project controlling technique. It is used for scheduling. Budgeting and resourcing planning.

A Gantt is a bar chart with each bar representing activity. The bars are drawn against a time

line. The length of time planned for the activity. The Gantt chart in the figure shows the

Gray parts is slack time that is the latest by which a task has been finished.

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1-19 MAY 10 20-3 JUNE 10 6-25 JUNE 10 26-15 JULY 10 JULY 16 AUG 31

Specification

Design Database

Part

Design

GUI

PartCODE

DATABASE PART

CODE

GUI

PART

WRITE USER MANUAL

INTEGRATE ANDTEST

Modulation

BLACK BOX

TESTING

IMPLEMENTATION

FIGURE 3: GANTT CHART


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DATA FLOW DIAGRAM

Data flow diagram is the starting point of the design phase that functionally decomposes

the requirements specification. A DFD consists of a series of bubbles joined by lines. Thebubbles represent data transformation and the lines represent data flows in the system. A

DFD describes what data flow rather than how they are processed, so it does not hardware,

software and data structure.

A data-flow diagram (DFD) is a graphical representation of the "flow" of data through

an information system. DFDs can also be used for the visualization of data processing

(structured design). A data flow diagram (DFD) is a significant modeling technique for

analyzing and constructing information processes. DFD literally means an illustration thatexplains the course or movement of information in a process. DFD illustrates this flow of

information in a process based on the inputs and outputs. A DFD can be referred to as a

Process Model.

The data flow diagram is a graphical description of a systems data and how to

Process transform the data is known as Data Flow Diagram (DFD).

Unlike details flow chart, DFDs dont supply detail descriptions of modules that graphically

describe a systems data and how the data interact with the system. Data flow diagram

number of symbols and the following symbols are of by DeMarco.

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p r o c e s s

D a t a s t o r e

S o u r c e / s i n k

D a t a F l o w

D e M a r c o &Y o u r d o ns y m b o l s

G a n e & S a r s o ns y m b o l s
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_visualizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_processinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_visualizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_processing


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There are seven rules for construct a data flow diagram.

i) Arrows should not cross each other.

ii) Squares, circles and files must wears names.

iii) Decomposed data flows must be balanced.

iv) No two data flows, squares or circles can be the same names.

v) Draw all data flows around the outside of the diagram.

vi) Choose meaningful names for data flows, processes & data stores.

vii)Control information such as record units, password and validation requirements

are not penitent to a data flow diagram.

Additionally, a DFD can be utilized to visualize data processing or a structured design.

This basic DFD can be then disintegrated to a lower level diagram demonstrating smaller

steps exhibiting details of the system that is being modeled.

On a DFD, data items flow from an external data source or an internal data store to an

internal data store or an external data sink, via an internal process. It is common practice to

draw a context-level data flow diagram first, which shows the interaction between the system

and external agents, which act as data sources and data sinks. On the context diagram (also

known as the Level 0 DFD), the system's interactions with the outside world are modeled

purely in terms of data flows across the system boundary. The context diagram shows the

entire system as a single process, and gives no clues as to its internal organization.

This context-level DFD is next "exploded", to produce a Level 1 DFD that shows some of

the detail of the system being modeled. The Level 1 DFD shows how the system is divided

into sub-systems (processes), each of which deals with one or more of the data flows to orfrom an external agent, and which together provide all of the functionality of the system as

a whole. The level 1 DFD is further spreaded and split into more descriptive and detailed

description about the project as level 2 DFD.The level 2 DFD can be a number of data

flows which will finally show the entire description of the software project.

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0 - LEVEL DFD

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USER / ADMINISTRATOR

SYSTEM

OUTPUT


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1 LEVEL DFD

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LOGIN PROCESS

TEACHERENTRY

STUDENTENTRY

ATTENDANCEENTRY

REPORTGENERATION


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2 LEVEL DFD FIG. 2.1

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LOGIN PROCESS

ADMINISTRATOR

TEACHERENTRY

STUDENTENTRY

STUDENT TEACHER

LOGIN

ADMINISTRATOR


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FIG- 2.2

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USER LOGIN PROCESS

USER

LOGIN

ATTENDANCEDATA

STORED

REPORT

GENERATION ATTENDANCE

ENTRY


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INTRODUCTION TO DATA DICTIONARY

A data dictionary is a collection of descriptions of the data objects or items in a data model

for the benefit of programmers and others who need to refer to them. A first step in analyzing

a system ofobjects with which users interact is to identify each object and its relationship to

other objects. This process is called data modeling and results in a picture of object

relationships. After each data object or item is given a descriptive name, its relationship is

described (or it becomes part of some structure that implicitly describes relationship), the

type of data (such as text or image or binary value) is described, possible predefined values

are listed, and a brief textual description is provided. This collection can be organized for

reference into a book called a data dictionary.

Major Symbols Used In Data Dictionary:

= Equal to

+ And

[ ] Either/ or

Rules for Data Dictionary Entries:

i) Words should be defined to stand for what they mean and not the variable name by

which they may be described in the program

Ex: - s_name not ABCD or ABC05ii) Each word must be unique; we cant have two definition of the same s_name

(Client name)

iii) Aliases or synonyms are allowed when two or more entries show the same

meaning. A vendor number may also be called a customer number. However, aliases should

be used only when absolutely necessary.

iv) Self defining words should not be decomposed.

Data dictionary allows analysis to define precisely what they mean by a particular file, data

flow or process. Some commercial software packages usually called Data Dictionary

Systems, help analysts maintain their dictionaries with the help of their computer. There are

two types of data dictionary (a) Integrated (b) Stand alone.

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When developing programs that use the data model, a data dictionary can be consulted to

understand where a data item fits in the structure, what values it may contain, and what the

data item means in real-world terms. A datadictionary, also known as metadatarepository,

as defined in the IBM Dictionary of Computing, is a "centralized repository of information

about data such as meaning, relationships to other data, origin, usage, and format." The term

may have one of several closely related meanings pertaining to databases and database

management systems (DBMS):

a document describing a database or collection of databases

an integral componentof a DBMS that is required to determine its structure

a piece ofmiddleware that extends or supplants the native data dictionary of a DBMS

.

Database users and application developers can benefit from an authoritative data dictionary

document that catalogs the organization, contents, and conventions of one or more databases.

This typically includes the names and descriptions of various tables and fields in each

database, plus additional details, like the type and length of each data element.

There is no universal standard as to the level of detail in such a document, but it is primarily

a weak kind of data.

Most data dictionaries contain different information about the data used in the enterprise. In

terms of the database representation of the data, the data table defines all schema objects

including views, tables, clusters, indexes, sequences, synonyms, procedures, packages,

functions, triggers and many more. This will ensure that all these things follow one standard

defined in the dictionary. The data dictionary also defines how much space has been

allocated for and / or currently is used by all the schema objects.

Other information defined in a typical data dictionary which is related to database

implementation also include default values for database columns, names of the database

users, the users privileges and limitations, database integrity constraint information, and

many other general information.

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metadatahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metadatahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_repositoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Databasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database_management_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database_management_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Documenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_componenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_componenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database_management_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middlewarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_(database)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Column_(database)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_typehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metadatahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_repositoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Databasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database_management_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database_management_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Documenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_componenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database_management_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middlewarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_(database)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Column_(database)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_typehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_element


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A data dictionary is in fact a database implementation as well as they contain data

information about data. It is typically structured in tables and views just like other data in a

database. Most data dictionaries are central to a database and are very important tool for

kinds of users from the data consumers to application designers to database developers and

administrators.

A data dictionary is used when finding information about users, objects, and schema and

storage structures. Every time a data definition language (DDL) statement is issued, the data

dictionary becomes modified.

Every DFD model of a system must be accompanied in by a data dictionary.

A data dictionary lists all data items appearing in the DFD model.

It includes all data flows and contents of all data stores appearing on all of the

DFDs in the DFD model.

A DFD model typically consists of several DFDs namely level-0 DFD, level-1

DFD and level-2 DFD so on.

The tables that are presented in the ELECTRONIC ATTENDANCE REGISTER that ismost probably used in the backend database to store the data related to the mentioned project

are mentioned below. These are the main tables of the database to store and retrieve the data.

Administration TableField Name Data

Type

Width Key Constraints

unm Text 50 Not null

pwd Text 50 Not null

uty Text 50 Not null

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Attendance RegisterField Name Data Type Width Key Constraints

Student_id Number 50 Pk Not null

month Text 20 Not null

Year Number 30 Not null

Subject code Number 40 Not null

Student name Text 100 Not null

Student TableField Name Data Type Width Key Constraints

Student ID Text 50 pk Not null

Student Name Text 20 Not null

Student Course Text 30 Not null

Student Year Number 40 Not null

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Subject TableField Name Data Type Width Key Constraints

Code Text 50 pk Not null

Subject Name Text 20 Not null

Year Number 30 Not null

Teacher TableField Name Data Type Width Key Constraints

Teacher ID Text 50 pk Not null

Teacher Name Text 20 Not null

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USE CASE MODEL

The use case model for any system consists of use cases. Use cases represent different

ways in which the system can be used by the user. A simple way to find all the use case of a

system is to ask the questions What the user can do using the system? The use cases

partition the system behavior into transactions such that each transaction performs some

useful action from the users point of view.

The purpose of the use case to define a piece of coherent behavior without reveling

the internal structure of the system. An use case typically represents a sequence of interaction

between the user and the system. These interactions consists of one main line sequence is

represent the normal interaction between the user and the system. The use case model is an

important analysis and design artifact (task).Use cases can be represented by drawing a use

case diagram and writing an accompany text elaborating the drawing.

In the use case diagram each use case is represented by an ellipse with the name of

use case written inside the ellipse. All the ellipses of the system are enclosed with in a

rectangle which represents the system boundary. The name of the system being moduled

appears inside the rectangle. The different users of the system are represented by using stick

person icon. The stick person icon is normally referred to as an Actor. The line connecting

the actor and the use cases is called the communication relationship. When a stick person

icon represents an external system it is annotated by the stereo type.

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USER

ADMINISTRATOR

ADD

INFORMATIO

N

STUDENT

INFORMATIO

N

TEACHER

INFORMATIO

N

USER

YEAR

ATTENDANCE

SHORTLIST

STATUS

Electronic Attendance Register


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ER DIAGRAM

Entity Relationship Diagram

E-R Model is a popular high level conceptual data model. This model and its variations are

frequently used for the conceptual design of database application and many database design

tools employ its concept.

A database that confirms to an E-R diagram can be represented by a collecton of tables in the

relational system. The mapping of E-R diagram to the entities are:

Attributes

Relations

o Many-to-many

o Many-to-one

o One-to-many

o One-to-one

Weak entities

Sub-type and super-type

The entities and their relationshops between them are shown using the following

conventions.

An entity is shown in rectangle.

A diamond represent the relationship among number of entities.

The attributes shown as ovals are connected to the entities or relationship by lines.

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Diamond,oval and relationships are labeled.

Model is an abstraction process that hides super details while

highlighting details relation to application at end.

A data model is a mechanism that provides this abstraction for database

application.

Data modeling is used for representing entities and their relationship in the

database.

Entities are the basic units used in modeling database entities can have

concrete existence or constitute ideas or concepts.

Entity type or entity set is a group of similar objects concern to an

organization for which it maintain data,

Properties are characteristics of an entity also called as attributes.

A key is a single attribute or combination of 2 or more attributes of an entity

set is used to identify one or more instances of the set.

In relational model we represent the entity by a relation and use tuples to

represent an instance of the entity.

Relationship is used in data modeling to represent in association between an

entity set.

An association between two attributes indicates that the values of the

associated attributes are independent.

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Working with the System

The ELECTRONIC ATTENDANCE REGISTER SYSTEM keeps data related to

students records, number of classes attended by each of the student in specified month etc. It

also can be used to take the attendance electronically. The system handles the daily

attendance sheet to mark ticks of the specified classes and also to add the new students and

the teachers those who have joined etc. It contains 10 forms to manipulate the project.

At first it has got a SPLASH SCREEN, which consist:

The project title

Project developers

Project guidance

Project logo

Project version

After the splash screen the LOGIN form will appear. It contains:

Two text boxes

Two buttons as Accept & Cancel

One combo box for the options for Administrator and User

One text box entering the user name & another for password. After entering proper

username and password then select the specified Administrator or the user and then press the

Accept button to access the software.

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SplashForm1.Vb

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LoginForm1.Vb

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LoginForm1.Vb

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AddInfoForm2.Vb

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StudentInfoForm3.Vb

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StudentInfoForm3.Vb

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StudentInfoForm3.Vb

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TeacherInfoForm4.vb

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TeacherInfoForm4.Vb

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Userform.Vb

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YEARFORM.VB

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AttndanceForm.Vb

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AttndanceForm.Vb

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AttndanceForm.Vb

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shortListform3.Vb

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shortListform.Vb

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StatusForm.Vb

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Class1.Vb

Imports System.Data

Imports System.Data.sqlClientImports System.Drawing

Imports System.Windows.Forms

PublicClass Class1

Private conn As sqlConnection Private comm As SqlCommand

Private adpt As SqlDataAdapter

Private dset As DataSet Private dtbl As DataTable

PublicSubNew()conn =New SqlConnection(("server = om-a499f8ce6e2a; database = ETS; uid = sa;

pwd = pradip")

EndSub

PublicFunction CheckUser(ByVal userid AsString, ByVal password AsString) As

Boolean

Dim sqlstmt AsString = "select * from administrationtable where unm='" & userid & "'and pwd ='" & password & "'"

generatetable(sqlstmt)

Ifdtbl.Rows.Count > 0 Then ReturnTrue

Else

ReturnFalse

EndIf EndFunction

PrivateSub generatetable(ByVal sqlstmt AsString)adpt =New OleDbDataAdapter(sqlstmt, conn)

dset =New DataSet

MsgBox("generatetable=" & sqlstmt)adpt.Fill(dset)

dtbl =New DataTable

dtbl = dset.Tables(0) EndSub

PublicFunction SaveData(ByVal tablenm AsString, ByVal valuelist AsString, ByVal

columnlist AsString, ByVal condition AsString, ByVal querytype AsString) AsString Try

Dim sqlstmt AsString = ""

SelectCase querytype.ToLower

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Hotel Management Syste

proposal on hms

Documents