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TM 9-1385-211DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY TECHNICAL MANUAL

EOD INFORMATION FOR SOLID AND LIQUID

PROPELLANTS, CONVENTIONAL EXPLOSIVES,

AND OTHER DANGEROUS MATERIALS (U)

HEADQUARTERS, DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY

J ANIIARY

1969

This manual i s downgraded to UNCLASSIFIED

by Charge i . Pages ()A -n .r_E 5 :)B are deleted .

Technical Manual

TM 9-1385-211

HEADQUARTERS

DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY

No . 9-1385-211

Washington, D .C .,8 January 1969

EOD INFORMATION FOR SOLID AND LIQUID PROPELLANTS,

CONVENTIONAL EXPLOSIVES, AND OTHER DANGEROUS MATERIALS

Paragraphs Pages

Section 1 . GENERAL INFORMATION

General----------------------- 1-1

i

Purpose----------------------- 1-2

Scope------------------------- 1-3

Report of publicationimprovements------------------ 1-4

ii

2-5 .

DESCRIPTION OF AND DISPOSALINSTRUCTIONS FOR CONVENTIONALEXPLOSIVES, SOLID PROPELLANTS,AND OTHER DANGEROUS SOLIDMATERIALS

Introduction------------------

Scope-------------------------

Definitions and Classification

Characteristics of explosivesand solid propellants---------

Data on explosives, solidpropellants, and otherdangerous solid materials-----

Identification of explosives

1 1

2 1

3 2

4 4

5 6a

6 84

General safety precuations----

Disposal of explosives byburning-----------------------

Disposal of black powder byburning-----------------------

Disposal of smokeless powderby burning--------------------

Disposal of bulk explosivesby detonation ----------------

Disposal of explosives bychemical decomposition--------

Disposal of explosives bydumping in the ocean, at sea,or in inland waters ----------

Section 2-6 . DESCRIPTION OF AND DISPOSALINSTRUCTIONS FOR LIQUID PROPELLANFUELS

AND OXIDIZERS

Introduction -----------------

Classification and definition-

Data on liquid propellant fuels

and oxidizers-----------------

Safety precuations -----------

Fire fighting-----------------

Decontamination --------------

Disposal ---------------------

Aendix

REFERENCES --------------------p

7 87

8 88

9 92

10 93

11 95

12 97

13 102

TS

1 103

2 101

3 101

4 135

5 137

6 139

7 141

----- A-1

SECTION I

GENERAL INFORMATION

General .

Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) personnel are reminded

that in rendering safe and/or disposing of explosive ordnance

there is no "safe" method but merely one that is considered

least dangerous . The destruction of explosive ordnance by

detonation at the place of discovery is the recommended method

of disposal when prevailing circumstances permit .

1-2 . Purpose .

This publication is for the use of EOD personnel engaged

in eliminating hazards resulting from malfunction of, or

or incident involving, materials covered herein ; its use

others is not authorized .

1-3 . Scope .

This manual is a reprint of Sections 2-5 and 2-6 of NAVORD

EODB 1385-1 (TO 11A-1-100-1) titled, "General EOD Information,

Techniques and Tools (Surface)", and prepared by the Naval.

Ordnance Systems Command, Department of the Navy . EOD

information is provided for solid and liquid propellants, con-

ventional explosives, and other dangerous materials .

accident

by

1-4 .

Report of Publication Improvements .

Reports of errors, omissions, and recommendations for

improving this publication by the individual user is

encouraged . Reports should be submitted on DA Form 2028

(Recommended Changes to DA Publications) and forwarded direct

to Commanding Officer, Picatinny Arsenal, ATTN : SMUPA-WD3,

Dover, N .J . 07801 .

EXPLOSIVE ORDNANCE

1 INTRODUCTION

2 SCOPE

GROUP G DOCUMENT

DECLASSIFIED AFTER 12 YEARS

DOD DIR 5200 .10

This section has been prepared to fur-nish EOD personnel with a basic refer-ence of information concerning conven-tional explosives and solid propellants .The instructions and regulations pre-sented in this section do not haveprecedence over appropriate depart-mental regulations .

This section discusses conventionalexplosives and solid propellants now in

GENERAL EDO INFORMATION,TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS (SURFACE)

SECTION 2-5

DISPOSAL PROCEDURES

NAVORD EODB 1385-11TO 11A-1-100-1

DESCRIPTION OF AND DISPOSAL INSTRUCTIONS FORCONVENTIONAL EXPLOSIVES, SOLID PROPELLANTS,AND OTHER DANGEROUS SOLID MATERIALS

This change, dated 29 May 1968, changes Section 2-5 ofNA b'R EPS EODB 1385-1 /.9 FTO 11 A-1-100-1, dated 31 January 1964 .The section contains the following effective pages as of 29 May 1968 .

Pages 1, 7-14, 32a, 32b, 44-44b,50a, 50b, 68, 80, 81, 89, and 93 . . . . . . . Change 1 . . . . . 29 May 1968Pages 2-6b, 15-32, 33-43, 45-476, 48-50,51-67, 69-79, 82-88, 90-92, and 94-102 . . . Original . . . . 31 January 1964

use both in the United States and inforeign countries .

It describes the gen-eral characteristics and inherent hazardsof explosives and solid propellants, to-gether with safe operating proceduresrequired to minimize these hazards .The information on each explosive andpropellant has been sufficiently detailedso as to avoid its repetition in othersections involving these materials . Theinformation presented should enablequalified EOD personnel to identify ex-plosives or solid propellants, to takeproper precautionary measures whenworking in the vicinity of these mate-rials, and if required by the Department

GENERAL EOD INFORMATION,TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS (SURFACE)

concerned, to dispose of them with max-imum safety . This section does not in-clude information on all explosives andsolid propellants, nor all the informa-tion on any specific explosive or solidpropellant. For information on liquidpropellants, refer to Section 2 -G .

3 DEFINITIONS AND CLASSIFICATION

A high explosive may be defined as achemical compound or mixture that canundergo rapid chemical reaction with theformation of large volumes of highlSheated gases capable of exerting pres-sure in constricted or confined areas.Propellants, as distinguished from highexplosives,

may be defined as explosiveswhose rates of combustion are regulated.

sharp distinction between high explo-sives and propellants, therefore, can-not be drawn. Every explosive systemcould also be used as a propellant if itwere possible to regulate the rate ofcombustion of that system.

3-1

HIGH EXPLOSIVES

High explosives undergo fast and vio-lent decomposition into gaseous products .The decomposition is so rai - iI `hat theprocess appears to be iiistanL!:.iieous ;however, the action does take place at afinite but extremely rapid ratc . and pro-duces a shattering effect z!s c-)nosed tothe

1i ",t-

^

ofi;ct resulting

,

tit

the.Ju ti-- ;: . lox explosive or pr ,}pellant .High cxpl(1 :ices are used w' cre 2 strongdisruptive

r.ioA is desii ec:, aaii coi10e--luently are used in ordnan,e items inXti, hi ch a main charge is the payload . Inorder to insure detonation of the payload_It the proper time and place, an explo-sive train, composed of high explosivesof varying degrees of sensitivity, isusually employed . The explosive train,)eosins with the initiation of a high13sensitive explosive which in turn initiates-lie burning or detonation of other explo-sives within the train. In the inilitary

services, high explosives are classifiedas primary explosives, booster explo-sives, and main-charge explosives onthe basis of increasing difficulty ofdetonation .

3-I .l

Primary

Explosives .

These, themost easily detonated explosives, areused to initiate the explosive train.Primary explosives are so sensitivethat they can be detonated by a lightblow, by the application of a flame, orby heat from an electric current . Theyare sufficiently powerful to initiate det-onation of a booster explosive .

The primary explosive, or primingmixture which contains a primary ex-plosive, is usually housed within a prim-er . The primer is so designed thatthe sensitive explosive functions whenthe case is pierced by a stab type fir-ing pin, is dented by a blow from a blunttype firing pin, or receives an elec-trical impulse .

A primary explosive may also behoused in a detonator . A detoncLor isan element in the explosive train nor-mally used to create or transmit a det-onation wave and generally effect thetransition frolr, burning to detonation .The detonator iilay cont4.:n one, two, orthree different -xplosiv X charges . Thecharge in the sensitive end of the det-onator, called the upper chX,--ge, con-

i_: . -Avc sLiLilAe o_' initi ;ttic . . cf theexplosive ,r un . An intermediate chargemay be ._' in cc:ijunct?:,n with theupper charge to coni.inue the action ini-tiated by the upper charge . A base orlower charge, consisting generally of abooster explosive, completes the det-onator and once initiated, transfersdetonation to the next item in the explo-sive train.

3-1 .2

Booster Explosives .

These ex-plosives are intermediate in ease ofdetonation between primary and main-charge explosives . Booster explosives

are readily detonated by a primary ex-plosive and are themselves sufficientlypowerful to detonate a main-chargeexplosive . Booster explosives are suf-ficiently insensitive to stand the shockresulting from rough handling in load-ing and transportation, from inertialforces due to acceleration, and fromimpact . However, they are consistentlydetonated by small amounts of primaryexplosives . When an extremely largemain charge must be detonate an aux-iliary booster is employed. The auxil-iary booster is reliably detonated by thebooster and will in turn consistentlydetonate large amounts of main-chargeexplosives .

3-1 .3

Main-charge Explosives . Theseare the explosives that require a boosteror a large quantity of primary explosiveto insure consistent detonation. Theexplosive used for the main charge ispowerful, stabl e, and capable of with-standing harsh treatment. Main-chargeexplosives may be either single sub-stances or mixtures of two or moresubstances .

3-2 SOLID PROPELLANTS

3.2 .1

General.

Explosives used topropel projectiles from guns, or rocketsandmissiles from launchers, are knownas solid propellants or low explosives.Solid propellants or low explosives con-tain the oxygen necessary for theircomplete combustion, either chemicallycombined or as one component of thesolid mixture . Once ignited, a solidpropellant burns at a relatively constantrate to produce a large initial propulsionthrust in contradistinction to high explo-sives which detonate or decomposepractically instantaneously . The burn-ing of a propellant differs from theburning of a common combustible ma-terial such as coal or wood in that apropellant burns much more rapidly and

m - e

-__SECT ION 2-5

its burning rate increases as the pres-sure within the combustion chamberincreases .

3-2.2

Classes

of Solid Propellants . Thereare two major types of solid propel-lants, each divided into various sub-groups or classes---nitrocellulose baseand composites. The nitrocellulosebased propellants normally contain alltheir oxygen supply chemically bondedto the fuel, while the composite propel-lant normally contains an organic fuelmixed with an inorganic oxidizer .

3.2 .2 .1

Nitrocellulose BasedPropellants .

1 . Single-Base A single-base pro-pellant consists of nitrocellulose whichhas been compounded with stabilizersto retard internal chemical degradation,and ballistic modifiers which controlburning rates more closely .

2. Double-Base Double-base pro-pellants consist of nitrocellulose, nitro-glycerin, stabilizers, and ballisticmodifiers .

3. Multi-base Multi-base propel-lants consistofnitrocellulose, nitro-glycerin, nitroguanidine, stabilizers,and ballistic modifiers .

4 . Hybrid Double-Base Hybriddouble-base

prope an s

are

double-basepropellants to which have been addedan inorganic oxidizer and a finely pow-dered metal such as aluminum .

Note. Single- and multi-base propel-lants are normally used as gun propel-lants, while double-base and hybridtypes are used in rocket or missilesystems.

3-2.2 .2

Composite Propellants .

1 . Rubber-Base Rubber-base pro-


pellants contain a synthetic rubber suchas butadiene that has been compoundedwith an inorganic oxidizer such as am-monium nitrate plus ballistic modifiersprior to curing. These propellants arenormally extruded into the final desiredshape .

2 . Resin Type Resin type propel-lants such s polyurethane and polysul-fide consist of a liquid (monomer) whichis mixed with a catalyst or cross-link-ing agent, an inorganic oxidizer suchas ammonium or potassium perchlorate,and ballistic modifiers . The resultantmixture is cast into a mold or the finalrocket motor case, and is cured atelevated temperatures to set or solidifythe mix into the final propellant .

4

CHARACTERISTICS OF EXPLOSIVESAND SOLID PROPELLANTS

To gain a better understanding of ex-plosives and solid propellants it is nec-essary to become acquainted with therequisites for and the conditions whichaffect them .

For this reason, brief andgeneralized background information onthe characteristics of explosives andsolid propellants is presented in thisparagraph . Familiarity with this infor-mation will aid in the evaluation of par-ticular explosives and solid propellants,and will provide a more complete under-standing of those factors which are soimportant in determining their useful-ness and applicability . Obviously,there are many characteristics whichcontribute to the analysis of an explo-sive or solid propellant, and which helpin assigning it to a particular category.However, only those characteristics ofexplosives and solid propellants, aknowledge of which could be of aid topersonnel required to handle and dis-pose of them, will be discussed in thisparagraph .

4.1 EXPLOSIVES

4-1 .1 sensitivity . The sensitivity ofan explosive is a measure of the easewith which it can be detonated . `Themore sensitive the explosive, the lessthe energy required to bring about det-onation . The applicability of an explo-sive is generally determined by its sen-sitivity . Some explosives are so read-ily detonated that they are unsafe forany use; others are so difficult to initi-ate that they cannot be reliably detonatedby any practical means and are, therefore,of no value . Those conditions whichsomewhat modify the sensitivity of anexplosive are the temperature, crystalsize and form, density, and mechanicalmixing and coating.

4-1 .1 .1

Temperature. As the tem-perature increases, the sensitivity of anexplosive increases . Heat causes thedecomposition of an explosive at a ratethat varies with the temperature . Ifheated sufficiently, decomposition ofpart of the explosive liberates heat andcauses acceleration of the increase intemperature of the remaining explosive,When the temperature reaches a cer-tain value, characteristic of the explo-sive, the rate of decompositionbecomesso great that an explosion takes place .The reference temperature at which thesensitivity of an explosive is customar-ily measured is 680 to 75 0 F.(20 0 to23 . 90 q.

4-1 .1 .2

Crystal Size and Form.The sensitivity o an explosive increaseswith increasing crystal size and varieswith crystal form.

As intracrystallinefriction increases because of increasedcrystal size or distortion of the crystals,the explosive generally becomes moresensitive .

4-1 .1 .3

Density. The sensitivity ofan explosive generally decreases as thedensityincreases. However, the great-

er the loading density at which a fixedweight of a given explosive is pressedor cast, the greater its effect whendetonated.

4-1 .1 .4

Mechanical Mixing and CoatingThe sensitivity o an explosive can eadjusted by mechanical mixing and coat-ing, Certain mixtures are made moresensitive to friction by adding an abra-sive material such as Carborundum,whereas coating individual crystals withmoisture, oil, or wax reduces the fric-tion between them, thus decreasing thesensitivity.

4-1 .2 Stability. Explosives must becapable of storage for long periods oftime without appreciable decompositionor chemical reaction . If decompositionor reaction does take place, an explo-sive may become so insensitive that itwill not detonate . Alternatively, theresulting products may become so sen-sitive that the material is unsafe to use.In either event, excessive instabilityrules out the use of the explosive .

4-1 .3

Toxicity . In addition to theirexplosive hazards, explosives may alsopresent varying degrees of toxicity haz-ards when in contact with the skin, in-gested, or absorbed through the skin .For this reason, toxicity is an importantfactor to consider in handling and disposing of explosives .

The toxicity of anexplosive may vary from the relativelyminor matter of causing a mild skinirritation (dermatitis)- to the very seriousmatter of inducing some fatal illness .In between are explosives that causesevere dermatitis and others that causesevere but nonfatal illnesses .

4-1 .4

Velocity of Detonation . When an ex-plosive detonates, the process of decom-position begins at the point of initiationand advances as a front or a wavethrough the explosive . The rate atwhich this wave progresses is called the

SECTION 2-5

velocity of detonation. Density, chargediameter, and confinement all affect thevelocity of detonation.

4-1 .4 .1 Density .

The velocity ofdetonation 76F-an explosive increases asthe density is increased. If the velocityof detonation of a particular explosiveis known for one density, its value fora different density can be estimated byadding (or subtracting) 1214 feet persecond for each'increase (or decrease)in density of 0.01 gram per milliliter .This relationship is correct only up tothe pressure at which the individualcrystals are distorted. Further increasein pressure will then decrease the veloc-ity of detonation .

4-1 .4 .2

Charge Diameter. Thevelocity o detonation increases with thediameter of the charge up to a limitingdiameter, after which any further in-crease in diameter does not change thevelocity of detonation. The mass ofexplosive in a charge of large diameteracts as a confining agent and preventsdissipation of energy.

4-1 .4 .3 Confinement . Confinementof a charge prevents dissipation ofenergy and therefore increases thevelocity of detonation . The effectof confinement on sensitive explosiveshaving a high detonation velocity issmall, but it is considerable withinsensitive explosives.

4-1 .5

Brisance . The hrisance of anexplosive is the shattering effect it pro-duces on detonation . Brisance is afunction of the total energy released byan explosion, and the rate at which thatenergy is released . For most practicalpurposes, the rate of release of energy,that is, the velocity of detonation, givesan adequate indication of brisance.

4-2 SOLID PROPELLANTS

4-2 .1

Sensitivity. Although generallyinsensitive

to

shocl:

or

friction,

solidpropellants are sensitive to heat,sparks, and static electricity . Whilenot exploded or even ignited by ordi-nary shocks or frictional effects, somfpropellants can be ignited by the fric-tion and impact effects of small-armsbullets . Representing chiefly a firehazard unless under confinement, ora propulsive hazard if confined withina motor case, solid propellants, par-ticularly double-base propellants,have inherent properties which makethem even more sensitive to initiationby primary or booster explosivesthan certain types of high explosives .Single-base propellants also can bedetonated by booster explosives ;however, detonation aglow rates maytake place.

4-2 .2 Ignitibility . A solid propellant,in order to be of practical value, mustbe sufficiently sensitive to ignition byflame so that initiation is consistent andburning is uniform. The ignitibility ofsolid propellant depends upon its com-position and energy content. In generalan increase in energy content, such asthe substitution of nitroglycerin for apart of the nitrocellulose in a propellantcomposition or an increase in the nitro-gen content of the nitrocellulose, in-creases the ignitibility . The initial tem-perature of the solid propeilant compo-sition also has a considerable effect onits ignitibility . the ignitibility decreas-ing with decrease in temperature.

If a quantity of propellant is ignited,it may burn or undergo explosion.Whether burning or explosion takesplace depends upon the composition ofthe propellant and the degree of confine-ment.

If the propellant is confined and

GENERAL EOD INFORMATION,TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS (SURFACE :

then ignited, ignition may be trans-formed into detonation.

4.2.3

Sto bi c i ty .

Stability

is

even

moreimportant in the case of solid propel-lants than high explosives, since al-most all solid propellants are mixturescornsistitig of components which areless stable than those generally foundin standard high explosives . The sta-bility of a solid propellant is adverselyaffected by moisture, the solid pro-pellant undergoing decomposition ata rate dependent on the temperature.Decomposition is slow at ordinarytemperatures, but increases rapidlywith increasing temperature. Whenthe rate of decomposition is low, anyheat liberated by decomposition is lostwithout undue effect. However, whenthe rate of decomposition becomes ac-celerated through increase in temper-ature, the heat loss may be retarded.As a result, both the temperature andpressure of the solid propellant mayincrease, further increasing the rateof decomposition, so as to bringabout the possible spontaneous ignitionof the solid propellant.

4-2 .4 Toxicity . Solid propellantspresent only minor difficulties as re-gards toxicity through handling and dis-posal. They are relatively nontoxic andoffer little toxicity hazard when properlyhandled.

4-2 .5

Burning Rote . The burning rateof a propellant under a given set ofconditions depends upon its composition,temperature, and external pressure .For a given composition, the burningrate increases with the temperature ofthe propellant at the time of ignition ;for a given composition and temperatureof the propellant, the burning rate in-creases as the pressure within thecombustion chamber increases.

5

DATA ON EXPLOSIVES, SOLIDPROPELLANTS, AND OTHERDANGEROUS SOLID MATERIALS

This paragraph contains informationwhich should be helpful in identifying,handling, and disposing of explosives,solid propellants, and other dangeroussolid materials. Specific data on theindividual items covered in this sectioncan be located by referring to the follow-ing tables :

Table 1 (see page 7) is a generalindex and guide to the information on allthe explosives, solid propellants, andother dangerous solid materiais cov-ered in this section. The table is present-ed in three units, United States,British, French, German, Italian,technical and common names as well

S='-TON 2-5

as abbreviations are listed alpnabet!-call v in Unit 1. All foreign names arcindicated as to nationality. X . , . . . .

gives the English transliter.aior o?Japanese characters whenever aw Jlab'. _ .Russian names and abbreyia'� ioi,_ ir : UWCyrillic alphabet are given in Un :t ;;,

Table 2 (see page 79) presents dataon specific compounds any: mixtureswhich have been or are cur_-enti` beii,investigated to determine their aocet)t-ability as military explosives or solidpropellants .

Table 3 (see page 82) lists other dan-gerous solid materiais which are not nec-essarily explosive in themselves, but,are used in expiosive mixtures as oxy-gen carriers, desensitizers, gelatin-izers, and the like .

Table 1 General index To Explosives, Solid Propellants, and Other DangerousSolid Materials Having Explosive Characteristics

United States, British, French, Italian, German ; Technical and Common

Unit 1

SECTION 2-5

NAME PAGE(OR ABBREVIATION) (OR TABLE NO)


Acide Picrique (Fr) . . . . . . . . . 56 Black Cannon Powder . . . . . . . . 22Acido Picrico (Ital) . . . . . . . . . 56 Black Fuze Powder . . . . . . . . . 2 2Acido Di Piombo (Ital) . , . , . . , . 44a Black Powder . . . . . . . . . . . 22Alpha-Nitronaphtholene . . . . . . . Table 3 Block Shell Powder . . . . . . . . . 2 2Alumotol . . . . Blasting Gelatin . . . . . . . . . . 2 3Amatet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Toble 2 Blasting Oil . . . . . . . . . . . . 48Amatex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 2 Bleiazid (Ger) . . . . . . . . . . . 44aAmatol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 6 Blei styphnote (Ger) . . . . . . . . . 45Amidon Nitre (Fr) . . . . . . . . . 50 Boracitol . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24Ammonal . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Bulk Powder . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47bAmmondynomit (Itol) . . . . . . . . 17 Burrowite . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15Ammon-Dynomit (Ger) . . . . . . . . 17 Butyl Tetryl . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 2Ammonia Dynamite . . . . . . . . . 17Ammoniadynamite (Fr) . . . . . . . . 17Ammonio Gelatin Dynamite . . . . . . 3 6 Carbazole . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 2Ammonium Chlorate . . . . . . . . . Table 3 C.E . (Brit) . . . . . . . . . . . . 64Ammonium Nitrate . . . . . . . . . 18 CH-6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25Ammonium Nitrate Explosive 47 Chile Saltpeter . . . . . . . . . . . Table 3

Ammonium Perchlorote 19. . . . . . . . . . . . Clorato Di Potarsio (Ital) . . . . . . Toble 3

Ammonium Picrote . . . . . . . . . 20 Clorato Di Sodio (Ital) . . . . . . . . Toble 3

Ammonium Trinitrophenolate . . . . . 20 Composition A, A- 2, A- 3 . . . . . . . 2 6

Ammonperchlorate (Ger) 19. . . . . . . Composition B, B-2 . . . . . . . . . 2 7

Ammonpi krot (Ger) . . . . . . . . . 20 Composition C,C-2,C-3 . . . . . . . 28

Ammonsalpeter (Ger) . 18 Composition C-4 .

Amotolo (ltol) . . . . . 16 Composition Exploding (Brit) . . . . 64

Ani sol (Ger) 71 Copper Chlorotetrozole . . . . . . . 77

AP X Explosives . 77 Cordite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 476. _ _ nX- que (Fr) . . . . . 18 Crerylite . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 2

&zoture De Plomb (Fr) . . . . . . . 44a CTMTN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60Cyanuric Triazide . . . . . . . . . Table 2Cyclonite . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

Bal l i sti te 47b. . . . . . . . . . . . . Cyclotetromethylenetetranitramine . . 42Barium Nitrate . . . . . . . . . . . Table 3 Cyclotol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27Boratol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Cyclotrimethylenetrinitromine . . . 60,Baronal Table 2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cyclotrimetfiylenetrinitrosoamine . . . Table 3Boronite . Table 2. . . . . . . . . . . . .

Beta-HMX 42. . .Bis(2,2-Dinitropropyl Fumorate) . . . Table 3 DATB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31Bis(2,2-Dinitropropyl Succinate) . . . Table 3 DATNB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

_NERAL E O D INFORMAT!ON,--HNIQUES AND TOOLS (SURFACE)

(able 1 . General index To Expiosives, Solid Propellants, and Other DangerousSolid Materials Having Explosive Characteristics (Continued)

NAME

PAGEOR ABEREVIATION)

(OR TABLE NO)

VBX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30DD (Fr) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69DD Explosif (Fr) . . . . . . . . . . 69V DNP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

Depth Bomb Explosive . . . . . . . 30'''

NAME

PAGE(OR ABBREVIATION)

(OR TABLE NO)Table 2

. .Ethyl TetrylEthyltrimethylolmethane Trinitrate . . TableExagen

(Fr)

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

6 0Explosive Composition HTA-3 . . . . 35Explosive D . .

3,3-Diamino-2,2,4,4,6,6-hexanitrodiphenyl . . . . . . . .

1,3-Diamino-2,4,6-Trinitrobenzone .Vi azodinitrophenol . . . . . . . . . .Diethanoinitramine Dinitrate . . . . .

32031

32Table 2

Explosive H . . . . . . . . . . . .

Fivolite . . . .Fivonite . . .

39

Table 2Table 2

DINA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 2 Fondu Melinite (Fr) . . . . . . . . 5 64,6-Dinitrobenzene-2- FP 02 (Ger) . . . . . . . . . . . 66Diazo-I-Oxide . . . . . . . . . 32 Fullpulver (Ger) 16

Dinitrophenol,2,4. . . . . . . . . . Table 2 Fullpulver 02 (Ger) . . . . . . . . . 6 62,2,-Dinitropropyl-4,4,4-Trinitrobutyrote Table 3 Fulminate De Mercure (Fr) . . . . . 46IDinitrotoluene, 2,4- . . . . . . . . . Table 2 Fulminate of Mercury . . . . . . . . 4 6Dinitroxyethylnitromine . . . . . . . Table 2 Fulminato Di Mercurio (Itol) . . . . . 46Dinol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2D I PAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320Dipentoerythritol Hexanitrate . . . . Table 3 Gelatin Dynamite .Dipicramid . . . . . . . . . . . . 320 Gelotir . . . . . . . . . . . . 36D ipicramide . . . . . . . . . . . . 32a Gelotine Dynamite (Fr. . . . . . . . 36Dipicrylamine . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Gelatins Esplosivo (Itc'.)D N E U . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 2 Gelatine Explosif (Frj .DNP 2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table Gelignite (Brit) .DNPF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 3 Glyceryl Trini trate .DNPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 3 GPulver (Ger) . 4

pNPTB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 3 Granatfullwig 88 (Ger) 56VNT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 2 Grenite 50VPH EN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 3 GRF . 88 (Ger) . 56punnite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 G-Sal z (Ger) . . . . . . . . . . . . 49Dynamite . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 GTNB . . . . Table 3Dynamite-Gomme (Fr) . . . . . . . . 23 Guanidine Nitrate . 37

Gudolpulver (Ger) . 49

E.C . Powder . . . . . . . . . . . . 47bEDD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Haleite . . . . 39EDNA . . . . 39 Harrisite . . . . . . . . . . 29Ednato I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 3 HBX-1, -2, -3 . 40VMMET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table t Heptryl . . . . . Table 2E-Salz (Ger) . . . . . . . . . . . 60 Hexo (Ger) . . . 43tsanitro Difenilamina (Ital) . . . . . 43 Fiuxahydro-1,3,r,Trinitro-Sym-Triazine 60Ethylenediomine Dinitrote . . . . . . 34 Hexamethylenetriperoxidediamine . Table 2Ethylenedinitramine . . . . . . . . . 39 Hexamin . 43Ethylene Glycol Di-Trinitrobutyrate . . Table 3 Hexanite 41

(OR ABBREVIATION)

Table 1 . General index To Explosive � Solid Propellants, and Other DangerousSolid Materials Having Explosive Characteristics (Continued)

NAME

PAGE(OR TABLE NO)

Hexanitrodiphenylamine,2,2',4,4',6,6'Hexanitrodiphenyi

Sulfide .Hexanitro Oxaniiide

Hexanitrostiibene2,2',4,4',6,6'- . . . . . . . . . . 44HEX Explosives . . . . . . . . . . 77

Hexii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

Hexite . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

Hexogen

(Ger) .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

6 0

Hexogene (Fr) . . . . . . . . . . . 60

Hexotol

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

7 7

Hexyl .

. .

.

. .

.

. .

. .

.

. .

. 43

HI VEL No . 6.5 . . . . . . . . . . 47b

HMTD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table t

HMX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

HIND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

HNDP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

HNO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . TableHNS . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. 44HNS-R . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. 44HNST . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. 44HNS-I

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44HNS-II . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. 44

Hoitex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 2Homocyclonite . . . . . . . . . . . 42

H s (Ger)

. . . 26

Huiie De Nobel (Fr) . . . . . . . . 48

Huile

Expiosif

(F r)

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

48

Hyman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table

H-I (Ger) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

H-6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

43TableTable

I MR

4166

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

47b

IM R

4676

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

47b

23

Kaii salpeter (Ger) . . . . . . . . . Tobie 3

Kaiiumchlorate

(Ger) . . . . . . . . Table 3Kaiiumperchlorate

(Ger) . . . . . . . Table 3

KA-Sol z (Ger)

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

60

3

2

NAME(OR ABBREVIATION)

KDNBF .

Knoiiquecksiiber (Ger)

Lead AzideLead 2,4-DinitroresorcinateLead 4,6-DinitroresorcinolLead Hydronitride

Lead Mononitroresorcinate

Lead Salt of Styphnic Acid

Leod Styphnate .

Lead Trinitroresorcinate

LDNRLDNR-basic .LMNRLyddite (Brit)

Mannitol Hexanitrote

MBT (Ital)M-Dinitrobenrene

McEDNA . . . . .Meiinita (itai) .

Meiinite (Fr)

Mercuric Fulminate

Mercury Fulminate .

Methyl pirateM . F .

Minex

Minoi

MNN .MNO . . . . . .MNP .Mononitronaphthaiene

Mononi trophenol

Mox Explosives

Nassbrandpuiver (Ger)

Natrium Chlorate (Ger)

Natrium Perchlorate (Ger)

Natronsoipeter (Ger)

Neilite (Brit)

Nena .

.i=CTIGN i - 5

PAGE(OR TABLE NO!

44a ITable 3

Table 344a77

45

45

45Table 3Table 377

56

Table 3

69

Table 2

Table 2

56

36

46

46

71

46

30

15Table 3

Table 2Table 3Table 3Table 377

22

Table 3

Table 3

Table 3

69

Table 2


Table 1 . General index To Explosives, Solid Propellants, and Other Dangerous

N,N'-Dinitroethyleneurea . . Toble

N,N'-Dinitro-N,N'-Dihydroxy-Table Z

N,N'-Dinitro-N,N'-Dimethyloxamide . T a b I e 2N-Nitro-NMethylglycoamide Nitrate . Table 2NONA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50aNonanitroter pheny I2,2',2",4,4',4",6,6',6 " '- . . . . . 50a

Novit (Ger) . . . . . . . . . . . . 41NP (Ger) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54Nyperi to . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

ethyloxomide Dinitrate

Octal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77Olio Detonante (Ital) . . . . . . . 48Olio Esplosivo (Itol) . . . . . . . . 48

10

2 Petrin Acrylate-1Petx

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.Picramide . .Picrotol . .Picric Acid .Picrite (Brit)Pikrinsaure (Ger)Pipe . . . .Pistol Powder . . . . . . ,Plastic ExplosivePlartite . .Plumbatol .Potossium ChloratePotassium DinitrobanfuroxanPotassium NitratePotassium Perchlorate

Table 3Toble 2Toble 255564956Toble 247b282878Toble 378Table 3Toble ?

Solid Materials

NAME(OR ABBREVIATION) (OR

Having Explosive

PAGETABLE NO)

Characteristics (Continued)

NAME

(OR ABBREVIATION)PAGE

(OR TABLE NO'

NG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 P .A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

NGL (Ger) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 PB-RDX . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77Nigu (Ger) . . 49 PBXN-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51NIP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Toble 2 PBXN-4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52Niperyth . . . 54 PBXN-101 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 2Nitramex . . . 47 PBXN-102 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 2Ni tramon . . . 47 P.E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28Nitrate De Guonidine (Fr) 37 PentO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54Nitrate De Sodium (Fr) Table 3 Pentoerythrite Tetranitrote . . . . . 54Nitrate De Potassium (Fr) Toble 3 Pentoerythritol Tetranitrote . . . . 54Nitrato Ammonico (Ital) . . . . . . 18 Pentaerythritol Trinitroacrylate . . . Table 3Nitrato Di Sodio (Itol) . . . . . . . Table 3 Pentanol . . . . . . . . . . . . Toble 2Nitre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 3 Penthrite (Fr & Ger) . . . . . . . . 54Nitrocellulore Powder . . . . . . . 47b Penthrite (Ital) . . . . . . . . . . 53Nitroglicerino (Itol) . . . . . . . . 48 Pentol (Ger) . . . . . . . . . . . 53

Nitroglycerin . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Pentolite . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

Nitroglycerin Gelatin . . . . . . . 23 Pentrit (Ger) . . . . . . . . . . . 54Nitroglycerin Powder . . . . . . . . 47b Pentrite (Ital) . . . . . . . . . . 54

N i trogl y zerin (Ger) . . . . . . . . . 4 8 Pentritol (Ital) . . . . . . . . . . 53Nitroguanidine 49 Pentritol D . . . . . . . . . . . 53Nitroindene Polymer . . . . . . . . Table 2 Pentryl . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 2Nitrolit . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 Pentyl . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54Nitromonnite . Table 3 Toble 2Nitropenta (Ger) . . . . . . . . . 54 Perchlorate D'Ammonioque (Fr) 19Nitropentoerythrit (Ger) 54 Perclorato D i A m m o n i o (Ital) . . , 19Nitrostarch Explosives 50 Percloroto Di Potassio (Ital) Toble 3N-Methylethylenedinitramine Toble 2 Pertite (Ital) . 56N-Methyl-N,2,4,6,-Tetranitroaniline 64 PETN . 54N, N'-Dinitroethylenediamine 39 Petrin . . . . 54

Table 1

. General Index To Explosives, Solid Propellants, and Other DangerousSolid Materials Having Explosive Characteristics (Continued)

Pyro Powder . . . . . . . . . . 47b

330-516 0 - 69 - 2

SECTION 2-5

Tetranitrod ibenza-1,3a,4,6a-tetrazapenta line . . . . . . . . .

Table 2Tetroni tronaphtha lene . . . . . . . 63

. . . . . . . . . . .Ripe . . . . . . . . . . .R-Sol z . . . . . . . . . .

. .

. .. .

.

..

.

. Table 3

. 60

1, 3, 5, 7-Tetranitro - 1, 3, 5, 7tetracycle-octane . . . . . . . . 42

Tetra (Nitrominomethyl) Methane , , . Table 2Tetranitroaniline 2, 3, 4, 6 , , , , . Table 2

Solnitro (Ital) . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 3 Tetranitropentaerythritol . . . . . . . 54Saltpeter . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 3 Tetranol (Ger) . . . . . . . . . . . 67Saxonite (Brit) . . . . . . . . . . . 3 6 Tetrotol , , , , , , , , , , , , , , 65Schiesswolle 18 (Ger) . . . . . . . . 41 Tetryl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 4Schwarzpulver (Ger) . . . . . . . . . 2 2 Tetrylite . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64Semi-Gelatin Dynamite . . . . . . . . 3 6 Tetrytol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65Shellite (Brit) . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 TINA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71SH-Solz (Ger) . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 TN B , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , Table 2Shu l t z Powder . . . . . . . . . . . 47b TNTAB , , , , , , , , , , , , , . Table 3Siloidina (Ital) . . . . . . . . . . . 50 TNETB , , , , , , , , , , , , , , Table 2Silver Azide . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 3 TNT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66Sixolite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 2 Tolite (Fr) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66Sixonite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 2 Torpex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67Smokeless Powder. . . . . . . . . . 47b Torpex (Brit) . . . . . . . . . . . . 40Sodium Chlorate . . . . . . . . . . . Table 3 TPEON , , , , , , , , , , , , , . Table 2Sodium Nitrate . . . . . . . . . . . Table 3 TPX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67Sodium Nitrate Black . . . . . . . . 2 2 Trialene (Ger) . . . . . . . . . . . 6 7Sodium Perchlorate . . . . . . . . . Table 3 Trialine (Ger) . . . . . . . . . . . 67Spherohexagonal Black . . . . . . . 2 2 1,3,5-Triamino-2,4,6-Trinitrobenzene . 6 8Sprenggelotine (Ger) . . . . . . . . . 2 3 Tridite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69Sprengmunition 02 (Ger) . . . . . . . 6 6 Trilite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66Sprengol (Ger) . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Trimethylene-1,4,-Dinitram ine . . . . Table 2Sprengsalpeter (Ger) . . . . . . . . . 18 TrimethylolpropaneStraight Dynamite . . . . . . . . . . 61 Trinitrate 1,1,1- . . . . . . . . . Table 2Straight Nitrocellulose Powder . . . . 47b Trimonite . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70Styphnic Acid . . . . . . . . . . . Table 2 2,4,6-Trinitro-1,3-diamino-Sym-Trinitroanisole . . . . . . . . . 71 benzol , , , , , , , , , , , , , 31

(OR ABBREVIATION)

Polvera Nera (Ital) . . . .

(ORPAGETABLE

22

NO)NAME PAGE

(OR ABBREVIATION) (OR TABLE N0)

TACOT. , , , , , , , , , , , , , Table 2Poudre N (Fr) . . . . . . . . . . 22 TATB 68Poudre Noire (Fr) . . . . . . . . 22 TATNB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

TENA Table 2P-Series Explosives . . . . . . . 78 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

PTX-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Tetra (Ger) 64. . . . . . . . . . . . .

PTX-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 Tetrocene , , , , , , , , , , , , , Table 2

PTX-4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table Tetryllte . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

PVA-4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Tetramethylolcyclohexanol Pentanitrate Table 2

PV N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 3 Tetramethylolcyclohexanone . . . . . Table 2

Pyronite. . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 4 Tetramethylolcyclopentane Tetronitrate Table 2Tetramethylcyclopentonol Pentanitrate Table 2


Table 1 . General Index To Explosives, Solid Propellants, and Other DangerousSolid Materials Having Explosive Characteristics (Continued)

2


NAME

(OR ABBREVIATION) (OR

PAGE

TABLE NO)

Trinitroaniline 2,4,6. . . . . . . . . Table 2 Tritonal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72Trinitroonisole 2,4,6- Tri tone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66Trinitrobenzene 1,3,5- . . . . . . . Table 2 TO zinote . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452,2,2-Trinitro ethyl -4,4,4-Trinitrobutyrate Table 2 Trojan Explosive . . . . . . . . . . 50

Trinitroglycerin . . . . . . . . . . 48 Trotol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

Trinitro-M-Cresol 2,4,6- . . . . . . Table 2 Trotyl (Brit) . . . . . . . . . . . . 66Trinitrophenol 2,4,6- . . . . . . . . 56 TSMV I-101 (Ger) . . . . . . . . . . 41Trinitrophenylbutylnitramine .2 .4 .6 -

". Table 2 Tutol (Ger) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

2,4,6-Trinitrophenylenedi amine-(1,3) . 31 Type A Black Powder . . . . . . . . 22Trinitrophenylethylnitramine,2,4,6- . . Table 2 Type B Black Powder . . . . . . . . 22Trinitrophenyl Methyl Ether 2,4,6- . . 71 T4 (Ital) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60Trinitrophenylmethylnitromine 2,4,6- . 6 4(Trinitrophenylnitramino 2,4,6-)

Ethyl Nitrate . . . . . . . . . . . Table 2 Underwater Explosive . . . . . . . . 72Trinitrophenyltrimethylolmethylnitramine UWE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72Trinitrate 2,4,6- . . . . . . . . . Table 2

Trinitroresorcinol 2,4,6- . . . . . . Table 2Trinitroresorcinate De Plomb (Fr) . . . 45 Veltex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . TableTrinitroresorcinate Di Piombo (Itol) . . 45Trinitrotoluene 2,4,6- . . . . . . . 66Trinitrotriazidobenzene . . . . . . . Table 3 W-Sol z (Ger) . . . . . . . . . . . . 60Trinol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66Tripentoerythritol Dctonitrate . . . . Toble 2Tritol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 Xyloidin (Ger) . . . . . . . . . . . 50Tritolite (Ital) . . . . . . . . . . . 27Tritolo (Ital) . . . . . . . . . . . . 66Triton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 9404 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

Table 1 . General Index To Explosives, Solid Propellants, and Other DangerousSolid Materials Having Explosive Characteristics (Continued)

Unit 2

Japanese

SECTION 2-5

NO)

The character !*, yaku (explosive) is not included in the characters for each XrXwcinnnfinn

13

NAME i

!OR ABBREVIATION) (ORPAGETABLE NO)

*NAME(OR ABBREVIATION' (OR

PAGETABLE

Angoyaku * x . . . . . . . . . . 26 Oshitsuyaku . . . . . . . . . . . 26Otsu-B 7. . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

Chakatsuyaku 66 Pentoriru .,! ; r 1) -A , . . . . . . . . 5 3Chakuhatsu . . 66 Picurin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56Chauyaku . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 7 Picurusan . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

' Chikkaen 'j XL $a . . . . . . . . . "C

Raiko . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46Dainamaito 91 t -74X 61 Raisanuigin . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

Hanensosonbakuyaku . . . . . . . . . 73 Sanshoki Mechiira Nitoroamin 64

H2-Kongo " " ;,'c, o . . . . . . . . . 75 Sanshokitoruoro 66

H-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 5 Seigata 41

Shimose 56

Ko . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 Shoeiyaku 54

Kokushokuyaku . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Shotoyaku 16

Shouyoku bid fi .60

Motsu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23Meiayaku . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 Tanoyaku . . 6"'Muayaku . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 Type 88 Explosive Xl Xl yt 73Muenyaku . . . . . . . . . . . . . 476 Type91 Explosive ik 71

Type92 Explosive = . 66

-1, 1 Type 94 Explosive .. 'X 74Nigotanoyaku -

Nitroguriserin = F0 Y9-e9Y. .. .

.. .

. .. .

..

2 748 Type 97 Explosive 41

Type 98 Explosive k, XX 75

Oroyoku * 1X.

. . . . . . . . . . 70Dshokuyaku * 6 . . . . . . . . . 56 Yuenyaku A -0 . 22


T a b I e 1 General Index To Explosives, Solid Propellants, and Chher DangerousSolid Materials Having Explosive Characteristics (Continued)

NAME

PAGE

(OR ABBREVIATION)

(OR TABLE

a3NA CBNHQA . . . . . . . . . . . 44ad30THOHNCnblll dMMOHVN . . . . . 18d30THOHNCn bli HdnNU . . . . . . . Tabled30T0B0A0P0AHU11 HMCn0Tbl . . . . 44a

dMRTOp . . . . . . . . . _ _ _ _ 10

ammOHNMHBA CEPn"Tpa . . . . . . 18

Note . Refer to Table 2 for explosivedesignated A-I X-2.

83P6I 846TbIlk HIendTNN . . . . . . 23

. . . . . . 6 0

remcon . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

reNCOreH . . . . . . . . . . . . 60FP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

rpm4afl

PTYTb

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

46

ANNdMNTbI . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

AbiMHbl11 nopox . . . . . . . . . 22

Men. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56MEIINHNT . . . . . . . . . . . . .

58

NO)

3

HNPOrmePNH . . . . . . . . . . 48

HNTPOT dMMOHNA . . . . . . . . . 18

HNTPOT MANIA . . . . . . . . . . Table 3

HNTPdT HdTPNA . . . . . . . . . . Table 3

Unit 3

Russian

NAME

PAGE

(OR ABBREVIATION)

(OR TABLE NO)

HNTPOMEndTMH . . . . . . . . . . 23

nEPXnOPaT ammoNNA . . . . . . . . 19

nEPXflOPdT HdTPNA . . . . . . . . .

Table 3

nNHPdT 3MMOHNA . . . . . . . . . 20

nWHPNH08d8 HNCDOTd . . . . . . . 56

CBNHu08dA COnb . . . . . . . . . . 44a

I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64

TeTPHA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

THT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

THPC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

T0n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

TPNHNTPOrPNIjePNH . . . . . . . . 48

TPNHNTP0Pe30PQNHdT CBNHud . . . . 45TPNHNTPOTOnyon . . . . . . . . . . 66TPHHNTPOmeHOfl . . . . . . . . . . 56TPOTNn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

T)H . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

HEPHbli nOPOX . . . . . . . . . . . 22

xnoPOT HanmA . . . . . . . .

. Table 3XnOPdT HBTPNA

Table 3

XnOPHOBOTOHNCnbIN HanmN . . . . . . Tobie 3Xn0PHOHNCnb1N aMMOHNH . . . . . . 19

Other names : Technical and U .

S.

- Ammonal . BurroMite ;

t - Minol

Composition : An explosive mixture containing ammonium nitrate, TNT, ar-aluminum .

State : Solid .

Color: Gray .

Melting point : Mixtures with less than 40 percent TNT do not melt. Mixtures containingover 40 percent TNT form a suspension of aluminum in molten TNT at temperatures above1780 F. (81 0 C.) .

Solubility : Ammonium nitrate is soluble in water; TNT is soluble in acetone and carbontetrachloride; aluminum is insoluble in most solvents .

Sensitivity :

ALUMATOL

As a rule, this explosive is considered to be insensitive

Velocity of detonation : 20,800 feet per second at a density of 1 .7 grams per milliliter.

Detonating temperature: 4900 F. (2540 C.) .

Stability : Stable when dry.Very hygroscopic ; moisture accelerates decomposition .Burns underwater or on the surface.Will detonate If steamed or trepanned.Reacts with bronze, brass, copper, galvanized iron and, especially, lead. Does notattack aluminum, steel, or stainless steel.

Toxicity :

Method of loading : Mixtures with less than 40 percent TNT are press loaded . Mixturesare cast loaded when TNT content exceeds 40 percent.

Method of unloading : Wash out with cold water. Cannot be steamed out as it may deto-nate .

Use: A main-charge explosive reportedly used by most foreign countries. Used in under-water ordnance by the British. The United States employs this type of explosive for bet-ter observation in proving ground tests of high explosive shells because of the brilliantflash produced .

Rsmorkr :

SECTION 2-S

er, I


16

Other names ; Fr - Amatol ; Ger -" Fullpulver ; Ital - Amotolo; Jap - Shotoyaku; Russama1011,

Composition :

A mixture of ammonium nitrate

and

TNT; the percentage b y

weight of am-monium nitrate varies from 40 to SO percent.

State : Crystalline.

Color: Yellow to dark brown depending on the composition and purity of components .

Melting point : Mixture consisting of SO percent ammonium nitrate and 20 percent TNT byweight does not melt . As the concentration of TNT increases, the mixture melts at ap-proximately the melting point of TNT, 1780 F. (81 0 C.) .

Solubility ; TNT is "

oluble in acetone and carbon tetrachloride; ammonium nitrate is verysoluble in water.

Sensitivity : Less sensitive to detonation than TNT, but is readily detonated by mercuryfulminate and other high explosives .With increasing concentration of ammonium nitrate . this "

xplorive becomes more diffl-cult to initiate .

Velocity

o f

detonation :

14,500 to 2

1,300 feet per second at a density of approximately1.54 grams per milliliter.

Detonating temperature : Approximately 4890 F. (254 0 C.).

Stability : Very hygroscopic and therefore is usually protected by a sealing pour of TNT.In tl:e presence of moisture attacks copper, brass, and bronze, forming dangerouslysensitive compounds. May corrode steel when dry.

Becomes fluid or plastic when hot.

Toxicity :

Remarks:

AMATOL

Method of loading: Cast, extruded, or pressed depending on the concentration of am-monium nitrate .

Method of unloading : May be steamed out if no exudate or ammonia odor is present .Wash out with cold water if an exudate is present or if ammonia odor prevails .

Not< . C^moositions containing 40 percent or more TNT can be steamed out. Composi-tiL-.yy containing less than 40 percent TNT will not melt .

Use: A main-charge explosive employed by practically all foreign countries. Used inthe U. S. as a substitute explosive in J-inch, 155-mm ., and larger shells . Also used inbombs and bangalore torpedoes.

AMMONIA DYNAMITE

other names : Fr .. Ammoniadynamite;

Ger

-

Ammon-dynamit;

Ital

-

Ammondynamit .

Composition :

Ammonium

nitrate

is the

principal

explosive

ingredient

in

ammonia

dyna-mite, replacing some of the sodium nitrate and approximately 60 percent of the nitroglyc-erin as found in straight dynamite.

State: Granular material .

Color:

Malting point : Does not melt .

Solu biIity :

Sensitivity :

Less flammable and less "

ansitive to "

hock and friction than straight dyna-mite .May be set off with a commercial No. 6. No . S, or Engineer Corps special blastingcaps .

Velocity of datonotion : 7,000 to 13,000 feet per second . Varies with strength of am-monia dynamite .

Datonoting tamparotura :

Stability :

i'iygroscopic ; water resistance is poor.If sufficient moisture is absorbed, nitroglycerin will exude and cartridge becomes dan-gerous .

Toxicity : Not markedly toxic. Excessive handling, however. may produce toxic effectsof nitroglycerin.

Method of loading: Usually put up in cartridges or cylinders, but is sometimes prepareda* a free flowing material.

Method of unlooding : Cartridges or cylinders may be slit to remove loose fill .

Caution: Deterioration makes this procedure extremely hazardous.

Use: Employed in demolition work for quarrying, stump blasting, and underground workwhere ventilation is good. Not generally used in underwater work.

Ramorks :

SECTION 2-5

1 7


1 8

AMMONIUM NITRATE

Other names : Fr - azotate d1ammoniaque ; Ger - Sprengsalpeter, Ammoniumnitrat,Ammonsalpeter; ltal - Nitrato ammonico ; Russ .. d301HOHO[Abli aMMOHOAdMMOHOOHdR

CPpnoTpa,

HOT pa1

dMMOHOR .

Campos! Lion ; NH4N03 "

Stote: Crystalline powder .

Color : White.

Melting point : 325-3380 F. (163-1700 C.) .

Solubility ; Very soluble in water. slightly soluble-In ethyl alcohol; soluble in warmmethyl alcohol. Absorbs moisture readily.

Sensitivity ; Insensitive to Impact . May be detonated by a charge of explosive. Sensi-tiveness is increased by the addition of explosive substances such as nitroglycerin.nitrocellulose, or aromatic nitro compounds ; sensitiveness is also Increased by the ad-dition of nonexplosive combustible materials such as rosin, sulfur, charcoal, flour,sugar, or oil. Being a powerful oxidizing agent, It will Increase the spread and Inten-sity of combustion of any flammable material .

velocity of detonation : 3,600 - 9,000 feet per second .

Detonating temperature : Complete detonation of pure material is very difficult; boosteror special blasting cap is required .

Stability:'

Very

stable ;

Ignites

at

5690

F.(4650C .) .

In

the

presence

of

moisture,

reactswith copper, iron, steel, brass, lead, and cadmium.

Toxicity : Not toxic and does not cause dermatitis; no special precautions required forhandling. Fumes of exploded ammonium nitrate are considered dangerous .

Method of loading : Pressed or cast, depending on the Composition of the mixture.

Method of unloading : Wash out with water.

Use: Oxidizing agent. Used alone primarily as a cratering charge, and in ditching andquarrying operations . Also used as an explosive ingredient of mixtures used in bombsor large caliber shells .

Remorks :

AMMONIUM PERCHLORATE

SECTION 2-5

Other nomes: Fr , Perchlorate d'ammoniaque ; Ger - Ammonperchlorat; Ital - Percloratodi ammonio; Russ ..X f1EPXX9UPd1 dMMOHOP, Xn0PHOHNCJ1610 aMMOHON .

Composition : N114C104'

State: Powder .

Color: White.

Melting point: Decomposes before melting.

Solubility : Soluble in water, slightly soluble in ethyl alcohol and acetone, insoluble inether.

Sensitivity : About as sensitive to shock as picric acid, but considerably more sensitiveto friction ; more difficult to initiate by detonation than picric acid .

Velocity of detonotion :

Detonating tcmpcroture : 815 0 F. (435 0 C.) .

Stability:

Nonhygroscopic ; mote stable and less reactive than the chlorates ; much saferin contact with combustible substances.

Toxicity : Relatively nontoxic , does not cause dermatitis.

Method of loading:

Method of unlooding :

Use: Universally employed in primer, pyrotechnic, and propellant compositions ; sev-eral foreign nations have employed perchlorate compositions as main charges ih bombsand mines.

Remarks:


20

Other names: Technical and U . S, - Ammonium trinitrophenolate . Dunnite, Explosive D ;Ger - Ammonpikrat; Ru s s

- nVHVOT 8MMOHORI ,

Composition :

A

compound

having

the

formula

HN40' C6H2 -(NO 2)3.

State : Crystalline material .

Color: Yellow, yellow-orange, or red .

Melting point: 5090 F. (2650 C.) with decomposition .

Solubility : Slightly soluble in ethyl alcohol and in cold water; soluble in hot water.

Sensitivity : The least sensitive of military explosives to shock and friction. Althoughless Sensitive than TNT, it Can be exploded by severe shock or friction . Requires abooster for detonation.

Velocity

of

detonation : 23,100 feet per second at s density of 1 .5 grams per milliliter .

Detonating

temperature:

6040F .

(318 0C .) .

Remarks :

AMMONIUM PICRATE

Stability: Very stable if stored properly.Moderately hygroscopic . Moisture reduces explosive strength and sensitivity to deto-nation .

In the presence of moisture, reacts readily with lead, steel, and nickel plated steel;reacts slightly with copper plated or zinc plated steel, and bronze . When wet. reactsslowly with iron, lead, and copper to form explosive salts. Reaction with metals isnegligible when dry.

Highly flammable. Burns readily like tar or resin.May detonate when heated to temperatures as high as 401 0 F. (2050 C.) .

Toxicity : Not markedly toxic, but discolors skin end may cause dermatitis. Avoid in-halation of explosive dust .

Method of loading: Loaded by being pressed into cases by li hydraulic tam. Its meltingpoint

i s too

high for

it

to

be melted

and

cast .

Method of unloading: Steaming out is not practicable because its melting point is toohigh . May be washed out with hot water.

Use: A main-charge explosive used in explosive ordnance which must withstand severeshock and stresses before detonating, such as armor-piercing bombs and projectiles. Em-ployed as the standard main-charge for all Navy projectiles over 3-inch caliber .

Other names:

BARATOL

Composition : A mixture of barium nitrate and TNT.

State : Solid.

Color: Straw to yellow .

Molting point : 1760 to 2030 F. (800 to 950 C.) .

Solubility : Soluble in acetone.

Sensitivity :

Sensitivity to heat, shock, or friction is greater than that of TNT.

Velocity

of

deto no t i o n:

19,700 to

23,000 feet

per

second at

a density

of approximately

1.7 grams per milliliter.

Detonoting temperature : Approximately 464 0 F. (2400 C.) .

Stability : Stability in storage is good. Very stable to heat . Retains sensitiveness todetonation after prolonged warm storage.

Nonhygroscopic and is not adversely affected by moisture .

Toxicity : Toxic effects are peculiar to components . TNT is appreciably toxic; bariumnitrate is very poisonous.

Method of loading : May be melted and cast .

Method of unloading : May be steamed out using a saturated solution of baking soda(sodium bicarbonate) .

Use : A main-charge explosive used in British bombs.

Remorks:

SECTI ON 2-5

2 1


BLACK POWDER

Other names : Technical end U. S. - Block cannon powder, Black shell powder, Blackfuze powder, Sodium nitrate black, Spheroheregonel black, Type A black powder, Type Bblack powder; Fr - Poudre noire, Poudre N; Ger - Schwarzpulver, Nassbrandpulver; Ital-Polvere nera ; Jep - Kokusokuyeku. Yuenyeku ; Rugs - AbIMHbIII flopox, 4i?PHbIH f10Pol,

Composition:

A mechanical mixture of finely pulverized potassium or " odium nitrate,charcoal, end sulfur .

State: Grains of various sizes. Grains may be pressed into plates . prisms, cubes, endother regular shapes.

Color: Slate-gray color having e dull polish . Indivlduel grains are ueuelly coated withgraphite which reduces sliding friction end Imparts e 0 hlny black eppeerence .

Melting point: Does not melt.

Solubility : Desensitized when placed in water because the potassium or "

odium nitratedissolves out. The water weshrng, however, must be separated from the residue because.if wet end permitted to dry, black powder may resume its explosive properties .

Sensitivity :

Considered the moat sensitive of all bulk explosives .

Very sensitive tofriction, heat, end impact .

Burning rote :

The burning rate ie difficult to control .

A representative burning rate is1,200 feet per second .

Detonating temperature: Approxlmetely 6730 F. (3560 C .) .

Stability : Very stable when properly stored .Unaffected by moderately high temperatures, end is not subject to "

ponteneoue combus-tion at ordinary storage temperatures .

Very hygroscopic . Deteriorates irregularly when exposed to moisture .Attacks all common metals. except stainless steel, when wet or excessively moist.

Toxicity : Not merkedly toxic end generally does not cause dermatitis .

Method of loading : Granular loaded or pressed .

Method of unlooding : May b- ")oured, or washed out with water.

Use: Present military use is limited to ignition end primer charges, time train rings intime end combination fuzes, delay pellets for primers end fuzes, base detonating torpedoimpulse end propellant charges. blank ammunition, smoke-puff end "

potting charges,bursting

charges

for

practice

bombs

end

shells . end ignition pads for bege O>'

0

mokeleeepowder .

Remarks:

Other namer : Technical and U. S. - Nitroglycerin gelatin; Fr - Gelatine explosif,Dynamite-gomme;

Ger

.. Sprenggelatine ; Ital - Gelatina esplosiva; Jap .. Matsu; RussB3Pbi B481bli HIQp81AH, HOTPOH1E0818H .

Composition :

A mixture o f nitroglycerin and about 7 percent by weight of a low-nitratedcellulose .

State: Translucent, elastic mass .

Color : Yellow.

Malting point : Does not melt.

Solubillty : Soluble in acetone.

BLASTING GELATIN

SensitiVity : Less sensitive to shock, impact, and friction than straight dynamite .Unlike straight dynamite, it is mote sensitive when frozen .May be

set off

by

a

No.

6,

No.

S,

or Engineer Corps special blasting cap.

Most diffi-cult nitroglycerin dynamite to detonate .

Velocity of detonation :

23,600 feet per second at a density of approximately 1.6 gramsper milliliter .

Detonating temperature: Detonating temperature is very low.

Stability : After long storage at above average temperatures it becomes less sensitive todetonation, and may become incapable of detonation .Nonhygroscopic with excellent water resisting properties .May generate poisonous fumes.

Toxicity : Fumes from its explosion are poisonous; otherwise not markedly toxic.

Method of loading : Usually put up in cartridges .

Method of unloading: Cartridges may be slit to remove the loose fill

Caution: This procedure is hazardous if the explosive has deteriorated.

Use : Most powerful commercial explosive. Used in underwater work and where highbrisance is required .

Remarks:

SECTION 2-5

23


24

Other names:

Composition:

13oriC acid (60 percent) and TNT (40 percent) .

State:

Color:

Dyed various colors by manufacturers for identification .

Melting point:

Solubility : Soluble in anything that will dissolve TNT.

Sensitivity: Insensitive to shock.


Detonating tcmperoturc :

Stability:

Toxicity : Same as TNT.

Method of loading:

BORAGTOL

Method of unlooding: Sterms readily; boric acid may be leached out with water and theremaining TNT handled in the normal manner .

U se :

Rematkal Leaves an explosive residue after bumlng.

Other names :

Composition : A mixture of RDX (97.5 percent), calcium a

tearate (1 .5 percent), graphite(0 .5 percent), and polyisobutylene (0 .5 percent) .

State: Coated crystals .

Color: Gray .

Molting point : 399.2 0 F. (2040 C .) .Solubility :

Moderately a

oluble in hot 0

cetone ; readily "

oluble In hot phenol .

Sensitivity : Has t h e

same sensitivity as tetryl .

Velocity of dotonotion :

27,000 feel per second at a density of 1 .6 grarna per milliliter .Detonating temperature: 3850 to 4060 F. (1960 to 207.6' C .) .

Stability : Storage 0

tability is considered very good . Not 0

dvereely effected by moisture .

Toxicity : Not markedly toxic end generally does not cause dermatitis . if ingested, how-ever, may effect the central nervous 0

yetem.

Method o f loadingt Pressed.

Method of unloading :

Use : A boortcr explosive.

Remarks:

CH-6

SECTI ON 2-5


Other names : Ger - Hs ; Jap _ Angayaku, Oshitsuyaku.

Composition : A mixture of RDX and plasticizing oil or wax. Composition A, A-2, and A-3 differ only in the method of preparation .

State: Granular or solid.

COMPOSITION A, A-2, AND A-3.

Color: White to buff. Foreign compositions may be any color as dyed waxes are sometimes used .

Molting point: 3920 to 4460 F. (2000 to 2300 C.) .

klubility : Moderately soluble in acetone; readily soluble in hot phenol .

Sensitivity:

Somewhat more sensitive than TNT.

Velocity of detonation : 26,900 feet per second at a density of 1.6 grams per milliliter .

Detonating temperature: Approximately 4820 F. (2500 C .)

Stability : Very stable even when subjected to increases in temperature . Wax may exude,depending on the melting point of the wax.Nonhygroscopic, and not adversely affected by moisture .Reacts but little or not at all with the common metals .

Toxicity : Not markedly toxic and generally doer not cause dermatitis .

Method of loading : Press loaded.

Method of unloading: Wash out with suitable solvents . Steaming out is impracticable be-cause melting point is too high.

Use: A main-charge explosive for A. A. Shells . Suitable for use in minor caliber (20-mm ., 37-mm., and 40-mm .) shells. May be used as a booster and can he used in armor-piercing shells because of its insensitivity and high brisance .

Remarks :

State : Nonplastic solid.

COMPOSITION B, AND B-2.

Other names : Technical and u. s . - Cyclotol (B-2 only) ; Ital _Tritollte; Jap _ Nigo-tanoyaku, Chauyaku .

Composition : Composition B refers specifically to a mixture of RDX, TNT, and beeswaxor similar wax. Composition B-Z or cyclotol is an unwaxed composition of RDX and TNT.The waxed and unwaxed compositions have identical properties except that the unwaxedcomposition is slightly more sensitive .

Color: Pale or light yellow to brownish yellow or brown .

Melting point : Composition B doer not have a sharp melting point. At temperaturesabove the melting point of TNT, the RDX is suspended in the meltedTNT and wax. Composition B-2 melts at approximately 1780 F. (810 C .) .

SolubiIIty :

Sensitivity : Less sensitive than tetryl, but more sensitive then TNT. Wax has a smallbut distinct desensitizing effect.May be detonated by a No . 8 commercial electric detonator buried beneath the surface,but fails when the detonator is merely in surface contact with the explosive .

Velocity of detonation : 25,400 feet per second at a density of 1.7 gramsConsidered to be one of the most powerful of explosives .

Detonating temperature:

Approximately 491 0 F. (2550 C .) .

Stability : Stability in storage la good .Nonhygroscoplc and not adversely affected by moisture .Corrodes magnesium, magnesium-aluminum alloy, and brass readily .Dry or in the presence ofmoisture attacks copper, brass, and mild steel.Will bum when unconfined .

Toxicity :

A poisonous explosive that produCes toxic effects peculiar to its components .

Method of loading : A cast explosive.

Method of unloading : May be steamed out; however, once steaming has begun, continueuntil completed. When the explosive is allowed to cool, the crystals shrink . Reapplica-tion of heat expands the crystals, causing friction between them with possible detonationof the explosive .

Caution: RDX is sensitive to shock and friction ; therefore, do not allow the a team noz-zle to move freely in the container from which the explosive is being removed.

Use: A main-charge explosive used in warheads of guided missiles, in mines, and in tor-pedoes ; it is authorized as a filling for AN (Army-Navy) standard aircraft bombs. May beused in boosters for large bombs . in demolition charges, and in large caliber projectiles.

Remarks:

330-516 0 - 69 - 3

per milliliter .

SECTION 2-5

27


COMPOSITION C, C-2, AND C-3

Outer names: Technical and U . S . - Plastic explosive, P . E., plastite

Composition :

Composition

C -A mixture of RDX and an inert plasticizer.Composition

C-2 -A mixture of RDX plus nitrocotton end an explosive plasticizer con-taining no tetryl .

Composition C-3 -A mixture of RDX plus nitrocotton and a plasticizer containing tetrylsubstituted in part for RDX.

$tote : A plastic material resembling putty

Color: Compositions C and C-2 - white; Composition C-3 - yellow to brown

Melting point : Does not have a sharp melting point.

Solubility :

Sensitivity : Considerably less sensitive than TNT.May not always be detonated by a No . S blasting cap, but will usually be detonated byan Engineer Corps special blasting cap.

Velocity of detonation : 25,000 feet per second at a density of 1 .6 grams per milliliter .

Detonating temperature : Approximately 3420 F. (1720 C.).

Stability ; May exude in storage at room temperature, but does not lose sensitivity to ini-tiation.Moderately hygroscopic, but not adversely affected by moisture .Composition C-3 does not react with aluminum or mild steel . It reacts slightly withbrass and copper .

Composition C-3 catches fire easily and bums with an intense flame.If burned in large quantities, the hear generated may make it explode.

Toxicity : Composition C-3 is poisonous, and may cause dermatitis ; explosion fumes arepoisonous .

Method

of loading : Generally manufactured in blocks covered with wax paper

and cardboard .

Method of unloodlng : May be steamed out. However, once steaming has begun, it shouldbe continued until completed. If the explosive is allowed to cool, the crystals willshrink. Reapplication of heat expands the crystals, causing friction between them withpossible detonation of the explosive .

Caution: RDX is sensitive to shock and friction ; therefore, do not allow the steamnozzle to move freely in the container from which the explosive is being removed.

Use: A main-charge explosive used In demolition work . Can be used underwater .

Remarks :

COMPOSITION C-4

Other npnles : Technical and U. S. - Harrisite

Composition : A mixture composed principally of RDX with varying amounts ofing oil. diethylhexylsebacate, and polyisobutylene .

State: Plastic mass resembling putty.

Color: White.

Melting point : Does not have a sharp melting point.

Solubility : Slightly soluble in acetone.

Sensitivity:

Similar to TNT in sensitivity .Consistently detonated by an Engineer Corps special blasting cap or primacord ifpressed into the explosive before firing .

Velocity of dstonotion : 26.500 feet per second at a density of approximately 1.6 gramsper milliliter .

Detonating temperature: Approximately 386.60 F. (1970 C .) .

Stability : Stability in storage is considered good .Nonhygroscopic and not adversely affected by moisture .Does not react with most common metals .

Toxicity : Not markedly toxic end generally does not cause dermatitis .

Method of loading : Normally prepared in 21/2-pound blocks, and wrapped in wax paper .

Method of unloading : May be removed from containerr by hand or with a wooden paddle .

Use : A main-charge explosive used in demolition work and can be used underwater .

Remarks :

SECTION 2-5

29


30

DBX

Other names: Technical and U. S. - Depth bomb explosive, Minex .

Composition:

A mixture composed of equal amounts of RDX and ammonium nitrate, com-bined with TNT and aluminum . A variation of DBX, designated Minex, contains a largerpercentage of ammonium nitrate than RDX.

State: Solid.

Color: Gray.

Melting point: Between 1850 and 221 0 F. (850 and 1050 C.) .


Sensitivity : Closely resembles, although less sensitive than Torpex .

Velocity of detonation : 22,300 feet per second at a density

Detonating temperature: Approximately 4900 F . (2540 C .) .

Toxicity :

Method of loading: Con be cast.

Method of unloading : Wash out with suitable solvent.

Remarks:

of 1.68 grams per milliliter

Stability: Stability in storage is considered poor.Somewhat hygroscopic ; hygroscopicity results from, end increases with, the percentage

of ammonium nitrate.Corrodes brass and steel.May detonate if steamed or trepanned .Burns underwater .

Use: A main-charge explosive particularly suitable for use in depth bombs since it is"

lightly superior to Torpex, with respect to underwater shock .

1,3 .. DIAMINO - 2,4,6 - TRINITROBENZENE

Other names: 2,4,6 - Trinitro - 1 .3 .. diamino-benzol, 2,4,6 - Trinitrophenylenediamine-(l,3), DATNB, DATB .

Composition : C6HSN506 .

State: Crystalline.

Color: Yellow .

Melting point: 5450 F. (2850 C.) . Decomposes at about 10 percent per hour at 5360 F.(280 0 C.) . Decomposition increases rapidly from about 5000 F. (2600 C .) .

Solubility : Slightly soluble in hot glacial acetic acid, diozane, and nitrobenzene .

Sensitivity : Comparable to explosive D.

Velocity of dotonotion : 24,272 feet per second .

Dotonoting temperature : 5900 to 6080 F. (310 0 to 3200 C .) .

Stability : Stable at usual storage temperatures .

Toxicity :

Considered of a low order; toxic only at hlgh dose levels .

Method o f loading : Pressed.

Method of unloading:

Use: Special application in warheads of high speed guided missiles,

Remarks:

SECTION 2-5

3 1


32

Color: Yellow to brown .

Molting point : 3150 F. (1570 C .) .

DIAZODINITROPHENOL

Other MOMes' Technical and U. S. - DDNP . Dinol, 4, 6-Dinitrobenzene-2-diazo-l-oxide

Composition : A compound having the formula C6H2N405 .

State: Noncrystalline powder or granular material .

Solubility : Slightly soluble in ethyl alcohol and ethyl acetate . Soluble in acetone andnitrobenzene.

Sensitivity: More insensitive to shock than mercury fulminate and lead azide ; less sensi-tive to friction than mercury fulminate.More sensitive in priming mixtures than when in the pure state.Can be set off by flame, shock, heat, or electric spark.Cannot be exploded underwater by a commercial No . 8 blasting cap.

Velocity of detonation : 22,600 feet per second at a density of 1 .6 grams per milliliter

Detonating temperature: 3830 F . (1950 C .) .

Stability : Stable in storage with no loss in power.Darkens rapidly on exposure to sunlight .Slightly hygroscopic ; does not react with water at ordinary temperatures, but is desensi-tized by it.

Reacts slightly with copper and readily with lead azide.If confined, flame will cause it to flash but will not detonate it.

Toxicity :

Method of loading: Press loaded

Method of unloading: Wash out with acetone or nitrobenzene . Should not be steamed out;very sensitive to heat, shock, and friction.

Use: A primary explosive used as a component of priming mixtures and as an initiator.Not widely used in the United States . Used in commercial blasting caps and as a substi-tute for mercury fulminate.

Remarks:

Other names: Technical and U.S .-3,3'-Diamino-2,2',4,4',6,6'-hexanitrodipheny1, .Dipicramid, Dipicramide .

Composition:

State: Solid.

Color: Yellow .

Melting

point: 5830 F. (306C' C.) .


Sensitivity: Between that of TNT and composition A.

Velocity of detonation : 26,500 feet per second .

Detonating temperature :

Stability : Good thermal stability at 500 F. (260° C.) ; decomposition is 0.2 to 0.3% per hour.

Toxicity : None .

Method of loading : Pressed .


DIPAM

A compound having the formula C12 H6 N8 012

SECTION 2-5

Use : Flexible linear shaped charges (FLSC) and metal-sheathed mild detonating fuze (MDF) for stageseparation in Polaris missile . MDF also used for canopy separation on the F-1 11 aircraft.

Remarks : Used where explosive must withstand high temperatures . Propagates effectively in small diam-eter around sharp bends. MDF is loaded 15 grains per foot, could be reduced t o 0 .2 8 grains per foat . F1"SCwill cut with core loads of 20 grains per foot and a detonating velocity of 22,000 feet per second.

Other names:

Composition :

Stote: Solid.

Color: Yellow .

Melting point : 1760 to 1940 F . (800 to 900 C.) .

Solubility : Partially soluble in water and alcohol; very soluble in acetone.

Sensitivity : More sensitive to impact and initiation than TNT, but less than tetryl,P ETN . RDX, or haleite .About as sensitive as picric acid .

Velocity of detonation : 24,000 feet per second at a density of 1.6 grams per milliliter.

Detonating temperature :St ob i I i t y :

Withstands

storage

without

change

in

stability

and

does

not

undergo

exudationat temperatures usually encountered in storage. Stability decreases at elevated tempera-tures.Nonhygroscopic ; may hydrolyze in the presence of moisture, but not appreciably.When dry, causes very slight corrosion of copper, brass, mild steel. and zinc . In thepresence of moisture, corrosion is much more pronounced, and cadmium and nickelalso are affected .

Toxicity :

A mixture consisting of ethylenedinitramine (haleite) and TNT.

Method of loading : Can be cast .

Remarks :

EDNATOL

Method

of

u n Io odi ng :

Wash

out

with

available

suitable

solvent.

Use: A main-charge explosive designed to ease the shortage of RDX. May be used ingrenades,

rockets,

high-explosive-antitank

shells, and as a substitute for Composition 13in large General Purpose (G .P.) bombs and fragmentation bombs. Used by the UnitedStates in 90- and 260-pound fragmentation bombs as an alternate explosive.

SECTION 2-5

3 3


34

Other names : Technical and U . S . - EDD .

Composition : A compound having the formula (CH2 "NH2 -HN03)2 .

State : Crystalline solid .

Color : Colorless when pure .

Melting point :

3650 to 368.3 0 F . (1850 to 1870 C .) .

SOIubillty : Readily soluble in water .

Sensitivity :

Less sensitive to impact and initiation than TNT

Velocity of detonation : Reported to have B low velocity of detonation .


Stability :

Although less stable then tetryl . i t is not considered as having poor stabilityDecomposes with formation of brown fumes et 5180 F . (2700 C.) .Does not explode to 6800 F . (3600 C .) .

Toxicity :

Method of loading : Can be press loaded .

Method of unloading : Wash out with water

Remarks :

ETHYLENEDIAMINE DINITRATE

Use : A main-charge explosive used to s limited extent by the Germans as a burstingcharge .

Other names :

Composition: A mixture of HMX (49 percent), TNT (29 percent) . and aluminum (22 per-cent) .

State: Solid .

Color: Gray .

Melting point:

Solubility :

Sensitivity :



Stability :

Toxicity :

Method of loading: Cast .


Use:

HE shell and bomb filler

EXPLOSIVE COMPOSITION HTA-3

Remarks:

HTA-3 may also be made from Oflol (65 .3 pert) . TNT (12 7 percent) . and

aluminum (22 .0 percent) .

SECTION 2-5

35


Other names: "technical and U. S, - Gelatin ; British - Gelignite, Saxonite;French - Gelatine Dynamite .

Composition:preparation.

State: Plastic mass .

Color: Brown .

Melting point: Does not melt.

Solubility : Soluble In acetone.

GELATIN DYNAMITE

Similar to straight dynamite in composition differing only in the method of

Sensitivity: Sensitivity is comparable to that of tetryl.May be set off by a No. 6, No. 8. or Engineer Corps special blasting cap

Velocity of detonation : 13,000 to 22,000 feet per second. Varies with the strength ofthe gelatin dynamite .


Stability : Tends to become less sensitive to detonating agents when stored, especiallyif stored at somewhat elevated temperatures .Considered to be nonhygroscopic, however, certain grades containing a high percentage

of sodium nitrate may display hygroscoplc characteristics.

Toxicity : Not markedly toxic; excessive handling, however, may produce toxic effects ofnitroglycerin .

Method of loading: Usually prepared es a cartridge .


Use : A military as well as commerical explosive, its use varies with its strength arcgrade. It is suitable for use in wet holes because of good water-resisting properties, antiused in underground work since a very low volume of poisonous gas is emitted on detona-tion. The British use gelignites in antitank mines. in the sticky grenade. and for demolition. Italy and Germany reportedly used gelignites for a variety of purposes, particularlyin grenades.

Remarks : Ammonia gelatin dynamite and semi-gelatin dynamite are two other forms ;)fgelatin dynamite .Ammonia gelatin dynamite differs from gelatin dynamite to that aMMOnlum nitrate is one

of the components of the mixture replacing some nitroglycerin, and sodium nitrateSemi-gelatin dynamite contains only a small fraction of a percent of the soluble nitrateused in gelatinizing ammonia gelatin, and gelatin dynamite .

Other name : Fr _. Nitrate de guanidine.

Composition :

NH2 C " (NH)-NH2 "HN03

state. Crystalline material .

Color : White.

Melting point : 403 0 to 4210 F. (206 to 2160 C .) .

Solubility : Readily soluble in water and moderately soluble in ethyl alcohol.

Sensitivity : TNT class .


Detonoting temperature :

Stobility :

Toxicity :

Method of loading:


GUANIDINE NITRATE

Use; Primary application is in propellant compositions ; has also been employed as acomponent of high explosive mixtures .

Remorks : Should not be confused with nitroguanidine .

SECTION 2-5

-ENERAL EOD INFORMATION,TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS (SURFACE)

38

Other names :


Composition: RDX (45 percent), TNT (30 percent), aluminum (20 percent), D-2 Wax (5percent), calcium chloride (added) (0.5 percent) .

State : Solid .

Color. Gray .

Melting point: Considered to be that of TNT or 1760 F. (81 0 C.) .

Solubility : Major components ate soluble in acetone.

Sensitivity :

Less

sensitive

than

t orp ex

and

slightly

more

than

TNT.

About

the

sameorder of sensitivity as composition B.

Detonating temperoture : Approximately 365 0 to 5001 F . (1850 to 2600 C .) .

Stability :

Stability in storage is good . At temperatures above 1490 F. (650 C.) . the waxdesensitizer may exude.Nonhygroscopic and not adversely affected by moisture .Reacts only very slightly with copper, brass, and steel when dry. Attacks all metalsexcept aluminum and stainless steel when moist or in the presence of moisture .

Toxicity : Produces toxic effects peculiar to its components . TNT is the only compo-nent that Is significantly toxic .

Method of loading : A cast explosive.

Method of unloading : May br steamed out.

Use : High explosive charge, primarily used in air blast ordnance .

Remarks :

Other

noms, :

Technical and U . S -Ethylenedinitramine, N, N

" Dinitroethylene-diamine . EDNA, Explosive 11 .

Composition :

HALE IYE

A compound having the formula 2(C112NHNU2) .


Color : White to buff .

Melting

point :

Melts with decomposition at 345 .2' to 351 .1 0 F. (1740 to 177 .3 C .) .

Solubility : Soluble in water . ethyl or methyl alcohol, and acetone .

Sensitivity :

Almost es sensitive to initiation es tetryl .Less sensitive than tetryl and more sensitive than TNT to impactConsidered less sensitive than TNT to rifle bullet impact .

Velocity of detonation : 24,000 to 25 .400 feet per second at a density of 1.5 grams permilliliter.

Detonating

temperature : May detonate at a temperature of 356 0 F (1800 C) or a little lessin the manner of an initiating explosive .

Stability : Considered to beof satisfactory stability at the temperature to which it may besubjected during handling and storage .

At elevated temperature, undergoes decomposition at rates which increase rapidly withincrease in temperature .

Slightly hygroscopic . May hydrolyze slightly in the presence of moisture giving an acidreaction.

When dry, does not react with most common metals, but in the presence of moisture,most common metals except aluminum and stainless steel are corroded to a consider-able extent .

Toxicity : Not particularly toxic . but Inhalation of its dust should be avoided . Frequentbaths and changes of clothes are recommended for personnel handling or disposing of thisexplosive in quantity .

Method of loading :

pressed if loaded separately


Wash out with available 0

ultable solvent .

Use : A booster explosive whose unusual combination of sensitivity characteristics, inconjunction with other properties, makes it applicable )T10 " peclal purposes .

Remarks :

SECTION 2-S


State: Solid mortar-like " ubetance .

Color : Slate gray .

HBX-1, -2, AND -3

Other names: when a desensitizer was added to the explosive, Torpex. the United Statesrenamed the new material HEX. The British retained the name Torpex.

Composition: A mixture of RDX, TNT, aluminum, composition D-2 (desensitizer) andcalcium

chloride.

HEX-3 contains a higher percentage of aluminum than

HBX- 1 . HB }t- 2contains a different type of desensitizer end has never been accepted .

Melting point : Does not have a sharp melting point, but at temperatures above the melt-ing point of TNT, 1780 F . (810 C.), the RDX and aluminum are suspended in the meltedTNT .

Solubility : Major components are soluble in acetone.

Sensitivity : Lees sensitive than Torpex and slightly more than TNT. About the sameorder of sensitivity as Composition B.

Velocity of dotonotion :

24,300 feet per second at a density of 1.7 grams per milliliter .

Detonating temperature: Approximately 3650 to 5000 F. (1850 to 2600 C .) .

Stability: Stability in storage is good . At temperatures above 1490 F. (650 C.), the waxdesensitizer may exude.Were It not for the addition of calcium chloride to the mixture, a pressure build up inthe case would result during storage.

Nonhygroscopie and not adversely affected by moisture .Reacts only very slightly with copper, brass, and steel when dry. Attacks all metalsexcept aluminum and "

tainless steel when moist or in the presence of moisture .

Toxicity : products toxic effects peculiar to its components. TNT is the only compo-nent of HBX that Is significantly toxic.

Method of loading: Loaded by casting.

Method of unlooding : May be steamed out . Once steaming has begun continue steaminguntil finished, Heat melts the wax off the crystals .

When the explosive cools, thecrystals shrink . Reapplication of heat expands the crystals, causing friction betweenthem with possible detonation of the explosive.

leB3fids: sensitive to a hock and friction ; therefore. do not allow the steamnozzle to move freely in the container from which the explosive is being removed.

Use: A main-charge explosive primarily used in underwater ordnance such as torpe.does, mines, bombs, and depth charges .

Remarks:

Other names: Aluminized hexanite : Ger - Schiesswolle 18 . TSMV 1-101; Jap - OTSU-B .

Unaluminized hexanite:

Ger - Novit, H-1; Jap .. Seigats , Type 97.

Composition :

A mixture of hexanitrodiphenylamine (END) and TNT is referred to as helts-nite, as well as a mixture which contains powdered aluminum in addition to END andTNT. The aluminized and unaluminized compositions have similar properties and theinformation presented below applies to both unless stated otherwise.

State: Solid.

Color: Greenish-gray if aluminized; unaluminized hexanite is lemon to dark yellow incolor.

Melting point: Has no sharp melting point. Above tht melting point of TNT, 1780 F.(81 0 C.), the other components art suspended in the melted TNT.

Solubility : rmm and TNT

Sensitivity : Similar in sensitivity to tetryl.Sensitive to cast penetration and cutting.Aluminized hexanite is slightly more sensitive than the

Vel(,city of detonation : Aluminized

hexanite :

22.000 feet ptr second at a density of1. 72 grams per milliliter.Unaluminized hexanite : 23,400 feet per second at a density of 1.6 grams per milliliter .

Detonating temperature: Approximately 3920 F. (2000 C.) .Stability: if stored properly, stability is good .Nonhygroscopic and not adversely affected by moisture.

Bums violently on surface and may be burned underwater .

Toxicity : Very poisonous. One component, hexanitrodiphenylamine, attacks the " kincausing severe blisters . Explosive dust is injurious to mucous membranes.

Method of loading : Cast loaded .

Method of unloading : May be steamed out .

Use: A main-charge explosive employed by the Germans and Japanese for underwaterordnance .

Remarks:

330-516 0 - 69 - 4

HEXANITE

are soluble in acetone.

unaluminized composition.

SECTION 2-5

41


42

Other namer:

CycIutetramethylenetetranitrarnine, HomocycIonile, 1, 3, 5, 7-Tetranitro-tetracycle -octane .

Composition : C41-i8N808 .

State : Crystalline.

Color . White.

Melting point : 5290 F. (276 0 C .) .

HMX

Solubility : Practically insoluble in water; solubility in other solvents is comparablewith that of RDX.

Sensitivity : Slightly more sensitive than RDX.

Velocity of detonation :Detonating temperature : 656 .6' F . (3470 C .) .

Stability:

Unstable above melting point - stability of production grade Is decreaseddue to presence of RDX.

Toxicity :

Not

markedly

toxic

and

generally

does not

cause

dermatitis .

If

ingested,however, may affect the central nervous system .

Method of loading: Never used pure - always with other materials to desensitize .Usually press loaded except when used with TNT (octol), then it is cast loaded .

Method of unloading : Cast loaded ordnance may be steamed out.

Use : An ingredient of high explosive mixtures .

Remarks : Beta-HMX is no longer just an impurity in RDX manufacturing, but is used asan explosive itself. It is the moat insensitive of the various forms of HMX.

HND

Other namer: Technical and U. S. - HNDP, 2,2,4,4,6,6-Hexanitrodiphenylamine,Dipicrylamine, Hexyl, Hexyl, Hexite, Hexamin; Ger - Hexa ; Ital - Esanitro difenilamina ;Russ - fi?HC$A

Composition : A compound having the formula (N02)3 C6H2 NH C6H2 (N02)3'

State : Crystalline solid.

Color : Yellow to orange . As ordinarily manufactured it is yellow brown.

Melting point: 4690 to 4730 F. (2430 to 2450 C.) with decomposition .

Solubility : Soluble in acetone, warm glacial acetic acid, nitric acid, and aqueous alka-lies except potassium hydroxide.

Sensitivity : About the same sensitiveness to the action of a primary explosive astetryl .


Detonating temperature : Approximately 459 0 F. (2370 C .) .

Stability: Stability in storage is good.Slightly hygroscopic, but not adversely effected by moisture .Turns brown on exposure to sunlight .Burns underwater.

Toxicity : A most toxic and poisonous explosive. Attacks the skin, causing blisterswhich resemble burns. Dust from explosive is injurious to the mucous membranea of themouth, nose, and lungs.

Method of loading : Press loaded .

Method of unlooding: Wash out with a suitable solvent . Steaming out is impracticablebecause of its melting point.

Use : A booster-class explosive used by the Germans and Japanese as a main chargefor shells and as a component of hexanite .

Remarks:

SECTION 2-5

43


Other names : Technical and U.S .-2,2',4,4',6,6'-Hexanitrostilbene, HNS-l . HNS-11, HNS-R, HNST .

Composition : A compound having the formula C14H6N6012'


Color : Tan to yellow ; varies with particle size .

Melting

point :

6030 F.

(317'C.) .

Solubility : Soluble in hot nitrobenzene and dimethy1formamide, slightly soluble in hot glacial acetic acid,acetone, or methyl ethyl ketone .

Sensitivity : Comparable to tetryl .

Velocity of detonotiOnt 22,300 to 23,000 feet per second,


Stability : Good thermal stability : stable at 5009 F . (2600 C .) . Decomposes at higher temperatures .

Toxicity : None .

Method of loading: Pressed .


Use: Used where explosive must withstand hlgh temperatures : end couplers, various components used forspace vehicles .

Remarks : HNS-R and HNS-11 are recrystallized forms of HNS-l .

HNS

Other names : Technical and U . S. - Lead hydronitride ; Fr - Azoture de plomb; GerBleiazid ; Ital - Acido di piombo; Jap - Chikkaen ; Russ - a3NA CBMHUE 2a30f060AI)POAHON HMCOOibl, CBHHg0BdA CORb ,Composition : A compound having the formula Pb(N3)2 or PbN6 .

State : Fine-grained crystalline material .

Color: Varies from white to cream-colored to gray .while dextrinated azide has a yellowish-white tint .

Melting point : Detonates before melting

LEAD AZIDE

Detonoting temperature : Approximately 635° F. (335 ° C.) .

The pure crystals are colorless

Solubility : Somewhat soluble in an aqueous solution of ammonium acetate . Very slightlysoluble in water.

Sensitivity : Considered more sensitive to impact, but less sensitive to friction, thanmercury fulminate.A smaller weight of lead azide than of mercury fulminate is required to detonate anequal amount of TNT or tetryl .

Can be set off by flame, shock, heat, or electric spark. Not normally set off by spitfrom a safety fuse .

Sensitive to shock and friction even when wet, but large quantities of water do reducethe sensitivity somewhat.

Could become more sensitive when stored under insufficient water because of crystalgrowth . A specially prepared dextrinated lead azide. (90-957. PbN6), does not seem toundergo crystal growth in the presence of water.


Stability : Stable in storage even at moderately elevated temperatures.Ignition temperature may be increased somewhat in storage.Moderately hygroscopic .When dextrinated lead azide is stored underwater, water must be free of bacteria thatattack dextrine to form gas.

When exposed to copper, zinc, or alloys containing such metals, may react to form otherazides which are more sensitive than the original material.

Toxicity :

Not

considered

to

be

particularly

toxic;

however,

inhalation

of

the

dust

shouldbe avoided as this causes headaches and distention of the blood vessels.

Methods of loading : Usually pressed into small capsules . Cannot be dead pressed.May

be

precipitated

on

starch

or wood pulp .

The

mixture

with

starch

is

a

free-flowinggranular mass which can be loaded into detonators . The impregnated wood pulp isconverted into paste board which is cut into discs for loading.

Method

of

unloading :

Wash

out

with

suitable

solvent .

Cannot

be

steamed

out

since

itdetonates before melting.

Use : A primary explosive employed universally as an initiator. Also used in primers,but not where it is desired to produce fire or flame from impact.

SECTION 2-5

Other names : Technical and U. S. - Trisinate, Lead salt of styphnic acid, Lead trini-rtoresorcinate ; Fr - Trinitroresorcinate de plomb; Ger - Blelstyphnate ; Ital - Trini-troresorcinate di piombo ; Russ - THPC , TPHHHTPOP230PUPHaT CBMHua .

Composltion :

State: Crystalline material.

Color: Varies in color. May be straw colored, deep yellow, orange yellow, or reddishbrown.

Melting point : Detonates before melting.

Solubility : Slightly soluble in water, less soluble in acetone. Somewhat soluble in a 10percent aqueous solution of ammonium acetate.

Sensitivity :

Approximately as sensitive as mercury fulminate to impact ; has about thesame order of friction sensitivity as lead azide.More sensitive in mixtures than when used alone.Easily ignited by flame.

Can be set off by shock and heat.Particularly sensitive to dircharge of static electricity . Dry material can be Ignited bydircharge of static electricity from the human body .

Velocity of detonation : 16,100 feet per second at a density of 2.6 gram. per milliliter.

Detonating temperature : Approximately 5130 F. (2670 C.) .

Stability :

Stability in storage is good, showing no effect on power or 0

enaltivlty .Slightly hygroscopic, but is not adversely affected by moisture .Can be stored under water or under a mixture of water and ethyl alcohol.Does not react with aluminum, copper, or "

talnlesa steel, nor with lead azide or blackpowder .

Will detonate if steamed.

Toxicity :

Method of loading: pressed in small pellets.

Method of unlooding : Wash out using a stream of water . The container should be in-clined during this procedure. Where removal with a stream of water is Impractical, re-moval by hand using rubber gloves is permissible.

Use: A primary explosive used in friction type primers . Not a satisfactory detonator forhigh explosive by itself, usually mixed with oxidizing agents or fuels,Russian detonrtors generally contain alternate layers of lead styphnate and lead azide.

Remarks :

L EAD STY PHNATE

A compound having the formula Pb02 C6H (NO2)3 .

SECTION 2-5


MERCURY FULMINATE

Other names: Technical and U. S. - Mercuric fulminate, fulminate of mercury, M . F. ;Fr " Fulminate de mercury ; Ger .- Knallquecksilber ; Ital - Fulminato di mercurio ; Jap ...Ralko mercury, Raisanuigin; Russ - rP, rpem14aB PTYTh .

Composition: A compound having the formula Hg(ONC)2 or HgC2N202 .

State: Heavycrystalline "

olid.

Color : white when pure, but ordinarily has . faint brownish-yellow or grayish tint .

Melting point: Detonates before melting.

Solubility : Soluble in ethyl alcohol, ammonium hydroxide, and aqueous sodium thio-sulfate " olution.

Sensitivity: One of the moat sensitive :materials capable of safe handling.Very sensitive when dry and can be detonated by percussion, friction, flame, electricspark, by contact with sulfuric or nitric acid, or by prolonged contact with steam.

Not exploded by a spark or ordinary shock when wet.Static electricity generated on the body or in routine handling may cause detonation.Can be act off by . Spit from . "

sfety fume.


16,500 feet per second at a density of 4.00 grams per milliliter .

Detonating temperature: 3380 F. (1700 c .) .

Stability: Stability in "

tor.ge depends on temperature . Can be stored for . consider-able per&d of time at moderate temperature, but may be rendered useless in a shorttime if stored at elevated temperatures.NOnhygroscoplc ; however, moi/Lure does reduce "

enaitivity .Reacts rapidly with aluminum "

nd magnesium when dry; slowly with copper, zinc.brass, and bronze . Reaction with metals is accelerated when moist. Iron and steelare not affected .

No longer explodes from f&e but merely burns when dead pressed under high pres-sures.

Will detonate if steamed.

Toxicity : Noted for its production of dermatitis with abnormal redness of the skin, in-tense itching, and the formation of deep ulcers, especially upon the tips of the forgers;conaequcntly, it should be handled with minimum contact with the skin . Inhalation ofits dust should be avoided, since overexposure causes fatigue. headache, and iirita-tion of the eyes and respiratory tract. Unduly susceptible personnel may experience adistinct fall in blood pressure .

Method of loading: Loaded by being pressed into caps .

Method of unlooding: Wash out using a suitable solvent. Do not steam out as it willdetonate on prolonged contact with a te.m.

Use: A primary explosive universally employed 86 a component of primer compositionsand a an initiator. Its use is limited to small quantities in primers, fuze detonators,and in bleating Caps .

Remarks:

Other nam ai :

"technical

and

U.

S.

_

Nitramex,

Ammonium

nitrate

explosive.

Composition : A mixture consisting primarily of ammonium nitrate, and small percentagesof dinitrotoluene and wax.

State : Solid .

Color: White, yellow. or brownish-yellow.

Melting point : Does not melt .

NI TRAMON

Solubility : Ammonium nitrate is soluble in water.

Sensitivity :

Characterized by a high degree of safety . Cannot be detonated by thestrongest commercial blasting cap, primacord, flame, the impact of a rifle bullet or steeldrill bits .A special type primer (Nitramon Primer) containing amatol, which acts as a booster, isrequired for its detonation.

Velocity

of

detonation :

Varies with composition ; 14,000 to 21,000 fast perdensity of approximately 1.6 grams per milliliter.

Detonating temperature: Approximately 4100 F. (2100 C.) .

Stability : Stability is good provided hermetically scaled cans are used .Extremely hygroscopic showing adverse effects when exposed to moisture .Reaction with metals is negligible .

Toxicity : Not unduly hazardous from a toxicity viewpoint.

ocond at .

Method of loading:

Extruded

into

cylindrical

metal

containers

which

are

then hermeticallysealed .


Containers can be chopped open with an axe, and contents emptied.May be washed out with water.

Use : A main-charge class explosive used am a demolition charge in quarrying and openpit work .

Remarks:

SECTION 2-5

47

NITROCELLULOSE POWDERS

The basic properties of nitrocellulose powders are such that, for the purpose ofidentification, handling, and disposal, they can be grouped together . The informationpresented below applies to all types of nitrocellulose powder unless stated otherwise.

Other names: Single-base

powder :

Smokeless

powder, Straight

nitrocellulose

powder,Shultz powder, Bulk powder, E. C. powder, Pyro powder, IMR 4166 . IMR 4676, Pistol

powder; Jap + Muenyaku .

Double-base Powder : Nitroglycerin powder, }liVel No . 6.5 . Ballistite, JPN.Multi-base powder: Nitroguanidine powder, Cordite.

Composition: Single-base: Compositions containing essentially nitrocellulose. Maycontain other ingredients that help to reduce hygroscopicity, decomposition, and flashsuch as a stabilizer, inorganic nitrates, nitrocompounds, and nonexplosive meteriels .

Double-base: Compositions containing nitrocellulose and a liquid organic nitrate sucha s

nitroglycerin .

Frequently

contain

additives

similar

to

the

single-base

powder

inaddition to a stabilizer.

Multi-base : Compositions containing nitrocellulose . a liquid organic nitrate (nitro-glycerin) and nitroguanidine plus stabilizers and other ingredients such as in single basepropellant s.

State : Hard. horny substance manufactured in a variety of forms. such as flakes, strips,pellets . sheets, small grains . and non-, single-, or multi-perforated cylindrical grains.

Color: Varies from a translucent pale yellow to an opaque brown or black.

Melting point : Does not melt.

Solubility : Most of these powders are soluble in an ether-ethyl alcohol mixture, andin acetone.

Sen s i ti vi ty t

Readily

ignited

by

flame,

bullet

impact,

or

charge

of black

powder.Burn rapidly and have been known to detonate under confinement or when burned in deeppiles.

Sensitive to electric sparks, particularly if in dust or powder form.Small grains are nearly as sensitive to friction as black powder, and may ignite morereadily and bum more freely than black powder.

Dangerously increased sensitivity often accompanies decomposition .Can be detonated by initiating compounds or booster explosives .

Burning Rot . : Varies considerably with composition, the initial temperature, and thepressure under which burning takes place.

Burning temperature:

Stability : Stability in storage is considered to be poor even though stabilized and storedunder proper conditions. At ordinary temperatures. stability Is not appreciably affected ;however, rate of decomposition increases steadily with increasing temperature. At ele-vated temperatures, decomposition becomes so rapid that spontaneous ignitionmay occur.Mott varieties are hygroscopic and are adversely affected by moisture which acceler-ates decomposition

Exposure to the atmosphere can result In decomposition, producing inferior and nonuni-form ballistic characteristics.

Toxicity : Relatively nontoxic and generally does not cause dermatitis. Excessive han-dling of double-base powders may produce toxic effects peculiar to its components .

Method of loading : May be loaded directly into cartridge cases, rocket motors, JATOunits, or, for the larger caliber weapons. in powder bags ; may also be furnished in bulk .

Method of unloading : The best method is to put on cotton gloves, and remove from thecontainer by hand . A non-sparking powder scoop or other similar suitable device msyalso be used for removing the bulk powder from containers .

Use: Single-base: Used in small arms, grenades, and artillery pieces .Double-base : Used in small arms, mortars, artillery pieces, rockets, and JATO units.Multi-base : Used as a cool burning gun propellant .

Remorks :

SECTION 2-5

47b


NITROGLYCERIN

Other names : Technical and U. S. - Glyceryl trinitrate, NG, Trinitroglycerin. Tastingoil; Fr .. Huile explosif, Huile de Nobel; Cer - Nitroglyzerin, Sprengol, NGL; italNitroglicerina, Olio detonante, Olio esplosivo; Jap - Nitrogurisrrina ; Russ-HNP0rnx4ePNH1TPNHNTPOrfpUePNH .

Composition: A compound having the formula C3Fi5(ON02)3'

State: Liquid .

Color: Varies with purity from water white through yellow to pale brown.

Melting point: 55.80 F. (13.20 C.) ; unstable form 360 F. (2 .20 C.) .

Solubility : Slightly soluble in carbon tetrachloride; very soluble in acetone, ether, ethyland methyl alcohol.

Sensitivity : An extremely shock-sensitive explosive. Very sensitive to shock, friction,and vibrations of all types.Somewhat less sensitive when frozen than as a liquid . However. a half-frozen or par-tially thawed out mixture is more sensitive than either one.

Frozen nitroglycerin may produce internal changes accompained by sufficient evolutionof heat to cause an explosion upon thawing.

Can be fired with a commercia : No . 1 blasting cap. However, a No . S or Engineer Corpsspecial blasting cap is required to develop full power.

Velocity of detonation : 29,200 feet per second at a density of 1.59 grams per milliliter .

Detonating temperature: Approximately 4240 F. (2180 C.),

Stability: Stable indefinitely when pure at ordinary temperatures.Begins to decompose as temperature increases.Moderately hygroscopic ; presence of moisture accelerates decomposition.Contact with free acids accelerates decomposition.Not easily flammable. If ignited, burns with a slight crackling and pale green flame.

Overheating may cause an explosion.

Toxicity : Generally doe6 not cause dermatitis ; however, contact with the skin is to beavoided since it is readily absorbed through the skin into the circulatory system of thebody. Absorption through the skin or vapor inhalation causes severe and persistentheadache from which some relief can be obtained by removing affected personnel tofresh air, or by administering black coffee, phenacetin, aspirin, caffein citrate, or mor-phine acetate.

Method

of loading: Usually manufactured only as required in the manufacture of

otherproducts of which it is a component .

Method of unlooding : May be removed from container by pouring slowly and carefully.

Use: A booster-class explosive which can be used directly as a high explosive. Em-ployed commercially to a limited extent as a liquid In the blasting of oil wells.

Primarilyemployed In the manufacture of dynamite and propellants.

Romorks :

NITROGUANIDINE

Other names: Brit - Picrite ; Ger .. G-Pulver, G-Salz, Gudopulver, Nigu.

Composition : A compound having the formula (N02) "NH-C "NH(NH2).

State: Crystalline or solid material.

Color: White when in crystalline powder form ; material may be yellow when 6olid.

Melting point : Melts with decomposition at 449.20 F. (2320 C.) when the rate of heatingis moderate, but values between 4280 and 4820 F. (2200 and 2500 C.) are obtainable byvarying the rate of heating.

Solubility : Slightly soluble in cold water, and in ethanol. Moderately aoluble In hotwater.

Sensitivity : One of the least sensitive of the military explosives .Considered to be less sensitive than TNT to impact a6 well as to friction and initiation,Require6 a powerful detonator for consistent detonation.

Velocity of detonation : 25,100 feet per second at a denaity of 1.6 gram6 per milliliter .


Stability : Referred to by same sources a6 having a high order of stability, undergoing de-composition at a higher temperature than doe6 TNT which is considered very stable .Essentially nonhygroscopic ; impairment of stability by moisture is not a problem.Chemically reactive ; however, available information indicate6 little or no reaction withmetals .

Gaseous product6 of explosion are not particularly erosive .

Toxicity :

Method of loading : Reported a6 being made in press form.


Use: A main-charge explosive whose primary application is in propellant composition.Also employed a6 a component of high explosive mixtures and used independently to sameextent by the Germans in armor-piercing munitions .

Remarks : Should not be confused with Guanidine Nitrate.

SECTION 2-5


50

NITROSTARCH EXPLOSIVES

Other names:

Technical

and

U.

S.

-

Trojan

explosive, Grenite ; Fr .. Amidon nitre ; Ger --Xyloidin; Ital _ Siloidins .

Composition: The term "nitrostarch explosives" refers to those explosive mixtureswhich contain a certain percentage by weight of nitrostarch.

State: Pure nitrostarch is a finely divided material similar in appearance to ordinarypowdered starch; Trojan explosive is a solid which has a consistency similar to that ofbrown sugar; Grenite is usually found in small, hard, free-flowing granules .

Color: Pure nitrostarch and Granite are white; Trojan explosive is grayish-black

Molting point: Decomposes before melting.

Solubility : Insoluble in water, but is dispersed by acetone to form a colloidal solution

Sensitivity: Considerably more sensitive to friction and impact than TNT.Less sensitive than dry gun cotton or nitroglycerin.Can be ignited by the

slightest spark such as mi&ht result from friction .Crushing or breaking of the explosive into fragments may cause detonation.An Engineer Corps special blasting cap is required for consistent detonation.

Velocity of detonation ; Varies from approximately 14,500 feet per second to 21,300 feetper second depending on the nitrogen content of the nitrostarch .

Detonating temperature: Approximately 3830 F. (1950 C .) .

Stability : Stability varies with explosive composition; however, generally consideredpoor .Decomposes at elevated temperatures.Slightly hygroscopic; hygroscopicity depends upon components.Moisture may desensitize nitrostarch explosives .Highly flammable, and bums with explosive violence .Corrodes Iron and copper .

Toxicity : Considered virtually nontoxic since it generally does not cause dermatitis andhas only limited volatility effects on personnel,

Method of loading: Press-loaded .

Method of unloading: May be washed out by using acetone.

Use: A main-charge explosive adopted as a substitute for TNT, but no longer used forthis purpose. jjsedas an explosive charge in hand and rifle grenades, in trench mortarshells, and in demolition work .

Remarks:

Other namer:

Composition :

A mixture consisting of 86 percent HMX and 14 percent nylon.

State:

Color:

Melting point: Nylon softens et 300 0 F. (1490 C.) .(2750 C.) ; any RDX in the HMX decomposes almost immediately at 400 0 F. (2040 C.) .

Solubility : Soluble in acetone and alcohols .

Sensitivity : Less sensitive to impact than composition B.


Detonating

temperature :

3900 to 4000F. (1990 to 204 0 C-)-

Stability:nylon.

Method of loading:


Use :

Remarks:

PBXN-3

Toxicity : Not considered a toxic explosive.

HMX decomposes at 5270 F.

Stable to approximately the detonating temperature except for softening of

SECTION 2-5

5 1


52

Other namer:

Composition : A mixture consisting of 94 percent DATE and 6 percent nylon.

State:

Color:

Melting point : Nylon softens et 300 0 F. (1490 C .) ; DATB decomposes at 500 0 F .(2600 C.) .

PBXN-4

Solubility : Soluble in acetone and alcohols .

Sensitivity : About one-half as "

enxitive to impact es TNT.

Velocity of detonation : 24,075 feet per ttcond .

Dttonoting temperature : 5900 to 608 0 F. (3100 to 3200 C.) .

Stability : As stable as pure DATB except for " ofttning of nylon at elevated tempera-tures.Compatible with all materiels with which currently used.

Toxicity : Has very low toxicity ; is an Irritant only et very high dose levels .

Method of loading :


Us . :

Remorks :

P ENTOLITE

Other nameS : Technical and U . S . - Pentritol D (contains 8 percent wax) ; Ger - Pentol ;Ital m Penthrite, Pentritol ; Jap .. Pentoriru.

Composition :

A mixture of PETN and TNT. Wax is sometimes added 88 a desensitizer .

State : Solid

Color : White, gray, or yellow . A dye is sometimes used in foreign pentolite composi-tions.

Melting

point :

1690 F . (760 C .) .

Solubility : Soluble in acetone ; however, acetone should not be used for cleaning outthreads .

Sensitivity :

Less sensitive than PETN . Has approximately the same sensitivity astetryl .

Sensitivity is such that it cannot be drilled.Detonated consistently by a No . 6 detonator inserted in charge .


Detonating temperature : Approximately 3740 F . (1900 C .) .

Stability: Not as stable 88 TNT in storage .Nonhygroscopic and not adversely affected by moisture .Reacts slightly with magnesium, steel, copper, and brass. No reaction with aluminumor stainless steel .

Toxicity : Produces toxic effects peculiar to its components .

Method of loading : Melt or cast-loaded.

Method of unloading : May be steamed out using a solution of baking soda (sodium bi-carbonate) .

Use: A booster explosive used in grenades . rockets. high-explosive-antitank shells, andin cast shaped charges; employed by the Italians in land mines and es a demolitioncharge .

Remorkr:

SECTION 2-5

53


Other names: Technical and U. S. .. Pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETRIN), Tetranitro-pentaerythritol, Pentaerythrite tetranitrate. Penta, Niperyth, Nyperite. Pentyl ; FrPenthrite; Ger _ Penthrite, Nitropenta . NP, Nitropentaerythrit, Pentrit; Ital .. Pentrite ;J ap - Shoeiyaku;

Russ

-

T) H

Composition : A compound having the formula C(CH20NO2)4'

Stote: Fine crystalline or granular powder .

Color: White when pure; may be light gray due to impurities. Color may vary due to ad-dition of wax as a desensitizer .

Malting point : 2860 F. (1410 C .) .

Solubility : Insoluble in water. Soluble in acetone and methyl acetate.

Sensitivity : Most sensitive of the military explosives classed as a primary explosive.In the finely divided state it should be considered as sensitive as mercury fulminate.Very sensitive to heat, shock, and friction . Sharp blows or friction of metal on metal

is sufficient to cause detonation . Readily detonated by bullet impact and may beignited by sparks .

Will not normally ignite or be detonated by static electricity generated on the body orin routine handling.

Extremely sensitive to initiation by lead azide.Does not take fire from the spit of a fuse .Very Insensitive to flame, shock, and friction in primacord. and therefore must be deto-nated by a cap.

Will not detonate under a long, slow pressure .



Stability : Stability in storage is good . Usually stored wet when in bulk .Nonhygroscopic and not adversely affected by moisture .When moist, reacts to some extent with most metals except stainless steel and alumi-num . Most metals are unaffected by the dry material .

Decomposed slowly by the action of caustic soda . Decomposition is fairly rapid in asolution of boiling ferrous chloride .

Toxicity : Even though considered not unduly toxic, exposure should be minimized.Contact with the skin does not generally cause dermatitis, although absorption throughthe skin is possible . Small doses either absorbed through the skin or inhaled may causea decrease in blood pressure ; larger doses cause difficult or labored breathing and con-vulsionr

Method of loading: Loaded by pressing.

Method of unlooding: May be washed out with an available " ultable solvent.

Use: A booster explosive used primarily as the explosive core of detonating cord suchas Primecord (U . S.) and Cordtez (Brit .) . Also used as a booster and detonator basecharge .

Remarks :

PETN

Other names :

Compositiont A mixture of ammonium pierate and TNT .

State : Solid .

Color : Yello . . to brownish yellow .

Melting

point : Does not have a sharp melting point . At temperatures above the melting

point of TNT, the ammonium pierate is suspended in the melted TNT .

Solubility : Ammonium pierate is moluble in hot water ; slightly soluble In ethyl alcohol

and cold water . TNT is soluble in acetone, ethyl alcohol, benzene, and carbon tetra-

PICRATOL

Stability : Stability in "

torage im good . Temperature ham little effect on stability .

Nonhygroscopic . Moisture, however, may reduce explosive "

trength and sensitivity todetonation .

When wet, may react mlowly with lean at,d copper to x'0170 "

enmitive malts .

Toxicity :

Considered poisonous if ingested . Discolors mkin and

may cause dermatitis .

Method of loading : Camt loaded .

Method of unloading : Wash out with available suitable solvent .

use : A main-charge explosive used in memi-armor-piercing bombs .

Remarks :

SECTION 2-5

chloride .

Sensitivity : Ham about the same resistance to shock am that of straight ammonium

pierate .

Velocity of detonotion : 22,600 feet per 0 econd at a denmity of 1 .6 grams per milliliter .

Detonating temperature : Approximately 491 0 F . (255 0 C.) .


Remarks:

PICRIC ACID

Other flames : Technical and U. S. - 2,4,6,-Trinitrophenol, P. A. ; Brit - Lyddite; Fr * .Acide picrique, Melinite, Fondu melinite ; Ger - Piltrinsaure, Granatfullung SS, Grf SS ;Ital - Acido picrico, Melinits, Pertite; Jap - Shimose. Picurin, Picurusan, Oshokuyaku ;Russ - MEnr MeflMHHT, nMHPMHOBdP HMU0id, TPi1HMTPOmi?HOn,

Composition : A compound having the formula HO-C6H2-(NO2)3

State: Crystalline powder.

Color: Lemon yellow, but may vary in color from light cream to yellow red.

Melting point : 2520 F. (1220 C.) .

Solubility : Slightly soluble in water and in ether; moderately soluble in ethyl alcohol,isopropyl alcohol, and benzene. Soluble in toluene, methyl alcohol, and baking sodasolution . Very Soluble in acetone.

Sensitivity: Less sensitive than tetryl, but more readily initiated by means of a detona-tor than TNT. Has about the same sensitivity to shock as TNT.



Stability : Stability in storage is good. Has no tendency to decompose at temperaturesnormally encountered in storage .Slightly hygroscopic ; presence of moisture increases reactivity, especially withmetals .Excessive moisture content decreases reliability of detonation .Reacts with all metals except aluminum and tin to form dangerously sensitive com-pounds . Is highly acidic and corrosive. Forms very dangerous mixtures with lead orlead compounds.

Large quantities have been burned completely without explosions, but the possibilityof detonation exists .

Toxicity : Very toxic. On contact with the dry powder, stains the skin and hair ; cancause dermatitis . The face is usually involved, especially the area around the mouth,sides of the nose, and eyes . If the eyes are affected, vision may become yellow and theeyes swollen . Irritation of the respiratory passage and lungs can produce a hackingcough and spitting of blood. Systemic poisoning has been reported having the followingsymptoms ; headache, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. If ingested, may causedestruction of red corpuscles of the blood and inflammation of the stomach and intes-tine*.

Method of loading : May be cast, partially Cast, or press loaded.

Method of unlooding : May be steamed out using a saturated solution of baking soda(sodium bicarbonate) .

use: A main-charge or booster explosive. Used more extensively by foreign nationsthan by the United States .

Employed by the Japanese as a main charge and booster.The French used it as a component in explosive mixtures .Used as a booster by the Germans .Used chiefly in the United States in the manufacture of ammonium picrate end to form

mixtures with other components .

Other names :

Composition:

A mixture of RDX. TNT, and tetryl .

State : Solid .

Color: Yellow .

Melting

point:

194° to 2030 1= . (900 to 950 C .)

Solubility : Soluble in acetone .

Sensitivity:

Less sensitive to impact than tetrytol .

Velocity

of

detonation : 24,200 feet per second at a density of 1 .66 grams pet milliliter .


Stability: Stable in storage. Does not exude.lfhen dry, may corrode magnesium-aluminum alloys . When wet will slightly corrode cop-per, brass, aluminum . magnesium . magnesium-aluminum alloys, mild steel, and mildsteel plated with cadmium .

Toxicity :

Method of loading: A castable explosive.


PTX-1

Use : A main-charge explosive suitable for loading in shells, bombs, grenadea, mines.demolition blocks, and shaped charges .

Remarks:

SECTION 2-5


58

Other

no mer :

Composition : A mixture consisting of RDX, TNT, and PETN .

State:Color: Dirty white. light buff, or yellow.

Melting point :


Sensitivity : Less sensitive to impact than pentolite, but more so than composition B orednatol .More readily initiated to high-order detonation than any of the binary explosives .

Velocity of detonotion : 26,200 feet per second at a density of 1 .69 grams per milliliter .

Detonating temperoture :

Stability : Considered more stable than pentollte.Reacts only slightly with magnesium, steel, copper, and brass .

Toxicity : produces toxic effect peculiar to its components

Method of loading : Its melting point in such that it can be cast, but it may be press-loaded or used as a loose filler .


U2C. A booster or main-charge explosive.

More effective than tetryl as a booster. Alsoe

uiteble for use as a shaped charge .

Remorkr :

PTX-2

0th er

names:

Composition :

A mixture of RDX (90 percent), polyvinyl acetate (8 percent) . and dibu-tylphthalate (2 percent) .

State: A semi-plastic composition.

Color: White.

Melting point:

Solubility :

Sensitivity :



Stability:

Toxicity :

extruded .

Remarks:

P VA-4

SECTION 2-5

Method of loading: Pressed or


Use : Demolition charges.


6U

RDX

Other names: Technical and U . S . - Cyclotrtmethylenetrinttramine CTMTN, Hcxahydro1,3,5-trinitro-sym-triazine . Cyclonite ; F r

- HexOgene, Fxogen ; Ger - liexogen ; it :il -T4 ; Jap

- Tanoyaku, Shouyaku ; Russ

-!

rt'HC0' c' H .1

Composition :

A compound having the formula C 3116N 606


Color: White.


Solubility : Moderately soluble in hot acetone; readily soluble in hot phenol

Sensitivity : Sensitivity lies about halfway between tetryl and PETN .Sensitivity appreciably reduced by the addition of wax.

Velocity

of

detonation : 27,000 feet per second at a density of 1.6 grams per milliliter .

Detonating temperature : Approximately 4550 F. (235 0 C.) .

Stability: Stability in storage is very good.Nonhygroscopic . and not adversely affected by moisture.Reacts slightly with copper-plated steel. Mixtures of RDX with oxides of copper oriron may ignite at temperatures only slightly above 2120 F. (100 0 C.) . Does notreact with common metals or nitric acid .

Toxicity : Not markedly toxic and generally does not cause dermatitis . If ingested .however, may effect the central nervous system .

Method of loading : Always used in U. S. ordnance with a desensitizer . In explosivessuch as HHX and H-6 the RDX is cast with TNT; in composition A3 and CH-6 it ispressed.

Method of unlooding : Pure RDX may be washed out with a suitable solvent; steamingout is impracticable because of its high melting point. Cast charges containing RDXcan be steamed out - pressed charges cannot be steamed out .

Use: A booster explosive used as the explosive core of some varieties of detonatingcord. Employed as a detonator in some German and Italian ordnance . Used in theUnited States primarily as a component of explosive mixtures. May be used pure byRussians in detonators .

Remarks : The Germans may have used the following names for RDX; however, thesenames may represent mixtures of RDX with small amounts of desensitizers: E-Salz,KA-Salz, R-Salz, SH-Salz, and R'-Salz .

Other namer: Dynamite, Jap - Dainamaito ; Russ - 4NHdMdlbl .

Composition:

Color: Brownish .

Melting point: Does not melt .

STRAIGHT DYNAMITE

A mixture consisting primarily of sodium nitrate and nitroglycerin.

State: A loose mass, appearing moist or greasy .

Solubility : Soluble in ethyl alcohol.

Sensitivity: More sensitive t0 shock and friction than TNT. Can be detonated by the im-pact of a rifle bullet.May be set off with a commercial No. 6, No . 8, or Engineer Corps special blasting cap.Sensitivity decreases when frozen . and may not detonate under normal initiating - condi-tions .

Velocity of detonation : 8,000 - 18,000 feet per second . Varies with the strength of thestraight dynamite .


Stability : Stable in storage.Moderately hygroscopic . if sufficient moisture is absorbed, may exude nitroglycerin andcartridge becomes dangerous.

Toxicity : Not markedly toxic, however, excessive handling may produce toxic effectspeculiar to its components.

Method of loading: Usually assembled in cartridges or cylinders ad wrapped in paraffinpaper.

Method of unloading : Slit cartridge open in order to remove fill.

Caution: Deterioration makes this procedure hazardous.

SECTION 2-5

Use :

Employed

in

demolition

work.

May be used

as

substitute for nit ros t arch or TNT.The higher percentages of straight dynamite have good water resisting properties and maybe used underwater if fired within 24 hours.

Remorts: Straight dynamites have been largely supplanted by ammonia dynamites, andare no longer produced regularly in the United States .Straight dynamite is the reference standard for expressing the strength of other types ofdynamite. For the straight dynamites the percentage figure which usually precedes thename refers to the percentage of nitroglycerin in the composition. The other dynamitesare given percentage figures that indicate the percentage of nitroglycerin in a straightdynamite of equivalent strength .

61


This page is intentionally blank

Other names :

Composition :

State : Solid .

Color : Yellowish .

Melting point : 401-4280 F . (205-220 0 C .) .

Solubility :

Sensitivity :

As sensitive 85 tetryl .



Stability :

Toxicity :

Method of loading :


Use : Employed in explosive mixtures by many foreign nations, but not by the UnitedStates ; seldom, if ever, used alone .

Rcmorkr :

TETRANITRONAPHTHALENE

A mixture of several isomeric tetranitronsphthalenes . C 10H4 (NO2)4'

SECTION 2-5


64

Other names: Technical and V . s . .. 2, 4, 6-Trinitrophenylmethylnitramine, N-methyl-N,2, 4, 6-Tetranitro-dine, Tetralite, Tetrylite, Pyronite ; Brit - Composition Exploding,C . E . ; Ger - Tetra; Jap - Meisysku, Muayaku, Sanshoki mechilre nitoroamin ;Russ .. TI TQTVMn .

Composition: A compound having the formula (N02)3'C6H2'N(CH3)NO2.

State: Finely divided crystalline powder .

Color: Colorless when freshly prepared and highly purified; rapidly acquires a yellowcolor when exposed to light. Turns gray when graphite is added as a lubricant duringloading.


Solubility : Very soluble in acetone; slightly soluble in ethyl alcohol and benzene.

Sensitivity: $ensitivity is intermediate between TNT and PETN. More sensitive thanpicric acid .More easily detonated than TNT or ammonium picrate .Should be considered as sensitive as mercury fulminate when finely divided.Will usually detonate when subjected to bullet impact.May be ignited by spark; however, does not take (ire from the spit of a fuse .



Stability : Shows no serious decomposition when stored at ordinary temperatures.Slightly hygroscopic, but not adversely affected by moisture.First melts, then decomposes and explodes when heated. Maximum safe working tem-perature is 2120 F. (1000 C.) .

Flammable and burns readily.Will corrode steel when wet or dry. In the presence of moisture, reacts slightly with

Iron, zinc, and brass .

Remarks:

TETRYL

Toxicity : Principal evidences of exposure are dermatitis, discoloration of the skin andhair, irritation of the upper respiratory tract, and possibly, systemic poisoning. Theareas usually affected by dermatitis arc the eyes, the neck, the bend of the elbow, andthe forearms. Severe reactions result in acute inflammation or those parts with spread-ing to other areas. Continual handling may stain the hands, face, scalp, and hair ayellow color . Inhalation, ingestion, or skin absorption may cause systemic poisoningwith such symptoms as nosebleed, sneering, unproductive cough, pain in the chest, mildnausea, and abdominal cramping.

Method

of

loading :

Melting point is too

high to

allow it to be melted and cast.

Loadedby being mixed with a lubricant, such as graphite, stearic acid, or magnesium stearate,while being pressed Into pellets.

Method

of

unIo od I ng :

May

be

washed

out

with

a

suitable

solvent.

Steaming

out

is

if ,'-practical because of Its high melting point.

use: The " tmdard United States booster explosive. Used extensively as a booster andthe main charge for small-caliber projectiles . Also used as the base charge in compounddetonatorr .

Other dames: Tetratol .

State: Solld .

Color : Yellow .


TETRATOL

Composition : A mixture of tetryl and TNT.

Solubility : Soluble in acetone and in benzene.

Sensitivity : Less sensitive to shock and friction than tetryl and only slightly more" ensitive than TNT.Partial separation of tetryl from the mixture Increases the 0

eneitlvlty .An Engineer Corps special blasting cap is required forconsistent detonation .


23,900 feet per second et a density of 1 .6 grams per milliliter .

Detonating temperature: Approximately 3450 F -

(1790 C -) .

Stability: Stability is good et temperatures ordinarily encountered In storage . Slightlylees stable than tetryl et elevated temperatures with possible separation of an oilyexudate .Moderately hygroscopic, but it is not adversely affected by moisture .When dry, will slightly corrode megneeium-aluminum alloys . When wet, will slightlycorrode copper, brass, aluminum, magnesium. megneeium-aluminum alloy, mild steel,and mild steel plated with cadmium. Stainless steel is unaffected .

Toxicity : May cause dermatitis . Considered a poisonous explosive.

Method of loading : Cast loaded . Designed to obtain a booster comparable to tetrylthat could be cast .


May be steamed out using a saturated solution of baking soda(sodium bicarbonate) .

Use : A

booster explosive employed in burster tubes

of chemical shells, in cast shapedCharges, in certain destructors, and as a bursting charge for mines . Used as en effec-tive cutting or beaching charge . Suitable for both surface and underwater demolition .

Remarks:

SECTION 2-5

65


66

TNT

Other names : Technical and U, S . - 2, 4, 6-Trinitrotoluene, Triton, Trilite, Tritol,Trinol, Tritone, Trotol ; Brit - Trotyl ; Fr - Tolite ; Ger t Fullpulver 02, Fp 02 .Sprengmunition 02, Tutol ; Ital .. Tritolo ; Jep - Sanshokitoruoru,

Type

92,

Chakatsuyaku,Chakuhatsu ; Russ - iH1. TOPI TPMHMTPOi011Y0f; TPOTNO,

Composition :

A compound having the formula CH3 C6 Hz (N02 )3 "

State: A flaked, granular, or crystalline material.

Color: Straw yellow to yellowish brown, depending on purity.

Molting point :

1760 to 1780 F . (800 to 81 0 C .) .

Solubility : Soluble In acetone, ethyl alcohol, benzene, and carbon tetrachloride .

Sensitivity: One of the most insensitive high explosives . Relatively insensitive toshock, friction, and flame, but can be detonated by moderate force when confined be-tween metal surfaces such as on threads of bolts.Cannot generally be exploded by a single rifle bullet, but may be detonated by con-centrated machine gun or rifle fire .

Can be detonated by a No. 6 blasting cap when in a crystalline or pressed granularform. When highly compressed can be detonated by a No. 8 blasting cap. An Engi-neer Corps special blasting cap, however, should be used for consistent detonation,

When cast, requires a booster for consistent detonation.Distinctly more sensitive when decomposed by light.


Detonoting temperature : Approximately 8690 F. (4650 C.) .

Stability : Very stable when stored at prescribed storage temperatures . However, whenstored at elevated temperatures, may exude an oily liquid which Is relatively insensitivealone, but when mixed with wood or cotton forms a low explosive which is easily ignited,bums rapidly, and may detonate.Nonhygroscopic and not adversely affected by moisture .DoesnOt react withmetals except in the presence of dilute nitric acid ; then the product

is dangerous.Reacts readily with alkalies such as ammonia, sodium hydroxide, and sodium carbonate

to form compounds which are dangerously sensitive to heat and Impact.

Toxicity : Highly poisonous. Main channel of entrance into the body is by absorptionthrough the skin. Inhalation of dust and fumes as well as ingestion may be equally im-portent . Absorption into the body can cause watery eyes, visual trouble when jaundicesets in, and possible loss of vision . Systemic poisoning is characterized by a varietyof symptoms and effects such as abnormalities of blood pressure, fatigue . headache.dizziness, irritation of nose and throat, shortness of breath, and pain in the chest.Nausea, with or without vomiting . stomach pain, and constipation are also evident. Inmost cases of poisoning there is more or less liver damage, and jaundice with fatal com-plications may result If early mild jaundice is not detected and properly treated. In ad-dition to systemic poisoning, dermatitis through contact with the skin can occur. Der-matitis begins with itching, followed by redness of the skin and the formation of pimplesand small water-filled blisters. Scratching may lead to more severe secondary infection .The hair and exposed portions of the skin may also be stained yellow.

Method of loading : Usually cast, but may be pressed (tamped) .

Method of unlooding: May be steamed out.

use: A main-charge explosive used as a filler for high-explosive shells, bombs, depthcharges, large coastal mines, rockets, and as a demolition charge . Employed as abooster in pressed granular form. When flaked, may be used in small-caliber shells andprojectiles, and in fragmentation hand grenades.

Remarks:

TORPEX

Otter names: Technical and U. S . - TPX; Ger - Trialene, Trialine, Tetranol .

Composition: A mixture containing RDX, TNT, and aluminum powder.

Stote: A hard mortar-like solid.

Color: Silvery white or slate gray.

Melting point: Undergoes partial melting at approximately 1900 F. (880 C.) .

Solubility : Both the TNT and the RDX are partially dissolved in acetone.

Sensitivity : Impact sensitivity Is greater than that of TNT or Composition B. Whenstruck by bullets, bombs, or projectile fragments, a low order detonation will occur.

Velocity of detonotion : 24,000 feet per second at a density of 1.72 grams per milliliter .

Detonating temparoture : Approximately 3650 F. (1850 C.) .

Stability : Quite stable at most temperatures encountered in storage. May undergo par-tial melting atelevated temperatures .Nonhygroscopic ; however, if all traces of moisture are not removed during manufacture,reaction between moisture and the ingredients of the composition results in theliberation of gas, which may rupture the case or increase sensitivity to shock.

Though not excessively corrosive, will corrode brass.Burns under water.

Toxicity :

Method of loading: May be cast or pressed.

Method of unloading : May be steamed out; however, once steaming has begun, do notstop steaming process until finished .

Caution: If the explosive is allowed to cool, the crystals will shrink. Reapplica-tion of heat expands the crystals, causing friction between them with possible detona-tion of the explosive charge .

Use : A main-charge explosive which produces more blast effect than any other standardmain-charge

explosive. Used in mines, in torpedo warheads, and in depth bombs. Alsoemployed by the Germans as a filler in their large armor-piercing and high-explosivebombs.

Remorks:

330-516 0 - 69 - 6

SECTION 2-5

6 7


Other names: TATNB, TATB .

Composition : C6H6N606,

State: Crystalline .

Color: Yellow .

Melting point:

Solubility : Soluble in nitrobenzene and aniline; insoluble in alcohol. ether, chloroform,benzene, or glacial acetic acid.

Sensitivity :



Stability:

Toxicity :

Method of loading: Preened.


Remarks:

1,3,5-TRIAMINO-2,4,6-TRIN IT ROBEN ZENE

Use: Special application in warheads of high-speed guided missiles,

TRIDITE

Other naMOS ; Brit + Shellite, Nellite ; Fr .. DD or DD "

xploalf ; Ital - MBT.

Composition : A mixture containing picric acid and dinitrophenol .

State : Solid.

Color: Light cream to pale yellow.

Melting point : 1760 to 194 0 F. (80 0 to 900 C.) .


Sensitivity : More insensitive than TNT or picric acid .

Velocity of detonotion : 19,700 - 23.000 feet per second at a density of approximately1.6 grams per milliliter .


Stability : Stable at temperatures normally encountered in storage.Nonhygroscopic . Moisture, however, does Increase reactivity, especially with metals.Reacts with most metals to form dangerously sensitive salts. Forms a dangerousmixture when combined with lead or lead compounds.

Toxicity :

Very toxic. Avoid ingestion or inhalation of fumes or dust . Can be absorbedthrough the skin . Will generally cause dermatitis .

Method of loading :

Can be melt loaded or cast .

Method of unlooding : May be steamed out using a saturated solution of baking soda(sodium bicarbonate) .

Use : A main-charge explosive used by the British in armor-piercing bombs and shells .Employed by the French for loading bombs and shells, and by the Italians for loadingshells .

Remarks:

SECTION 2-5


70

Other names : Jap - Onayaku.

TRIMONITE

Composition: A mixture consisting of picric acid and dinittonaphthalene or mononi-tronaphthalene .

State: Solid.

Color: Cream to yellow .

Melting

point: Approximately 2210 F. (1050 C .) .

Solubility : Soluble in acetone and in benzene.

Sensitivity: Less sensitive than tetryl or picric acid, but more sensitive than TNT.

Velocity of detonation : 21,000 feet per second et a density of approximately 1 .6 gramsper milliliter .

Detonating temperature : Approximately 5920 F . (3000 C.) .

Stability: Stable in storage at moderate temperatures . Subject to exudation when storedat elevated temperatures .Slightly hygroscopic . Moisture Increases reactivity, especially with metals.Reacts with all metals except aluminum and tin to form dangerously sensitive com-pounds. Forms a dangerous mixture when combined with lead or lead compounds.

Toxicity : A poisonous explosive . Dust of explosive is very irritating and inhalationshould be avoided.

Method of loading: Cast loaded .

Method of unloading: May be steamed out. hobably best results would be obtained byusing a saturated solution of baking soda (sodium bicarbonate) .

Us . : A main-charge explosive used as an emergency substitute for TNT compositions .Employed by the Japanese as a burster for chemical bombs and in projectiles. Used inbombs by the French .

Remarks

TRINITROANISOL E

Other names : Technical and U. S. + 2,4,6-Trinitroanisole, Methyl picrate, syncTrinitroanisole, 2,4,6-Trinitrophenyl methyl ether, Nitrolit, TNA; Ger - Anisol ; JapType 91 .

Composition : A compound having the formula CH30'C6H2'(NO2)3 .

Store: Crystalline solid.

Color : Very pale yellow or white when pure; may appear yellow or brown.

Melting point : 1510 to 1540 F. (660 to 680 C.) .

Solubility : Soluble in benzene, chloroform, ethyl acetate, aceticacid, and acetone.

Sensitivity : Less sensitive then tetryl, more sensitive than TNr.

Velocity of detonation : 22,600 feet per second at a density of 1 .4 grams per milliliter .

Detonating temperature: Approximately 3290 F. (165 0 C.) .

Stability : Stability is unaffected even at somewhat elevated temperatures.Slightly hygroscopic . Reacts with moisture to form picric acid .Does not react with metals. However, exposure to moisture will produce picric acidwhich does react with metals to form dangerously sensitive compounds.

Toxicity : primarily a skin irritant capable of causing severe dermatitis . Can on oc-casion cause systemic poisoning. The dust of this material In contact with the eyesirritates the visual mucous membranes.

Method of loading: Cast loaded.

Method of unloading : May be steamed out provided there Is no evidence of corrosionof metal parts in contact with the explosive.

Use: A main-charge explosive used by the Japanese for high explosive bombs.

Remorkr :

SECTION 2-5


Othor names: Underwater explosive, UWE .

Composition: A mixture containing TNT and powdered or flaked aluminum .

State: Solid .

Color : Silver gray .

TRITONAL

Melting point: Does not have a sharp melting point. At temperatures above the meltingpoint of TNT, 1790 F. (81 0 C.) . the aluminum is suspended in the melted TNT.

Solubility :

TNT

i s

0

oluble

In

acetone,

ethyl

alcohol,

benzene,

and

carbon

tetrachloride .Aluminum is insoluble in most common solvents .

Sensitivity : Somewhat more sensitive to impact then TNT, but less so than tetryl .Sensitivity to initiation is essentially the same as for TNT.


18,000 to 2XCLU feet per second et a density of 1.7 grams permilliliter .

Detonating temperature: Approximately 9690 F. (4650 C .) .

Stability : Stability at ordinary storage temperature is considered good . However, canundergo exudation if stored at elevated temperatures .Nonhygroscopic .

Deterioration In the presence I)f moisture is not 0

erloue, probablybeing limited by the formation of a layer of oxide on the "

wface of the

pcrticlea ofaluminum that prevents or retards further reaction .

Burns very vigorously on the 0 urfece or underwater .

Toxicity : Produces toxic effects peculiar to its componenta . Considered a poisonousexplosive . Fumes of explosion are poisonous end must not be Inhaled.

Method of loading: Cast loaded .

Method of unloodlng: May be steamed out.

Use: A main-charge explosive used for its bleat effect in light case end general pur-pose bombs.

Remarks:

State: Fine crystalline powder .

Color: Dark gray.

Malting point: Does not melt .

TYPE 88 EXPLOSIVE

Other names: Jap -Hoensosonbakuyaku, lio.

Composition : A mixture consisting primarily of ammonium perchlorate, combined withsilicon carbide, wood pulp, and crude oils .

Reportr indicate that either a

illcon or ferrosllicon have been used In place of the a

lllcon carbide.

Solubility : Ammonium perchlorate is eoluble in water, acetone, ethyl alcohol, and inethyl ether.

Sensitivity :

Extremely sensitive to friction . Classed with tetryl in this respect .

Velocity of detonation : 12,000 .. 14,000 feet per second .

Detonating temperature: Approximately 2850 F. (14 10 C.) .

Stability: Storage stability is poor .Slightly hygroscopic ; excess moisture reduces "

eneltlvity to detonation .Bums violently and frequently flashes even when unconfined .Forms dengeroue and sensitive compounds with tin and copper .

May corrode*

teel,brass, and bronze when moist; may corrode eteel when dry.

Usually does not detonate when heated, but may detonate when exposed to stesm.

Toxicity : Not appreciably toxic and generally does not cause dermatitis . Reportedlydoes produce poisonous fumes .

Method of loading : Usually loaded as a loose powder but is a

ometimee pressed.

Remarks:

SECTION 2-S


Weeh out with cold water.

Do not a

teamas 0

xploelve may detonate .

Use ; A main-charge explosive used by the Japaneee in miner, depth Charges, and inother

underwater

ordnance .

Also reportedly used a s a demolition charge .


Other names:

Composition:

A mixture composed of trinitroanisole and RDX.

State: Powder .

Color: Cream yellow .

Melting point: 352 0 F. (177.7' C .) .

Solubility :

Sensitivity :


Detonating temperature: 4190 - 8240 F. (215.20 - 4400 C .) .Stability:

Toxicity : A toxic explosive. Toxic effects are peculiar to its components.

Method of loading : Cast loaded.


Remarks:

TYPE 94 EXPLOSIVE

Use: A main-charge explosive used by the Japanese in torpedo warheads and as abooster surround .

Other names: Jap "- H2 Kongo, H-2 .

Composition : A m1XtUre composed of trinitroanisole and HND.

State : Solid.

Color : Greenish yellow to orange .

Melting

paint:

152.60 to 1760 F. (670 to 800 C .) .Solubility : Soluble in acetone .

Sensitivity : Slightly more sensitive than trinitroanisale.

Velocity of detonation : 23,400 feet per second at a density of approximately 1.5 gramsper milliliter .

Detonating temperature: Approximately 458.6' F. (237 0 C .) .Stability: Stability in storage is considered to be good.Nonhygroscopic, and not severely affected by moisture .Does not react with metals. However, trinitroanisole reacts with moisture producingpicric acid which does react with all metals except aluminum and tin t0 farm danger-ously sensitive compounds.

Burns underwater .

Toxicity : A toxic explosive . Toxic effects are peculiar to Its components.

Method of loading : Cast loaded .


Remarks:

TYPE 98 EXPLOSIVE

Use : A main-charge explosive used by the Japanese in bombs, see mines, depthcharges, and in auxiliary boosters .

SECTION 2-5

GENERAL EOD INFORMATION,TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS (SUR FACE)

76

01her names:

State: Coated crystals .Color:

Solubility ;

9404

Composition: A mixture of HMX (94 percent), nitrocellulose (3 percent), $ls-trlchloroethylphosphate (3 percent) .

Melting points 5290 F. (2760 C.). but nitrocellulose begins to decompose rapidly above2120 F. (1000 C.) .

Seneltivity :

eoOf

a

en@Jtlvethan composition B. Very sensitive to shock.


Detonating tarnparaturet 393.80 to 4460 F. (2010 to 2300 C .) .

Stability, Nitrocellulose starts to decompose rapidly e

t temperatures above 2120 F.(1000 C.) .

Toxicity :

Method of loading :

Method of unloodlngr

Use : Application in special ordnance .

Remarks$

Note . Limited information is available for the following explosives :

APX EXPLOSIVESA series of explosives developed in the U. S. Examples are APX-4A consisting of

composition A (92 percent), aluminum (S percent) ; and APX-5A which consists of EDNA(S7 percent), aluminum (S percent), and wax (5 percent) .

COPPER CHLOROTETRAZOLEA press-loaded primary explosive having the composition C 2N8Cl2Cu.

HEXATOLA mixture of go percent RDX and 20 percent TNT. Repotted to be used as a booster

charge in Danish underwater ordnance.

HEX EXPLOSIVES

Also known PI HEX-24, HEX-4S, or high energy explosive.

HEX explosives are a mixture of potassium perchlorate . atomized (HEX-24) or flaked(HEX-4S) aluminum, RDX, and asphaltum.

They are gray in color, press loaded, and used as HE fillers in small caliber shells .

LEAD MONONI T RORESORCINATEGenerally referred to by the designation LMNR . It in used in detonators and priming

compositions .

Better known as 70/30 or 75/25 Octol.

MOX EXPLOSIVESSpecific designations are MOX-1, MOX-2B, MOX-3B, MOX-4B, MOX-6B . These es; .

plosives are gray colored, powder mixtures ; they are usually press loaded in small cali-ber antiaircraft projectiles.

OCTOL

A mixture of HMX (70 or 75 percent), and TNT (30 or 25 percent) . It is a solid, buffcolored, castable explosive used in HE shells and as the filler for bombs.

P13-RDXThis explosive was originally designated PBX (plastic bonded explosive) . It is a

mixture of RDX (90 percent), polystyrene (g,5 percent) and dioctylphthalate (1 .5 percent) .PB-RDX is white, can be press loaded, and is recognized for its high mechanical

When tested as a booster explosive, PB-RDX Web not desensitized by contact withTNT bearing explosives, and adequately boostered the main charges of HE shells .

PLUMBATOL

This explosive is a mechanical mixtUre of lead nitrate (70 percent) in molten TNT(30 percent) . It is a light-yellow, solid, castable explosive that has been used inBelgium unda the name of d fMarcarite 0t .

SECTION 2-5

77

vXXXrL LVu IIVFUMMA I IUN,TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS (SURFACE)

POTASSIUM DINITROBENFUROXAN

Also referred to s

e KDNBF " It is en Orange to brown colored compound, having thecomposition C6H4N406K, KDNBF is considered a primary explosive end is capable ofbeing press loaded. It explodes et 2100 C.

P"SERI ES EXPLOSIVES

British explosives equivalent to U, S. plastic explosives, 0

uch 0

e composition C.

SECTION 2-5

Table 2

Compounds and Mixtures Which Have Been Considered For Possible Use As

Military Explosives or Solid Propellants

79

TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE,NAME COMPOSITION COLOR, STATE, SOLUBILITY, STABILITY, SENSITIVITY AND METHOD OFMELTINGPOINT TOXICITY VELOCITY OF DETONATION LOADING, USE

AMATET Ammon,amnn,ate, Ter.yl

AMATEX Ammonium V.I . of De,: 21,8001r sec ar a--a, RD X, d.nsiry of 1 .5 g -ml.TNT

A .I X-2 Aluminum, RDX, M.-harge e.pl- .e .wax S.-d-d f .ll for R.-an

pl .Iectiles . Also used byGermans a o llller m largetine.-p--q bombs .

BARONOL Bo.1

nXrtate, Heated os h, 91, as 200' C . for S-o-ty comporable to TNT. Ma, -charge explos . Do .TNT, Aluminum 20 minute p-od -hour ignl- veloped as a ..Noble f.11ing

Iron or deronat,on . to, under nir,ons .

BORONITE Am--Baton,

TNT;--,

BUTYL TETRYL ClO H17 NS08 MP : 97 .5-98° C. Explodes at 210'C. Sensitivity comp-abl. web2,4,6-T, 4n Hceph.ny Ib uty I- rer, y I .

CARBAZOLE C12H9N whn. oy .I.l s Icne.n to cause all-gic symp-MP : 244-246'C. romc,nhumon..

CRESYLITE C7HSN3 07 MP : 1091 C . Explodes a. 4051 C. Impactesns, .pry comp-able

2,4,6-T,ini,,o .n-anal ro HND.V .I . of D., : 22,400It,sec at a density of 1 .6 g/ml .

CYANURIC TRIAZIDE C3N 12 whit e , crystal- Mode,a,ely -lode and hyg,o- Ma- sansir,ve than --yI . ... MP : 9:'C . . . .Pict . . .mina . . ; large crystals a,

v.. y s.nv,Xv .. vet. of 0.' :18,200 it/..c at a density of1 .1 g/ml .

DINA C4H8N408 MP : 51-52'C . Nonhyg,oscoplc ; bo .hng water, Approamarely th- thus a Can be c-1. A be,, ., plas-D .othonolnlvomine D-trar . how-, greatly affects ts s-- to -pact as TNT, r f o. .,tr .I1.lose nD,nlr...yahyln,r.emine sons,t"vity . Explodes at V.I . of Do , ; 23,4001./sec ar solvenflass powde, than

2001 C. Nonto..c . a densny of 1 .6 g/ml . roglycerrn .

m-D,NITROBENZENE C 6HAN20A Coledess cry.- Very stable ,nar-ol. Does I Less sensitive to mpact than M.-I-9. e.plos,v., Usedrots . MP : 89- no, ,gn.,. to 3601 C. An in ITNT . e pe-al subs ., . . . . for90 1 C . du.-al po, n be ab- I TNT in mlll-y ..pl.-..

ab.d by the body though the Iskin ar by ,nhelaNon through Ithe I-gs . Affects the bloodand may severely do..,. theI,v

VNEU C3H4N405 MP : 21E-217'C. M.'. -sn, ,mpocr thanN,N'-D,ni, ...thylene.- TNT; comporable w,1h, b.r

shghrly less sons-v, thanter,yl . V.I . a!.Do, : 25,200f,,..c o. a d.-ry of 1.6g'n,l.

DNP C6H4N205 Yellow, crystal- Explodes a, 315'C . Forms2-4-Dmirrapheeo' hne. MP : 114- ..plosive me,alhc salts . In .

115c C. hel-on of ..plosive dust mayprove fatal .

ONT C7H6N204 I Yellow . MP : To.,, and can cause ,-fat-2,4U,n,r,eroluenv 69.5" C. of the .... .

EMMET C6H11"309 MP : 42-52'C. Dell .g-rasar240'C . Imp-"n"t,vity,s'orr,para-Erhylrr,methylolms .hane ble .o TNT. Mores . t oT,in,nare all a.ms ,mpocr than 'TNT.

1,1,1-T-erhylolp,opaneT. . .. .....

ETHYL TETRYL C811 7I4 508 MP : 95-96' C.2,4,6-Tr,ertreph.nyi.fhyl-

FIVOLITE CgH 13 NS015 M- -so- than TNT .T,nomerhylolcyclopento-I V.I . of De,: 24,200W- atP-an,nare a dens .ry of 1 .5 9 'ml .

GENERAL EOD INFORMATION,

TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS (SURFACE)

88

Table 2 Compounds and Mixtures Which Have Beer Considered For Possible Use As

Military Explosives or Solid Propellants (Continued)

COLOR, STATE, SOLUBILITY, STABILITY, SENSITIVITY ANDTYPE OF EXPLOSIVE,

METNODOF"AYE COMPOSITION ELTING POIN TOXICITY VELOCITY OF DETONATION LOADING, USE

FIVONITE C9H12 Nd013 whit ., crystal . Doflograres at 265' C. No d.- Sensitivity to mechanical shock Has possibilities as a con.T.trem.thylolcycIop.ntan. he . solid. MP : pleslon below 360* C. . No op . equal to that of 60/10 Cyclerol . sritu-m both of cast explosiveT.t-itret . 68 0 C p,eciablo change ;n stability V.I . of Dot: 23,900 ft/..c ate rnwures and of propellants .

when stead ., .-ad.-.l,.1.. d.n .h y of 1 .5 g/ml . May be pressed. Unda.Xar .rvoted temps.... Somewhat effect ....... of tarp . withless stable than PETN . Role- hvenlt. substituted far TNTlively nontoxic . definitely increased.

MEPTRYL CIO"BN8017 MP : 151* C . Ignites at 18d'C; does net as . S.nsaiviry comparable with2,1,6-T.ieineph.nylnim.rhylel- with deaompe- plod. t o 360' C. PETN...thylnilriemine Trinitrats #ion .

HEXANITRODIPHENYL Yellow Used us a d.runatinq ;.Pl.-S . FI .E tve. Apowerful military

..plesiw and has a addedmilitary advantage in the,it. e.plasi .. ps..containrotating end very tesic ..l-

aw diooWe .

HMTD C6H12N206 YP : 115*C. E.Plod.. in early or 200PC. Vary s i i .. to b;erian . Ma .Hexanmlhylenetripre.idedie.ine Swrag. mclosed containers pewerfvl and ofNciont end less

e.us.. no appreciable lose i ,olive than mercury ftrl .r-pow.. ; when ..pa-d to ..is. osr.. Produce. a poeticallyrust shows a lest in power, but fle-I..* explosion. V.I . ofafter drying, the power is Our Oat: 16,700 ft/sec at a densitysome es before exp..- . . Hers of 1 .1 q/ml .b.. worke4 without causingtoxic effects .

HOLTEX Nitraoaflules. Herd, slew Shlbility unaffoetad by water. Insensitive #o impact of smell Con be pus leedee orand nitroglycer. colored sub- Remain . unaltered after year. . fire ; tull.t..pct doss molded into it. final shop .in to which are stance . Can be of immersion in water or after not .auto ignition a burning . Applicable to -he follewinqadded .,her it nufaet-d as boiling in were,. Apparently Sensitivity re initiating agents types of charges: pining,explosives and on elastic rub. easily ignited by flame. somewhat less than TNT . Vale detona'ion booster, hollowhigh grad. as- by-like cam- of Do,: 26,250 ft/..c . explosive, and incendiaryplestvas . position . .:alusi .e .

HYMAN C3HSN306 MP : 821 C . Ipnires at 280* C; do.. no, a.- I Comparable with rosy, ;n son He . been .sad as a tea..N.nUre-NrnetKylgly-id. plod. t o 360' C. wi .iry . 'h-q. for dvona,ors.N.trar.

M.EDNA C3HON101 MP : 120.2-N-thyl.rhyl-dinit-in. 12 .̂80 C.Trimerhyleos-I,d-pinirromine

MNO C1H6N106 Y P : 122,5- No explosion a# 360* C. Star- Lass sensitive than TNT toN,N'-Dinine-N,N'- 125 0 C . ego at moderately elevated .pct . Leas ....;Here endDinwthyleaxamid. ..Were# ., . causes no deer .... os p.werful as picric acid .

stability . Evaluated as between t .tryland TNT in prfaman- V.I .

X

of Dar: 23,600 It/..c at a d.n .airy of 1 .5 q/ml .

NENO C6MON6012 MP : Reported eflagrat .s at 260-270* C. Me,. sensitive than TNT. May b, cast .N,N'-Dinine-N,N'- between 88 .5 Les stable than t .tryl or RDX. Ahout the same senstrivity toDihydroxy0hylexemide Dinitr.ts and 92 0 C . ruble undo conditions of impact as PETN . V.I . ri Dar:

lightly elevated temperature 25,100 ft/..c or a density ofnd considerable humidity . 1.6 p/ml .

NIP NitrOindenoPoly..,

PBXN-101 HMX (82%), Whit. ..lid . in ketone., aromatic Me mwe sensitive than can- Cast -pl-i- UsedLaminaePolyut.r (18%)

MP : 250* C.ISolubl.y" . .'

Irons . Dimensions.,' .b . c"

and retention of.anti . . ., cast ..plostv.s .

IV.I . of Do, : 25 .800 ft/66C .

guided rnissile ..,heed ..

.n.ngrh u great., than thatof TNT . Noglipibla to.-ty .E .elod .5 at 350* C.

PBXN-102 HM X (597,), Gray solid. Dim s,onal stability and re No mere ....hive then con- Cos+ ..plosive . U..d 1n

Aluminum (23%) MP : 250.C. Nnt .on of snength is greets anflonel cast ..plosives . low too bombs and guidedPolyester (18%) than that of TNT. N.ghqible V.I . of Oat: 21,500 It/s ... missile warheads .

toxicity . E.plades et 350* C .

PENTANOL TNT,PETN,Aluminum

Table 2

SECTION 2-5

Compounds and Mixtures Which Have Been Considered For Possible Use As

Military Explosives or Solid Propellants (Continued)

8 1

COLOR. STATE, SOLUBILITY, STABILITY. SENSITIVITY AND TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE .NAME COMPOSITION MELTING POINT TOXICITY VELOCITY OF DETONATION METHOD Of

LOADING, USE

PENTRYL CBH6N6011 Y P : 126' C . Burns itha,t e.plosion hen Impact sens-,ity comparable May be passed .(2,4,6-Tnpirrephenylnwamlno) ., . .,ad without confinement . .nh PETN . V.I . of D.,Ethyl Nnror. E.plod.s er 235' C . E-1- 17,250 1, 1 .n,,,y of

osidas of nihogen at .1-t.4 1 .0 g/n,l.tsmp-t- Sto-q. und.r-.aur a dry at moderately ala-.ared temperatures causes noless mpear . Reported ro

e dermatitis .

PEP PETN, Oil

PETX CSH 12 N808 No 1- MP burTerra (ninamlnamethyl) m.rhona ..h . -th al .-

-P-Ii..abo.. 165' C .

PICRAMIDE C6H4N406 O-gedrad .2,4,6-T-inoani lin. MP : 188' C .

PIPE PETN, GA V .I . a(Del:12 ,700Itisec610C,O., Oil as

'sit,of 1 39

PTx-4 Halaifa added B-1-I... bet .3 o n o preen by lengo- storage .Pentohu .

RIPE RDX, Gulf V.I . of Dac 24,000 h,-C'... Oil d.-,y of 1,34 q/ml .

SIXOLITE C 10H 15N501 MP : 122' C . D,flaprar.+ ar 240' C. No .. . V.I . of D.r : 23,700 fr-c arTanem.thylolcyclohuanol plos-ro 360' C . S,-q . ar d.nsny of 1,4 q/ml .Pentanitfote .d .-I.ly .Lvettd t.mpa-

ra shows lint .oI

no de-.a .. n at'b .lXry .

SIXONITE C10 HIA N4013 MP : 55-56'C. V.I . 01 Del: 25,400 ft/.,c or aTatrem.thylolcycleh..anene d.n-, of 1 .4 q/rnl .

STYPHNIC ACID C61-1 3N308 MP : 175'C. E .plads, or 314' C. A+ --r- to -pact2 , 4,6-Trmrt ... ..o-ne l p.c X -d . V.I . of D,rX

About half that of mocu .ylulm .nar,.

TACOT C 12 M4 N808 Orange s .I .d . Soluble Xn a _-Stuns de- More s sir . ., than DATE . High r.mp.. ..... uplosne.T.,--od .b .nao- Decompose, at mp--on at 300c' C. Hon V.I . of Del : 23,000 It +.c at Sol..nt p..a .d .1,3a,4,6a-r.rresa- 410 C . .Xc . d.n ..ry of 1 .86 q-rnI .p,nral .n.

TENA C6H3N508 MP : 215` C. E .pled.. at app--ef.l y V.I . e1 D.r : 25 .000 r, s.c of2,3,4,6-Tenan.rroanlh- ..rh dacompusi 237' C. May -ol- -"ous dens- .1 1,6 p ml .

r,on . c .d . Does no, .,lock ..,at, .R.po.,,d to b. nonro.Xc .

TETRACENE C2H,N 10 0 C.I." I ..o. E.pl.d .. .1 154°C . No s .qn.- I. n . . n . . ., ru -pact as Used rn pr-mg rompo+i-pal. yell'. am change m p-, or

^y fu.oph-l .

fl-.r . an d d.aso- on and with lead-deII'Ify mat-o1, --y of . ..

r. .q. at mod d, .- ..plos. .. r . ..rs . '

r .ly .). .acd cm .p..ar . .. . .

TNB C6M3N306 .1 .1 . plar .l .-r, rob ;l .ty n qua ; t' TNT . Sh«k s n X .Xt y --d-bly Employ.dn World w.. I Xn1,3,5-T-orob.ns.n. hXgha.the' TNT. .ol AP shells .

TNETBC6H6N6014 I

Colorless. soluble n . " n-Heron,, Too . ., to ,chanmold,t,7-i .in .r .oanyl nd corboX t .r "achlo.Xd., e.y shockbr.

acceptablea .

4,4,4-Trm,1,obmy,ar . olubl. .n nit . .thane, qla- mXLmry ..plc-. when .. .dCol a - .-d, and .rhyI alone.aerate .

TPEON '"CIS H24 N8026 hna crystal. . Insoluble n .are . ; +olubl, n H.gh-plow . .. and as pos .T.Xp.nraa " yrhr .rol Icohol and <hlo"ofo.m ; ...y .,bla plosr.cuar for NC .Ocraninor. olubIs m hot ac .ron, and hot

:.newPressed ar cast-leaded .

VELrEx IHMX(70.OL), ?rang. solid . H.qh mechon-l s engrh,14 C0 S.0%), mach .nab la .wes t pl.-. "iNG(10 .7%), 2INOPA (1 .3'4),

GENERAL EOD INFORMATION,TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS (SURFACE :

82

Table 3 . Other Dangerous Solid Materials Having Explosive Characteristics

NAME COMPOSITION I STATE; COLOR SOLUBILITY, STABILITY, USETOXICITY

AMMONIUM CHLORATE NH 4CIO3 White powder . Soluble m water and ethyl alcohol . Too wnsinve to be used in commerualor military explosives ; explodes of

212` F(I OOoC.) .

BARIUM NITRATE Ba(N03)2 Very poisonous; soluble in water . Powerful ond,xing agent .

BIS (2, 2-DINITROPROPYL FUMARATE) ClOH 12N4012 White crystals . Ingredient of HE shell and bomb filler,DNPF and as explosive all aaemw..-

ISIS (2, 2-DINITROPROPYL SUCCINATE) CIOH14N4012 White crystals . Desensitising ingredient of high ee.DNPS plosive composition

2, -DINITROPROPYL-4, 4, 4-TRINITRO-BUTYRATE C7HgN5012 White crystal .,DNPTB

CYCLOTRIMETHYLENE TRINITROSOMINE C3H6N603 Yellow crystals. Easily decomposed by acid or alkah, Ingredient of shell filler ._ or by boiling in water.

DIPENTAERYTHRITOL HEXANITRATE ClOH 16 N60 19 White crystals . Ingredient of priming compositions .DPHEN

GLYCOL DI-TYYLEA BTRINITROBUTYRATE C10H12N6016 Crystals Casting medium for HE compounds.

GTNB

HEXANITRO OXANIUDE C14H6N8UI4 Almost white. Soluble in nitric acid ; very soluble in Ingredient of gnrrer powder, pyro-HNO dlmethyllormamlde . technic compost-f .

LEAD 2. 4-DINITRORESORCINATE Pb C6H2N206 Red or yellow Ingredient of electric detonators, staredLDNR crystals . I I wet .

LEAD 4, 6-DINITRORESORCINOL Pb2C6H4N203 Red or yellow Ingredient of e leans detonators,stored

LDNR-basic crystalline form I wet

MANNITOL HEXANITRATE C6HSN601B Secondary charge in detonators, and inNHromannite 61usting caps designed to be in,hated

by a fuse .

MONONITRONAPHTHALENE C10H7NO2 Yellow solid. Insoluble m water, readily soluble in ( Not on explosive unless mixed withMINN other, hot ethyl alcohol, and bensene. oxygen carriers, such as ommonn.malpha Nitronap6tholene nitrate, seldom, Xf ever, used alone.

MONON;TROPHENOL C6H5NO 3 Slightly soluble in cold water, more Not used in explosives in U S , used byMNP readily soluble m hot water, soluble foreign military services .

n ethyl alcohol and in ether, poisonous, and may cous-dermatitis .

PENTAERYTHRITOL TRINITROACRYLATE Cf3H II N3OII While crystals . Ingredient of composite rocket pro-

I-PETRIN acrylate pellants.

POTASSIUM CHLORATE KCI0 3 White powder Moderately soluble in water, slightly Ingredient of initiarng, HE, and pro-Koliumchlorate (Ger) soluble in ethyl alcohol, rapid heat. pellant compositions, never used aloneClorotn d, pats.- (hall ng nay cause it to explode ; relot-l as on explosive .rr,c2 �±rx,.,tn,^'eue3'Biie'ns r X gnew (Russ on-tonic, and does not cause den

-W ...

POTASSIUM NITRATE KN03 wihite powder . Soluble X- cold water, vm y soluble Oxygen comer w6-ch h a s v.-de applkc,PVN n hot water, soluble in ethyl . an in both HE -roves and oroprll-tsSaltpeter alcohol and ether, relatively non Not on explosive .N,rre tons, and does nct cause dermatitis .N, 1rote de potassium (Fr)Kol,solpetet (Gel)Solntro Old ;)

. u -Pre x eirci -anew- (Russ)

POTASSIUM PF RCHLORATE KC10 4 w'h,te powder . Slightly soluble in cold water, mod- Employed m prime,, pyrotechnic andKahumperchlorate (Ger) elately soluble in hot water, can be propellant compositions, employed byPerclorote d, potossio (Ital) detonated by shock or friction- re foreign nations as mar. charges far

latively non-toxic, and does not cause bombs and mines.dermatih s .

SILVER AZIDE VXAg N"te to gray Insoluble m water, soluble in am- Ingredient of initiators . Stored wetcrystals . mon,um hyroxide, decomposes in

nitric acid .

SODIUM CHLORATE NoCl03 N6oe powder . Very soluble in water, and moderately Ingredient of initiating, HE, and propel_

Natr,umchlorate (Gel) soluble,n ethyl alcohol, relatively

It,

lant compositions . Mixtures containingClorato d, sadm (Ital)

Inonto+ic, and does not cause der- sodium chlorate are dangerously se-

1- ;a' ix Xroli;(Russ) matnis . ve to shock and friction .

Table 3

SECTION 2-5

Other Dangerous Solid Materials Having Explosive Characteristics (Continued)

330-516 0 - 69 - 7 8 3

NAME COMPOSITION STATE; COLOR SOLUBILITY, STABILITY, USETOXICITY

SODIUM NITRATE NONO3 Mute po .dar . Vary soluble in water, and slightly O yger, came Which has wide applrc .-Chile saltpeter soluble methyl alcohol ; .Iaiady Iron m both HE -twos and propellants .Nitrate d. sodium (Fr) non-to- and does not cause Oar . Not an aaplo- . .Notransalp.ter (Ger) nnatitis . Touc to h .th-tar fr.hNrtrata chi Podia (Ital) and certain animals, particularly-OTPal WFOR (Ruse) Cattle .

SODIUM PERCHLORATE NOCIO 4 lbtito pa.dar . Vary soluble in water, and moderatel y Employed m primer, pyrotechnic, andNat-in porchlora (Gar) soluble m ethyl alcohol, methyl propellant compositions, ..played byn[FNnopEI "RIPON (Run) alcohol, and ethane . Relatti .aly nom foreign nations as main charges for

toxic, and does not cause dvmattrs . bombs and mines .

TRINITROTRIAZIDOBENZENE C 606N 12 Gooniah" yella . Readily soluble macttone,moderately ln9redrantofprime, ae.

TNTAB crystals. soluble in chloroform, sparingly Pal-

uble m alcohol ; in .oluble in water .

GENERAL EOD INFWMA1 ION,TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS (S[IRi-ACE)

6 IDENTIFICATION OF EXPLOSIVES

Achemical procedure for the identifi-cation of 33 conventional military explo-sives and ammonium nitrate, that re-quires only readily available apparatusand reagents and does not presupposechemical training, is described below :

6-1 EXPLOSIVES IDERTiFIED

Amatol HNDAmmonium nitrate PETNComposition A

Picric acidComposition B

R.DXComposition C

TetrylExplosive D

TorpexHBX TNT

6-2

REAGENTS CARE AND PREPARATION

Acetone, CH3COCH3 . - The containermum lsept tightly' stoppered when theacetone is not in use. The acetonemust be free of water to be effective.

Ammonium hydroxide, NH4OH. - A 2%aqueous ammonium ydroxide solutionis necessary for this procedure. Toprepare this solution, add two to threemilliliters (ml) of concentrated ammo-nium hydroxide to 100 milliliters of dis-tilled water.

Carbon tetrachloride, CC14. - -Requiresno preprra non.

se as obtained .

Diphenylamine, CGH5NHC6H5. - A 1%p eny amore

reagent

is

required

forthis procedure.

This reagent is pre-pared by adding one gram of diphenyl-.amine to 100 milliliters of concentrated(96%) sulfuric acid.

Potassium or sodium hydroxide, KOHor NaOH. - A 2% aqueous solution ofeither potassium or sodium hydroxide

8 4

is required io r this procedure.

To pre-pare this solution, add two grams ofpotassium or sodium hydroxide to 100milliliters of distilled water.

Sulfuric acid, H9S04, - Requires no-preparaYon. Use as obtained .

Distilled water.

6-3

APPARATUS REQUIRED

Pyrex test tubes, about 3/4 inch in di-ameter .

Metal spatula with a slightly dishedblade about one inch long and 1/8--inchwide that will normally hold about 0.1gram sample .

Medicine droppers .

6-4 PROCEDURE

The procedure for identification of theexplosive sample is based on solubilitiesand color reactions. Chart 1, a sche-matic outline of the procedure, has beenprepared to provide a reference to thevarious steps of this procedure andshows the group separations and testsused to identify the explosive sampleunder consideration .

6-4.1

Preparation

of Sun'ple.A sample of the unknown explosive

about the size of a marble is sufficientfor identification . When collecting thesample, it is advisable to obtain a fewsmall portions from each of severaldifferent parts of the explosive. Theportions should be crushed gently untilthey are more ox less powdery with nolumps present and should then be mixed.

6-4.2

Mix Sample with Corbon Tetrochloride .Us .ng the spatula, place a portion

(about 0.1 gram) of the thoroughly

SOLUBLE

TNT

NOTE CAVE THE SOLUTIONS MINUTES TO CHANGE COLORFROM LIGHT RED TO A DEEP

I REDL

I

Chart. 1 Schematic Diagram for Identification of High Explosives

PLACE ONE SCOOP OF SAMPLE IN A 14 INCH TES' TUBE AND ADD 1-141'1CNES OF CARBON TETRACHLORIDE,

SNAKE TUBE .ELL

A 5MT 1FILE MUST BE COMPLETELY DISSOLVED BEFORE IT IS PLACED 'N rME 'SOLUBLE" GROUP BELOW

LOOK FOR A GREY RESIDUE .NICNTAKES TIME TO SETTLE . WAIT APPROXIMATELY FIVE MINUTES.

SOLUBLE

ADD ABOUT A DROPS OF n AMMONIUM HYDROXIDE TO THE ACETONE SOLUTION

IFROM ABOVE . SHAKE TUBE VERY WELL (USE A CORK STOPPER IF NECESSARYI .II

MAKE IMMEDIATE OBSERVATIONS LOOK FOR COLORS.

DISSOLVE ONE SCOOP OF NEW SAMPLE IN A CLEANTEST+TUBE WITH ONE INCH OF ACETONE .THEN ADDDROP BY DROP A TOTAL OF 610 DROPS OF 2% KOH,

(

GROUP

11X0 CHANGE IN COLOR

PETH

INSOLUBLE

PLACE A NEW SAMPLE (ONE SCOOP) IN ANOTHER TEST-TUBE AND ADD ACETONE (ONE INCII) .

SNAKE TUBE WELL TO DISSOLVESAMPLE . ONE INCH IS SUFFICIENT FORMOST EXPLOSIVES BUT ONE HALF INCH MORE MAY BE ADDED FOR OOOC MEASURE

Ar,AIN

jI LOO( FOR A GREY RE

.

AV

F

N

X DSSOLVE ONE SCOOP OF NEWSAMPLE IN ONE INCH OF ACE'TONE AND POUR RAPIDLY ONEIFb1 OF DIPHENYLAMIHE REA-IGENT INTO THE SOLUTION .

1

IPLACE ONE SCOOP OF NEW SAMPLE IN ONE INOI IIOF ACETONE . SHAKE VIGOROUSLY AND THEM I,ADD WICKLY (POUR DIRECTLY FROM BOTTLEII OHE HALF INCH OF DIPHENYLAMINE REAGENTI ALLOW REAGENT TO RUN :OWN INSIDE OF 'ESTTUBE. SHAKE TEST-TUBE AGAIN .

I COLOR11 NO REACTION

DEEP BLUE

NOTE : BLUE COLOR MAYONLY DEVELOP AODUN0THE REMDUE ON THE I

BOTTOM

4NATOLI

F_1q0UP 11-XINK SOLUTION

-XIN$OLllBLEX_

ADD ABOUTqDp4DROPS OFF a,H AIM̀IDIUMXNX

uYGOOXIDF TO THE

I

ifINII LULU4IJANVVCDLURX17 ALL'FOF tsn SrCUHf5

X

JMIONIUM X

INITRA7E- _

ACETONELOOK FORT

F .._GROUP

_.X

NO LNA!DF

JPL ACF ONE $COOP OT NEW SAMPLE

NUNF'NK .]OE ACET-F ANO THFN ADD TN-fNYLU11NF

iNF AGFNT DROP BY

X(1PSLOWLI

LOOK 'OR.HITI'OLUMINOUSPRNCIPI1A!F '.r1NO .FA1TI!JN IS NOTID POUR k'CKLY K+f HALF INOI

X4UPf '.'IFHFNYLAYINf REAGENT

I

TORPEX OR NBA

r

E__ ._

-

I

C.ODOR

XWHITE vOLUMINOU$THENEP

)

; pREK.IVITATF+NWH1FH

JBLUE IDISSOLVFSfNFKCESSDIPNFNYLAMINF IS ADDED

I FfPLJVVE'_C7

I i.(PU'-D4v AND`4Y$T ALL IHF,f N' INPL f'. 'OPO.DF .Y FORM VNI 14

' . ru1fYION

__OF


mixed sample in a 3/4-inch diametertest tube and add carbon tetrachlorideto the test tube to a height of from oneto one and one-half inches. Shake thetest tube well, allowing up to five min-utes for the sample to dissolve . Care-fully examine the solution for the pres-ence of a residue . If the sample iscompletely soluble, it is identified asTNT.

6-4.3

Mix Sample with Acetone.

If the sample is not completely solu-ble in carbon tetrachloride, take a newportion of the sample . Place this newportion in a clean test tube and add ace-tone to the test tube to a height of ap-proximately one inch. Shake the testtube well and look for the presence ofany insoluble matter .

If the sample dissolves completely,it belongs to the soluble group con-sisting of composition B, HND,PETN, picric acid, RDX, andtetryl.

If a residue remains in the testtube, the sample belongs to theinsoluble group composed of ama-tol, ammonium nitrate, compo-sition A, composition C, explo-sive D, HBX, and torpex .

6-4.4

Add Ammonium Hydroxide to the

Acetone Solution .

To the acetone solution add approxi-mately 20 drops of the 2% ammoniumhydroxide solution, using a clean medi-cine dropper. The soluble group ofexplosives as well as the insolublegroup are further divided into sub-groups depending on whether or not theacetone-sample solution changes colorupon the addition of the ammoniumhydroxide solution.

86

ing explosives: composition B, HND,and tetryl .

If the solution turns pink, the explo-sive is composition B.

If the solution becomes red, the ex-plosive is HND.

If the solution turns light red at oncebut gradually changes from light redto a very deep red during a period ofabout five minutes, the explosive istetryl .

6-4 .4 .2

Group II ., (Sample soluble inacetone : no change in color evident uponthe addition of ammonium hydroxidesolution) .

Forming roup

are the fol-lowing explosives : PETN, picric acid,and RDX.

In order to identify the partic-ular explosive, (1) fill the spatula witha fresh sample and then add the sampleto a clean test tube containing acetone toa height of about one inch, (2) add 6 to10 drops of the 2% solution of either po-tassium or sodium hydroxide to theabove solution using a clean medicinedropper .

If the solution turns orange, the ex-plosive is picric acid.

If there is no color change, place afresh sample in a clean test tubecontaining acetone to a height ofabout one inch. Add rapidly oneinch of diphenylamine reagent to thetest tube . If the solution turns deepblue, the explosive is PETN. Nochange in color identifies the explo-sive as RDX.

6-4.4 .3

Group III . (Sample insolublein acetone ; change in color evident uponthe addition of ammonium hydroxide

6-4 .4 .1 Group I . (Sample soluble in solution) . Forming Group III are theacetone ; change in color evident up-)n fo : wing explosives : amatol, HBX, andaddition o ammonium hydroxide solu- to x. To identify the particular explo-tion) . Forming Group I are the follow- si%,, (1) add a new sample of the explo-

sive to a clean test tube containing ace-tone to a height of about one inch, (2)mix the sample and acetone throughly,(3) add about 1/2 inch of diphenylaminereagent to the test tube, allowing thereagent to run down'the inside surfaceof the test tube .

If the solution turns deep blue, par-ticularly around the residue on thebottom of the test tube, the explosiveis amatol.

If there is no reaction, the sampleof explosive may contain either to r-pex or HBX.

Note . This procedure does notdistinguish between torpex and HBX.

6-4.4.4

Group IV. (Sample insolublein acetone : no color chance evidentupon addition of ammonium hydroxidesolution) .

Forming Group IV are thefollowing explosives: ammonium ni-trate, composition A, composition C,and explosive D. In order to identifythe particular explosive, (1) add a newportion of the explosive sample to aclean test tube containing acetone to aheight of about one inch, (2) mix thesample and acetone thoroughly, (3) addslowly diphenylamine reagent drop bydrop to the above solution using a cleanmedicine dropper.

If a white voluminous precipitateforms which redissolves upon theaddition of excess diphenylaminereagent, the sample is explosive D.

If no reaction is noted, add quickly1/2 inch more of the diphenylaminereagent. If the solution becomesdeep blue in color, the explosiveis ammonium nitrate . No reactionindicates that the sample may con-tain either composition A or compo-sition C.

SECTION 2-5

Note. Composition A can be distin-guished from composition C by thedifference in physical properties .Composition A is dry and crumblesto a powder, while composition C issoft and plastic .

7

GENERAL SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

Assembled below are the generalsafety precautions applicable to the dis-posal of explosives and solid propellants,

1 . Departmental regulations pertain-ing to the disposal of explosives andsolid propellants must be read, under-stood, and followed.

2 . No procedure should be undertakenwithout approval by and except in thoseareas which conform with the require-ments of the Department concerned whensuch approval is required by a particu-lar Department.

3 . Access to the disposal area shouldbe controlled and restricted to a min-imum number of authorized personnelnecessary to the safe conduct of thedisposal operation.

4 . All disposal operations must takeplace under the direction of a qualifiedand experienced supervisor who has theresponsibility for the safety of person-nel and general safe conduct of the op-eration.

5 . One (1) person must never be per-mitted to work alone in disposal opera-tions .

6 . When disposal work is in process,or when an explosive or solid propellantis being transported by land or water,the hazardous nature of the operationshould be suitably indicated by promi-nently displaying a red flag or sign ascalled for by the Department concerned.

87

GE14ERAI EOD INt-ORMATION,T ECHNIOUES A N D T00I S (SURF ACE)

7 . Du not undt:rtal- tlic LA-i,dli, :g u idisposal of an explosive oisolid prk,pcl-lant if nut familiar with the clLaracter-istics of the material .

III tire absoilce ofinformation covering a specific e;Xplosive or solid propellani or any phase ofthe destruction of the material, requestinstructions.

8, Personnel enjgag,_Xd in or nea-z dis-posal operations must avoid inhalingfumes and vapors of explosives or solidpropellants . If required, adequate res-piratory equipment and appropriate pro-tective clothing must be worn to mini-mize contact with explosives or solidpropellants .

9, Individuals showing evidence ofexposure to explosives or solid propel--lams must be removed immediatelyfrom the area of concert1at10n and givenqualified medical treatment .

10 . Smoking must not be permittedwhen working on or near explosives orsolid propellants . Not only is smokinga serious fire and explosive hazard, butit offers a means for ingestion and in-halation of toxic vapors .

11 . All tools and equipment used onor near explosives or solid propellantsshould be nonsparking . Flame- orspark-producing devices should not bepermitted in the disposal area. Noportable lights other than approved electrio lanterns and flashlights should beused around explosives or solid propel-lants .

12 . Explosives or solid propellants,whether in containers or loaded in pro-jectiles, rockets, bombs, etc., mustnot be handled roughly. They must behandled carefully to prevent shock orfriction which may cause a fire or anexplosion.

88

13, Deteriorated t:apluL;ive6 or solidpropellants niaX' be, and often are, moredangerous to handle than those in goodcondition, and consequentl` requirespecial care in handling and disposal.

14. Explosives or solid propellantsawaiting destruction must be dispersedthroughout the disposal area, and mustbe protected against accidental ignitionor explosion from fragments or fire .

15 . Static electricity, the direct raysof the sun, and even water introduce def-inite hazards in the presence of certainexplosives and solid propellants .

16 . Disposal operations involvingexplosives and solid propellants mustbe suspended upon the approach of athunderstorm or electrical storm .

8

DISPOSAL OF EXPLOSIVES BYBURNING

Burning generally is the preferredmethod for destroying explosives andsolid propellants . Burial in the earthis not an accepted practice, but dumpingin the ocean, at sea, or in inland watersis permitted and is the only disposalmethod for black powder approved by theU, S . Navy . Since burning as well asdumping in large bodies of water are notalways practicable, detonation andchemical decomposition methods arealso utilized to dispose of explosivesand solid propellants.

8-1

SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

1. Except in specific cases, explo-sives should not be burned in containersnor should they be burned in large lumpform or in deep piles because of thedanger of detonation .

2 . When disposing of explosives byburning, keep in mind that detonationor a premature ignition may occur .Consequently, adequate protective meas-ures must be utilized for the protectionof personnel and property .

3 . If no natural barrier exists, abarricade or mound should be erectedat a safe distance froin the burning sitefor protection of disposai personnelduring the burning procedure .

4 . Personnel engaged in the burningof explosives should be provided with andwear flameproof clothing.

5 . improvised showers and solutionsfor medication should be available ir_ thedisposal area.

6 . Whenever possible, firefightingapparatus and communication facili-ties should be present in the disposalarea .

7 . An emergency vehicle must be inthe disposal area whenever a disposaloperation involving burning is in prog-ress.

8 .

Signs or roadblocks must be postedat the entrance and on all sides of thedisposal area, warning of the disposaloperation being undertaken and restrict-ing unauthorized personnel and equip-.Inent from the area .

8-2

SELECT ;ON OF BURNING AREA

To be acceptable for the burning ofexplosives, the burning area must belocated at the maximum practical dis-tance from any magazine, inhabitedbuilding, public highway, or railroad .The minimum interval, however, mustnever be less than 1900 feet unlesssuitable barricades are erected, ornatural barriers utilized, since the ex-plosive could possibly detonate rather

SECTION 2-5

than burn. Careful consideration, there-fore, must always be given to the pos-sibility of damage to the surroundingproperty or injury to any person or per-sons which could involve suit againstthe government.

8-3

PREPARATION OF BURNING AREA

1. A dirt surface should be used toburn explosives . The dirt surfaceshould be of well-packed earth andshould be free from large stones anddeep cracks in which the explosivemight lodge or accumulate . Concrete,gravel, or cindered surface should notbe used .

2 . Strip the immediate burning siteof trees, dry grass, leaves, high weeds,brush and other combustible materialwithin a radius of 200 feet from thepoint of burning.

3 . After each burn is completed,thoroughly soak the burning site withwater . Wait four hours and then in-spect the site . If no hazardous con-dition exists, another quantity of ex-plosives may be prepared for burn-ing .

4 . Explosives awaiting destructionmust be dispersed throughout the dis-posal area and protected against acci-dental ignition or detonation .

8-4

PREPARATION OF EXPLOSIVE FORBURNING

1 . Never burn more than 200 poundsof explosive at one time. Burn only300 pounds of dynamite at one time andnever more than 10 pounds of blastinggelatin .

2 . Make certain that only one typeof explosive is destroyed at any onetime .

89

UtNtKAL tUU INt- UKMA I WIN,TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS (SURFACE)

3. Carefully examine the explosiveto make certain that no detonator orblasting cap of any kind is included withthe explosive.

Any attempt to burnexplosives with detonators or blastingcaps of any description will almostalways result in an explosion.

4. Remove the explosive to be burnedfrom its container since the burning ofexplosives under even slight confine-ment may result in an explosion . Ifremoval of the explosive from its con-tainer is impracticable due to the haz-ardous nature of the explosive, it maybecome necessary to use a differentmethod of disposal .

WARNING

5. Spread the explosive out in layersnot more than two inches deep and fourinches wide .

9 0

TNT, explosive D, compositionB, and pentolite in open con-tainers may be burned out whendestruction by detonation or wash-ing out and burning the explosiveseparately is impracticable. How-ever, instances are on record ofTNT, pentolite, and explosive Ddetonating while being burned .

WARNING

Type 88 explosive must be burnedin very thin layersnot more thanone inch deep . Blocks of TNT maybe burned by placing the individualblocks in reasonably close contactwith each other in a single layernot exceeding three or four blocksin width.

6. Loose, dry explosives may beburned without being placed on a layerof combustible material if burning will

be complete . Wet explosives should bespread out on a layer of combustiblematerial and allowed to partially dryprior to burning. If it is found that thewet explosive will not burn completelyor only with difficulty on the combus-tible bed, a nonvolatile, flammablefuel oil may be sprinkled over the bedof combustible material upon which theexplosive is to be placed to assurecomplete burning.

Note. It is recommended that boxesof dynamite be opened and each cartridgebe slit and scattered loosely on the com-bustible bed; however, considering thehazard to disposal personnel, especiallywith deteriorated dynamite, commonsize dynamite cartridges (2 inches indiameter and less) may be placed on thecombustible bed as carefully as pos-sible without slitting. If the cartridgesare of large diameter, slitting alone isinadequate and the loose explosive mustbe spread out in a layer not over twoinches thick. Burn the boxes and emp-tied cartridges together, but separatelyfrom the explosive.

7. Separate parallel beds of explo-sives, prepared for burning, in accord-ance with applicable service directives.

8-5 IGNITION OF EXPLOSIVES

1. The layer of explosive must beignited by a train of combustible mate-rial, such as excelsior. See Figure 1.The material for an ignition train mustbe free from cardboard, paper, orboxes which have served as packagingfor the explosives .

2 . The ignition train of combustiblematerial must never be less than 25feet in length and should be as muchlonger as is necessary to permit personnel to reach a place of safety .

Figure l

3 . Test the ignition train for burn-ing speed and possible hazards priorto use . This test must be made at asafe distance from any explosive .

Layout for ignition of explosive to be disposed olby burning

4. Arrange the ignition train to leaddirectly downwind from the material tobe destroyed .

SECTION 2-5

Caution: This procedure must befollowed in order to prevent the windfrom blowing any burning matter towardthe explosive, thus speeding the burn-ing time of the ignition train or possiblycausing a premature ignition beforepersonnel have reached a place of safety.

5 . Ignite the ignition train of com-bustible material from a safe distance

9 1

GE14ERAL

L-00 Iris u}:t:Xr. f II I ;,I ECIiNIQUES AND TOOL S (SI)R r AC E)

' means of air cloccrically initiate dhdback powder squib or by time blastingfuse (safety fuse) .

WARNING

In the event of a misfire, do nutapproach the burning site for atleast 30 minutes. At the end ofthis time, not more than twoqualified persons should be per-mitted to approach and examinethe misfire.

6. Do not repeat a disposal procedureon a previously burned--over plot within24 hours, unless the burning site hasbeen thoroughly soaked with water.

9

DISPOSAL OF BLACK POWDERBY BURNING

Immersing in the ocean, at sea, or ininland waters is the only disposal meth-od for black powder approved by theU. S . Navy . However, the burning ofblack powder is permitted in the eventthat no suitable body of water is conven-ient .

9-I

SAFES Y PRECAUTIONS

1. Black powder is one of the mostdangerous and treacherous of all explo-sives, and the one with which accidentsare most likely to occur. Black pow-der is highly flammable and is sensi-tive to friction, shock, sparks, or heat,and is extremely quick and violent inits action if ignited. Although blackpowder is classed as a low explosive,it approaches a high explosive in vio-lence and in the destructive effect of itsexplosion .

92

a . When disposing of black powderby burning, adequate protective meas-ures must be utilized for the protectionof personnel and property, particularlybecause premature ignition may occur.

3 . Cotton apparel, protective cloth-ing, asbestos apron, and magazinesafety shoes should be worn by allpersonnel engaged in handling and dis-posing of black powder.

4. Containers which have been emp-tied of black powder should be filledwith water until such time as they canbe washed free of residual black pow-der.

Caution: Serious explosions haveoccurred with supposedly empty con-tainers .

5. Carefully clean up and remove anyspilled black powder. If the black pow-der cannot be readily removed, washit down thoroughly with water.

6, Always ground a black powdercontainer while the contents are beingremoved.

9-2

SELECTION OF BURNING AREA

The selection of an area for the dis-posal of black powder by burning shouldbe based on the principle of obtainingthe maximum practical distance fromall magazines, inhabited buildings,public highways, and railways .

9 .3


Bare ground should be used as theburning surface for black powder. Con-crete mats, concrete, gravel, or ein-

dered surfaces should not be used . Stripthe immediate burning site of trees, drygrass, leaves, high needs, brush, andother combustible materials within aradius of 200 feet from the point ofburning.

9-4

PREPARATION OF BLACK POWDERFOR BURNING

1

1 . Never burn more than 25 poundsof black powder at one time .

2. Spread the black powder out forburning on the bare ground in a trainabout 2 inches wide . No part of thetrain must parallel another part unlessseparated by a distance of at least 10feet .

Caution: Ground sizable black pow-der containers before emptying thecontents.

3. Do not make any sharp turn isthe black powder train ; be sure to roundoff all turns.

9-5

IGNITION OF BLACK POWDEV

1 . The black powder must be ignitedby means of an ignition train of flam-mable material such as excelsior whichextends directly downwind a safe dis-tance (about 25 feet) from the blackpowder train.

Note. If dry and in good condition,black powder burns rapidly, especiallyin small grain size .

2. Ignite the ignition train and with--draw to a place of safety.

3 . Permit the black powder to burncompletely before reapproaching theburning area

4. Upon completion of burning, in-spect the burning site and adjacent areato insure that all of the black powderhas been consumed.

5. Incompletely burned and smolder-ing residues should be washed downthoroughly with water.

6. After drying out, the incompletelyburned black powder should be care-fully reignited as described in steps1 and 2 above .

10

DISPOSAL OF SMOKELESSPOWDER BY BURNING

10-I

SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

SECTION 2-5

1. Since premature ignition is anever-present hazard when disposing ofsmokeless powder by burning, ade-quate protective measures must beutilized for the protection of personneland property . Personnel engaged in orassociated with the handling of smoke-less powder and other operations at theburning area should wear fire-resistantsafety outer garments, nonsparking safetyshoes, and safety goggles.

In handling smokeless powder in acontainer, minimize the motion of thepowder within the container so as toprevent the possible generation of staticelectricity.

3. Do not expose smokeless powderto the direct rays of the sun for anyperiod longer than necessary to com-plete the burning operation. Any con-tainer of smokeless powder should

93

ULNERAL EUD IN rORMA I ION,TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS (SURFACE)

likewise be protected from the directrays of the sun.

4. Charges of static electricity andstray currents could cause prematureignition of smokeless powder. There-fore, thoroughly ground smokelesspow-der containers before removing thepowder.

5 . Be careful to avoid walking onsmokeless powder.

10-2 SELECTION OF BURNING AREA

The burning area to be used for thedisposal of smokeless powder should beat least 1900 feet from any magazine,public highway, Passenger railroad, orinhabited building.

10-3


1. Strip the immediate burning siteof trees, dry grass, leaves, high weeds,brush, and other combustible materialwithin a radius of 200 feet from any pointof burning.

2. Carefully inspect the burning areaand adjacent area to determine that theground is not dangerously warm andthat the area is free from glowing, smol-dering, or burning residue.

3 . Use the bare ground as the burn-ing site for smokeless powder; do notuse prepared trenches or pits .

4 . Downwind burning sites in the burn-ing area should be selected first so thatsuccessive burnings will be carried outin an upwind direction from previousburnings .

z) . Smokeless powder awaiting de-struction should not be closer than 100feet from the nearest point of any area

9 4

used for actual burning, and should beseparated from the burning area by amound of earth.

104

PREPARATION OF SMOKELESSPOWDER FOR BURNING

1 . Never burn more than 4000 poundsof single-base smokeless powder at onetime .

2. Limit the amount of smokelesspowder to be burned at one time to2000 pounds if it is of the double-baseor very small web type, such as bulksmall arms powder, bulk shotgun pow-der, or similar single-perforated orthin-flake grained powder. This typepowder burns very rapidly.

3 . Remove the smokeless powder fromits container and spread the powder ina straight row on the bare ground. Therows must not be'more than four feetwide and six inches deep . Even up thebed of powder, if necessary, with awooden tool, such as a long-handledwooden rake.

Caution: Smokeless powder contain-ers should be grounded while the pow-der is being removed.

4. Bagged smokeless powder propel-lant charges with igniter pads may beburned without slitting, but in all casesthe igniter protector cap must be re-moved from the charge to be burned.If a bagged smokeless powder propellantcharge is to be slit open, use a non-sparking knife.

Caution: Bagged smokeless powderprop charges must not be piled oneon the other, but must be burned in asingle layer of charges laid side byside .

5 . Point the smokeless powder rowdirectly into the prevailing wind and,if possible, wet the powder with wateras it is being spread into the row.

G, If successive rows of smokelesspowder are to be burned within the sameday, position one row at a time on theground, but only after completion ofburning of the previous row.

7 . Subsequent rows must not becloser than 50 feet away from the lastpreviously burned row and either di-rectly upwind or parallel to it .

10-5

IGNITION OF SMOKELESS POWDER

1 . Lay a thin train of dry smokelesspowder (four to six inches wide) so thatit points into the wind and extends a safedistance (not less than 25 feet) from themain bed of powder .

Note. Other combustible materialsuch as excelsior may be used as theignition train.

2 . Ignite the ignition train and with-draw to a place of safety .

Note. It is recommended that woodenmatches of the safety variety carried ina metal receptacle be used to ignite theignition train .

3 . Permit the smokeless powder toburn completely and then approach andinspect the burning site and adjacentarea .

4 . Reignite any incompletely burnedsmokeless powder using as an ignitiontrain a thin train of smokeless powderwhich has been extended to and is ignitedfrom a safe distance .

11-I

SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

SECTION 2-5

5 . Wash down smoldering residueswith water .

11

DISPOSAL OF BULK EXPLOSIVESBY DETONATION

1. Because of the hazards involved inpreparing the material for detonation,as well as the actual destruction, thedisposal of explosives by detonationmust be carried out with extreme care.

2 . Always keep a primary or initiat-ing explosive water-wet when requiredto transport it to a disposal area.

3 . Whenever possible, utilize natu-ral barriers between the disposal areaand adjacent structures and personnel .If no natural barrier exists, a barricadeor mound should be erected at a safedistance from the disposal site forthe protection of disposal personneland surrounding property.

4 . Firefighting facilities as well asan emergency vehicle should be main-tained readily available at the disposalarea during the disposal operation.

11-2 SELECTION OF DISPOSAL AREA

Select a disposal area which willassure that adjacent and nearby struc-tures and personnel are safe from theblast effect or fragments resulting fromthe explosion . To be acceptable, thedisposal area should be situated atleast 2400 feet from any magazine,public highway, inhabited building, orrailroad. In all operations involvingthe disposal of explosives by detonation,

9 5

GENERAL EGD INFORh1A 1 IGiXXTECHNIQUES AND TOOL 5 (SI1R r AX.E)

Naval personnel must COITnilly With 4110instructions set forth in Chapter 2J ofOP 5 (Second Rc\ isiori), dated a Aseust1957 .

11-3

PREPARATION OF DISPOSAL. AREA

The destruction of explosives bti det-onation should be carried out in a pitnot less than four feet deep, the explo-sive being covered with not less thantwo feet of earth . Where the disposalarea is located remotely from struc-tures and inhabited buildings, a pitneed not be used .

11-4

PREPARATION OF BULKEXPLOSIVES FOR DETONATION

2. Only one type of explosive shouldbe destroyed by detonation at any onetime .

96

Clear the disposal area of dry grass,leaves, and other combustible materialwithin a radius of 200 feet from thepoint of destruction. The disposal pitmust also be stripped of dangerousobjects such as sharp obstructions, andglowing or smoldering residues . Explo-sives awaiting destruction by detonationshould be segregated throughout thedisposal area and at least 300 feet fromthe disposal pit. Extreme precautionsmust be taken to protect explosivesawaiting destruction from accidentaldetonation by fire, fragments, or sym-pathetic detonation .

1 . It is recommended that not morethan 200 pounds of explosive be disposedof by detonation at any one time.

3 . Depending on the surrounding area,either carefully empty the explosiveinto the disposal pit or place it on thebare ground.

1 5

IrlI IiA'Il610r' DE-IoNAI1014

When praitic able- detonation of, ,Xplosi , e should he initiated by anelectric special blasting cap uSing anapproved blasting machine. Timeblasting fuse with nonelectrie specialblasting cap may be used to &toi.arethe explosive when an electric specialblasting cap or blasting machine is notavailable .

1, 1, r<.pare an electric special blast-ing cap and blasting niachine (electricfiring), or noncleeti is special blastingcap and time blasting fuse (nonelectricfiring), and the iliil iating charge inaccordance with approved procedures .

Note . Dynamite in cartridge form canbe primed by carefully punching a holein one end of the cartridge with a woodenor brass punch and inserting a preparedelectric or nonelectric special blastingcap . A primed cartridge of dynamitecan be used to initiate detonation ofboxed dynamite . The primed cartridgeshould be placed well in the center ifa new box of dynamite of uiiquest i', it'dquality

and

this

box

placed

in

c l o .- ccontact among the boxes of dynamiteto be destroyed .

2 . Place the prepared initiatingcharge on or adjacent to the explosiveto be destroyed in such a way as to expose the largest area of the explosiveto the influence of the initiating charge .To insure complete detonation, ade-quate supplementary charges in blockor paste form should be placed inintimate contact on top of the explosive,and should be confined in this positionwith packed earth.

Note. A blasting cap carefully in-serted directly into a loose primaryexplosive may be utilized to initiatedetonation of a primary explosive .

In thc, evcrnt of o rni-fire, 6., 1, " )tapproach the dislvosil site imntcdinteltit the charge , is prin!cd %:'ith iionelectricspcX('.i'd blasiing cah and time !lastingfuse . After tbc longest prc'dictod delayhas elapsed, allc ;%v a.ij :ample ii-art,m oftime, at least 30 milimc^, b(,f(,T-c, in-vestigation .

4. Search the surrounding area a ft-ieach detonation for Imdetonated e-I.plo-sive which may h?ve been t.hr.,%vn fromthe disposal site .

Carefully gather up any explosivewhich has not detonated a.>)d prepareit for the next d(, tc,n?tic)n,

12

DISPOSAL OF- EXPLOSIVES BYCHEMICAL- DECOMPOSITION

Disposal of explosives by chemicaldecomposition is standard only for alimited number of primary explosivesand nitroglycerin. However, proce-dures for chemically decomposing othfXrexplosives are available and should beconsidered for disposing of small qu.mn-t i t i e s

of

these

explosives

if

other

meth-ods are not practical . Chemical de-cornposit ion procedures are provided,herein for :

Ammonium nitrate

Ammonium picrate

Bla elk powder

Composition A

Composition B

Composition C-3

Diazodinitrophenol

Haleite

Lead az ide

Lead styphnate

Mercury fulin inate

Nitroglycerin

Nitroguandine

PE

'T'N

Picrtc acid

RDX

TetrYl

TN?

SFC1 ION 2-S

1 .

QwdiflF'cl pc,- svmiel haying ;i krnowl-oJg ; c, 1

must supervis(, thedc-vnipo<:ition of tire expl<>-

2 . Th- hazards of the chemical re-agents and solvents employed must beknown since most organic solvents pre-sent a fire and/or toxicity hazard . Ifthe solvent is very volatile (evaporatesreadily), the fire and toxicity hazards_are increased.

3 . Be sure to lead clierr)ical namespropoTiy . Mai,y accidents haveoccurredas Xt result -)f misreading instructions-1� ,} labels .

4. Do not attempt to destroy bychemical decomposition any explosivewhich is enclosed or pressed into Compon;2nts such as a detonator.

13-2

DECOMPOSITION PROCEDURES

For convenience in computing therequirements for them ical reagentsand solvents, one pound of explosiveha s br'ell selected as

the basis for manyof tlW P rocedur'es t;iverl below .

flow-ever, personnel are advised to disposeof an explosive chemically in severalsmall batches rather than in a singlela rge batch.

12-2 .1

Ammonium Nitrate.

AJI1rn0TIiuni nitrate is decomposed bystrong alkalies with the liberation ofammonia, and by sulfuric acid with theformation of ammonium sulfate and ni-tric acid,

12-2 .2

Ammonium Picrote .

1 . For each pound of ammonium pi(---rate prepare a solution containing fourpounds of hydrated sodium sulfide(Na2S

.9 FlX)O)

in

three

gallons

of

water.

`97


2. Place this solution in a woodencontainer.3. While agitating the solution by

means of a wooden paddle or current ofair, slowly add the ammonium picrate .

4. Continue the agitation for at leastone hour or until all of the ammoniumpicrate has been dissolved . Some sulfurmay be precipitated as a gray solid andshould not be mistaken for undecomposedammonium picrate .

Caution: During this procedure avoidinhaling the fumes since ammonia isevolved.

12-2 .3

Black Powder .

1. Desentitize and partially decom-pose black powder by placing it in waterto dissolve the sodium or potassiumnitrate constituent. Enough water mustbe used to dissolve all the nitrate .

2 . Discard the washings and the in-soluble residue separately since wetblack powder, when permitted to dry,may regain its explosive properties .

3. Allow the washings to drain intoa disposal pit and then cover with earth.The residue of sulfur and charcoalis combustible but nonexplosive andcan be burned.

12-2 .4 Composition A.

1 . For each pound of composition Atransfer to an iron container 2.75 gal-lons of a 5% solution of sodium hydrox-ide.

2 . Heat the solution to boiling bymeans of a steam coil or by injectingsteam.

3. Add the composition A in smallportions to the iron container so as notto interrupt boiling .

4. After adding all of the compositionA to the iron container, continue boilingfor one-half hour .

98

5. Allow the mixture to cool andsettle. As the mixture cools, the wax,which rises to the surface during de-composition, solidifies and can beremoved.

6. Dispose of the cooled mixture bydrainage into a disposal pit.

12-2 .5 Composition B.

1 . For each pound of composition Bplace 1 .8 gallons of technical gradeacetone in a wooden or cast iron con-tainer.

2 . Dissolve the composition B inthe acetone and heat this solution to1130 F. (450 C .) .

3. Meanwhile dissolve 2 .5 pounds ofhydrated sodium sulfide (Na2S . 9H20)in 1.2 gallons of water and heat thesolution to 1600 F. (71 0 C.) .

4. While vigorously agitating thecomposition B-acetone solution bymeans of a wooden paddle, slowly addthe sodium sulfide solution .

Caution: Do not add the sodiumsulfide solution rapidly enough to causea rise in temperature of the mixed so-lution above 1400 F. (600 C.) .

5. After addition of the sodium sul-fide solution is complete, continueagitation of the mixture for one-halfhour .

6. Discontinue agitation, allow themixture to settle, and then pour it intoa disposal pit.

7. If any residue remains in thecontainer, add additional acetone andtreat with additional hot sodium sulfidesolution until the residue dissolves.

12-2 .6 Composition C-3.

1 . For each pound of compositionC-3, prepare the following solution :

a. Dissolve 1 .25 pounds of sodiumhydroxide in 1 .35 gallons of water.

b. Add 6 gallons of denatured ethylalcohol (95% by volume) to the sodiumhydroxide solution .

2 . Place the alcoholic-hydroxidesolution in a wooden or cast-iron con-tainer and agitate with a wooden paddleor a jet of steam .

3 . Heat this solution to 122° F .(50° C .) .

4 . Add the composition C-3 to thealcoholic-hydroxide solution in the con-tainer and, while agitating slowly heatthe mixture to 176e'F. ' XA C. ) . Main-tain this temperature until assured thatthe reaction is complete.

5 . Allow the mixture to cool and thenpour it into a disposal pit .

6 . Should any residue remain in thecontainer, treat this residue withadditional hot alcoholic-hydroxide solu-tion until decomposed.

12-2.7 Diozodinitrophenol .

1 . Water-wet the diazodinitrophenol,then decompose it by adding it to 100times its weight of a 10% solution ofsodium hydroxide .

Note. Nitrogen is given off as thediazodinitrophenol decomposes .

2 . Discard the solution by drainageinto a disposal pit and cover with earth.

12-2 .a (u) Holeite .

This explosive canbe decomposed, using either one of thefollowing procedures

Procedure No. 1 .

1 . Slowly add haleite to hot, dilutesulfuric acid.

Caution : Nitrous oxide, acetaldehyde,and ethylene glycol are given off duringthis procedure .

2 . Discard the solution by drainageinto a disposal pit and cover with earth .

330-516 0 - 69 - 6

Procedure No. 2 .

Procedure No. 1 .

Procedure No. 2 .

SECTION 2-5

1 . Add 1 part of haleite to 5 timesits weight of a 2 0% solution of sodiumhydroxide .

2 . Discard the solution by drainageinto a disposal pit and cover with earth .

12-2 .s (u) Leod Azide . This explosive canbe decomposed, using either one ofthe following procedures:

1 . Place 1 ounce of lead azide in1.5 gallons of a 10% ammonium acetate(NH4C2H30 2) solution .

2 . To this mixture, add a solutioncomposed of 2 .5 ounces of sodium ni-trate (Na2NO3 ) dissolved in one pint ofwater.

3 . Stir the mixture and, whilestirring, add 7 ounces of glacial aceticacid (CH3000H).

4 . Allow the mixture to stand in awarm place for one hour or more.

5 . Discard the mixture by drainageinto a disposal pit and cover with earth .

1 .

For each ounce of lead azide tobe decomposed, place at least 5 ouncesof a 10% by weight aqueous sodiumhydroxide solution in a wooden or ironvessel .

2 . Add water-wet lead azide to thevessel while agitating the solution .

3 . Allow the mixture to stand withoccasional or continuous stirring, pref-erably by means of a current of air,for at least 16 hours .

4 . Dispose ofthe mixture by drain-age into a disposal pit .

5 . Discard any insoluble sludge bydrainage into another disposal pit andcover with earth.

99

GENERAL EOD INFORMATION,jfCHNI QUES AND TOOLS (SURFACE)

12.2.1

Ledd Styphnate .

1 . Dissolve lead styphnate in either40 times its weight of a 20% solution ofsodium hydroxide, or in 100 times itsweight of a 20% solution of ammoniumacetate ( NH4C21H302) .

2 . To either solution add a sodiumdichromate solution which is preparedas follows

a. Obtain a quantity of sodiumdichromate (Na2Cr207 . 2H20) solutionequal to half the weight of the leadstyphnate.

b. Add the sodium dichromate to10 times its weight of water.

3 . Allow the solutions to mix andsettle, and. then discard the mixture bydra inage into a disposal . pit and coverwith earth .

12-2 .11

Mercury Fulminate .

1 . For each ounce of mercury fulmi-nate place 10 ounces of a 20% by weightaqueous sodium thiosulfate (Na2S203 .5H20) solution into a wooden or earth-enware container.

2, While agitating the solution, addthe water-wet mercury fulminate .

3 . Stir the mixture continuously bymeans of a wooden paddle or current ofair until all of the mercury fulminatedissolves .

Caution_: Avoid inhaling the fumes .Some cyanogen, a poisonoos gas, maybe evolved.

4 . Discard the mixture by drainageinto a disposal pit and cover with earth.

12-2.12 Nitroglycerin .

1, Frepare a 17 .5% solution of hy-drated sodium sulfide (Na2S ' 9H20)equal to 10 times the weight of the ni -troglycer. in .

2. While agitating the solution, addthe nitroglycerin .

100

3 . Continue to agitate the mixtureuntil mixing and solution is complete .

Note . Considerable heat is liberatedby the reaction, but does not representa hazard unless agitation is interrupted.

4. Discard the mixture by drainage`into a disposal pit and cover with earth.

12-2 .13 Nitroguanidine .

1 . Prepare a 45% sulfuric acid solu-tion equal to 15 times the weight of thenitroguanidine .

2 . Heat this solution to 770 F .(250 C . ) and then add the nitro-guanidine.

3 . Warm the mixture until gas isevolved.

4. Continue heating for some timeand then allow the mixture to cool.

Discard the cooled mixture bydrainage into a disposal pit and coverwith earth .

12-2.14 PETN .

1 . For each pound of PETN place1 .2 gallons (8 .0 pounds) of technicalgrade acetone into a shallow iron,wooden, or enameled container.

2. Add the PETN to the acetone.

3 . Warm the PETN-acetone mixture,Use g no open flame, to 1050 F.(40' C . ) .

4 . While agitating, add to the abovemixture a sodium sulfide solution whichis prepared as follows :

a. Add 2.5 pounds of hydrated so-dium sulfide (Na2S . 9H 20) to 0 .6 gallonof water.

b . Heat the hydrated sodium sal-fide solution to 1750 F' . (800 C.) .

5 . Mix the PETN-acetone mixtureand the sodium sulfide. solution at sucha rate that the increase in temperaturedoes not result in boiling and loss ofacetone .

6 . After mixing is complete, continueagitation of the mixture for one-halfhour.

7 . Allow the mixture to settle andthen pour it into a disposal pit.

8 . If any residue remains in the con-tainer, add acetone and treat with addi-tional sodium sulfide solution to effectsolution of the residue.

12-2 .15

PICrIC Acid .

1 . For each pound of picric acid add0.2 pound of sodium hydroxide and 4.2pounds of hydrated sodium sulfide(Na2S . 91120) to 2.4 gallons of water.

2 . Place this solution in a woodenor enameled container and, while agi-tating the solution by means of a woodenpaddle or current of air, slowly add thepicric acid .

3 . Continue agitation until all oressentially all of the picric acid hasdissolved and the temperature of thereaction begins to fall .

Caution : During the reaction, thetemperature rises and some hydrogensulfide and then ammonia are evolved .Do not inhale these fumes.

4 . Allow the mixture to settle andthen pour it into a disposal pit.

5 . Any residue must be decomposedwith a fresh sodium hydroxide-sodiumsulfide solution and then poured'into adisposal pit.

12-2 .16 RDX.

1, For each pound of RDX place 3gallons

of

a

5`Io

sodium

hydroxide

solu-tion in an iron container.

2 . Heat the sodium hydroxide solu-tion to boiling, using a steam coil or bysteam injection.

3. Add the RDX cautiously in smallportions

to

the

solution so

as not

to

coolthe solution below the boiling point andcause interruption of boiling.

SECTI ON 2-5

4 . After all the RDX has been addedto the sodium hydroxide solution, con-tinue boiling for one-half hour .

5 . Allow the mixture to cool andsettle, and then dispose of the cooledmixture by pouring it into a disposalpit.

6 . If any residue remains, treat withadditional sodium hydroxide solution toeffect solution .

12-2.17 Tetryl .

1 . For each pound of tetryl dissolve2.25 pounds of hydrated sodium sulfite(Na2SO3 . 71120) in 1.1 gallons of warmor hot water.

2 . Place the solution in a wooden oriron container.

3 . Add the tetryl in portions to thissolution with agitation of the mixture.

Note . The rate of reaction is in-creased markedly by increase in tem-perature . The mixture can be heated bythe injection of steam or by means ofa steam coil to 175° F. (800 C.), ifdesired to facilitate decomposition .

4 . Continue agitation of the mixtureuntil reaction is complete as indicatedby complete or almost complete solu-tion of the tctryl.

5 . Allow the mixture to settle, andthen pour it into a disposal pit.

6 . Dispose of any residue by burning .

12-2.1s TNT .

1 . For each pound of TNT dissolvt.4. 25 pounds of hydrated sodium sulfide(Na2S

- 91120)

in

3

gallons

of water.

2. Place this solution in a woudcgl oriron container .

3 . Add the TNT gradually to this so-lution with agitation of the mixture .

4. Continue agitation of the mixtureuntil all or nearly all of the TNT is dis-solved .

This should take place within


one-half hour if the initial temperatureis not less than 770 F. (250 C.) .

5 . Discontinue agitation and allow anyundissolved solid to settle to the bottomof the container .

G . Pour the mixture into a disposalpit.

7 . Treat any undissolved solid withadditional hydrated sodium sulfide solu-tion until all solid matter has dissolved.

13

DISPOSAL OF EXPLOSIVES BYDUMPING IN THE OCEAN, ATSEA, OR IN INLAND WATERS

Only bulk explosives containing awater soluble constituent which, whenremoved, renders the material non-explosive may be disposed of by dump-ing in the ocean, at sea, or in inlandwaters .

1 . Before disposal of an explosiveby dumping in the ocean or at sea isundertaken, Navy, Coast Guard, andport authorities must be consulted andtheir regulations regarding transfer anddisposal of the explosive must be ob-served . All disposal operationsaccomplished by dumping in the ocean,

at sea, or in inland waters must beconducted in accordance with regula-tions and instructions of the Departmentconcerned .

2 . Whenever transporting an explo-sive either out to sea or to inland wa-ters, the mode of transportation shouldindicate the hazardous nature of theoperation by the prominent display ofa red flag or sign as called for by theDepartment concerned .

3 . The waters selected for disposalof an explosive by dumping in the oceanor at sea should be appreciably deeperthan surrounding waters and must benot less than 10 miles from shore topreclude the possibility of an explosivebeing washed toward or upon the shore.If the explosive is to be dumped in in-land waters, precautionary measuresmust be taken that no deposits aremade in any water which would contam-inate and restrict the water for futureuse or prove harmful to fish and wild-life .

4 . Before dumping the explosive inthe ocean, at sea, or in inland waters,positive measures must be taken to as-sure that the dumped explosive will sub-merge and will be desensitized by evenpartial solution . The explosive mustbe removed from its shipping containers .

EXPLOSIVE ORDNANCE

GENERAL EOD INFORMATION,

TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS [SURFACE]

SECTION 2-6

DISPOSAL PROCEDURES

NAVORD EODB 1385-1TO 1 1A-1-100-1

DESCRIPTION OF AND DISPOSAL INSTRUCTIONS FORLIQUID PROPELLANT FUELS AND OXIDIZERS

1 . INTRODUCTION

This change, dated '9 VoX- 1968, rhanges Section ?-6

of ,NA IYEPS EODB 138.7-1 ; -I1 !'() 11 1-1-100-1 . dated .71 Jannan - 196-1 .

The section contains the follou-ing efc!, tiue pagcs as o(?9 ,11av 1968 .

Pages 1 and -1? . . . . . . . Change 1 . . . . . . ?9 .11a ti 1968

Pages ? through 11 . . . . Original . . . . . ;1 Januan 1961

EOD operations involving rockets,guided missiles, or other explosive ord-nance of either U. S . or foreign originwhich utilize liquid propellant fuels andoxidizers in their propulsion systemsrequireanawareness and an understand-ing by EOD personnel of the additionalhazards and complications presented bythese fuels and oxidizers . This sectionhas been prepared to furnish EOD per-sonnel with more detailed information onfuels and oxidizers than can be coveredin sections on individual items of explo-sive ordnance, and to reduce lengthy and

continued repetition of this material ineach section . It includes information onfuels and oxidizers now in use as well asthose whose use is considered probable,but does not include information on allfuels and oxidizers nor all the informa-tion on any one .

The general characteristics and eiher -cut hazards of liquid propellant fuels andoxidizers arc described in this sectiontogether with the safe operating proce-dures required to minimize existinghazards . The coverage presented shouldenable qualified EODpersonnel to identifythese fuels if encountered, take proper

103

GE=NERAL EOD INFORMATION,TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS (SURFACE)

pr-ca>>tioriarX- measures n-hen workingi> ; t}w vicinity of these materials, andtodispose of them with maximum safety,if required br the Department concerned .

This section does not have precedenceover _appropriate Departmental regula-tions, but `is a general summarizationand guide to these regulations .

2

CLASSIFICATION AND DEFINITION

I,iquid propellant fuel and oxidizer sys-terns must be able to deliver energyrapidly to and develop intense pressuresin constricted areas . The fuels andoxidizers are generally stored in tankswithin the propulsion system and areintroduced into a combustion chamberwhere they are burned asneeded . Fuelsand oxidizers, therefore, can be usedtosupply initial thrust, intermittent thrust,or to sustain rocket or missile flight .For this purpose, liquid propellant fuelsand oxidizers consist of violently reactiveand combustible materials capable ofdecomposing to produce enormous vol-

umes of gases at high temperatures andpressures .

These materials are generally used intwo component systems . One compo-nent is the oxidizer, and the other thefuel . The oxidizer contains a high per-centage of oxygen readily available toproduce and/or support combustion ofthe fuel . The fuel consists of materialcapable of burning when heated or ignitedin the presence of the oxidizer, or whichignites spontaneously on contact with theoxidizer, to furnish the gases necessaryfor propulsion. Single component pro-pellants (monopropellants) are possiblebut are not currently in use .

3

DATA ON LIQUID PROPELLANTFUELS AND OXIDIZERS

This paragraph contains specific dataon individual liquid propellant fuels andoxidizers . Table 1 has been prepared toprovide a ready reference to the data onspecific fuels and oxidizers covered inthis section.

Table

1 Pace Reference to Data Sheets, and Decontamination and Disposal Proceduresfor Liquid Propellant Fuels and Oxidizers

PAGE NUMBER

SECTION 2-6

FUEL . OR OXIDIZER

AI kyl Borones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

DATA

L SHEET

4

Ii PROCEDURES

Decontamination Di

37

sposol

40

Aluminum Borohydrides ' ' 5 41

Ammonia, Anhydrous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 37 42

Aniline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 37 41

Chlorine T rifluoride . . . . . . . . . . . 8 37 41

Diboiane . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . , . . . 9 41

Ethyl Alcohol 10 37 41

Ethylene Oxide . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 38 41

Ethyl Nitiote-Propyl Nitrate 12 37 41

Fluorine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 38 42

Furfuryl Alcohol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 37 41

Gasoline and Associated Fuels . . . . . . . . . . 15 37 41

Hydrozine and Hydruzine Hydrate . . . . . . . . . 16 37 41

Hydrogen Peroxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 38 41

Liquid Hydrogen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 38 42

Liquid Oxygen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 38 41

Methyl Acetylene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 38 42

Methyl Alcohol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 37 41

Mixed Amine Fuels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

Mixed Hydrozinc Fuel . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Monoethylaniline Crudt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 37 41

Nitric Acid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 38 40

Nitrogen Tetroxide 26 39 42

Nitromethonc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 37 41

n-f ropyl Nitrate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 37 41

Fentoboranc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 39 41

Perchloryl Fluoride 30 38 42

Tetrollitromohane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 37 41

Unsymmetrical Dimeth ,-IhydXozlne 32 37 41


Other

names :

Hi Cal -3 ,

HEF-2,

HEF-3 .

State : Mobile liquids

Color:

Freezing point :

Boiling point :

106

Colors range from

Use : Liquid rocket fuels .

Fire fighting :gas is also an effective fire fighting agent.

ALKY L BORANES

pale yellow to a brownish-orange

in water, although slow hydrolysis does occur. These fuels are compatiblehydrocarbon fuels; they are also soluble in the halogenated hydrocarbons . but

Solubility : Insolublewith and soluble inmaN form extremely shock-sensitive mixtures .

Stability : Known to react violently with oxidizing materials and the hydrazines . React only slowl`with water, releasing hydrogen . HEF-2 reacts violently with alcohols and may ignite spontaneouslyin air.

Sensitivity :

Not shock-sensitive .

May decompose slightly under storage conditions .

Toxicity : Contact of the liquid fuel with the skin or the eyes can cause severe local damage . Slml-lar to other chemical burns. The liquids can also penetrate skin and cause systemic effects : inthis regard, HEF-3 and HlCal-3 are more dangerous than HEF-2. Vapors from these fuels arehighly toxic and can cause damage to the eyes, lungs, and upper respirator!, tract, as well assystemic effects . Central nervous system excitation is manifested by tremors and convulsions,but depression ma) be observed in other cases. Other effects Include changes in heart rate andblood pressure ; in severe poisoning, blood pressure maN he ver\ high and later fall to shock levels .Muscular effects may contribute to weakness or unsteadiness . There maN also be evidence ofliver and possibly kidney damage . Though the odor of these vapors is objectionable. odor shouldnot be relied upon as sufficient warning.

First aid : Great speed in removing; liquid boranes ISquickly removed. HEF-3 or HiCnl-3 should be promptly removed from the skin b} washing withlarge amounts of aqueous ammonia. The ammonia combines with the fuel to form a colored water-soluble complex that is

washed off with the

solution ;

however,

the

colored

compound

formed 1 s

alsovery toxic, so large amounts of the ammonia solution must be used to Insure removal of both theinsoluble fuel and the solubilized product. Skin areas contaminated by HEF-2 should be thoroughlywashed with soap and water. If any of these fuels get into the eyes, immediatelN flush with water,assisted by a companion if necessary to hold the eyes open to insure adequate flushing. Wash theeyes for at least 15 minutes. In the event of swallowing, indueevomiting and drink soothing ma-terials such as milk, if available . Summon medical assistance .

essential. Contaminated clothing must be

Protective clothing: Wear complete rocket fuel handler's protective clothing (clothing; worn under theouter protective clothing must be flame-resistant), propellant-resistant vinyl coated gloves, rubberboots underneath the legs of the protective suit, and self-contained full-face mask breathingapparatus.

Storoge: Stored in the cylinders in which shipped.

Use a large quantity of water fog. Mechanical foam solution expanded with an inert

Other names :

State: Liquid .

Color: Water-white .

Freezing

point:

-840F . (-64 .4'C . ) .

Boiling

point :

1120F . (44 .5'C . ) .

Sensitivity: Not sensitive to mechanical shock.

ALUMINUM BOROHYORIDE, Al(BH4 )3

Solubility : Reacts vigorously with water to evolve hydrogen gas which may inflame from heat ofreaction . Soluble without reaction in cgclohexane and benzene.

Stability : Flashes spontaneously when exposed W air due to reaction with oxygen and water vapor.Decomposes with evolution of hydrogen when exposed to moisture . Decomposes bX heat and flamewith evolution of hydrogen which may form explosive mixtures with air.

Toxicity : Causes burns on contact with the skin . The effects of ingestion are believed to betoxic.

First aid: First aid procedures have not been established . Flushing with water is not practical,because of reaction with water.

Protective clothing : Chemical safety goggles, gloves, boots, and flameproof clothing are requiredIn addition . a hose mask, air-line mask, or self-contained breathing apparatus should be worn.

U se :

A

fuel

used

in

combination

with

oxidizers

for rocket

propulsion.

Storage: Generally stored under an atmosphere of nitrogen (to prevent decomposition) in a stainlesssteel . mild steel, or iron container having a working pressure of 1800 psi.

Fire fighting : Use CO2 or dry chemicals. Reacts violently with water to form hydrogen .

SECTION 2-6

" ENERAL EOD INFORMATION,TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS (SURFACE)

Other names : (Fr) ammoninque ; (Ger) ammoniak : (Ital) ammoniaca : (Russ)dMMNaH .

Stote:

Liquid stored under pressure .

Color: Colorless.

Freezing point :

-107 .90 F . (-77 .

7oC. ) .

Boiling point :

-280F.

(-33 . 4'C . ) .

ANNONI A, ANN Y D R Ot1 5, NH3

Solubility : Very soluble in cold water; soluble to a much less extent in hot water. Soluble inethyl alcohol .

Stability : Stable . Can be stored for long periods of time in suitable containers . Nonflammablein liquid state. However, air containing 1G-25% ammonia gas by volume is flammable andexplosive.

Sensitivity: Cannot be detonated. However, contact with any acid will lead to a violent reaction.

Toxicity : Because of caustic nature, is irritating to the eyes and skin, and can produce strongpenetrating burns. Inhalation may cause inflammation of the lungs and produce a burning sen-sation in the throat, coughing, and possible respiratory failure . Ingestron of ammonia can befatal.

First oid: Contaminated clothing must be removed and the body throughly drenched with water.After treatment with water. exposed parts of the body should be sponged with a dilute aceticacid solution . Eye contamination must be promptly washed with large quantities of water, andthis procedure should be followed by treating the eyes with a saturated solution of boric acid.Personnel showing the adverse effects of inhalation must be moved to an uncontaminated atmos-phere.

Artificial respiration must be administered if respiration has been affected, andqualified medical treatment must be obtained . If ingested, large quantities of water must be takeninternally . Vomiting should be induced only on the approval of qualified medical personnel.

Protective clothing : Chemical safety goggles, rubber boots, rubber gloves, rubber apron, rubbercoat or jacket, and a rubber hat or cap are required . Cotton shirts, socks, trousers, and under-wear should be worn (cotton resists alkalies better than wool). Where vapors are present, a hosemask, air-line mask, or self-contained breathing apparatus .= required .

Use: Used as a component of propellant mixtures .

Storage : Generally stored as a liquid under pressure in steel containers .

Fire fighting : Use water fog for fires burning in free air. For fires supported by a strong oxidizer,use water providing it is suitable for the particular oxidizer.

ANILINE, X H5NH2

Other names : (Fr) aniline ; (Gel') andin ; (Ital) anilina ; (Russ)allH11H

State : Oily liquid .

Color: Colorless ; rapidly turns brown upon exposure to light .

Freezing

point:

220F .

(-5.9'C . ),

Boiling

point:

363 . 20F .

(184.

90C. ) .

Solubility : Slightly soluble in water; very soluble in alcohol and ether.

Stability: Stable when properly stored and tightly sealed .

Sensitivity : Not sensitive to mechanical shock

SECTION 2-6

Toxicity : Toxic through ingestion, by absorption through the skin, and inhalation of the vapors .Principal toxic hazard is by absorption through the skin because of low volatility . However, atelevated temperatures, poisoning from inhalation of vapors becomes the most important toxiceffect . Ingestion or inhalation of vapors is characterized by headaches, coldness and numbness ofthe skin, sudden weakness, convulsions, a blueness of the lips and fingernail beds, a decrease inthe power of perception, and slow, labored speech . More severe cases give rise to eruptions inthe skin ; difficulty in breathing may also develop, with the possible cessation of respiration, anddeath.

First aid : Contaminated clothing should be removed immediately, and the contaminated skin mustbe washed promptly with large amounts of water, followed by sponging with a five percent solutionof acetic acid (vinegar). Eye contamination should be flushed with a solution of boric acid . Per-sonnel who display any symptoms of poisoning through ingestion or inhalation must be removed fromthe contaminated area to fresh air immediately, kept warm and quiet, and given a mild stimulant,such as black coffee, but never alcohol . A qualified medical officer should be consulted and, ifpossible, the victim must be placed under his supervision. If respiration ceases, as may happenin severe cases of poisoning, artificial respiration or pure oxygen must be administered .

Protective clothing : Goggles, gloves, rubber boots, and flameproof clothing are required . Aservice gas mask should be worn in open areas . A hose mask, air-line mask, or self-containedbreathing apparatus should be worn in closed spaces or where high vapor concentrations exist.

Use : Fuel for rocket and guided missile propulsion .

Storage: Generally stored in mild steel containers .

Fire lighting : Use water fog or water spray. Carbon dioxide and dry chemical are also effective onsmall fires .


Other names: CTF.

State : Vapor at temperatures above

Freezing point:

-105 .40 F . (-76 .

l'C . ) .

Boiling point:

530F .

(11 . 50C . ) .

Use: Oxidizer for liquid-fueled rockets .

CHLORINE TRIFLUORIDE,CIF3

530 F . (11 .5'C .) .

Color: Solid state, white; liquid state, ver3 pale green-yellow ; gaseous state, nearly colorless.

Solubility : Reacts generally with solvents rather than dissolving in them.portions in anhydrous liquid hydrofluoric acid, and in liquid chlorine .

Reacts withStability: A very strong oxidizing agent.erating large quantities of energy . Under ordinaryAt elevated temperatures, will ignite most common

most organic

First aid : If spilled on the skin, flush immediately with large amounts of water. If spilled Into theeyes, flush well with water for at least 15 minutes and get medical attention; if necessarti to choosebetween flushing and seeking help, choose the flushing action for at least 10 minutes, then seekhelp . Get persons exposed to the vapor out of the contaminated area quickly and keep them quiet .If breathing stops, administer artificial respiration . If exposure is known or suspected W besevere, get medical assistance .

Protective clothing : Chemical safety goggles, rubber gloves, rubber boots, woolen outer clothing,and a rubber apron should be worn . A hose mask, air-line mask, or self-contained breathingapparatus must be worn in confined spaces or where high vapor concentrations exist.

Storage: Seamless steel or welded and brazed steel cylinders.

conditions, reactsmetals . Reaction

It is soluble in all pro-

and inorganic substances. lib-violent13 with ice or water.with water forms hydrogen

Fire fighting . Apply fine water spray or fog, sodium bicarbonate base agent, or special dr) 1luor-spar mix consisting of 70% powdered fluorspar and 30°/p dry powder.

fluoride, oxygen, and some oxygen fluoride .

Sensitivity : Insensitive to shock, heat, and electrical spark.

Toxicity : Highly corrosive ; contact with the skin or eyes could result in deep, painful burns. Ex-posure to the vapor causes irritation of the eyes and of the upper and lower respiratory tracts.Symptoms of exposure could include watering of the eyes, coughing, and respiratory distress . Ifconcentrations are high enough, the lungs may be affected so that death maN follow if quick actionis not taken.

Other names : Boroethane, diboron hexahNdride .

State : Gas at room temperature. Has a sickly-sweet nauseating odor when present in low concen-trations .

Color: Colorless as a gas and as a liquid .

Freezing

point :

-2650F.

(-1650C.) .

Boiling

point:

-1340 F.

(-92'C .) .

Solubility : Soluble in water with instantaneous decomposition to form hydrogen gas and boric acid .Soluble in benzene and cyclohexane without reaction .

Stability : A flammable material which may ignite spontaneously in air due to reaction with oxygenand water vapor. Reacts with water evolving hydrogen . The absorption of moisture from the airmay cause flashing. When heated, releases large amounts of hydrogen which may burn or unitewith oxygen forming a highly explosive mixture. Compatible with most metals but corrosive tonatural rubber, some synthetic rubber, some greases . and some lubricants .

Sensitivi ty : Not sensitive to mechanical shock.

DIBORANE, g1H6

SECTION 2-6

Toxicity : Toxic by inhalation and probably by ingestion. Deadens the sense of smell on contact. Itseffect on the skin is unknown. Cough and tightness in the chest follow immediately upon exposure .

First aid : Contamination should not be flushed with water. All persons coming in contact or showingany effect of inhalation must be removed from the contaminated area and transferred to the care ofqualified medical personnel. Administration of oxygen may be helpful .

Protective clothing : Chemical safety goggles, gloves, rubber boots, and flameproof clothing arerequired in addition to either a hose mask, air-line mask, or self-contained breathing apparatus.

Use: Fuel used with oxidizers as a rocket propellant.

Storogc: Containers are generally of stainless steel or steel construction . Containers are generallyfilled to one-third their capacity at dry ice temperature, under an inert atmosphere of carbon diox-ide or nitrogen .

Fire fighting : Use dry powder or carbon dioxide. Water spray may also be used .


Other names : Ethanol, grain alcohol,

frequentlX called "alcohol"; (Fr)

alcool, ethylique ; (Ger)"Athvlalkohol" ; (Ital) alcole etilico ; (Russ) 3TAOBbIN CrmpT .

State : Liquid .

Color : Colorless.

Freezing point:

-1740F .

(-1140C . ) .

Boiling point:

1730 F .

(78. 30C . ) .

Solubility : Completely soluble in water, in ether, and in chloroform.

Stability : A flammable liquid which, when stored properly, will keep indefinitel) .

Sensitivity : Will not explode from heat or shock.

Toxicity : Considered toxic by prolonged contact or by ingestion. Has negligible effects upon theskin and eyes, providing exposure is not prolonged. If allowed to remain in contact with the skinor eyes, irritation of these tissues will result . Heavy vapor concentrations can produce severeirritation of the eyes, and if inhaled can cause headaches, intoxication, nausea, and partialblindness . Does not accumulate in the system . However, the ingestion of large quantities withina short period of time can be fatal .

First aid: Contamination of the skin and eyes should be treated by washing with large quantitiesof water, and contaminated clothing should be removed. Cases of exposure must be immediatelyremoved from the contaminated atmosphere. If the symptoms of severe exposure are evident,qualified medical treatment must be given. If breathing has stopped, artificial respiration mustbe started . The stomach must be immediately emptied b) vomiting if large quantities have beeningested, and qualified medical treatment must be obtained .

Protective clothing : Protective clothing is not ordinarily required . In closed areas, or if vaporconcentrations are high enough to cause irritation, a hose mask, air-line mask, or self-Containedbreathing apparatus should be worn.

Use: Fuel used with other propellants and oxidizers in rockets and guided missiles, and intorpedoes.

Storage : Stored in tin cans, carboys, iron and wooden barrels, or in large steel tanks.

Fire f i y 6ting :

For

fires

burning

in

free

air,

use

carbon

dioxide,

dry

chemical,

or

water

spray .In fires supported by strong oxidizers. dilute with water.

ETHYL ALCOHOL, C2H50H

Other names : 12-epox)ethane ; oxirane .

Color: Clear and colorless

Freezing point: -168 .3"

F.

(-111 .30C . ) .

Boiling

point:

51 .30 F .

(10.

70C. )

Solubility : Infinitely soluble ill ether, water,

ETHYLENE OXIDE, C2H40

State: A gas at room temperatures ; a mobile liquid at lower temperatures . Has characteristicether-like odor.

and alcohol.

Stability :

Reacts with both water and alcohol to liberate heat. This reaction takes place verNslowly and, ordinarily, is not a hazard unless confined over a period of time. Considered non-corrosive .

SECTION 2-6

Sensitivity: No effect noted when dropped in container upon dirt, wood, concrete. and steel sur-faces, or when subjected to machine gun fire employing incendiary, tracer, and A. P. rounds .' Ma)undergo violent chemical reaction in the presence of certain catalytic materials such as anh)drousIron, tin, and aluminum chlorides; pure iron and aluminum oxides ; and alkali metal hydroxides .

Toxicity : Can produce eye burns, but when spilled on exposed skin is not immediately irritating .Continued contact can cause burns. If spilled on clothing, it is capable of producing a delayedburn if not promptly removed.

Exposure to low concentrations of the vapor often results 111 delayednausea and vomiting . Continuous exposure to low concentrations will result in numbing; of the senseof smell .

Exposure to high concentrations can result in damage to lungs and irritation of eyes andmucous membranes . No cases of chronic poisoning have been reported. A maximum allowableconcentration of 100 parts per million by volume for an H-hour period has been proposed astolerance .

First aid : Contaminated clothing must be removed and affected areas thoroughly washed with soapand water. E ye contamination must be irrigated with large amounts of water for at least 15 min-utes . Personnel showing effects of inhalation should be moved to fresh air and artificial respira-tion administered. Milder exposure resulting in nausea should be treated by giving large amountsof warm water.

Protective clothing :

Gas-tight safetN goggles, rubber gloves, rubber apron, and rubber shoes orboots should be worn . Where vapors are present in a confined space, use a hose mask, air-linemask, or self-contained breathing apparatus.

Use :

Oxidizer with various liquid propellants . Also used as a fuel for guided missile accessorypower supply .

Storage : Stored in steel, stainless steel, and aluminum containers whichelectrically grounded, and Insulated from heat and sparks.

are tightly closed,

Fire fighting :

Use water until highly diluted (volume ratio of 22 :1 is usual requirement) Smallfires may be extinguished with carbon dioxide or dry chemical agents .


Other nomcs :

Stote : Liquid with ethereal odor.

Color: White to straw.

Freezing point: -1480 F . (-1000 C.)

Boiling point: 1900 F. (880 C.) .

Sensitivity : Relatively, insensitive to thermal and mechanical shock. Tests of explosion and detona-tion tendencies indicate mixture is safe to use under conditions likely to be encountered in militaryservice ; mixtures containing other proportions should be regarded as hazardous.

Toxicity : Brief contact of the liquid with skin or tissues of the eye results in transient irritation .Inhalation of high concentrations, or prolonged exposure to moderate concentrations of the vapor inair, may be expected to cause severe headaches or other adverse effects .

First aid: In the event of contact, the affected area should be washed promptly and thoroughly withsoap and water.


Use : Used as a monopropellant .

ETHYL NITRATE-PROPY L NITRATE, C2HSN03 (60%) i C3H7N03 (40%)

No special requirement under conditions of ordinary prudent handling .

Storoge: Shipped as a nonexplosive, flammable liquid in conventional steel drums. Steel, stainlesssteel, aluminum, copper, and glass may be used as container material . The container should bestored on one side so that the bungs are in continuous contact with the liquid .

Fire fighting : Use carbon dioxide, dry chemical, foam, or water fog; additional cooling is requiredto prevent reignition .

Solubility : Slightly soluble in water and very soluble in ether and alcohol

Stability : Classified as a flammable liquid . Flammability limits when mixed with air are 20b-1000/0,with only a small amount of heat or electrical energy required for ignition . Stable in drum storage .Compatible with polyethylene, teflon . nylon, dacron, orlon, mylar, bakelite, and kel-F.

Color: Greenish-Mellow,

Freezing point:

-3f30 F. (-2190 C. ) .

Boiling point :

-3060 F.

(-187 .70 C . ) .

Solubility : Reacts violently with most solvents .

Sensitivity : Cannot he detonated .

FLUORINE, F2

Other names : (1'r) Iluor: (Cit'r) fluor; (Italy fluuro : (Ituss) :DPOP,

State : Gas N ith a pronounced odor resernhlmg ozone.

Stability : Reacts violentl .\ or explosively with most substances including water .

Toxicity : A %ert caustic and poisonous gas . Attacks the skin vigorouslN, causing sore's which healslowly .

Inhalation of the vapors causes a sense of constricted breathing. coughing, and Irritationof the throat. Extremely irritating to the ekes .

First aid : Contaminated clothing should he removed and discarded .

Affected areas of the hod y shouldhe immedi .itek flushed with large amounts of fresh water .

Burns should either be snaked in a 2:ipercent magnesium sulfate (Epsom salt) solution or ha\e a compress . wet with the same solution,placed (n el' the injured area . Blisters should never he ruptured . Persons overcome III or shins inginhalation effects should he removed from the contaminated area immediately and placed in the careof qualified medical personnel .

Protective clothing : Ruhher gloves, face shield or hood, impregnated coveralls, and ruhher hootsare required for handling fluorine . A hose mask, air-line mask, or self-contained breathing ap-paratus should he worn in closed spaces or where high vapor concentrations arc likely to exist.

Use :

Oxidizer used with fuels, such as h}drazine, for rocket propulsion .

Storage : Stored as a compressed gas in steel or nickel cylinders .

SECTION 2-6

Fire fighting : Use dry powdered fluorspar. Small spills may he handled b) remote application ofwater fog to promote rapid controlled combustion.


Other names : Farfuralcohol ; furfurol .

State : Liquid with slight brine-like odor .

Color: Straw yellow to dark amber.

F reezin g point: -24 .90 F. (-31 . 60 C.).

Boiling point : 333-3430 F . (167-1730 C .) .

Solubility : Very soluble in water, ethyl alcohol, ether, and benzene.

Stability: Stable, but may darken in color. Flammable and burns similarly to kerosene . Reactsexplosively with either diluted or concentrated acids .

Sensitivity : Cannot be detonated .

FURFURYL ALCOHOL, C4H3 0CH 2 0H

Toxicity: Considered toxic by ingestion. Its inhalation hazard is quite small because of its lowvapor pressure. Skin absorption is slight and there is little effect on the skin and eves providingexposure is not prolonged. Heavy vapor concentrations can produce severe eye irritation and, ifinhaled can cause headaches, intoxication, nausea, and partial blindness . Ingestion of largequantities within a short period of time can be fatal .

First aid : Contaminated skin and eyes should be treated b)' flushing with water. Remove contami-nated clothing immediately. Move affected personnel to fresh air and transfer to care of qualifiedmedical personnel. If ingested, and patient is conscious, vomiting must be induced.

Protective clothing : No special clothing is required . A hose mask, air-line mask, or self-containedbreathing apparatus should be worn in closed areas or in the presence of high vapor concentra-tions.

Use: Fuel used with oxidizers in guided missile propulsion systems.

Storage : Stored In iron or steel containers .

Fire figh ting :

For fires burning in free air, use carbon dioxide, dry chemical, or water spray. Infires supported by strong oxidizers, dilute with water.

Other names :

Store. Liquid

Color Colorless to yellow

Freezing point:

Vary frorn -2010 F. (-129.

80 C.)

to -690 F. (-5G°C .)

Boiling point: VarN from 97 .30 F. (35 . 60 C .) to 5720 F . (300 C ) .

Solubility : Insoluble in water, but soluble in alcohol .

Stability : Stable to oxidation for approximatell one year, Flammable liquids whose vapors formexplosive mixtures with air at most temperatures . Attack rubber, certain plastics, and paints .

Sensitivity :

or red.

GASQLINEAND

ASSOCIATED FUELS

(heptone, JP-fuels, kerosene, ott,Xne, pentone, RP-1 fuel)

SECTION 2-6

Toxicity : Toxic by inhalation and ingestion. Harmless to the skin, even in large amounts, if re-moved immediately . More than momentary contact, however, will produce irritation of the skin .If sufficiently prolonged, destruction of the tissues and scarring may result. Serious intoxicationresults from the inhalation of mild vapor concentrations . The inhalation of heavier vapor concen-trations are characterized by headaches, nausea, extreme weakness, convulsions, bluing of theskin, coma, and even death. Ingestion produces symptoms similar to those resulting from inhala-tion. However, the Symptoms are usually not apparent for some time. If lead compounds are pres-ent as additives, poisoning is evidenced by maniacal attacks and paralysis .

First aid: Clothing contaminated by spillage or splashing should be discarded immediately and theaffected skin areas bathed with large amounts of water. Move exposed personnel to fresh airpromptly . The effects of exposure should then subside. If gradual recovery is not immediatelyevident or if poisoning has resulted from Ingestion, obtain qualified medical attention .

Protective clothing : Special clothing is unnecessary. In confined spaces or whenever vapors collectin dangerous proportions, a hose mask, air-line mask, or self-contained breathing apparatus mustbe used.

Use: Used as a fuel for rockets, guided missiles, and torpedoes.

Storage: Generally stored in steel drums .

Fire fighting : Suppress with foam, carbon dioxide, or dry fluidized powder. Use water in fog formonly .

GENERAL EOD INFORMATION .,TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS (SURFACE)

Color : Colorless .

HYDRAZINE, N2H4, and HYDRAZINE HYDRATE, N2H4H20

Other names:

(Get) HXdrazin ; (ltal) idrazina ; (Russ)fNAP83NH, AHdMNA .

State : Liquid with a characteristic odor of ammonia ; hydrate is fuming colorless liquid .

Freezing point: 350 F . (1 .30C . ) ; for hydrate -400 F. (-400 C.) .

Boiling point: 2360 l! . (113 .50 C.) ; for hydrate 245,30 F. (118,50 C.) .

Solubility : Extremely soluble in water; soluble in ethyl alcohol .

Stability: Flammable, highly explosive, corrosive, and fuming liquid . Fairly stable when kept intightly sealed containers . Some ammonia may be formed due to decomposition . Detonating tem-perature 4500 F . (2320 C . ),

Attacks rubber, cork, mild steel, and common metals .

Sensitivity: In liquid state cannot be detonated by a commercial No. 8 blasting cap. Vapors,sparked at 2120 F. (1000 C.) will explode.

Toxicity : Presents a toxic hazard by inhalation, by skin contact, and by ingestion. Concentratedvapors are quite irritating and this fact serves to limit acute exposure . Low concentrations, how-ever, can affect respiration and produce nose and throat irritation, severe burning of the eyes, andeven temporary blindness if exposure is prolonged. Exposure to mild concentrations may not beevident at the time of inhalation and the symptoms may not appear until several hours after exposure .Skin contact may result in typical severe alkali burns accompanied by an intense burning sensation .

First aid: Contaminated clothing must be removed and the exposed skin washed with large quanti-ties of water. A boric acid paste or a dilute solution of acetic acid should then be applied to thecontaminated areas of the skin . Treat eye exposure liberally with water, and irrigate with a boricacid solution . Personnel overcome by vapors must be removed from the area of contaminationand given qualified medical attention. If ingested, drink large quantities of water and obtainqualified medical treatment.


Chemical safety goggles, rubber gloves, and flameproof clothing are required .A hose mask, air-line mask, or self-contained breathing apparatus should be worn in areas of highvapor concentration .

Use : Fuel used in combination with oxidizers as a rocket or guided missile propellant,

Storage: Generally stored in stainless steel tanks and drums, glass carboys, or polyvinyl chloride linedor coated drums . Glass, iron, or aluminum containers are not used for hydrate,

Fire fighting : Use water, water fog, foam. carbon dioxide, or dry powder.

HYDROGEN PEROXIDE, H202

SECTION 2-6

Other names: (Fr) bioxvde d' hN , drogene, eau oxygenee ; ;Ger) Wasserstoffsyperoxyd, T-Stoff, Igolin ;(Ital) acqua ossigenata; (Russ)nePEHHCb B0QOP0Qfl .

Solubility : Completely soluble in water.

Stability: Undergoes a small but continuous decomposition liberating oxygen (bubbles rise to thesurface) . Contamination by a variety of materials such as dust, chemicals, etc., may lead torapid decomposition, often with explosive violence. Non-flammable, but will support combustionof combustible materials.

Sensitivity : Cannot be detonated by mechanical shock.

Toxicity : Can produce severe burns if in contact with the skin for any prolonged period. Skin effectsare easily cleared up and disappear rapidly if the contact is brief. Poisoning through skin pene-tration has not been observed, but if ingested, serious evidence of poisoning occurs. The inhalationof vapors produces redness and running of the eyes and irritation of the nose and throat .

First aid: Skin contamination should be flushed with large quantities of water, followed by treat-ment with Vaseline or tannic acid paste. Eye contamination should be washed immediately withfresh water and Irrigated with boric acid solution . Personnel showing exposure through inhalationmust be removed immediately from the area of contamination, and the upper respiratory systemexamined by qualified medical personnel. When ingested, give personnel water, and place underthe supervision of qualified medical personnel .

Protective clothing : Goggles, boots, and flameproof clothing are required . A service gas maskshould be worn in areas of high vapor concentrations .

Use: Oxidizer used with fuels such as alcohols and gasoline in rocket, guided missile, and torpedopropulsion systems.

Storage : Usually stored in aluminum drums which are vented at all times.

Fire fighting : Use water until highly diluted.

State : Liquid .

Color: Colorless .

Freezirbg point: Varies with concentration . 70 percent, -38.3' F. (-39 . 10 C. ) ; 90 percent, 12 . 60 F.(-10 . 8 C . ),

Boili,Xg point : Varies with concentration. 70 percent, 2540 F. (123 .3' C. ) ; 90 percent, 2870 F.(142 C .) ..


Other names : (Ger) Wasserstoff (flussig); (Ital) idrogene (liquids), (Huss)BOAOPOA (HINAH01 lb).

State : Normally exists as a colorless and odorless gas. At extremely low temperatures it con-denses to a transparent, odorless liquid .

Color. Colorless.

Freezing point: -434.6' F. (-259.2' C .) .

Boiling point: -422.9' F. (-252.7' C.) .

Solubility : Slightly soluble in water.

LIQUID HYDROGEN, H2

Stability : Evaporates readily. Is not particularly reactive chemically ; however, it is a highlyflammable gas which can form explosive mixtures with air.

Sensitivity : Not sensitive to detonation or mechanical shock.oxidizing substances, it can be detonated.

Toxicity : Body tissues may freeze if in contact with this material or equipment containing it .

First aid: Treat affected body tissues as a severe burn.

Protective clothing : Gloves, goggles, and protective clothing are necessary for handling purposes .Gloves should be of impermeable material such as leather or rubber, and should be loose fittingto permit ventilation and ease of removal.

Use:

Fuel used in combination with oxidizers for rocket propulsion.

However, when contarninated with

Storage : Stored in low pressure tanks constructed of special alloys for low temperature service andinsulated to reduce evaporation losses.

Fire fighting : Use water, carbon dioxide, or steam.

LIQUID OXYGEN, 02

Other nerves : Lox; (Fr) ox)'gene (liquide) ; (Get) Sauerstoff (flussig) ; (Ital) ossigeno (liquida) ;(Russ) HOUOOQ (MHAHOCTO),

State : Normall) an odorless gas . At extremely low temperatures it condenses to an odorlessliquid .

Color: Colorless. Upon exposure to air assumes a light blue color .

Freezing point:

-3630 F. (-2190 C .) .

Boiling point :

-2970 F . (-1830 C.) .

Solubility : Insoluble in water.

Stability : Not combustible, but supports and accelerates combustible material .

Use: Oxidizer used with fuel for rocket and guided missile propulsion,

WARNING

SECTION 2-6

Sensitivity :Not

sensitive

to

detonation

or

mechanical

shock,

but is

an explosion hazard when

con-taminated with organic materials such as oil, grease, cloth, paper, wood, and particularly rocketfuels; these mixtures are sensitive to shock, ignition, or heat. Causes freezing of fuels and, whenmixed with frozen fuel, is shock sensitive and capable of reaction with violence of high order deto-nation .

Toxicity : Not toxic and does not produce irritating vapors . However, body tissues contacted willfreeze, and the effect is similar to a serious burn.

First aid : Wash contaminated portions of the body immediately with fresh water and treat as anyburn or frostbite.

Protective clothing: Wear protective clothing resistant to low temperatures . Protective clothingshould be of the apron type, for ventilation and ease of removal. Goggles, gloves, and boots arealso required . Gloves must be of material having good insulation properties, such as asbestosor leather, and should be loose fitting to permit ventilation and ease of removal.

Storage : Usually stored in special low pressure tanks constructed of special alloys and insulatedto reduce evaporation losses .

The probability of the tank (if made of titanium, magnesium, beryllium, or aluminum) reactingviolently with liquid oxygen is very high when venting . Certain metal tanks ignite immediate1)when punctured or fractured.

Fire fighting : Will not burn but supports combustion vigorously . Procedures differ with the typeof fuel ; for water-soluble fuel fires, use enough water to dilute the fuel and put the fire out quickly.


Other names: Propane ; propinc . alldcnc .

State : Gas.

Color: Colorless .

Freezing point: -150.7'

Boiling point: -9 .6' F. (-23 . 10 C.) .

Sensitivity :rise many times the normal pressure .


F. (-101 .50 C.) .

METHYL ACETYLENE, CH3C=CH

Solubility :

Very

slightly

soluble

in

water;

very

soluble

in

alcohol,

and

soluble

in ethe i .

Stability: Extremely flammable and always considered a fire hazard . Detonation may be Initiatedby open flame, high energy spark, or other source, particularly at elevated temperatures .

May undergo rapid decomposition if an explosion is initiated, resulting in a pressure

Toxicity : As with acetylene, there is some tendency to anesthetize .

First aid : Must be determined by the condition of the victim . The most likely effect is that ofsuffocation, in which case the victim should immediately be moved to an uncontaminated atmosphereand artificial respiration administered until the arrival of qualified medical personnel.

Use : Special fuel applications which require a high flame temperature or extreme ease ofignition.

Storage: Stored generally in cylinders, preferably outdoors in a vertical position and protectedfrom the direct rays of the sun. Open-sided sheds are recommended .

Fire fighting :

Use carbon dioxide or dry chemicals. DO NOT USE WATER.

State : Liquid.

Color: Colorless .

Freezing paint:

-1440 F . (-97 .8° C.) .

Boiling point : 148 .3' F . (64 .6' C .) .

Sensitivity: Will not explode from heat or shock.

METHYL ALCOHOL, CH30H

Other names: Methanol, wood alcohol, commercial grade alcohol ; (Fr) alcool methylique ; (Ger)methylalkohol ; (Ital) metanolo, alcole metilico ; (Russ) MUMP METMMA CRIAPT.

Solubility : Completely soluble in water, alcohols, and ethers .

Stability : A flammable liquid which, when stored properly, will keep indefinitely.

Protective clothing : No special clothing is required. In confined spaces, a hose mask, air-linemask, or self-contained breathing apparatus is required.

SECTION 2-6

Toxicity:

Considered

toxic

by

ingestion, skin absorption, and by inhalation. It is a poisonousliquid and is perhaps responsible for the majority of cases of severe poisoning by ethyl alcohol towhich it has been added as a denaturant. Small doses, if ingested, will produce blindness; quantitiesas large as 5 ounces can result in irreversible injury and death. Exposure to vapors will produceheadaches, intoxication, nausea, and partial blindness . However, these symptoms may be delayed,depending on the extent of exposure . Vapor concentration need not be heavy; acute poisoning canresult through accumulation by repeated exposure over a period of time .

First oid: Skin and eye contamination must be treated by washing with large quantities of water, andcontaminated clothing must be removed. Remove cases of exposure immediately from the area ofcontamination.

If the symptoms of severe exposure are evident or if the subject is in a coma, quali-fied medical treatment must be given. If breathing has stopped, start artificial respiration . Ifingested, induce vomiting, and summon qualified medical personnel.

Use: Used in combination with other fuels and oxidizers in rocket and guided missile propulsion .

Storage : Stored in tin cans, carboys, iron and wooden barrels, or large steel tanks .

Fire fighting : For fires burning in free air, use carbon dioxide, dry chemical, or water spray.In fires supported by strong oxidizers, dilute with water.


Other names: MAF-1 . MAF-3.

MIXED AMINE FUELS

The nominal compositions by weight of these fuels are as follows :

Unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine (UDMH)

40.5%

20°x,Dlethylamenetriamine (DETA)

50.5% 80ck

Acetonitrile

(Methyl

Cyanide)

9.0%

- -

State : Liquids .

Color: Slightly yellow ; vapors have an ammoniacal or fishy odor .

Freezing paint: MAF-1 ; -650 F. (-58 . 80 C. ) (Approximate).

Bailing point: MAF-1 ; 2100 F. (98.8' C. ) (Approximate).

Solubility : Not available .

Stability : Not available.

Sensitivity : Not available .

Toxicity : Produces toxic effects peculiar to its components. UDMH is toxic by inhalation, inges-tion, and skin contact. DETA is toxic in either liquid or vapor form . Upon exposure, the eyes areseverely irritated, and spillage on the skin produces caustic burns. Acetonitrile is consideredrelatively harmless . However, there are some technical grades of acetonitrile which may containtraces of methylisocyanide which is highly toxic.

First aid : If breathing has stopped, apply artificial respiration and call for medical aid . For skininfection, immerse the affected area in magnesium sulfate solution, or flood with water.

If theeyes are affected, flush with water for at least 15 minutes and get medical assistance as soon aspossible.

Protective clothing : Rubber gloves, rubber boots, flameproof clothing, and chemical safety gogglesare required . A hose mask, air-line mask, or self-contained breathing apparatus should be wornin areas of high vapor concentration .

Use:

MAF-1 is used as the fuel in the Bullpup missile; MAF-3 is the fuel in Sparrow III. Bothmissiles use inhibited red fuming nitric acid (IRFNA) as the oxidizer.

Storoge: Usually stored in containers, drums, or tanks, as shipped.

Fire fighting :

Use foams, CO2' or dry chemicals .

MAF-1

MA F-3

MIXED HYDRAZINE FUEL

(Usually composed of monomethylhydrazine (MMH). hydrazine, and hydrazine hydrate)

Other names: MHF-1 .

State : Liquid .

Color: Water-clear.

Freezing point: Not available .

Boiling point: Not available.

Solubility : Only partially soluble in Water .

Stability : Not available .

Sensitivity : Not available .

SECTION 2-6

Toxicity :

As toxic as any of its components . Causes severe eye damage, and can cause blindnessif splashed into the eyes . May be fatal if taken internally or absorbed through an abrasion of the skin.

First oid: Contaminated clothing must be removed and exposed skin washed with large quantities ofwater. A boric acid paste or a diluted solution of acetic acid should then be applied to the contam-inated areas of the skin. Treat eye exposure liberally with water and irrigate with boric acidsolution . Personnel overcome by vapors must be removed from the area of contamination and givenqualified medical attention. If ingested, drink large quantities of water and obtain qualified medicalaid.

Protective clothing : Chemical safety goggles, rubber gloves, and flameproof clothing are required .A hose mask, air-line mask, or self-contained breathing apparatus should be worn in areas of highvapor concentration.

Use: A candidate liquid rocket propellant .

Storage: Generally stored in stainless steel tanks and drums, glass carboys, or polyvinyl chloridelined or coated drums.

Fire fighting : Use water, water fog, foam, CO2 or dry powder .


The composition of this fuel is as follows:

Monoethylaniline,

C6H5NHC2H5 .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

64%Aniline,

C6H5NH 2

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

26%

Diethylaniline,

C6H5N

(C2H5 ) 2

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

10%

Other names : MEA mixture.

he : Oily liquid .

Color : Colorless, but turns light amber to dark brown upon exposure to light .

Freezing

point:

-800F . (-62 .4'C . ).

Boiling point: 3990 F. (204' C.) .

Solubility : Slightly soluble in water; completely soluble in ethyl alcohol and in ether.

Stability: Stable when properly stored and tightly sealed. A flammable liquid.

Sensitivity: Not sensitive to mechanical shock.

Toxicity: Very toxic through inhalation, ingestion, and absorption through the skin . Skin contami-nation is of minor importance, but continued contact will cause an irritating rash.

First oid: Contaminated clothing must be removed immediately and the affected areas of the skinwashed promptly with large amounts of water, followed by sponging with a 5 percent solution ofacetic acid (vinegar). Contamination of the eyes should be treated by washir, with large amountsof water. Cases of exposure to heavy vapor concentrations must be removed from the area of con-centration . Obtain qualified medical treatment in the event of ingestion .

Protective clothing : Goggles, gloves, rubber boots, and flameproof clothing shoald be wornmask should be worn in open areas. In enclosed areas or where high vapor concentratior.hose mask, air-line mask, or self-contained breathing apparatus must be worn.

Use: Fuel used with acids in rocket propulsion .

MONOETHYLANILINE CRUDE

Storage: Stored in mild steel containers .

Fire fighting : Use water fog or spray. CO2 and dry chemicals are also effective on small fires .

Some special grades of nitric acid have the following compositions .White fuming nitric acid : 95% nitric acid and 5% water.Red fuming nitric acid: 92% nitric acid, 6 .5% nitrogen dioxide,Mixed acid : 84% nitric acid, 14% sulfuric acid, and 2% water.

State: Liquid .

NITRIC ACID, HHO3

Other names: (Fr) acide azotique, acide nitrique : (Ger) salpetersaure; (Ital) acide nitrico; (Jap)shosan ; (RUSS) d30TO HNcnora .

Color: Water-white (white fuming) to reddish brown (red fuming).

Freezing point: Varies from -43.6' F. (-420 C.) to -600 F. (-51 . to C.) .

Boiling point:

Varies from 1300 F . (54 .4' C.) to 1910 F. (88.3' C .) .

and 1.5% water.

SECTION 2-6

Solubility : Soluble in water in all proportions . Soiutions of organic compounds (particularly aro-matic nitro compounds) in nitric acid are powerful high explosives . They are called Sprengelexplosives . Solution of nitrobenzene in nitric acid are called Dithekite.

Caution: Large amounts of heat are released when acids are dissolved in water.

Stability: Stable and can be stored for long periods of time. Contamination with organic material,such as oil, paper, or wood, may create an explosion hazard. Such materials will cause the evolu-tion of poisonous nitrogen oxides . Corrodes most metals and reacts with sea water to liberatechlorine (poisonous gas) . When heated, evolves poisonous fumes and actively supports combustion .Nonflammable, but is a strong oxidizing agent which supports combustion of organic materials.

Toxicity : Extremely toxic. It will produce severe burns and possible destruction of those bodytissues with which it comes in contact. Fatal poisoning may result due to ingestion and inhalation.Toxic exposure and acute poisoning through inhalation can result without warning. Symptoms suchas a sensation of chocking, spasmodic coughing, nausea, vomiting, and fatigue are definite indica-tions of exposure, but may appear several hours after exposure .

First aid: Skin or eye contamination shall be immediately and thoroughly washed for at least 15minutes with water or bicarbonate of soda solution, whichever is most readily available. If ingested,dilute by drinking large amounts of water. After the acid has been diluted, vomiting may be encouragedon the recommendation of a medical officer. Personnel showing signs of inhalation of fumes ordisplaying any unexplained symptoms must be removed immediately from the contaminated areaand given qualified medical attention.

Protective clothing : A rubber hood, apron, and boots, as well as acid-handling gloves are required.If fumes are present, a service gas mask furnishes adequate protection in open spaces ; a hosemask, air-line mask, or self-contained breathing apparatus is required in confined areas .

Use: Oxidizer used with fuels for rocket and guided missile propulsion .

Storage: Stored in aluminum, glass, or special stainless steel containers .

Fire fighting : Dilute with large quantities of water.

127


Other names : Dinitrogen tetroxide, NTO; (Ger) hcxol : (Ital) tetrosside di azoto; (Russ)4FTbIP6X0HNC0 83OM, d30THOBaTbIR allrNAPA

State : A liquid at room temperature.

Color: Colorless solid, yellow liquid, red-brown gas.

Freezingpoint:

11 .8'

F.

(-11 .20 C. ) .

Boiling point: 700 F.

(21 .

10 C .) .

NITROGEN TETROXIDE, N204

Solubility : Soluble in water with formation of nitric acid and nitrous acid which undergoes decom-position forming additional nitric acid and evolving nitric oxide (NO).

Stobi lity :

Stable and can be stored for long periods of time. Non-flammable, but is a strongoxidizing material which will support the combustion of or form explosive mixtures with combustiblegases or vapors . Extremely corrosive.

Sensitivity : Not sensitive to detonation ; however, forms explosive compounds when in contact withorganic material or ammonia.

Toxicity : Skin contact apparently produces no symptoms,

but toxic by inhalation . Acute or fatalpoisoning can be produced with little or no warning to the victim at the time of inhalation .

First aid: Individuals showing evidence of exposure must be removed from the area of concentrationpromptly ; administer artificial respiration if breathing has ceased, and summon qualified medicalpersonnel immediately .

Protective clothing: Chemical safety goggles, rubber gloves, rubber boots, woolen outer clothing,and possibly a rubber apron should he worn . A service gas mask furnishes adequate protecttononly in open spares, where vapor concentrations are low. A hose mask, or self-contained breath-ing apparatus must be worn to confined spaces or where vapor concentrations exist.

Use : An oxidizer used in propellant systems.

Storage: Stored in the high-pressure seamless or forged steel, welded, cylinders in which shipped.

Fire fighting: Dilute with large quantities of water.

NITROMETHANE, CH3H7NO3

Other names : (Fr) nitromethane ; (Get) Nitromethan ; (Russ) HIOTPOMeTaH

State : Liquid, which may contain 1-2% chromium acetylacetonate as an additive to prevent spon-taneous decomposition.

Color : Light straw color when pure ; with chromium acetylacetonate in solution is dark purple .

Freezing point:

-200 F . (-290 C.) .

Boiling point: 2140 F. (101 . 20 C.) .

Solubility : Soluble in water and most common organic wlvents.

SECTION 2-6

Toxicity : Combustible liquid which, when unconfined, burns with a quiet flame; but, when confined,may detonate . Attacks most common metals .

Sensitivity : When confined in a strung container, it can be detonated by a commercial No. 8 deto-nator. It is dangerously sensitive to detonation when dissolved with small amounts of bases(alkalies, ammonia, amines).

Toxicity : Toxic by inhalation and ingestion. It is relatively harmless in contact with the skin un-less there are open cuts . There is no evidence of significant skin absorption into the body.

First aid: Wash contaminated skin areas with large amounts of water. Personnel overcome by va-pors must be removed from the contaminated area and given qualified medical treatment.

Protective clothing: To guard against contact with open cuts or sores, personnel should wear rubbergloves, rubber boots, and special impregnated coveralls . If fumes are present, wear a hose mask,air-line mask, or self-contained breathing apparatus.

Use: Fuel used in liquid propellant systems.

Storage: Stored in non-reactive plastic coated tanks or drums, or in stainless steel tanks

Fire fighting : Use CO2 or dry chemical.


Other names :

State : Liquid with ethereal odor.

Color: White to straw.

Freezing point:

-1480 F. (-100' C .) .

Bailing paint:

2190 F. (104° C .) .

n-PROPYL NITRATE, C3H7NO3

Solubility : Slightly soluble in water and very soluble in ether and alcohol .

Stability : Classified as a flammable liquid . Flammability limits when mixed with air range from2% - 100%, with only a small amount of heat or electrical energy required for ignition. Stable indrum storage at somewhat elevated temperatures for periods of at least one year .

Sensitivity: Insensitive to thermal and mechanical shock. However, entrained bubbles cause anexplosion hazard . If bubbles are present, their sudden high compression may raise the temperatureenough to cause an explosion. Compatible with alcohols, ethers, ketones, organic nitrates andmost plastic nitro compounds. Avoid contact with copper, copper alloys, and nickel .

Toxicity : Brief contact of the liquid with skin or tissues of the eye results in transient irritation .Prolonged or repeated contact causes skin injury ranging from yellow discoloration through markedirritation, swelling, and thickening, to severe damage. Inhalation of moderate concentrations forshort perigds, or prolonged exposure to low concentrations of the vapor in air, may cause severeheadaches, and irritation of the respiratory passages . Inhalation of high concentration can causedeath.

Note : The fumes given off during burning are more dangerous than the vapor of the pure liquid .

First oid: Move exposed personnel into fresh air at once. For spills on body or clothing, removeclothing promptly and wash body parts thoroughly with large amounts of water. Summon medicalattention immediately if exposure has been considerable .

Use: Used as a monopropellant .

Storage: Shipped as a nonexplosive, flammable liquid in conventional steel drums. Stainless steel,aluminum, copper, and glass may also be used as containers . Usually stored in containers on sideso that the bungs are in continuous contact with the liquid.

Fire fighting : Use carbon dioxide or dry chemicals in combination with water. Water spraydeluge may be used for control, cooling, and washing, but it alone will not extinguish a well-established large fire .

Note : Because n-propyl nitrate is a monopropellant, once ignited it will burn when the surround-ings are above its autoignition temperature, 379 F. (192,5 C.), even if it is covered with foamor a carbon dioxide blanket. Burning will continue until the surroundings are cooled below thistemperature.

Other names :

State : A liquid with a disagreeable acid odor.

Color: Colorless.

Freezing paint:

Bailing paint:

-530 F. (-47 .2' C.) .

1400 F. (600 C. ) .

PENTABORANE, 135149

Solubility : Very soluble in benzene , ether, and carbon tetrachloride. Slightly soluble in water withsome decomposition.

Stability: Spontaneously flammable liquid . In air at ordinary temperatures, reacts with oxygenusually to give dark-colored products of undetermined composition . Compatible with most metals,but corrosive to natural rubber, some synthetic rubber, some greases, and some lubricants .Contamination should be prevented since many contaminants can cause decomposition. Burns liberat-ing hydrogen, which in turn may form explosive mixtures with oxygen.

Sensitivity: Forms shock-sensitive mixtures with halogenated materials.

Use: Fuel used in combination with oxidizers for rocket propulsion .

Storage : Stored in glass, stainless steel, or mild steel containers .

SECTION 2-6

Toxicity : Very toxic. In contact with the skin, produces burns. Inhalation of the vapors will ap-parently cause acute, if not fatal, poisoning . Slowly affects the nervous system.

First aid: In case of contact, immediately wash skin with soap and water; flush eyes with water forat least 15 minutes. Remove and wash clothing before re-use . Move personnel affected to freshair and transfer to care of medical officer .

Protective clothing : Chemical safety goggles, gloves, rubber boots, and flameproof clothing arerequired. A hose mask, air-line mask, or self-contained breathing apparatus should be usedwhen high vapor concentrations are present.

Fire fighting :

Use a large quantity of water fog. Mechanical foam solution expanded with an inertgas is also an effective fire fighting agent.

330-516 0 - 69 - 10


Other names:

State : A gas at ordinar) temperatures and pressures .

On cooling,Color: The gas is colorless with a sweet odor.to a white crystalline solid.

Freezing point :

-2310F .

(-1470C .) .

Boiling

paint:

-52.30 F.

(-47 .7'

C.

) .

Solubility :

Stability : A strong oxidizing agent . Under mostture is the controlling factor in rate of reaction .rosive to most melds in the presence of water.

Sensitivity : Combinations with mostorganic materials, such as sawdust andsensitive . In poorly ventilated spaces,oxidizable vapors.

Toxicity: Splashes on the skin cause skin

PERCHLORYL

FLUORIDE,

C103 F

forms a colorless liquid

conditions it is relatively nonreactive . Tempera-Stable in storage at normal temperatures . Cor-

rocket fuels are explosion hazards. Combinationscharcoal, yield explosive mixtures which mayforms flammable and explosive mixtures with

irritation or moderate to severeamount spilled and the length of time it remains on the skin. Exposure totrations of the vapor causes respiratory irritation and decomposition of thewill be accompanied by cyanosis (blue tinge to mucous membranes of eyelidsand fingernail beds). Repeated exposure to lower concentrations may cause,fluoride deposition in bones and teeth.

First

Protective clothing : Chemical safety goggles, rubber gloves, rubber boots, fiberglas clothingimpregnated with acid resisting plastic, and a rubber apron should be worn .mask, or self-contained breathing apparatus must be worn in confined spacesconcentrations exist .

Use: Oxidizer for liquid-fueled rockets .

Storage : When kept dry, it can be stored in glass or metal containers.

Fire fighting : Dilute with large quantities of water fog.

which solidifies

with porousbe shockeasily

burns, depending on themoderate to high concen-blood. If severe, thisand mouth and to lipsin addition to anemia,

aid: If splashed onto the skin or into the eyes, wash immediately with large amounts of water.Remove personnel exposed to the vapor from the contaminated area. If cyanotic, keep personnelcomfortably warm and quiet . If breathing stops, apply artificial respiration, preferably with theaid of oxygen .

A hose mask, air-lineor where high vapor

Other names:

State : Heavy liquid with Sweetish, acrid odor .

Color: Colorless to straw or yellow .

Freezing point: 56 . 70 F. (13. 70 C.) .

Boiling

point:

258.30F .

(123.

70

C.) .

TETRANITROMETHANE, C(N02)4

Solubility : Insoluble in water; very soluble in alcohol, ether, and hydrocarbons .

Stability : A flammable liquid which forms explosive mixtures with wood, oil, grease, or otherorganic material .

SECTION 2-6

Sensitivity : About the same sensitivity to detonation as TNT. Impurities and contamination withfuels, particularly benzene derivatives, increase the detonation sensitivity, and can produce a verysensitive, powerful explosive .

Toxicity : Toxic by ingestion, inhalation, and by skin contact. The vapors are poisonous and irritat-ing to the eyes and respiratory passages .

First ofd : Contaminated clothing must be removed immediately and affected skin areas thoroughlywashed with water. Cases of exposure through inhalation or by ingestion must receive immediateand qualified medical treatment.

Protective clothing : Rubber gloves, rubber boots, and special impregnated coveralls should be worn .A hose mask, air-line mask, or self-contained breathing apparatus should be employed in areas ofhigh vapor concentration.

Use: A fuel used in liquid propellant systems.

Storage: Stored in containers in which shipped.

Fire fighting : Dry chemicals or CO 2.

Caution: Take explosive safety precautions when fighting fires .


Other nomes: UDh1H .

State: Liquid with ammonia or fish) odor .

Color: Clear, colorless .

Freezing point: -720 F . (-57 .7' C .) .

Boiling point : 1460 F. (63 .30 C .) .

UNSYMMETRICAL DIMETHYLHYDRAZINE, (CH3)2NNH1

Solubility : Very soluble in water, ethanol, and most petroleum fuels.

Stobility :

Stable

and

can

be

stored

for long periods.

Flash point is 340 F . (1 .10 C . ),flammability limits in air are 2.5% t0 95%. Spontaneous ignition temperature is 4820 F.(2500 C.) .

Sensitivity : Liquid is not sensitive to shock or friction . Vapors can be exploded by an electricspar!< or an open flame. Hypergolic with some oxidants such as fuming nitric acids.

Toxicity : Contact with liquid may cause burns, severe eye damage, and general poisoning . Breath-ing the vapor may cause lung damage. Causes irritation of eyes, nose, and throat .

First aid : If breathing has stopped, apply artificial respiration and call for medical aid . For skininfection, immerse the affected area in magnesium sulfate solution, or flood with water. If theeyes are infected, flush with water for at least 15 minutes and get medical assistance as soon aspossible .

Protective clothing : Rubber gloves, rubber boots, flameproof clothing, and chemical safety gogglesare required . A hose mask, air-line mask, or self-contained breathing apparatus should be worn inareas of high vapor concentration .

Use: A fuel for rockets and guided missiles . Used alone or mixed with other fuels (such as JP).

Storage : Usually stored in containers, drums, or tanks as shipped. Storage and shipment equip-ment is made of mild steel .

Fire fighting : For fires supported in free air, use water until the liquid is highly diluted . Foroxidizer-supported fires, where acceptable for the specific oxidizer present, water is themost effective agent for extinguishment.

4 (U) SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

Assembled below are the safetyprecautions applicable to liquid propel -lant fuel and oxidizer disposal in gener-al . Safety precautions are the resultof costly experience. People are aptto become careless as they becomefamiliar with hazardous materials.The end result of such carelessness isdisaster . The lessons learned fromsuch disasters of the past are the safe-ty precautions of today. It is not pos-sible to set up safety precautions thatwould cover every emergency tnatmight possibly arise . Therefore, themost important points to be observedin any operation involving fuels andoxidizers are the understanding andapplication of existing safety precau-tions and a working knowledge of thefuels and oxidizers to be handled .

1 . Departmental regulations mustbe read, understood, and adhered to inconnection with disposal operations .

2 . Approval must be obtained beforeundertaking the disposal of fuels andoxidizers if required by the Departmentconcerned .

3 . Access to the disposal areashould be controlled and restricted toa minimum number of authorized per-sonnel necessary to the safe conductof the disposal operation.

4 . All disposal operations must takeplace under the direction of a qualifiedand experienced supervisor who hasthe responsibility for the safety of per-sonnel and general safe conduct of theoperation.

5 . One (1) person must never bepermitted to work alone in disposaloperations .

SECTION 2-6

6 . When disposal work is in progress,or when fuels or oxidizers are beingtransported by land or water, the haz-ardous nature of the operation shouldbe suitably indicated by prominentlydisplaying a red flag or sign as calledfor by the Department concerned .

7 . Do not undertake the handling ordisposal of fuels or oxidizers if notfamiliar with the characteristics of thematerial . In the absence of informa-tion covering a specific material or anyphase of the destruction of the materi-al, request instructions .

8 . Protective clothing and properrespiratory equipment should be wornby all persons actually engaged in ornear disposal operations . Table 2lists the items of protective clothingand equipment which are available topersonnel engaged in disposal of liquidpropellant fuels and oxidizers .

9 . Contaminated clothing must beremoved immediately after completionof the disposal operation, but not untilpersonnel are out of the disposal area,since liquid fuels and oxidizers areskin irritants and can produce severepoisoning by absorption through the skin .

10 . When removing protective cloth-ing, be careful not to contact contami-nated surfaces . If necessary, haveanother man assist in taking off pro-tective clothing .

11 . Individuals showing evidence ofexposure to liquid propellant fuels oroxidizers, or displaying unfamiliar orunexplained symptoms, must be re-moved immediately from the area ofconcentration and given qualified medi-cal treatment . Fatal poisoning canresult with little or no warning .

135


BOOTS :

Knee, Men's Acid ResistantRocket Fuel Handlers

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

BREATHING

Compressed Air, ABC.M15A1 .Oxygen Generating, M13

. . . . . " . . . . . .Oxygen Generating, ABC-M20 . . . . . .Self-Contained, Commercial, M23 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

COVER :

Table 2

DESCRIPTION OF ITEM

APPARATUS :

Cooling, Rocket Fuel Handlers, Hood

. . . . . . . . . . .

COVERALLS :

Coaling, Rocket Fuel Handlers . . . . . . . . " . . . .Rocket Fuel Handlers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

GLOVES

Rocket Fuel Handlers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

HOOD :

Rocket Fuel Handlers

MASK :

Gas, Rocket Propellant, M21

. . " " ' ' . . . . . . . . . . .

Protective, Field, M9A1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Protective, Field, M17

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Respiratory,

Protective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12 . Smoking must not be permittedwhen working on or near fuels or oxi-dizers .

13 . All tools and equipment used onor near fuels or oxidizers should benonsparking.

Flame- or spark-produc-ing devices should not be permitted inthe disposal area.

14. Liquid propellant fuels and oxi-dizers, whether in containers or loadedinto rockets, missiles, etc., must notbe handled roughly. They must be han-

136

List of Protective Clothing and Equipment for Disposal ofLiquid Propellant Fuels and Oxidizers

FEDERAL STOCK NUMBER

8430-269-00898430-272-3025 thru 3029

4240-715-51344240-2 17- 10944240-67852634240-640-5497

84152661488

8415-272-3013 th rU 302

18415-272-3008 thru 3012

8415-264-3598 (Green)8415-264-3599 (Red)

8415-276-7624

4240-725-7490 (Sm)4240-725-5471 (Med)4240-725-5472 (L gel4240-368-6093 thru 60984240-542-4450 thru 4452(No number available)

dled carefully to prevent shock orfriction which may cause fire or anexplosion.

15. Static electricity, the direct rayrof the sun, and even water introduce adefinite hazard in the presence of cer-tain fuels and oxidizers.

16. Disposal operations involvingliquid propellant fuels and oxidizersshould be suspended whenever practicalduring or upon the approach of athunderstorm.

17 . No portable lights other than ap-proved electric lanterns and flashlightsshould be used around fuels and oxidiz-ers.

5

FIRE FIGHTING

The liquid propellant fuels and oxidiz-ers covered in this section are, in gen-eral, highly reactive chemicals. Thesematerials and their reaction productspossess certain fire hazards whichshould be thoroughly understood by allwho are required to handle them. Ex-plosive ordnance disposal personnelmust be familiar with the principlesguiding the elimination and control ofthese fire hazards before attemptingany decontamination or disposal proce-dures which interfere with the accom-plishment of the EOD mission. Thisparagraph is intended as a guide tohelp establish rules needed to fit actualcases.

5-1 GENERAL

Water is the most universally applica-ble fire fighting agent. However, thereare critical exceptions to the use ofwater to extinguish fires. These excep-tions concern special-type fires involv-ing extremely active or concentratedoxidizers or fuel mixtures, such asthose with fluorine, liquid oxygen, andfuming nitric acid . In addition, the useof water on metal hydrides is to bemade only in situations where the ad-vantage, such as cooling of adjacentcombustibles, to be gained outweighs thereaction effect .

5-2

TYPES OF FIRES

The three most common types offires are: (1) fires involving solid ma-

5-3 AGENTS

5-3 .1

Water Bose

SECTION 2-6

terials such as coal, wood, paper, card-board, etc., which undergo a "smolder-ing" stage in combustion (i.e ., produceglowing embers or char); (2) fires in-volving liquids which must be vaporizedbefore combustion occurs (i . e. , fireabove a liquid pool of gasoline involvesonly the vapors issuing from the fuel);and, (3) fires in the presence of anof an electrical hazard where the com-bustibles may be either solids or liquids.

Water is not used on fires in the pres-ence of an electrical hazard unless ap-plied as water fog from a well-groundedfog nozzle . (Such a technique should not,however, be used by personnel untrainedin its application.) Foam, which is awater base agent, is generally preferredfor fires involving liquids, since foamminimizes chances of the flame flashingback. Antifreeze and "loaded-stream"water solutions are used particularly forfires involving solid materials. Othertypes of fire extinguishing agents arewater base,vaporizing liquids, and drypowders.

5-3.1 .1 (U) No Additives Present. Appli-cation of water depends on the specificincident .

Where range is required, astraight stream is used, or two ormore impinging jets may be used to pro-vide a water spray at an extended dis-tance from the nozzles. Water fog ishighly effective in fire knockdown andextinguishment, but must be appliedat close range.

For

water

insolublevolatile fuel fires, care must be takenin the use of water fogbecause of flash-back danger .

137


5-3 .1 .2

Salt Additives Present.

1. Straight (loaded) stream . Potas-sium carbonate with inhibitor is a typeof salt used. Encrustation of the saltembers present in burning materialsimpedes oxygen penetration, thus amore persistent extinguishing effectmay be achieved .

The use of a loadedstream on nitric acid, chlorine trifluor-ide, etc., is not advisable since heat andgas will be generated in the resultantreaction .

2. Straight stream antifreeze. Cal-cium chloride is used as an antifreezefor water to about -400 F.

For lowertemperatures, lithium chloride or alithium-calcium chloride salt mixturemay be used. Use of these winterizedsolutions on nitric acid, chlorine tri-fluoride, and fluorine, should not beattempted since gaseous products ofcorrosive nature will be generated .

5-3 .1 .3 Mechanical Foam. Mechani-cal foam is a dispersion of air in asolution of water and a stabilizing wateradditive, generally liquid and designated"Foam Liquid".

The foam produced bymechanical foam generators is usuallythree parts air and one part water.Foam nozzles produce foam which isfrom five to seven parts air to one partwater. Aspirating type foam generators(in line type) produce foam similar inquality to that produced by foam nozzles.Foam extinguishes fuel fires by coolingand forming a blanket barrier to fuelvapors,

thus sealing the fuel off fromthe supply of air. The formation of thevapor barrier is most significant inextinguishing gasoline type fuel fires.Chemical foam equipment may be usedin older installations. Chemical foamis much stiffer and of longer drainouttime than mechanical foam.

138

5-3 .2 Vaporizing Liquids

5-3 .2 .1

Carbon Dioxide. This is anextinguishing medium of low toxicitywhich acts for the most part as an oxy-gen diluent and "blanketing" agent. Itis not as effective as some of the hal-ogenated liquids, and, in its application,care must be exercised to guard againstflashback . Carbon dioxide is used onfires involving liquids, and fires in thepresence of electrical hazards.

5-3 .2 .2

Bromochlormethane . This isa halogenated liquid . Like other halo-genated liquids, it suppresses a flameby chemical means.

5-3 .2 .3

_ Bromotrifluoromethane . Thismaterial is less toxic than carbon diox-ide, although in the presence of fire,hydrogen fluoride is produced. It is ahighly effective fire extinguishing ma-terial .

5-3 .3

Dry Powders

5-3 .3 .1

Sodium Bicarbonate. Sodiumbicarbonate base powders with fluidizingadditives are very effective against liquidfuel spill fires. The action of the pow-ders in extinguishment may be to a largepart physical, as opposed to halogenatedliquids which are chemical agents . Inusing the powder agents, care must beexercised to prevent flashback . Powderagents are less effective than vaporizingliquids against fires involving solidmaterials, and are not recommendedfor fires in the presence of electricalhazards when solid combustibles areinvolved .

5-3 .3 .2

Potassium Bicarbonate . Po-tassium (Purple K) bicarbonate base pow-ders are` similar to the sodium bicar-bonate base types. But, they are moreeffective, and cause much less flashbackin the process of extinguishment .

5-3.3 .3

Fire Fighting Powders . Firefighting powders are powder type agentshaving a capability for controlling firesinvolving solid as well as liquid com-bustibles . Physically, they are similarto the other powders that have less re-sistance to moisture caking, and are ofentirely different chemical base . Thesepowders are effective on small magne-sium fires.

6 DECONTAMINATION

This paragraph provides informationconcerning procedures for such decon-tamination of small areas and smallquantities of specific liquid propellantfuels and oxidizers as may be neces-sary for the accomplishment of an EODmission . Procedures for the disposalof bulk quantities of these fuels andoxidizers are included in Paragraph 7of this section.

6-1

ALKYL BORANES

Inert absorbents, such as sand, maybe used to remove small spills . Smallspillage can also be washed down witha 5 to 10% aqueous solution of methylalcohol or ammonia. The reactionproducts must be flushed away withcopious quantities of water . Becausehydrogen may be evolved during thisprocedure, enclosed areas must be ade-quately ventilated and all sources of ig-nition must be removed . A final treat-ment with a 5% aqueous solution ofammonia containing a good detergentfollowed by water will complete decon-tamination if an odor persists .

Caution: Any contaminated absorb-ent should be collected in suitable con-tainers and promptly transferred to a

disposal area . Wash-down waste mustnot be permitted to drain so that sani-tary water supply systems become pol-luted. All wastes should be disposed ofpromptly, since the decontaminationprocess does not render the waste harm-less .

6-2

AMMONIA, ANHY DROUS

SECTION 2-6

Deluge the area and any contaminatedequipment with water fog or spray im-mediately to dilute the ammonia to thepoint where the hazards of fire, explo-sion, and toxicity are eliminated .

6-3

ANILINE, ETHYL ALCOHOL, ETHY LNITRATE- PROPY L NITRATE, FUR.FURYL ALCOHOL, GASOLINE ANDASSOCIATED FUELS, HYDRAZINE,HYDRAZINE HYDRATE, METHYLALCOHOL, MONOETHY LANILINECRUDE, NITROMETHANE, n-PROPY LNITRATE, TETRANITROMETHANE,AND UNSYMMETRICAL DIMETHYL-HYDRAZINE

Flush the contaminated area andequipment with generous quantities ofwater to remove the fuel . Extremecare must be taken to prevent the drain-age or flushing of the fuel from makingcontact with the flushing of an oxidizer,as fire or explosion may result. Con-fined spaces must be ventilated to pre-vent accumulation of vapors .

6-4

CHLORINE TRIFLUORIDE

Powdered fluorspar should be spreadon spillage . The contaminants remain-ing from a chlorine trifluoride spill arehydrofluoric acid, solid fluorides, and,in some cases, liquid chlorine fluoride .Since these fluoride compounds arecorrosive and toxic, they must be re-moved . This can be accomplished bywashing the area with copious quantities

139


of water. The drained water, in turn,becomes contaminated and must becollected for disposal.

6-5

ETHYLENE OXIDE

Contaminated areas and equipmentshould be washed down with large quan-tities of water ; a minimum of 22 vol-umes of water to one volume of ethyleneoxide is required to eliminate the firehazard. Waste mixtures containingethylene oxide should not be allowed toenter drains and sewers where there isdanger of the vapors becoming ignited .Extreme care must be taken to ensurethat drainage containing ethyleneoxide does not mix with the drainagefrom an oxidizer as fire or explosionwould be likely to occur. Ethyleneoxide may also be allowed to evaporate,provided the vapors are vented to asafe location.

6-6 FLUORINE

In the event that personnel encountera spillage of liquid fluorine, the areashould be evacuated until the fluorinehas evaporated .

6 .7

HYDROGEN PEROXIDE

Flush the contaminated area andequipment with generous quantities ofwater to dilute the hydrogen peroxide,and allow the drainage to flow intoditches or into sewage . Every effortmust be made to keep the spillage fromreaching organic material before it hasbeen highly diluted with water.

6-8 LIQUID HYDROGEN

The principal danger from a spill orleak of liquid hydrogen is fire . Properventilation of contaminated areas and

provisions for enhancement of evapora-tion will help to reduce the fire hazard.There are no efficient means of decon-tamination other than rapid vaporizationand dilution with air .

6 .9 LIQUID OXYGEN

Since oxygen is a nontoxic gas, theprimary danger from a spill or leak isa fire or explosion from high concen-trations in the presence of combustiblematerials .

The danger of an oxygen-enriched explosive atmosphere in openareas is very small, but the danger isappreciable in enclosed areas . Properventilation will minimize any such dan-ger. Personnel encountering an areacontaminated with liquid oxygen or con-centrations of oxygen gas should elimi-nate all possible sources of ignition andevacuate the area until the liquid oxygenhas evaporated and the gas has beendiluted in the atmosphere .

6-10

METHYL ACETYLENE ANDPERCHLORY L FLUORIDE

The principal danger from spillage orleakage is fire . Proper ventilation ofcontaminated areas and provisions forenhancement of evaporation will help toreduce the fire hazard . Personnel en-countering an area contaminated withthese oxidizers in either the liquid orgaseous form should eliminate all pos-sible sources of ignition. The areashould be evacuated until the liquid hasevaporated and/or the gas has beendiluted in the atmosphere.

6-11

NITRIC ACID (ALL CONCENTRATIONS)

In the event of an accident involvingspillage or leakage of nitric acid, theprocedure is as follows :

1 . Spray the contaminated area andequipment with a water solution of sodi-um dichromate (Na Cr O ), 70% byweight, using at least one7gallon of di-chromate solution to each gallon ofacid . This process will reduce theevolution of fumes which accompaniesthe application of water .

Note. If sodium dichromate is notavailable, this step may be omitted pro-vided personnel are sufficiently pro-tected against the fumes.

2 . Flush contaminated areas andequipment with large quantities of waterin order to remove the acid from thearea and the equipment, and to dilutethe acid .

3 . If neutralization of the diluted acidis desired, spray the working areas andall pools of diluted acid with a 5% solu-tion of sodium carbonate (Na2co3) un-til the bubbling ceases.

6-12

NITROGEN TETROXIDE

Wash down contaminated areas andequipment with large quantities of waterin order to remove and dilute the nitro-gen tetroxide . The products formedfrom the reaction are nitric acid andnitric oxide; therefore, all flushingsmust be directed to an area approved foracid disposal . If neutralization is de-sired, spray the working areas and allpools of the flushed acid with a 5% solu-tion of sodium bicarbonate (NaHC03)or a 5% solution of sodium carbon-ate (Na2 C03 ) until the bubbling ceases .

6-13 PENTABORANE

Decontamination of pentaborane spill-age or leakage is accomplished by wash-

7 DISPOSAL

SECTION 2-6

ing with an aqueous solution containingfrom 3 to 5°% ammonia and a smallamount of detergent . The decontami-nation solution should be applied bymeans of hoses, sprinklers, or fognozzles .

The reaction between penta-borane and the decontamination solutionliberates hydrogen, thus requiring goodventilation of the area. The reactiontakes place slowly and might requireseveral hours for completion . Follow-ing the decontamination treatment,rinse with water to remove the excessof ammonia solution and the nongaseousreaction products formed. The drainedfluids should be conducted to and col-lected in a ditch for subsequent disposal.

The procedures for the disposal ofliquid propellant fuels and oxidizers arepresented in this paragraph .

7-J SELECTION OF DISPOSAL AREA

No disposal procedure should beundertaken except in those defined areaswhich have been specifically approvedfor the purpose by the Department con-cerned when such approval is requiredby a particular Department. In emer-gencies or at activities not having estab-lished approved disposal areas, anarea which is considered to be suitablefor disposal purposes, such as describedbelow, should be proposed to the De-partment concerned when such approvalis required by a particular Depart-ment.

The following recommendations for adisposal area will permit disposal ofthe fuels and oxidizers in the quantitiesmentioned with considerable safety tosurrounding facilities . A proposed dis-


posal area should always include care-ful consideration of possible damage tosurrounding property, as well as nui-sance effects of combustion and, hence,suit against the government. Disposalof large quantities of liquid fuels andoxidizers are not within the EOD man'scapability. The information containedherein is for information and shouldonly be used when there are no quali-fied fuel and oxidizer handling personnelavailable .

1 . The disposal area should be iso-lated at least two thousand (2000) feetfrom an inhabited building, passengerrailroad, public highway, service build-ing, magazine, or storage area, and atleast one thousand (1000) feet from anyother building .

2 . If possible, the disposal areashould be located near a stream, andbe level or only slightly sloping . Thestream should be used only as a sourceof water, and care should be exercisedto avoid contaminating the stream.

Caution : Attention must be given inselection of a disposal area to the pos-sibility of fuels and oxidizers accumu-lating in sumps, sewers, and pipes.

7-2

PREPARATION OF DISPOSAL AREA

1 . The disposal area should bestripped of trees, high weeds, brush,and other combustible matter . A seriesof pits stripped free from combustiblematerial must be dug into the surface ofthe ground to contain the material to bedisposed of by dilution, burning, orventing . A barricaded structure ormound should be erected at a safe dis-tance from the disposal pits for protec-tion of personnel during disposal opera-tions .

A new pit must be used for eachsuccessive disposal operation on thesame day .

2 . Material awaiting destruction mustbe dispersed throughout the disposalarea and protected against accidentalignition or explosion . Signs must beposted at the entrance and on all sidesof the disposal area warning of the pres-ence of hazardous or poisonous mate-rial .

3 . Communication facilities, anemergency vehicle, and improvisedshowers and solutions for medicationmust be available in the disposal areawhenever a disposal operation is inprogress .

7-3 ACIDS (ALL CONCENTRATIONS)

Acid (all concentrations) should bedisposed of by dilution and neutraliza-tion as follows :

1 . Fill a disposal pit with at leastten (10) gallons of water for each gallonof acid to be disposed.

2 . Very slowly pour or allow theacid to drain into the water.

Note. This procedure minimizes thehazard of splashing or spurting acid andthe liberation of large quantities of heat,which can cause the evolution of toxicvapors due to the sudden rise in tem-perature .

3 . After the acid has been diluted,wash down the disposal pit with largequantities of water and neutralize theacid by adding slaked lime, powderedlimestone, or sodium bicarbonate tothe disposal pit .

7-4

ALKY L BORANES

Wastes and spills should be burned inan incinerator . Solid residues from the

incinerator should be water quenched.Final wastes should be subjected to deepburial, provided no water system con-tamination results . Large quantities ofalkyl boranes in containers should bedisposed of in accordance with the pro-cedure outlined in Subparagraph 7-8 .

7 .5

CHLORINE TRIFLUORIDE, ETHYLENEOXIDE, HYDROGEN PEROXIDE, ANDLIQUID OXYGEN

These materials should be disposed ofby dilution with water, but not more thanone type should be diluted at any onetime.

1 . Prepare a disposal pit which isdeep enough to hold twice as much wateras necessary for complete dilution . Fillthe pit half full of water .

2 . Carefully pour the material to bedisposed of in the pit and allow decom-position or evaporation to take place inthe pit .

7-6

ANILINE, ETHYL ALCOHOL, ETHYLNITRATE-PROPY L NITRATE, FUR-FURY L ALCOHOL, GASOLINE ANDASSOCIATED FUELS, HYDRAZINE,HYDRAZINE HYDRATE, METHYLALCOHOL, MONOETHY LANI LIN ECRUDE, n-PROPY L NITRATE, ANDUNSYMMETRICAL DIMETHYLHYDRA-ZINE

The above-listed materials should bedisposed of by burning, with the follow-ing procedures being observed :

1 .

Not more than one thousand (1000)pounds and not more than one type ofmaterial must be burned at one time.

Note . Mixtures of alcohols may beburned, as may mixtures of gasoline andassociated fuels, but alcohols and gaso-line or associated fuels must not bemixed before burning.

SECTION 2-6

2 . Each type of material must beburned in a specially prepared disposalpit; the pit must be cleared of all com-bustible matter, and must be deep enoughto hold at least twice the volume of mate-rial to be burned at one time . Carefullypour or allow the material to drain intothe disposal pit, and wash down theareasurrounding the pit with water to preventor minimize the spread of fire .

3 . The material in the pit should beignited by means of a trail of combus-tible material, such as excelsior, whichhas been extended to a safe distance fromthe disposal pit .

4 . Ignite the excelsior train and with-draw to a place of safety ; allow the ignitedmaterial to burn completely, then washdown the disposal pit with water .

7 .7

NI TROMETHANE AND T ETRANITRO-METHANE

These materials should be disposed ofby burning in accordance with the pro-cedure outlined in Subparagraph 7 -G ex-cept that not more than two hundred (200)pounds should be burned at one time .

7-8

ALUMINUM BOROHYDRIDE, DIBORANEAND PENTABORANE

These materials in containers shouldbe disposed of by burning, but do not burnmore than fifty (50) pounds at one time .

1 . Place the container in a speciallyprepared disposal pit. The bottom ofthe pit must be covered with rags orcotton waste slightly soaked in kerosene.Install an electric squib in the disposalpit under the rags or cotton waste . In-sulated wires connected to the squibmust lead to a place of safety where afiring device is connected .

2 .

Mount a Mk 2 shaped charge on thesurface of the container, and detonatethe charge from a safe.distance .

ULNtKAL tUU INt-UKMA I WIN,TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS (SURFACE)

3 . If the material does not ignite andburn when the shaped charge detonates,fire the squib. Allow the material toburn in place until completely consumed.

7-9

FLUORINE, LIQUID HYDROGEN,METHYL ACETYLENE, NITROGENTETROXIDE, AND PERCHLORY LFLUORIDE

These materials should be disposed ofby container venting. Not more than fif-ty (50) pounds and not more than one typeof these materials must be vented at onetime. Whenever possible, disposal byventing should be conducted on a warm,sunny day at about midday. During thistime there are usually strong convectioncurrents of air with a high degree ofturbulence which will disperse the gasor prevent a build-up of vapor concentra-tion at any one place. Unless absolutelynecessary, do not dispose of any of thesematerials by venting in the early morn-

ing, in the evening, or on any cold, lowovercast day.

Disposal should be accomplished byplacing the container in a pit and open-ing with a Mk 3 shaped charge . Thecharge is placed on the container andfired from a safe distance .When venting is complete, and the area

appears to be free of gas, cautiously addwater to the pit until the container iscovered. Since any residual materialmay react violently with the water, firstplace the hose in the pit and then turnthe water on from a remote location .Maintain security of the area until allbubbling has ceased in the pit.

7-10 ANHYDROUS AMMONIA

This material should be disposed ofin accordance with the procedure out-lined in Subparagraph 7-9 except thatup to one hundred fifty (150) pounds maybe vented at one time .

APPENDIX

REFERENCES

TM 9-138S-50

Techniques for Explosive Ordnance Disposal .

TM 9-1385-51

Identification of Ammunition (Conventional)for Explosive Ordnance Disposal .

TM 38-750

Army Equipment Record Procedures .

propellants, conventional explosives, and other dangerous ...bulletpicker.com/pdf/tm 9-1385-211, eod...

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