propagation of grapevines
DESCRIPTION
A lecture on how to graft vines to improve performance and give resistance to phylloxeraTRANSCRIPT
of Grapevines
ContentsTypes of propagationWhy bother graftingGrapevine materialTypes of graftingDetailed look at bench grafting
Types of PropagationSexual reproduction
Seeds
Types of PropagationAsexual reproduction
Tissue cultureCuttings
Tissue CultureCultures are axenic The plant tissue is maintained on the culture
medium for a specified period of timemay be transferred to fresh mediumor to a different medium to alter the path of
developmentWhat are it uses?
Tissue CultureThis technology is based on the concept of
Totipotency – "the ability of a single cell to express the full
genome in the cells to which it gives rise by cell division."
TerminologyCambium
A single layer of green unspecialized meristemic cells between the woody part of the tree and the bark
Division of these cells result in diameter growth of the tree through formation of wood cells (xylem) and inner bark (phloem)
Cambium
TerminologyCallus
A mass of thin-walled, undifferentiated plant cells, developed as the result of wounding or culture on nutrient media
TerminologyScion and rootstock
TerminologyRootlings
cutting with roots formed that is a season old and is ready to plant
Callused cuttinga cutting that has callusing either grafted or
not only and can be planted in the vineyard
TerminologyGrafted vines
Two species usually a V. vinifera as the scion and a rootstock from American origin
Potted vineA newly grafted vine that goes into a pot
instead of the nursery, and then is planted into the vineyard once it has established roots and leaves
Why is grafting necessary?Phylloxera (Daktulosphira vitifolia)Soil living aphid that feeds of the roots of
only vitis varieties Did not evolve with vitis viniferaThere is no way of controlling this pest other
than grafting a resistant rootstock to vitis vinifera
Grafting MaterialGenotype Correctly named – true to typeHow can you tell what your buying is what it
actually is?Ampelography
Cabernet Sauvignon Riparia Gloire
High healthDisease recognitionTreatment Testing Management
Good GraftingSuccessful grafting uses wood that is:Fresh and cleanStraight and roundMature - brown to the tipNot to pithyTreated with fungicide
Types of GraftingCleft graftingChip buddingSide graftingBench graftingLots of different types!All methods of grafting rely on the cambium
of the the scion and rootstock making contact
The Biology of GraftingThe Biology of GraftingA new formed meristematic area must A new formed meristematic area must
develop between scion and rootstock for develop between scion and rootstock for a successful graft uniona successful graft union
3 events3 events
1) adhesion of the rootstock & scion1) adhesion of the rootstock & scion
2) proliferation of callus at the graft 2) proliferation of callus at the graft interface = callus bridgeinterface = callus bridge
3) vascular differentiation across the graft 3) vascular differentiation across the graft interfaceinterface
The Biology of GraftingThe Biology of GraftingSteps in graft union formationSteps in graft union formation
wound responsewound response Necrotic layer 1 cell deep forms on both Necrotic layer 1 cell deep forms on both
scion and stockscion and stock Undifferentiated callus tissue is produced Undifferentiated callus tissue is produced
from uninjured parenchyma cells below the from uninjured parenchyma cells below the necrotic layernecrotic layer
Callus forms a wound periderm which Callus forms a wound periderm which becomes suberized to prevent entry of becomes suberized to prevent entry of pathogenspathogens
Necrotic layer dissolvesNecrotic layer dissolves
The Biology of GraftingThe Biology of GraftingWound-repair
First the xylem and then the phloem is repaired
Occurs through differentiation of vascular cambium across the callus bridge
Process takes 2 - 3 weeks in woody plants
ConditionsConditionsEnvironmental conditions following Environmental conditions following
graftinggraftingTemperatureTemperatureEffects callus production. Effects callus production. Ideal for grapes is 24 to 28 degrees CIdeal for grapes is 24 to 28 degrees CEasy to control in a greenhouse but Easy to control in a greenhouse but
difficult in the fielddifficult in the field
ConditionsConditionsMoistureMoistureneeded for cell enlargement in the needed for cell enlargement in the
callus bridgecallus bridgeMaintain using plastic bags over scionMaintain using plastic bags over scionWrap with grafting tape, Parafilm, Wrap with grafting tape, Parafilm,
grafting rubbers and waxgrafting rubbers and waxPlace union in damp peat moss or wood Place union in damp peat moss or wood
shavings or perlite for callusingshavings or perlite for callusing
Types of Grafting
Weaver 1976
Weaver 1976
Top working
ProblemsVine death or breakage due to incomplete
callusingInfection from botrytis and powdery
mildewSome varieties are more difficult than
othersViruses and disorders SuckeringCrowngallBad grafting shed practice
Crowngall
Rogue Vines
ProcessPrepare rootstockRemove all the buds
ProcessPrepare scion woodCut the V using the bench grafting machine
•Match the Pieces•Tape Together•Dip in the Wax •Dip in the Water
•Stack in Callus Boxes•Store in Heat Room
ProcessRemove from the callus boxesGrade and preparePlant in the nursery
Dispatching plants
Dispatching plants