projects at alttc broadband / ipv6 network · [ii] advanced level telecom training centre (bsnl),...

Projects at ALTTC With Live Telecom Equipment

Advanced Level Telecom Training Centre (ALTTC)

Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL) (Government

of India Enterprises)

Govt. of India Enclave, Rajanagar

Ghaziabad, UP - 201002 (INDIA)

GSM (2G / 3G)

NGN

Broadband / IPv6 Network

CDMA

SDH, DWDM

Left Intentionally Blank

Advanced Level Telecom Training Centre (BSNL), Ghaziabad (INDIA) [i]

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List of Projects

Mobile GSM Projects • Study of GSM-Nokia equipment – Architecture and Functionality

• Planning & Design of 2G radio network

• Antenna Systems in Cellular Mobile Network

• Radio Network Advanced Features

• 2G and 3G radio parameter

• Planning & Design of 3G radio network

• Call Flows in Mobile Cellular Networks

• Optimization of Mobile RF Network

• Compare and contrast prepaid mobile tariffs of BSNL and other operators (Reliance, Tata, Airtel,

Vodafone)

• Comparison of different type of services provided in mobile by BSNL & other operator (Reliance,

Tata, Airtel, Vodafone)

• Beyond 3G: HSPA and LTE.

Broadband Projects

• Routing Information Protocol (RIP) Implementation, analysis & troubleshooting

• Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) Protocol Implementation, analysis & troubleshooting

• Performance & Comparison of OSPF and RIP Protocols

• IPv4 address plan in corporate environment

• VLAN and its applications in an IP Network

• Implementation of MPLS in a Core IP network & its troubleshooting

• MPLS traffic Engineering for optimization of link bandwidth utility

• BGP implementation in Internet Router Architecture

• IPv6 Migration Strategies

• MPLS-VPN Implementation in an ISP Network

Computers / Information Technology Projects

• Study and Implementation of Local Area Network

• Data Analysis Using MS-Excel

• Application Development using PHP and MySQL

• Study and Demonstration of CDR System of BSNL

• Implementation of VLAN in a Network

• Design and Integration of WLAN in a LAN

• Implementation of DHCP / DNS in a Network

• LAN Chat and File Sharing Application

OFC Network Projects • Implementation of Ethernet Connectivity between two Next Generation Synchronous Digital

Hierarchy (NGSDH) Systems.

• Design and Testing of 155 Mbps link between Two STM-16 SDH systems along with protection.

[ii] Advanced Level Telecom Training Centre (BSNL), Ghaziabad (INDIA)

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List of Projects • Design & testing of 2.048 Mbps link between two STM-4 SDH System

• Fault tracing and Rectification in Optical Fibre Cable.

• Configuration of remote equipment’s in Network Management System Software

• Configuration of Network Elements in 10G DWDM system

• FTTH, GPON equipment’s Central Office Terminal’s configuration

• FTTH, GPON equipment’s Customer Premise Equipment‘s configuration

• Ribbon Fiber

• Advantages of Ribbon OFC over Conventional OFC & Ribbon Fiber

Telecom Switching Projects: • Design and Implementation of Next Generation Networks (A future communication system over

IP)

• Next Generation Signaling & Signaling Network

• Next Generation Transit Network

• Class-5 (IMS Based) NGN Network

• Design of C-DoT MAX NG (LAG) Network

• Design of PSTN Setup and Call flow in EWSD Switching System

• Design and Implementation of PABX (Private Automatic Branch Exchange) and CENTREX (Closed

User Group) on EWSD Switching System

• Design of Subscriber and Trunk Provisioning on EWSD Switch

• Design and Implementation of SS#7 (Signaling System No.7) on EWSD Switching Platform

• Design a network for understanding importance of separate signaling network in various

scenarios of call setup e.g. ‘Land Line to Land Line’ network call.

• 11) Design a network for understanding importance of separate signaling network in various

scenarios of call setup e.g. ‘Land Line to GSM 2G Mobile’ network call

• Design a network for understanding importance of separate signaling network in various

scenarios of call setup e.g. ‘2G GSM Nokia to 3G Ericsson’ mobile network call

• “Mobile Number Portability (MNP)” in telecom network and role of SSTP in its implementation

Telecom Civil Projects: • Rain Water Harvesting

• Building Maintenance

• STAAD Pro

Antenna & Waveguides Projects:

• Study and Analysis of Rectangular Microstrip (Patch) Antenna

• Study and Analysis of Loaded Microstrip Antenna (PIFA Antenna)

Advanced Level Telecom Training Centre (BSNL), Ghaziabad (INDIA) [1]

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Mobile GSM Projects

Study of GSM-Nokia equipment – Architecture and Functionality

Project Code: Mobile/01

OBJECTIVE:

This mini project will cover complete architecture and Functionality of Different sub systems of

GSM-Nokia Equipment. the complete Network connectivity between BTS and BSC, BSC and

MSC, MSC and HLR etc. Provisioning and mediation pertaining to BSNL mobile network will

also be discussed.

INTRODUCTION:

In this, we discuss general description & Hardware Architecture of BTS, Types of Different BTS

used in GSM N/w, Base Station Controller (BSC). General functions and hardware architecture

of Mobile Switching Centre (MSC), Visitor Location Register (VLR), Home Location Register

(HLR) and Transponders are also covered in this project.

Base Trans Receive System (BTS):

BTS is a network component that serves one cell and controlled by Base Station

Controller. BTS is responsible to transmit and receive radio signals from mobile unit over radio

interface.

Base Station Controller (BSC):

The BSC is connected to MSC on one side and to the BTS on the other side. BSC performs the

Radio Resource (RR) management for cells under its control.

Mobile Switching Centre (MSC):

Mobile Switching Centre is responsible for Call Switching, Call Routing and Charging Functions

in GSM Network.CDR is also generated at MSC.

Home Location Register (HLR):

Home Location Register contains the permanent database of mobile subscribers. The current

location of subscriber is also stored in HLR

[2 Advanced Level Telecom Training Centre (BSNL), Ghaziabad (INDIA)

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Mobile GSM Projects

Planning & Design of 2G Radio Network


OBJECTIVE:

This mini project will cover an introduction to various 2G Mobile Network Planning, Design &

Optimization process. The participants will be shown BSNL 2G planning/Optimization tool

available in the lab/ nearby telephone exchanges to get the real time knowledge of mobile

design and optimization aspects.

INTRODUCTION:

The 2G networks were mainly evolved for voice communication with very low speed data

communication. Later GPRS and EDGE added higher speed data communication to the 2G

GSM mobile telephony. The quality of service (voice or data) mainly depends upon the

coverage and quality of the radio access.

The radio access part of the wireless network is considered of essential importance as it is the

direct physical radio connection between the mobile equipment and the core part of the

network. In order to meet the requirements of the mobile services, the radio network must offer

sufficient coverage and capacity while maintaining the lowest possible deployment costs.

The radio network planning process can be divided into different phases. At the beginning is the

Preplanning phase. In this phase, the basic general properties of the future network are

investigated. The second phase is the main phase. A site survey is done about the to-be-

covered area, and the possible sites to set up the base stations are investigated. The goal is to

achieve as much coverage as possible with the optimal capacity, while reducing the costs also

as much as possible. The coverage and the capacity planning are of essential importance in the

whole radio network planning. The coverage planning determines the service range, and the

capacity planning determines the number of to-be-used base stations and their respective

capacities. In the third phase, Drive tests and various tools are used to make constant

adjustments to improve the network planning. Then the final radio plan is ready to be deployed

in the area to be covered and served.

In GSM, the network is divided into a lot of cells, and usually a base station is planted in the

center of each cell. For the sake of easy analysis, the cells are represented as neighboring

hexagons, while in reality they can be of any kind of forms and overlap with each other. The

size of each cell, when fixed, will usually stay stable.

In GSM network planning, the coverage planning and capacity planning are independent. The

coverage planning depends on the received signal strength i.e. the covered area is mainly

limited by the minimum signal strength at the cell range, while the capacity planning depends

mainly on the frequency allocation.


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Mobile GSM Projects

Antenna System in Cellular Mobile Network


OBJECTIVE:

The participants will study the design and features of cellular mobile network antennas,

waveguides, IF cable etc. Various characteristics of different antenna systems used for GSM,

CDMA, 3G and Wi-MAX shall be explored. Procedure for conducting VSWR test shall be

demonstrated.

INTRODUCTION:

Global System for Mobile Communication allows users to talk virtually anywhere in the world.

GSM communication is totally dependent on antenna systems, which means GSM services and

later generation of mobile technology like EDGE, UMTS and HSPA are in constant need of

antennas to provide large coverage area for better communication.

Antenna is a structure or device used to collect or radiate electromagnetic waves.

In mobile communications, two main categories of antennas used are: -

1. Directional Antenna

2. Omni-directional Antenna

Omni directional antennas are those types of antennas which are mostly used in rural areas.

These radiates in all horizontal direction with equal power. In the vertical plane, these antennas

radiate uniformly across all azimuth angles and have a main beam with upper and lower side

lobes.

Directional antennas are those types of antennas which are mostly used to get higher gain

compared to Omni directional antenna and to minimise interference effects in the network. In

these types of antennas, the radiation is directed at a specific angle instead of uniformly across

all azimuth angles.

Antennas may be one band antenna, two bands antenna or three bands antenna. In multiband,

the different band antennas are covered under one radome.

The main characteristics of antenna are Gain, Beam Width, Side Lobe Magnitudes, Off axis

radiation, Directivity Pattern, Polarization, VSWR. At the same time they should be of moderate

cost, easy to Install and strong enough to give service in all environments.


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Mobile GSM Projects

Radio Network Advanced Feature Project Code: Mobile/04

OBJECTIVE:

Evolved in 90’s, even today GSM is a dominant digital cellular standard. Enhancements in radio

network of GSM have led to reduced interference, better voice quality and improved system

capacity. Objective of this project is to study these enhancements in GSM radio network – use

of improved coders, Frequency Hopping and interference cancellers at MS and BTS side.

INTRODUCTION:

In GSM, initially only Full Rate (FR) coders were used. Later Half-Rate (HR) coders were also

used doubling the voice capacity. Nowadays there is widespread use of Adaptive Multi Rate

(AMR) coders. AMR speech codec consists of a multi-rate narrowband speech codec, that

encodes narrowband (200–3400 Hz) signals at variable bit rates ranging from 4.75 to 12.2 kbps.

AMR has been adopted as the standard speech codec by 3GPP and is now widely used

in GSM and UMTS. It uses link adaptation to select from one of eight different bit rates based

on link conditions.

Frequency hopping is the technique of improving the signal to noise ratio in a link by adding

frequency diversity. When frequency hopping is activated in the mobile station, the base station

assigns the mobile station a set of RF channels, rather than a single RF channel. A frequency

hopping algorithm is also assigned to the mobile and is used to inform the mobile of the pattern

of the available frequencies it is to use. In a GSM/GPRS/EGPRS network, frequency hopping is

specified in individual cells based on the number of frequencies offered by a specific cell. The

advantages that frequency hopping offers are:

• Improved voice quality and prevention of dropped calls in GSM

• Improved data throughput in GPRS and EGPRS

Two kinds of frequency hopping are implemented – Base-band frequency Hopping and

Synthesizer Frequency Hopping. Frequency planning of cells has changed a lot with the use of

frequency hopping concept. With Fractional Load Planning (FLP), it is possible to use any

frequency anywhere in the network. The ARFCNs used in the hopping sequence pattern are

determined by the contents of Mobile Allocation (MA) Table. The entry of the MA Table at which

the hopping sequence begins is called the Mobile Allocation Index Offset (MAIO). MAIO of zero

corresponds to the first entry of the MA Table.

Use of interference cancellers – SAIC at MS side and IRC at BTS side have also reduced the

interference in the network.

With these improvements the spectral efficiency of GSM has improved. Presently the start-up

spectrum for GSM services is 4.4 M Hz which used to be 6.2 M Hz earlier.


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Mobile GSM Projects

2G and 3G Radio Parameter Project Code: Mobile/05

OBJECTIVE:

This mini project will cover an introduction to various 2G and 3G Radio parameters. The

participants will be shown live mobile network 2G and 3G Radio parameters to get the real time

knowledge of 2G and 3G Radio parameters mobile network technology.

INTRODUCTION:

Mobile operators have a great deal invested in their networks’ performance, from the

satisfaction of their customers to the revenue that fuels their business and future growth. To

ensure network availability and quality, operators must troubleshoot and optimize the

performance of their wireless networks from rollout through expansion. For this, they need a

drive-test optimization and troubleshooting tool that can continuously evolve to support today’s

and tomorrow’s wireless network technologies

Engineering Handset is a phone-based test tool developed for measuring the Network

performance and quality parameters of wireless networks. The tool Collects measurement and

event data for immediate monitoring or for Processing Its combination of small size and

powerful testing features makes its very useful to study the radio parameter of GSM network . it

is designed as an Integral part of the phone, it can be used continually, not only by engineers

and technicians, but by people also.

By the Engineering Handset the following RF parameters may be measured

• GSM - ARFCN, MA LIST, BA LIST, RXLEVEL, CH TYPE, HSN, MAIO, PLMN ID, CELL

ID LAI / RAI, TMSI / IMSI / PTMSI

• WCDMA - UARFCN, Ec / Io, Active Set, Neighbour Set, Detected Set


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Mobile GSM Projects

Planning and Design of 3G Radio Network


OBJECTIVE:

This mini project will cover an introduction to various 3G Mobile Network Planning, Design &

Optimization process. The participants will be shown BSNL 3G planning/Optimization tool

available in the lab/ nearby telephone exchanges to get the real time knowledge of mobile

design and optimization aspects.

INTRODUCTION:

The 3G networks were mainly evolved for voice and data communication. Later HSDPA,

HSUPA (EUL) and HSPA+ added higher speed data communication to the 3G GSM mobile

telephony. The quality of service (voice or data) mainly depends upon the coverage and quality

of the radio access.

The radio access part of the wireless network is considered of essential importance as it is the

direct physical radio connection between the mobile equipment and the core part of the

network. In order to meet the requirements of the mobile services, the radio network must offer

sufficient coverage and capacity while maintaining the lowest possible deployment costs.

The radio network planning process can be divided into different phases. At the beginning is the

Preplanning phase. In this phase, the basic general properties of the future network are

investigated. The second phase is the main phase. A site survey is done about the to-be-

covered area, and the possible sites to set up the base stations are investigated. The goal is to

achieve as much coverage as possible with the optimal capacity, while reducing the costs also

as much as possible. The coverage and the capacity planning are of essential importance in the

whole radio network planning. The coverage planning determines the service range, and the

capacity planning determines the number of to-be-used base stations and their respective

capacities. In the third phase, Drive tests and various tools are used to make constant

adjustments to improve the network planning. Then the final radio plan is ready to be deployed

in the area to be covered and served.

In GSM (2G and 3G), the network is divided into a lot of cells, and usually a base station is

planted in the center of each cell. For the sake of easy analysis, the cells are represented as

neighboring hexagons, while in reality they can be of any kind of forms and overlap with each

other. The size of each cell, when fixed, will usually stay stable.

In 3G, the frequency reuse factor is 1, and in each cell the whole bandwidth is used. So there is

no frequency assignment in UMTS. UMTS uses WCDMA as its multiplex access method, which

determines that the interference plays an essential role in the coverage planning and capacity

planning. The cell size in UMTS is not fixed. When the interference arises, the SIR deteriorates,

which makes the mobile equipment at the old cell fringe hard to communicate with the base


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Mobile GSM Projects

station. So the cell size shrinks. The resulting swinging of the cell size in UMTS due to the

changing interference is called “cell breathing”. The network upper capacity limit can also be

easily reached when too much interference leads to the limit of the power at the base station

through the mechanism of power control loop. So in UMTS the coverage planning and capacity

planning cannot be independently made like in GSM, they are closely correlated. The higher the

coverage, the lower is the capacity, and vice versa.


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Mobile GSM Projects

Networks Call Flows in Mobile Cellular


OBJECTIVE:

In this, we discuss the call processing aspect and look into specifics case of a mobile originated

(MO) call and a mobile terminated (MT) call both on Radio as well as Core Network side. We

also look into short message (SMS) call flow and its implementation in mobile network.

INTRODUCTION:

In Mobile originated (MO) call, there are four distinct phase of a mobile originated call

1. Setup phase.

2. Ringing phase.

3. Conversation phase.

4. Release phase.

In Mobile Terminated (MT) call, the different phases of a mobile terminated call are

1. Routing analysis

2. Paging.

3. Call setup.

4. Call release.

The phases of mobile terminated (MT) call are similar to a mobile originated (MO) call except

routing analysis and paging phase. Call to a mobile subscriber in a PLMN first comes to

gateway MSC (GMSC). GMSC is the MSC, which is the capable of querying HLR for subscriber

routing information. GMSC need not to be part of home PLMN, though it is normal practice to

have GMSC as part of PLMN in commercially deployed networks.

Trainee will be learning the detailed information about the call processing, GSM network

elements and their functionality. Trainees will be able to know how to MO & MT call will be

routed both nationally & internationally.


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Mobile GSM Projects

Optimization of Mobile RF Network Project Code: Mobile/08

OBJECTIVE:

This mini project will cover an introduction to various Mobile Network Optimization process. The

participants will be shown BSNL 3G Optimization tool available in the lab/ nearby telephone

exchanges to get the real time knowledge of mobile optimization aspects.

INTRODUCTION:

In a fiercely competitive environment, a good Quality of Service (QoS) is a competitive

advantage for a service provider. QoS can be characterized, by such factors as contiguity of

coverage, accessibility of the network, speech quality and number of dropped calls.

Service providers have to continually strive to improve QoS in order to retain the Customers. In

a mobile network customers may face any unwanted situations like call drop, one way talk,

echo, access failure, mute etc due to interference and inaccurate parameter definitions & that

may cause subscriber dissatisfaction. To overcome these situations optimization of GSM

network is required. So the optimization is a continual process for improvement of QoS of the

network.

Optimization is an important step in the life cycle of a wireless network and is an ongoing

process. The important steps in the network optimization process are-

1. Data collection for network problems.

2. Analysis of Data for identification of reasons for network problems.

3. Taking actions for resolving network problems.

4. Again checking the QoS and going back to step 1.

The inputs for optimization come from

1) QOS Parameters: QOS Parameters are the quality indicators of the Network. Like Call

Success rate, Call Drop Rate, Handover success rate call. These parameters have to be

continually monitored on cell, site, BSC and Network basis. If any abnormality is observed or if

any deterioration is seen in any of the parameters optimization process has to be initiated.

2) OMC alarms: Any problem in the Network results in a alarm at the OMC. Whenever an alarm

is observed at the OMC it must be carefully analyzed to determine if there is a network problem

and if it is required to initiate optimization process.

3) Routine Drive Testing: Coverage plots, Quality plots generated from drive test may indicate

whether optimization is needed or not.

4) Customer feedback: This information is used to target areas requiring optimization and to

verify coverage against the RF design.

For optimization of GSM network Drive test are performed. Reports generated by making calls

during drive test are recorded with location data in the attached laptop. System generated OSS


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Mobile GSM Projects

reports are very useful and are analyzed using optimization tools like Netact Planner, Planet to

give insight into network problems.

Equipment Necessary for Drive testing are:

• Vehicle,

• Drive test mobile phone

• External vehicle mounted GPS,

• Laptop with drive test software and GPS connection capability.


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Mobile GSM Projects

Compare Compare and contrast prepaid mobile tariffs of BSNL and


other operators (Reliance, Tata, Airtel, Vodafone)

OBJECTIVE:

In this project, the participants will be learning the concepts of GSM prepaid charging

procedure. The project members will also be provided the opportunity to look at the BSNL live

GSM prepaid charging procedure.

INTRODUCTION:

INDIA has become one of the fastest-growing mobile markets in the world. The mobile services

were commercially launched in August 1995 in India.

India has opted for the use of both the GSM (global system for mobile communications) and

CDMA (code-division multiple access) technologies in the mobile sector.

The mobile tariffs in India have also become lowest in the world. A new mobile connection can

be activated ith a monthly commitment of US$0.15 only. In 2012 alone 67 million handsets were

sold in India. The data reveals the real potential for growth of the Indian mobile market.

In the mobile telephony space, Airtel controls 21.4% subscriber base followed by Reliance with

20.3%, BSNL with 18.6%, Vodafone with 14.7% subscriber base (as per June 2012 data).

Following list shows the GSM subscriber figure till June 2012

1) Bharti Airtel 88382758 33.04%

2) Vodafone Essar 63340024 23.68%

3) BSNL 42673357 15.95%

4) IDEA 40016153 14.96%

5) Aircel 16761397 6.27%

6) Reliance Telecom 10353841 3.87%

7) MTNL 4003807 1.50%

8) BPL 2007303 0.75%


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Mobile GSM Projects

Compare Compare and contrast prepaid mobile tariffs of BSNL and


other operators (Reliance, Tata, Airtel, Vodafone)

OBJECTIVE:

This project provides complete details of various mobile services provided by BSNL and other

private operators. It includes general description and discussion on different Value added

services, Data Services offered by BSNL. Trainees will also learn about Comparison of different

type of services, customer care provided in mobile by BSNL & other operator (Reliance, Tata,

Airtel, Vodafone). It also includes ccomparison of Blackberry services and tariff of BSNL with

other operator.

INTRODUCTION:

In India, Mobile VAS has become a big part of the mobile user's life today. With over 840 Million

mobile phone subscribers in India today and having the second largest subscriber base in the

whole world.

VAS plays a very important role when the telecom market moves towards saturation level. In

such a scenario, innovative Value Added Services offer an opportunity to Telecom Service

Providers to differentiate their offerings in the market & create new revenue streams.

For a telecom operator’s perspective VAS is very important for telecom operators to charge a

premium price. It is a revenue driver and it reduces subscriber churn also.

BSNL provides the below mentioned VAS on mobile:

• NEWS: National, International, Business

• Finance: Stocks, Forex Rates, Commodity Prices.

• Entertainment: Games, TV, Jokes, Bollywood Songs.

• Travel: Railway Airline

• Downloads: Logos, Ringbones, Caller Tunes

• Astrology Services: Horoscope/Prediction

• Contest: Reality Shows

• MMS: Picture Massages, Clippings

Services like STK, WAP Portal, Voice Portal, CRBT, Pull based services, push based services

and GPRS & 3G based services, Mandi Bhav, YO SMS , Handset Security, Data Security and

Back up, Call Tricker, Mail on SMS, SMS Counselling, Mobile Share, Humshakal etc .


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Mobile GSM Projects

Beyond 3G: HSPA and LTE

OBJECTIVE:


The mini project mainly deals with the complete conceptual details about various B3G mobile

broadband technologies, with respect to the network elements. This mini project will give

exposure to Mobile Broadband technologies and the project members will also be provided the

opportunity to look at the BSNL Mobile Broadband network elements

INTRODUCTION:

Through constant innovation, Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) with High

Speed Packet Access (HSPA) technology and its evolution to beyond third generation (3G) has

established itself as the global, mobile-broadband solution. The online multimedia world made

possible by mobile broadband has changed people’s perceptions of data speeds and network

service quality. Regardless of where they are, consumers no longer accept slow speeds as they

send and receive e-mail, music or video clips on their laptops and mobile devices.

UMTS/HSPA, in particular, has many key technical and business advantages over other mobile

wireless technologies. Operators worldwide are now deploying both High Speed Downlink

Packet Access (HSDPA) and High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA), the combination of

the two technologies called simply HSPA. HSPA is one of the most powerful cellular-data

technologies ever developed. HSPA, already widely available, follows the successful

deployment of UMTS networks around the world and is now a standard feature.

HSPA Evolution represents a logical development of the Wideband Code Division Multiple

Access (WCDMA) approach, and it is the stepping stone to an entirely new Third Generation

Partnership Project (3GPP) radio platform called 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE). LTE, which

uses Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA)

LTE, the next generation of mobile communication technology, enables the high-speed transfer

of huge amounts of data in an efficient and cost-effective way, optimizing the use of radio

spectrum. With increased speed and decreased latency, consumers can enjoy the latest online

services – such as real-time web, online gaming, social media collaboration and video

conferencing “on the go”. LTE will meet the demands of the new and enhanced internet

applications of the future.

Just as LTE is the next step in the evolution of mobile networks, Evolved Packet Core (EPC)

represents the next step in the parallel evolution of packet core networks. One of the key

highlights of EPC is its ability to handle multiple access technologies. Thus, it provides a

smoother migration for operators and selected sites can use LTE access while the rest of the

network remains on 2G/3G access. Combined with HSPA and LTE access networks, EPC

provides users with true broadband access, to a wide variety of applications while significantly

reducing the cost of ownership for operators.


Mobile GSM Projects

Mobile broadband brings people closer together and gives them more flexibility and control over

their working and private lives. Mobile applications in areas such as health care, public safety,

travel and transport, utilities and manufacturing, are of increasing importance.


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Broadband Projects

Routing Information Protocol (RIP) Implementation, analysis & troubleshooting

Project Code: BB/01

SCOPE & OBJECTIVE:

Internet is the most transforming invention in human history which has become imperative

today. Internet service providers (ISPs) connect people to the Internet by installing huge

networks. Routing protocols plays a crucial role in provisioning of Internet services by ISP’s.

There are two types routing protocols, static and dynamic. Dynamic routing protocols are used

to learn about remote networks and to quickly adapt whenever there is a change in the

topology, without manual intervention. The method that a routing protocol uses to accomplish

this task depends on the algorithm it uses and the operational characteristics of that protocol.

Routing Information Protocol (RIP) is a popular dynamic routing protocol. It is a distance vector

dynamic routing protocol and uses hop-count as the metric.RIP uses Bellman-Ford algorithm for

the best-path route determination.

This project involves the study of operation of RIP, it’s implementation and troubleshooting if

errors occurs. This will be done in advanced Cisco 7613 routers which are actually used in

ISP’s networks. The project is designed keeping following learning objectives in mind:

• Learning the OSI reference model and TCP/IP protocol suite

• IPv4 addressing and it’s planning for a network

• Learning Routing principles

• Learning Routing Information protocol and Bellman-Ford algorithm

• Learning basic configuration of the router

• Practically executing RIP in Cisco 7613 routers for a given topology

• Examining and analysing the results in routing table of the routers

• Troubleshooting the errors relating to RIP

PRACTICAL SET UP:

This project will be

executed on following

topology.

SKILL SET:

After completion of this project student will be able to

• Configure a router.

• Implement RIP in a given topology

• Troubleshoot if any errors occurs


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Broadband Projects

Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) Implementation, analysis & troubleshooting

Project Code: BB/02

SCOPE AND OBJECTIVE:




There are two types routing protocols, static and dynamic. Dynamic routing protocols are used

to learn about remote networks and to quickly adapt whenever there is a change in the

topology, without manual intervention. The method that a routing protocol uses to accomplish

this task depends on the algorithm it uses and the operational characteristics of that protocol.

Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) is a popular, mostly used dynamic routing protocol. It is a link

state dynamic routing protocol and uses cost (which is inversely proportional to band width) as

the metric. OSPF uses Dijkstra Algorithm for the best-path route determination. The project is

designed keeping following learning objectives in mind:

• Learning the OSI reference model and TCP/IP protocol suite


• Learning Routing principles

• Learning Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) Protocol and Dijkstra Algorithm


• Practically executing OSPF in Cisco 7613 routers for a given topology

• Examining and analysing the results in routing table of the routers

• Troubleshooting the errors relating to OSPF

PRACTICAL SET UP:

This project will be executed on following

topology.

SKILL SET:



• Implement OSPF in a given topology

• Troubleshoot if any errors occurs


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Broadband Projects

Performance and Comparison of OSPF and RIP Protocols

Project Code: BB/03





Two very popular routing protocols are Routing Information Protocol(RIP) and Open Shortest

Path First(OSPF).Both protocols has their own metrics and algorithms to calculate the best path

to reach destination in the network.RIP and OSPF are open standard and industrially used

protocols but in different scales.

RIP is used in small networks (up to a hop count of 15 routers), but OSPF is used in larger

networks (can reach unlimited hop counts). Their performance is also different which is

examined in this project. OSPF has very fast convergence compared to RIP which is essential

requirement of large ISP

The project is designed keeping following learning objectives in mind:

• Understanding the OSI reference model and TCP/IP protocol suite


• Understanding Routing principles

• Learning Routing Information Protocol(RIP), Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) Protocol


• Practically execution of RIP and OSPF in routers for a given Network topology

• Troubleshooting, and its analysis

• Examine different parameters that determines performance of both the protocols

• Comparing the results of routing tables of the both the protocols

PRACTICAL SET UP:

This project will be executed on High End Gigabit

Switching Routers as shown in the following

topology.

SKILL SET:

After completion of this project student will be able

to


• Implement RIP and OSPF in a given topology

• Comparing the performance of both the protocols


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Broadband Projects

IPv4 address plan in corporate Environment

Project Code: BB/04


The participants will be made familiar with IPv4 address, classful and classless IP addressing

scheme. Representation of ipv4 addressing in binary &dotted decimal form with focus on

conversion will be integral part of learning. Understanding of different classes of IP Address i.e

class A, class B, Class C, Class D and class E in binary and dotted decimal form shall be

covered. Necessity of loopback address, broadcast address in a network shall be shown in

tutorials. Subnetting and supernetting of IP address pool along with the tutorials shall be

covered in practice exercise. Private IP address, public IP address, static IP address and their

usage in the Network shall be shown in different network topologies.

PRACTICAL SET UP:

How to use a given IP address pool for an organization in economic way.

SKILL SET:

After completion of this project participants shall be in a position understand importance of IP

address in present day Network. The participants can design different network topologies

suitable for various organizations and usage of IP address pool optimally.


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Broadband Projects

VLAN and its applications in an IP Network

Project Code: BB/05


The participants will be made familiar with working of LAN, WAN and their different topologies.

Function and character ices of different network elements, their role in different topologies will

be covered. Access technology like CSMA/CD alongwith Ethernet frame standards will be

integral part of learning. More emphasis shall be on the concept of collision domain and need of

VLAN. Different types of VLAN and their usage in different environment shall be covered.

Detailed discussion on assigning VLAN ID in the network and Q in Q VLAN concept will fulfil the

vary objective of learning.

PRACTICAL SET UP:

How to assign VLAN in IP Network.

EXAMPLE:

SKILL SET:

After completion of this project participants shall be in a position understand importance of

VLAN in IP Network. The participants can configure VLAN in Switches and in different

topologies of the network suitable for a particular organization.

[20] Advanced Level Telecom Training Centre (BSNL), Ghaziabad (INDIA)

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Broadband Projects

Implementation of MPLS in a Core IP Network & its trouble shooting


Project Code: BB/06

Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) is a standards-approved technology for speeding up

network traffic flow and making it easier to manage. Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS)

enables Enterprises and Service Providers to build next-generation intelligent networks that

deliver a wide variety of advanced, value-added services over a single infrastructure. This

economical solution can be integrated seamlessly over any existing infrastructure, such as IP,

Frame Relay, ATM, or Ethernet. Subscribers with differing access links can be aggregated on

an MPLS edge without changing their current environments, as MPLS is independent of access

technologies. MPLS provides its users a number of advantageous features such as traffic

engineering, network convergence, failure protection, and the ability to guarantee Quality of

Service (QoS) over IP.


• This project on MPLS technology is to create the awareness about the Service

provider’s network architecture.

• Drawbacks of the traditional IP based routing.

• Understanding the operation of MPLS in service provider network & its features.

• Understanding the role of label distribution Protocol LDP, TTL behaviour, LSP in MPLS

network.

• Configuration of MPLS in lab topology.

• Understanding the analysis of Label Switch Path, LSP.

• This project gives the complete details about the theoretical background of MPLS

technology in addition to the practical knowledge of MPLS using high-end Gigabit

Switching Routers.

• In this project the student will have the exposure to the real time environment with hands

on practice on MPLS configuration on high end routers.

PRACTICAL SET UP: • Configuration of MPLS in a lab topology as

shown below, using Gigabit Switching High

End Routers.

• Troubleshooting of MPLS Network.


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Broadband Projects

SKILL SET:


• Understanding of MPLS operation & its advantages over IP routing.

• Understand of how label packets are forwarded in MPLS network.

• Understanding of PUSH, SWAP ,POP operation , TTL behaviour etc. in MPLS network.

• Troubleshooting of MPLS forwarding problems.

• Analysis the outputs of useful commands & their significance.


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Broadband Projects

MPLS Traffic Engineering for Optimization of Link Bandwidth Utility

Project Code: BB/07


MPLS traffic engineering Enhances standard IGPs, such as IS-IS or OSPF, to automatically

map packets onto the appropriate traffic flows. Determines the routes for traffic flows across a

network based on the resources the traffic flow requires and the resources available in the

network. It increases efficiency of bandwidth resources by preventing over-utilized (congested)

links whilst other links are under-utilized. It ensures the most desirable/appropriate path for

certain traffic types based on certain policies. The ultimate goal is COST SAVING.

Under the scope of this project, student will learn

• Operation of Traffic Engineering in MPLS network.

• MPLS-TE Label Switch paths Path establishment.

• Role of Resource Reservation Protocol RSVP in MPLS Traffic Engineering network.

• Creation of a Tunnel & distribution of Labels on that tunnel path.

• Different mechanism for forwarding a traffic to a tunnel.

• Tunnel protection mechanism.

• In this project the student will have the exposure to the real time environment with strong

hands on practice on configuration of MPLS traffic engineering tunnels using high end

GSR routers & its troubleshooting.

PRACTICAL SET UP: • Configuration of MPLS traffic

Engineering Tunnels in a lab topology

as shown below using high end Gigabit

Switching Routers.

• Troubleshooting of MPLS-TE Network

problems.

•

SKILL SET:

After completion of this project student is able to

• Understand how tunnel path setup in MPLS Network is.

• Operation of CSPF (Constrained Shortest Path First) Protocol

• Label assignment mechanism on tunnel path.

• Analysis of TE LSP & its troubleshooting.

• Different traffic forwarding mechanism & their troubleshooting.



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Broadband Projects

BGP implementation in Internet Router Architecture


Project Code: BB/08

The Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) provides loop-free Interdomain routing between

autonomous systems. An autonomous system [AS] is a set of routers that operates in a

common network under the same administration. BGP Autonomous Systems are assigned an

Autonomous System Number (ASN), which is a 16-bit number ranging from 1 – 65535. A

specific subset of this range, 64512 – 65535, has been reserved for private (or internal) use.

BGP is considered a “Path Vector” routing protocol. BGP was not built to route within an

Autonomous System (AS), but rather to route between AS’s. BGP is the routing protocol of

choice on the Internet. It makes it possible for ISPs to connect to each other and for end-users

to connect to more than one ISP. BGP is the only protocol that is designed to deal with a

network of the Internet's size.

The course is designed keeping following learning objectives in mind:

• Understanding of Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) overview.

• Understanding of Interior Border Gateway Protocol (iBGP).

• Understanding of External Border Gateway Protocol (eBGP).

• Understanding of Autonomous system (AS) numbers assigned by IANA to ISP’s.

• Understanding of BGP Attributes used for interconnecting ISP’s.

• Understanding BGP policies and BGP route reflectors for solving full mesh problems.

• In this project, the student will be exposed to real time environment with strong hands

on practice on configuration of BGP using high end GSR routers & its troubleshooting.

PRACTICAL SET UP: • Configuration of BGP in a lab

topology as shown below using high

end Gigabit Switching Routers.

• Troubleshooting of BGP Network

problems.

SKILL SET:

After completion of this project student is able to

• Understand the flow of routing information exchanged between different AS.

• Understand the BGP configuration issues & its troubleshooting.



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Broadband Projects

IPv6 Migration Strategies Project Code:

BB/09


The protocol suite that is used in internet was designed in the early years of 1980s.For years

since then, the Internet protocol known as IPv4 was sufficient for existing demand, but over the

past two decades, it became clear the number of possible IPv4 addresses would eventually fail

to meet demand. Realising this, network designers established a new version of the IP protocol

called IPv6.

IPv6 has vastly larger number of addresses, using which everything from appliances to

automobiles can be interconnected.IPv6 has many advantages like More Efficient Routing,

More Efficient Packet Processing, Simplified Network Configuration, Support for New services,

more Security etc.

Transitioning from IPv4 to IPv6 is looming, with exploding number of internet users .Devising an

IPv6 migration plan is vital for internet to serve the humankind efficiently. It is also crucial for

companies to maintain customer productivity. This project involves how to plan a strategy, for a

company, to migrate from IPv4 to IPv6.


• Learning the OSI reference model and TCP/IP protocol suite.

• Basics of IPv6 protocol.

• IPv6 address planning for a network.

• Migration techniques available.

• Learning different contexts in which migration techniques are used.

• Drafting a strategy of migration for a company. PRACTICAL SET UP:

Migration techniques are executed and

compared in High end Gigabit Switching

Routers by creating different environments.

SKILL SET:

After completion of this project student will be

able to

• Know the differences between IPv4 and IPv6.

• Implement migration techniques for a given topology and comparing their results.

• Charting a strategy of IPv6 migration for a given network topology.


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Broadband Projects

MPLS-VPN Implementation in an ISP Network

Project Code: BB/10


MPLS VPN, or MPLS Virtual Private Networks, is the most popular and a widespread

implementation of MPLS technology. MPLS VPN can provide scalability and divide the network

into separate smaller networks. A virtual private network (VPN) uses shared Service provider

telecom infrastructure, to provide secure access to remote offices and users in a cheaper way

than a leased line. MPLS VPN gives network engineers the flexibility to transport and route

several types of network traffic using the technologies of a MPLS backbone.


• Overview of Overlay and peer-to-peer VPN models

• Concepts of MPLS VPN deployed in a service provider network.

• Role of VRFs, route distinguishers, and route targets w.r.t. customers.

• Understanding of Different types of VPN e.g. Layer-3 & layer-2 VPN offered by service

provider to the customers.

• Understanding routing protocols running in the ISP network

• For exchanging customer routes

• Choosing of MPLS-VPN services.

• Understanding of Intranet & Extranet Model.

• Deployment of MPLS-VPN in a Lab topology.

• Understanding routing protocols running in the ISP network

• For exchanging customer routes

• Understanding traffic forwarding in MPLS-VPN network

• Understanding the operation of Provider edge Router, PE to customer edge router, CE

routing protocols & their specifications.

• In this project the student will have the exposure to the real time environment with strong

hands on practice on configuration of MPLS-VPN on a high end routers &

troubleshooting.

PRACTICAL SET UP:

• Configuration of MPLS-VPN in a lab

topology using high end Gigabit

Switching Routers as shown below.

• Troubleshooting of end to end problems

related to customer sites in MPLS-VPN

Network.


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Broadband Projects

SKILL SET:


• Understanding of MPLS Layer-3 & Layer-2 VPN & their merits & demerits.

• Understanding the problems occurring in the MPLS- VPN, network & their

troubleshooting & analysis.

• Understanding the problems of customer from one site to another site.

• Understanding the operation of intranet & Extranet.



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Computers / IT Projects

Study and Implementation of Local Area Network

Project Code: IT/01

INTRODUCTION:

A LAN (local area network) is a group of computers and network devices connected together,

usually within the same building. By definition, the connections must be high speed and

relatively inexpensive. A LAN connection is a high-speed connection to a LAN viz. Ethernet

(10Mbps), Fast Ethernet (100Mbps) or Gigabit Ethernet (1000Mbps). A LAN provides full-time

connectivity to local service and allow multi-access to high-bandwidth media. It allows users to

be able to communicate, share computer files, share games, and share printers locally. LANs

are usually connected to other LANs or WANs (such as the Internet).

This project will enable candidates to study the LAN of ALTTC and will also enable them to

understand the issues in maintaining the LAN.

OBJECTIVES:

On completion of the project the candidate will be able to:

• Understand the different components which are used in setting up of LAN.

• Set up Networking Racks and necessary cabling in standardized manner.

• Understand the working of LAN switches.

• Have knowledge about the Router Fundamentals and their architecture.

• Understand the importance of Power requirement calculation and backup solutions.

• Have knowledge about Report preparation techniques.

RESOURCES: • Hand-outs and printed materials.

• On-line study materials and Network Simulators.

• Physical equipment’s like UTP cables, LAN switches and Routers.


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Data Analysis Using MS-Excel Project Code: IT/02

INTRODUCTION:

Data analysis helps us to describe facts, detect patterns, develop explanations, and test

hypotheses. It used in business, in administration, and in policy. The numerical results provided

by a data analysis are usually simple: It finds the number that describes a typical value and it

finds differences among numbers. Analyzing data is a very important skill of any professional,

especially those who work in the fields of agriculture and natural resources where data in its raw

collected state have very little use without some sort of processing. The existence of data in its

raw collected state has very little use without some sort of processing

MS Excel is a spreadsheet application that is part of Microsoft Office. It enables the calculation

and display of complex mathematical formulas (functions) with a facility for extensive formatting.

Functions are predefined calculations that may be included in any given Excel cell to perform

specific manipulation of data. Using MS Excel, data could be imported from a variety of sources.

As a student and a professional, MS Excel can assist you in the analysis of data. It is easily

used to do a variety of calculations, includes a collection of statistical functions, and a Data

Analysis Tool pack.

OBJECTIVES:

On completion of the project the candidate will be:

• Able to understand the relevant formulas, creating calculations in cells, functions, data

manipulation etc.

• Aware of effectively and efficiently utilizing Microsoft Excel for data analysis.

RESOURCES: • Hand-outs and printed materials

• Computer terminals with relevant software.


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Application Development using PHP & MySQL

Project Code: IT/03

INTRODUCTION:

PHP and MySQL provide the development language and database components of the

Application that drives huge chunks of the web. Over the years they have each evolved and

grown in complexity and functionality and yet they are still tied together to provide a powerful

and flexible platform for web applications.

This project is suitable for the students who wants to develop dynamic web applications. While

there’s no prior knowledge of PHP is assumed, it requires some existing knowledge of HTML

and programming in general.

OBJECTIVES:


• Understand how to use PHP for developing web-based applications.

• Understand the concepts and design involved in using relational database systems such

as MySQL database with PHP.

• Understand how to build real-world web-based applications.


• Computer terminals with relevant software.


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Study and Demonstration of CDR System of BSNL

Project Code: IT/04

INTRODUCTION:

Call detail Record (CDR) based on Integrated Billing Project of BSNL. The CDR billing and

customer care system adding new dimension to the wings of BSNL. ‘One customer one bill’ is

the motto. Our exchanges and services have undergone dramatic improvements. It is the first

systematic and integrated approach to win the heart of our esteemed customers in one hand

and modernize our finance and accounts on the other.

This project will enable candidates to study the CDR System of BSNL and will also enable them

to understand the issues of Industrial Relationship with Customers.

OBJECTIVES:

On completion of the project the candidate will be able to understand:

• On line Billing & Accounting System for revenue reconciliation on daily basis of BSNL

• On line implementation of BSNL Tariff Policies and Promotional Schemes throughout the

country at the same time. No manual intervention required.

• Data mining for 7 years for deciding marketing strategy.

• Customer profile generation and flexible implementation of concessional schemes from

Data Centre for individual customers.


• On-line study materials and Live practical demonstration.

• Physical equipment’s like server room, LAN switches and Routers.


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Implementation of VLAN In a Network

Project Code: IT/05

INTRODUCTION:

In computer networking, a single layer-2 network may be partitioned to create multiple

distinct broadcast domains, which are mutually isolated so that packets can only pass between

them via one or more routers; such a domain is referred to as a Virtual Local Area

Network, Virtual LAN or VLAN.

A VLAN has the same attributes as a physical local area network (LAN), but it allows for end

stations to be grouped together more easily even if they are not on the same network switch.

Most enterprise-level networks today use the concept of virtual LANs. Without VLANs, a switch

considers all interfaces on the switch to be in the same broadcast domain.

This project will enable candidates to Implement VLAN of a Institution / campus and enable

them to understand the various concepts of VLAN.

OBJECTIVES:



• Understand the working of LAN switches, their types.

• Understand about the Router Fundamentals and their architecture.

• Implementation of VLAN in a network.


RESOURCES:

• Handouts and Reading materials.




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Design and Integration of WLAN in a LAN

Project Code: IT/06

INTRODUCTION:

AWLAN provides wireless network communication over short distances using radio or infrared

signals instead of traditional network cabling.

A WLAN typically extends an existing wired local area network. WLANs are built by attaching a

device called the access point (AP) to the edge of the wired network. Clients communicate with

the AP using a wireless network adapter similar in function to a traditional Ethernet adapter.

This project will enable candidates to design and integrate WLAN in an existing LAN and enable

them to understand the various concepts of WLAN.

OBJECTIVES: • On completion of the project the candidate will be able to :

• Understand the different components which are used in setting up of LAN/WLAN.

• Understand the working of WLAN Access Points their types.

• Design and Integration of WLAN in an existing network.


RESOURCES: • Hand-outs and Reading materials.


• Physical equipment’s like UTP cables, LAN switches, WLAN Aps etc.


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Implementation of DHCP / DNS In a Network

Project Code: IT/07

INTRODUCTION:

The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is a network protocol used to configure

devices that are connected to a network so they can communicate on that network using

the Internet Protocol (IP). The protocol is implemented in a client-server model, in which

DHCP clients request configuration data, such as an IP address, a default route, and one or

more DNS server addresses from a DHCP server.

The Domain Name System (DNS) is a hierarchical distributed naming system for computers,

services, or any resource connected to the Internet or a private network. It associates various

information with domain names assigned to each of the participating entities. Most prominently,

it translates easily memorized domain names to the numerical IP addresses needed for the

purpose of locating computer services and devices worldwide. By providing a worldwide,

distributed keyword-based redirection service, the Domain Name System is an essential

component of the functionality of the Internet.

This project will enable candidates to implement DHCP and DNS in a Network and enable them

to understand the concepts behind them.

OBJECTIVES:

On completion of the project the candidate will be able to :

• Understand the different components which are used in network.

• Understand the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)

• Understand the Domain Name Systems.

• Implement DHCP / DNS in a network.


RESOURCES: • Hand-outs and Reading materials.


• Physical equipment’s like UTP cables, LAN switches, Servers etc.


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LAN Chat and File Sharing Applications

Project Code: IT/08

INTRODUCTION:

LAN chat application is one of easiest way to chat with a your friends through LAN. No internet

connection is needed. The only thing which requires is server IP address and you will be able to

connect to others members through LAN. It can help you to talk to your friends even you both

do not have internet connection. As it is based on LAN. LAN which connect different client to

each other and also client to main server. So we have used the same concept here we are

connecting two client or client and server with each other and by providing the IP address we

can talk with each other.

On the other hand file sharing application is also implemented where a user can upload a file or

download a file. We are providing the path to the directory where we have stored our file to the

user who wants to download particular file.

This project will enable candidates to study the utilities of LAN of ALTTC .

OBJECTIVES:

On completion of the project the candidate will be able to :

• Understand the practical use of Eclipse helios, MySQL, JAVA, JSP in live Server


• Understand the working of LAN switches.





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OFC Network Projects

Implementation of Ethernet Connectivity between NGSDH Systems

Project Code: OFC/01

SCOPE & OBJECTIVE:

In 20th century, the telecommunication has switched over from the traditional voice transport to

data transport. Though digitized voice is still a very large contributor for bandwidth as well as or

revenue. Therefore instead of an evolution of the existing transport standard, a revolution is

necessary to cope up additional data transport. This revolution is next Generation SDH.

Next Generation SDH enables new types of services with more efficient network usage to be

easily implemented by utilizing existing infrastructure. Next Generation SDH, enables the

simultaneous transport of heterogeneous services over one wavelength thereby saving network

building and maintenance costs. Ability to reallocate dynamically bandwidth allows Bandwidth

on Demand services. Next Generation SDH do not increase the bandwidth of SDH but they

render the signal s more flexible allowing a more efficient use of the available bandwidth. Use of

next generation SDH with Ethernet interfaces eliminates the majority of routers without

sacrificing functionality. Next Generation SDH is Packet Friendly.

This project involves the study of Next Generation Synchronous Digital

Hierarchy (NGSDH) protocols, practical familiarization of NGSDH STM-

16 Tejas systems and configuration of Ethernet connectivity between two

STM-16 SDH systems.

• This project involves practical familiarization to NGSDH STM-16

Equipment.

• Configuration of Ethernet link between two stations with STM-16

(SDH) systems.

PRACTICAL SET UP:

Testing of Ethernet link between two _GSDH STM-16 Network Elements

• Practical configuration of STM-16

Tejas Equipment, Ethernet link with

100 Mbps bandwidth.

• Testing of Ethernet link on STM-16

systems between two stations.

SKILL SET:


• Establish Ethernet connectivity between two geographically distinct network elements of

NG SDH equipment.

[36) Advanced Level Telecom Training Centre (BSNL), Ghaziabad (INDIA)

OFC Netvvork Projects

• Work in high bandwidth SDH environment

• Configure bandwidth dynamically in SDH equipment.

• Understand the functions of optical, electrical and LAN ports in NG SDH equipment.

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Design and Testing of 155 Mbps link between STM-16 SDH systems along with protection.



Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) is a standard for telecommunications transport

formulated by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU). It is deployed at all levels of the

network infrastructure including the access network and the long-distance trunk network. It is

based on synchronous multiplexed signal onto a light stream transmitted over Optical fiber.

SDH improves the configuration flexibility and bandwidth availability over the conventional

Telecom transmission system.


• This project on SDH technology is to create the awareness about the Service provider’s

network architecture.

• Explain through connectivity between two terminals the principles of optical

communications.

• Understanding the working of SDH and STM-16 SDH system.

• This project gives the complete details about the theoretical background to various SDH

system technologies in addition to the practical knowledge on STM-16 SDH system.


on practice to readily installed working STM-16 SDH system, configuration of 155 Mbps

bandwidth between two stations.

PRACTICAL SET UP: • Practical configuration of STM-16 Tejas Equipment, 155 Mbps bandwidth and its

protection path.

• Testing of 155 Mbps path on STM-16 systems between two stations in local & through

mode with SDH analyzer.

SKILL SET:


• Understand the information flow in Synchronous digital Networks.

• Carry out the configuration testing for STM-1 traffic,

• Activate the protection feature of the SDH networks.

• Understand the SDH higher order hierarchy.


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Design & testing of 2.048 Mbps link between two STM-4 SDH System



Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) is a standard for telecommunications transport

formulated by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU). It is deployed at all levels of the

network infrastructure including the access network and the long-distance trunk network. It is

based on synchronous multiplexed signal onto a light stream transmitted over Optical fiber.

SDH is also defined for the use of Radio relay links, satellite links, and at electrical interfaces

between equipment. SDH improves the configuration flexibility and bandwidth availability over

the conventional Telecom transmission system.


• Awareness about the services offered by the telecom operators as the basis of all the

services is 2m/bs streams nowadays.

• Understanding the pulse code modulation.

• Complete knowledge of the E1 to E5 conventional digital stream.

• This project elicits the advantage of SDH technology over conventional PDH technology.


on practice to readily installed working STM-4 SDH system, configuration of 2.048 Mbps

between two stations along with protection and Testing with Digital Transmission

Analyzer/BER Meter (Bit error ratio).

OBJECTIVE:

This project involves practical familiarization to STM-4 Tejas Equipment and Configuration of

2.048 Mbps along with protection mechanism between Two STM-4 SDH systems.

Measurement of Performance parameters of 2.048 Mbps link with G.821 ITU-T

Recommendation.

PRACTICAL:

Practical Configuration of STM-4 Tejas Equipment, 2.048 Mbps and its protection path. Testing

of 2.048 Mbps link between two STM-4 SDH systems in through mode with BER meter.

OBSERVATIONS:

Various steps in configuration of STM-16 Tejas Equipment, 2.048 Mbps and its protection path.

Testing of E1’s between two stations in through mode with BER meter. Measurement of

performance parameters of E1 link with G.821 ITU-T recommendation.


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Fault tracing and Rectification in OFC



Optical Fiber is used by many telecommunications companies to transmit telephone signals,

Internet communication, and cable television signals. Due to much lower attenuation and

interference, higher bandwidth, lower cost optical fiber has large advantages over existing

copper wire in long-distance and high-demand applications. Currently there is considerable

worldwide plan regarding the introduction of optical fibre cable into access networks i.e., FTTH

(Fiber to the Home), in addition to the existing large chunk of core network-because optical fibre

has a big potential for providing attractive multimedia services.

Since optical fibre cable can provide a various latest services, high-reliability of cable networks

would be required compared with the conventional copper cable networks. To develop

multimedia telecommunication networks as an infrastructure, it is necessary to install the highly

reliable optical fiber cable network architecture along with traditional and next generation SDH

systems.

OBJECTIVE:

This project involves the study and practical familiarization of Optical fibre cable (OFC)

components and materials used, analyzing different types of OFC faults, study of Optical fibre

testing instruments used for localizing OFC faults i.e., with OTDR (Optical time domain

reflectometer), basic principal of OTDR and block diagram of OTDR along with the rectification

of OFC fault using splicing. The project also focus on operating different optical Measuring

instruments, Optical power meter, stabilized light source, splicing techniques, steps involved in

splicing and study of working principal of Fusion type splicing machine. The following diagrams

describe the Optical fibre construction, optical fibre cable, splicing machine, OTDR, optical

power meter, stabilized light source etc.

PRACTICAL:

Practical on localization of optical fibre cable fault by using OTDR Traces and rectifying the fault

by using Fusion type Optical fibre Splicing.

OBSERVATIONS: 1. Practical observations of optical fibre Splicing and testing.

2. Settings and operation of testing instruments


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Configuration of remote equipment in Network Management System Software



The current trend in telecommunications equipment is to monitor all the geographically

separated elements from a central location. This feature has helped operators and network

administrators to keep track of traffic variations, flexibility in the customer demands as well as

creation and deletion of elements dynamically.


Network management systems are the key feature of SDH technology. Under the scope of this

project, student will learn

• Creation of new Network Element in the software.

• Deletion of old or defunct Network Element in the software.

• Interconnection of remotely located NE with host or hub station.

• Monitoring of the performance parameters of all the connected NEs though NMS.

• Visual observation of status of each card in the remote stationed NEs.

• How the protection is working in SDH systems.

• Synchronization status monitoring.

PRACTICAL SET UP:

Typical schematic diagram is given in the next page:

There is a LAN port in all the SDH equipment irrespective of its capacity. From this port an RJ-

45 connectors of reverse wiring with LAN cable is used to connect the computer or laptop

whichever is to be utilized as NMS. NMS software is to be loaded in the computer before

commencement of the practical.


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There is an IP address in each of the SDH equipment/ network element. This is called NE

address. With the help of this NE address particular network element is accessed in the NMS

software. Once the element is accessed then it becomes part of the SDH network in the NMS

and one can see performance parameters and card health status of the newly added.

SKILL SET: After completion of this project student is able to

i. Understand functionalities of SDH interconnections

ii. Operate Local Craft Terminal independently thereby he can monitor remote stations

alarms and card health.

iii. Dynamically manage the traffic in remote station, that is , he can increase or decrease

the bandwidth at a particular port of the remote station without manually going there.

iv. Understand the SDH rings and its inherent features of protection of traffic during the fault

in one route.

v. Create and delete a Network element by using the master password.

With the help of this project, the confidence level of student will be increased to the extent that

he can manage large transmission network from centralized station.


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Configuration of Network Elements in 10G DWDM system



Dense wave division multiplexing is the latest in transmission technology. This method optimally

utilizes the capacity of silica fiber to the fullest extent. DWDM allows separate wavelength to

carry information without interfering each other.


• Understanding the concept of DWDM.

• Understand the functions of transponder.

• Understand the concept of optical multiplexor unit.

• Understand the deployment of EDFA optical amplifier in different configuration.

• Understand the function of Fiber Interface Unit.

• Role of dispersion compensation management.

• Study of Optical Add drop multiplexor.

PRACTICAL SET UP:

In the practical setup as above, a LAN cable is

connected from network management card from one

of the DWDM subrack. This cable is connected to

Desk top or laptop. The desk top or laptop should be

loaded with NMC software before the

commencement of the practical. With the help of the

connections, it is possible to measure status of

different elements connected in the DWDM network.

SKILL SET:

After completion of this project, student will be able to

i. Identify the role of different components in DWDM system.

ii. Operate DWDM network management system independently.

iii. Create and configure attributes to different network elements.

iv. Observe the status of performance parameters of the connected network elements.


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FTTH, GPON equipment’s Central Office Terminal’s configuration



FTTH or Fibre to The Home is the system, based on fiber in the access network for providing a

subscriber, number of good quality services (with no limitation on BW practically) on a totally

managed system.

Passive Optical Network (PON) is essentially a cost effective optical fiber based access system

for providing triple play (voice, video & data) services to both business and residential

customers. The basic elements in any PON system are:

OLT: A Central Office (CO) equipment providing PON with the various network interfaces

ONU/ONT: An External Plant / Customer Premises equipment providing user interface for

many/single customer

PON: distributed or single staged passive optical splitters/combiners providing connectivity

between OLT & multiple ONU/ONTs through one or two optical fibers

NMS: Management of the complete PON system from OLT.

This project involves practical familiarization to Huawei’s MA5680T GPON FTTH Equipment

and configuration of OLT for providing Triple-play services to the subscriber.

PRACTICAL SET UP:


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Practical Configuration of Huawei’s MA5680T GPON FTTH Equipment, defining paths to

connect to the upper layer network and bandwidth and ONT profile.

SKILL SET: 1. Student is able to plan the equipment according the demand of the bandwidth.

2. Student is able to understand the basic concept of Fiber to the home technology.

3. Student is able to understand the role of passive elements and their vital role in FTTH

technology.

4. Student is able to configure the central office terminal of the FTTH network.


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FTTH, GPON equipment’s Customer Premise Equipment‘s configuration



FTTH or Fiber to the Home is the system, based on fiber in the access network for providing a

subscriber, number of good quality services (with no limitation on BW practically) on a totally

managed system.

Passive Optical Network (PON) is essentially a cost effective optical fiber based access system

for providing triple play (voice, video & data) services to both business and residential

customers. The basic elements in any PON system are:

OLT: A Central Office (CO) equipment providing PON with the various network interfaces

ONU/ONT: An External Plant / Customer Premises equipment providing user interface for

many/single customer

PON: distributed or single staged passive optical splitters/combiners providing connectivity

between OLT & multiple ONU/ONTs through one or two optical fibers

NMS: Management of the complete PON system from OLT.

This project involves practical familiarization to Huawei’s HG850a GPON’s Customer Premise

Equipment and configuration.

PRACTICAL SET UP:

Practical Configuration at GPON OLT Equipment, adding ONT and performing configuration for

traffic flow.


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SKILL SET: 1. Student is able to carry out configuration of customer premise equipment.

2. Student is able to understand the operation and maintenance of FTTH system.

3. Student is able to understand the role of splitters in the FTTH network.

4. Student is able to understand the relationship between bandwidth and distance of the

fiber.


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Ribbon Fiber Project Code: OFC/09



• This project on Ribbon Fiber is to create the awareness about the high Fibre count

architecture.

• Explain Colour Coding & Identification of ribbon fiber.

• This project gives the complete details about the component of Ribbon Fiber.

• In this project the student will have the exposure of Ribbon Fiber.

• In this project the student will have the Knowledge of Cable Handling during

Installation.

PRACTICAL SET UP:

Ribbon Cable:

• All the 12 coloured fibres are held in the form of a ribbon by UV cured acryl ate matrix.

The encapsulate material is easily removable from the fibers either with industries

commercial tool or by peeling the material away from the fiber.

• Supplier Sterlite Optical Technologies, ARM/ ICOMM cables

• Metal free ribbon type OF cable

• TEC Spec G/OFC-05/01 July 2000 with Amnd No 18.2

• Physical length 2063 meter : OTDR length :2076 meter

• IOR 1.467

• Cable Diameter 18 mm ( TEC Spec for PLB pipe is 33 mm inner Diameter Maximum for

cable blowing)

Colour Coding & Identification:

• Fiber Colour Coding

• Identification Marking

• The entire length of ribbon is marked by ink jet printer in black at regular intervals of 200

mm 1 RIBBON 1 & 2 RIBBON 2

SKILL SET:


• Identify the role of different components in Ribbon fiber

• Identify the Colour Coding & Identification of ribbon fiber

• Identify the Precaution of Cable Handling during Installation.


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Advantages of Ribbon OFC over Conventional OFC & Ribbon Fiber Splicing




• This project on Advantages of Ribbon OFC cable over Conventional OFC cable

• Explain Basic Operation of Ribbon Fiber Splicing

PRACTICAL SET UP: • Ribbon Fiber Splicing

• Basic Operation

o Inserting Power Supply into Splicer

o Turning splicer "ON"

o Setting sleeve centering device

o Cleaning optical fiber-

o Placing protection sleeve over fiber ribbon

o Setting fiber in fiber holder

o Stripping and cleaning fiber

o Fiber Cleaving

o Loading fibers into the splicer

o Splicing procedure

o Removing spliced fiber

o Transferring fiber to the tube heater

o Heating protection sleeve

SKILL SET:


• Know the Advantages of Ribbon OFC cable over Conventional OFC cable

• Know the different steps of the Splicing of ribbon fibre.


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Telecom Switching Project

Design and Implementation of NGN (A future communication system over IP)

Project Code: TSW/01

INTRODUCTION:

The current generation telecom network, used for voice communication and popularly known

as PSTN, is mainly circuit switching based network. It is organized in a hierarchical manner viz.

Level–I TAX exchanges, Level-II exchanges and then tandem/local exchanges.

The PSTN network is mainly optimized for voice calls and not much suited for data services. We

have a separate network for data services.

The use of data services is increasing day-by-day manifolds. Today the world over trend is for a

single converged network used for all type of services viz. voice, data, video which is called

Next Generation Network and is a packet switching based network.

WHY NGN?

The NGN concept takes into consideration new realities in the telecommunication industry

characterized by factors such as: the need to converge and optimize the operating networks

and the extraordinary expansion of digital traffic i.e., increasing demand for new multimedia

services, increasing demand for mobility, etc. The customers demand for new services is

increasing and that too at less cost. Therefore there is a need for a network which has a

capability to develop services and able to extend it to the end user independent of the other part

of the network. This is achieved through the concept of NGN.

The other reasons why we should evolve our existing network to NGN are that the existing

circuit switched networks have following problems:

• Slow to develop new features and capabilities.

• Expensive upgrades and operating expenses.

• Proprietary vendor troubles.

• Large power and cooling requirements.

• Limited migration strategy to new technology & Model obsolescence.

To change over from current generation network to next generation network we have to move in

a step-by-step manner to safeguard our existing network infrastructure and investment and

therefore we have to follow an evolutionary path.

OBJECTIVE:

Deployment of Next Generation Network (NGN) in current generation network (Legacy TDM

network).


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DESIGN OF NEXT GENERATION NETWORK

A Next Generation Network (NGN) i.e. a packet-based network is able to provide

Telecommunication Services to users and able to make use of multiple broadband, QoS-

enabled transport technologies and in which service-related functions are independent of the

underlying transport-related technologies. It enables unfettered access for users to networks

and to competing service providers and services of their choice. It supports generalized mobility

which will allow consistent and ubiquitous provision of services to users.

PRACTICAL SET UP

Next Generation Network elements and Legacy Network (TDM technology) elements.

The following block diagram depicts the Design of NGN:

SKILL SET

After Completion of this Project the participants will be able to:

• Learn the role of various NGN network elements.

• Design the NGN networks elements hierarchy.

• Learn how to deploy the NGN elements in telecom network.


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Next Generation Signalling & Signalling Network

INTRODUCTION


SIP is an application layer protocol in an IP network. It is part of the multimedia architecture

whose protocols are continuously being standardized by the Internet Engineering Task Force

(IETF). Its applications include, but are not limited to voice, video, gaming, messaging, call

control and presence.

Due to its simplicity and extensibility, SIP was adopted as a Voice Over Internet Protocol

(VoIP) signaling protocol, finally becoming an IETF- proposed standard in 1999 as {RFC2543}.

SIP was further enhanced to take into account interoperability issues, better design and new

features.

OBJECTIVE:

Configuration of Signalling Protocols in Next Generation Network (NGN) Class-4 elements like

SS and MGW.

DESIGN PRINCIPLES

SIP protocol is used for establishing, modifying and terminating multimedia sessions in an IP

network.

SIP, as part of the IETF process, is based on the Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) and the

Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP). Figure 1. shows where SIP fits into a protocol

stack.

SIP was created with the following design goals in mind:

• Transport protocol neutrality able to run over reliable (TCP, SCTP) and unreliable (UDP)

protocols.

• Request routing direct (performance) or proxy-routed (control).

• Separation of signaling and media description can add new applications or media.

• Extensibility and personal mobility.

PRACTICAL SETUP: 1. Soft Switch

2. TMGW

3. SGW

4. AS


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SKILL SET UP:

After Completion of this Project the participants will be able to:

• Know about various signaling protocols available between various NGN elements.

• Configure various signaling method like SIP in NGN node like Soft Switch and Media

Gateway.


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Next Generation Transit Network Project Code: TSW/03

INTRODUCTION:

Central to the NGN architecture is the Soft Switch, which is a call server that allows multiple

application services to run concurrently. The multi-service gateway facilitates Voice, Video and

Data services to be accessed by the customer via the feature rich edge. Typical features

include Layer-2 and Layer-3 VPN services, MPLS services, Firewall services and Network

Address Translation (NAT) services. The position of the Soft Switch, Service Gateways and

Application Servers providing Multiple Services in NGN environment is shown in Figure

The NGN Architecture consists of several basic components – The Soft Switch, Application

Servers, Media Servers, Network Gateways and Access Gateways with the IP-MPLS Packet

Router Network providing the transport layer. The block schematic of NGN components and

usage of key protocols are also shown in Figure1.

The Soft Switch is shown at the centre. The SIP signaling server provides signaling interface

to IP End points in a Broadband environment. The Application and Media servers work in

conjunction with the Soft Switch to deliver the specific application and the media related

functions (such as an IVRS module) to the customer.

The NGN network is interconnected to the PSTN network through Media Gateways, which are

controlled by the Soft Switch. The capability to interconnect the soft switches with other soft

switches either in one’s own network or in any other Service Provider’s network is done through

Network Gateways.

OBJECTIVE:

Implementation of NGN Based network with respect to transit node i.e. IP-TAX.

PRACTICAL SET UP: 1. Soft Switch

2. TMGW

3. SGW

4. AS

5. Connectivity links between EWSD exchange, IP-TAX and SSTP equipment, Nokia 2G

Mobile, Ericsson 3G Mobile exchange.


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Telecom Switching Project SKILL SET:

NGN Architecture with Transit Scenario

After completion of this project the participants will be able to:

• Configure Media Gateway in transit manner.

• Trace massages during configuration of Media Gateway as a IP-TAX and its various

Hardware (PCBs).


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Class-5 (IMS Based) NGN Network Project Code:

TSW/04

INTRODUCTION



Next Generation Network and is a packet switching based network. IP Multimedia System(IMS)

is a functional architecture for multi-media service delivery over Internet Protocols. IMS is a

global, access-independent and standard-based IP connectivity and service control architecture

that enables various types of multimedia services to end-users using common Internet-based

protocols.

IMS will provide a transition for all telecommunication traffic to converge into IP.

DESIGN AND COMPONENTS OF IMS

CSCF (Call Session Control Function): It provides the registration of the endpoints and routing

of the SIP signalling messages to the appropriate application server. The CSCF inter-works with

the transport and endpoint layer to guarantee QoS across all services. It uses the SIP protocol

for call control.

• Proxy CSCF (P-CSCF)

• Interrogating CSCF (I-CSCF)

• Serving CSCF (S-CSCF)

IMS based Class-5 NGN will provide the subscriber base solution in access layer by deploying

the LMG in access layers and will further be controlled by single core control element by CSCF.

OBJECTIVE:

This project involves implementation of IMS based Class-5 network as a migration strategy from

existing legacy (TDM) network to Next Generation Network (NGN).

PRACTICAL SET UP:

IMS Architecture

[56) Advanced Level Telecom Training Centre (BSNL), Ghaziabad (INDIA)

Telecom Svvitching Project

SKILL SET:


• Know the IP Multimedia System(IMS) architecture and its various elements.

• Take practical message during configuration of Line Media Gateway as Class-5 NGN. rl

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Design of C-DoT MAX NG (LAG) Network


INTRODUCTION:

The current generation telecom network used for voice communication, popularly known as

PSTN is mainly circuit switching based network. It is organized into an hierarchical manner viz.

Level –I TAX exchanges, Level-II exchanges and then tandem/local exchanges. The PSTN

network is mainly optimized for voice calls and not much suited for data services. We have a

separate network for data services.



Next Generation Network and is a packet switching based network.

C-DoT MAX NG provides the Class-5 NGN in ALL IP Configuration with following benefits:

• Consolidation of Data and Voice-Converged Services & Networks.

• Less Infrastructure cost in installation & expansion.

• Better enhanced services such as Video calling, CENTREX, Multilingual announcements

• Distributed architecture & Centralized Control

• More calls with less bandwidth is the beauty of this system.

OBJECTIVE:

This project involves implementation of C-DoT MAX NG (Class-5 NGN) as a migration strategy

from existing indigenous C-DoT network to Next Generation Network (NGN).

PRACTICAL SETUP:

SKILL SET:


• Know the architecture of Class- 5 NGN and its various elements.

• Configure Line Access Gateway(LAG).

• Trace various messages during the configuration.


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Telecom Civil Projects

Rain Water Harvesting

INTRODUCTION:

Project Code: TC/01

Rainwater harvesting is a technology used for collecting and storing rainwater from rooftops, the

land surface in underground tanks as well as recharging the underground water sources. It

basically includes three principal components; namely, the catchment area, the collection

device, and the conveyance system.

WHY RWH:

Drinking water is becoming scarcer day-by-day. Rainwater is the purest form of water, that can

be used for drinking without a long go method of treatment. Therefore, It's a shame to let runoff

go waste. RWH system certainly will be a important field of civil engineering in time to

come.

OBJECTIVE:

To educate young engineers about the importance of storage of rain water and develop skill for

planning, design and execution of Rain Water Harvesting systems.

PRACTICAL SET-UP: • Overview on RWH

• Different systems of RWH

• Design Methods of RWH Systems

• Audio/Visual/Field Show

• Case Study/Mini Project

SKILL SET:

After successful completion of the course, the participant will be able:

• To know the importance of Rain Water Harvesting system

• To learn the various techniques & technicalities of rainwater harvesting.

• To prepare estimate & carryout Rain Water Harvesting works.


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Building Maintenance

INTRODUCTION:

Project Code: TC/02

All construction fits are followed by maintenance follow-ups. This course exposes the

participants to the latest practices in building maintenance. After the completion of this Course

participants will be able to understand maintenance problems of buildings in a better

perspective and can develop an organization and information system for better building

maintenance and inventory control. It also includes the financial aspects of building

maintenance i.e. factors affecting maintenance cost, quality construction etc.

WHY THE COURSE ON BUILDING MAINTENANCE:

Similar to building construction, maintenance is itself a major field of building operation. Similar

to a doctor, an engineer must know the reason of a problem affecting the building, so that, he

can judiciously make/suggest for its remedy. It is also necessary to plan construction in advance

in such a way that it can avoid/minimise maintenance problem in future.

OBJECTIVE:

To expose fresh engineers to various maitenance problem and to develop knowhow /expertise

in them for proper solution of building maintenance problems.

PRACTICAL SET-UP: • Overview on building Maintenance

• Different methods of building maintenance

• Problems in building maintenance

• Preventive Building Maintenance

• Specialized maintenance

• Case study/Mini Project

SKILL SET:

The course exposes engineering students to different actual maintenance problems in buildings

and inculcates confidence in them to device ways for their solution. This will provide an edge

skill of building planning with lesser maintenance defects.


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STAAD Pro Project Code: TC/03

INTRODUCTION:

STAAD Pro software is a computer based structural analysis & design software. This course will

help in analysing & designing an RCC building frame members i.e. columns, beams, etc by

inputting of data’s or plotting the frame graphically.

WHY STAAD PRO:

A civil engineer may have career in any one of the building construction field i.e. designing,

construction, maintenance, or a combination of them. Exposure to structural designing

familiarise engineers to the real behaviour of the structure. This knowledge helps engineers to

have proper grip along all the facets of the building activities.

Manual analysis of RCC frames is a difficult task. Further editing in data compels redoing the

entire homework. The computer aided analysis of RCC frames using STAAD Pro alleviates with

such problems. Any editing in earlier data does not bother redoing the entire calculation again &

again.

OBJECTIVE:

The course will develop expertise in using STAAD Pro software package for analysis of building

frames and design of RCC members of buildings.

PRACTICAL SET-UP:

The course covers typical PC-based software packages used for analysis of building frames

and design of RCC members of buildings. The topics included are :

• The basics of computer and operating systems, use of STAAD/PRO software

• Packages for structural analysis and design of multi-storeyed building frames.

• Adequate hands on practice sessions on computer package .

• Mini Project

SKILL SET:

After successfully completing the course, the participants will have adequate skills to:

• Prepare models of multistoried frames using computer tools

• Design data inputs and feed them into a computer system

• Obtain and interpret the results of analysis and to carryout design of various elements.


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Antenna Projects

Study and Analysis of Rectangular Microstrip (Patch) Antenna

Project Code: SAT/01

INTRODUCTION:

Microstrip antennas are low profile, conformable to planar and nonplanar surfaces, simple and

inexpensive to manufacture using modern printed-circuit technology, mechanically robust when

mounted on rigid surfaces, compatible with MMIC designs, and when the particular patch shape

and mode are selected, they are very versatile in terms of resonant frequency, polarization,

pattern, and impedance. In addition, by adding loads between the patch and the ground plane,

such as pins and varactor diodes, adaptive elements with variable resonant frequency,

impedance, polarization, and pattern can be designed.

Major operational disadvantages of microstrip antennas are their low efficiency, low power, high

Q (sometimes in excess of 100), poor polarization purity, poor scan performance, spurious feed

radiation and very narrow frequency bandwidth, which is typically only a fraction of a percent or

at most a few percent.

Microstrip antennas are also referred to as patch antennas. The radiating elements and the feed

lines are usually photoetched on the dielectric substrate. The radiating patch may be square,

rectangular, thin strip (dipole), circular, elliptical, triangular, or any other configuration.

SKILL SET:

Simple Rectangular Microstrip Antenna with Microstrip line feed


• Explain Rectangular Microstrip Antenna and its Basic parameter?

• Explain Different feed used in Microstrip Antenna.

• Describe analysis models- transmission-line and cavity models.


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Antenna Projects

Study and Analysis of Loaded Microstrip Antenna (PIFA Antenna)

Project Code: SAT/02

INTRODUCTION:

Modern communication systems, such as those for satellite links (GPS, vehicular, etc.), for

mobile communication, and for emerging applications, such as wireless local-area networks

(WLANs), often require compact antennas at low cost. Further, due to their lightness, micro strip

antennas are well suited for airborne applications, such as synthetic aperture radar (SAR)

systems and scatter meters. In addition to compactness, the antenna may be required to

provide circular polarization as in satellite links. In some applications, operation at two or more

discrete bands and an arbitrary separation of bands is desired.

All bands may be required to have the same polarization, radiation pattern, and input impedance

characteristics. It may not be possible to achieve these objectives from the basic micro strip

antennas having regular shapes.

The range of applications of micro strip antennas and their performance can be improved

considerably by suitably loading them. The loading of the basic shape (rectangular etc.) was

used to obtain circular polarization, frequency tuning, broad banding, impedance matching,

higher gain, and so on. Therefore, loading in a general way to obtain characteristics such as

size reduction, dual-frequency operation, polarization control, radiation pattern control, and

frequency agility.

A planar inverted-F antenna (PIFA) is a post loaded rectangular micro strip antenna fed by a

probe. It is called an inverted-F antenna because the side view of this antenna for air dielectric

resembles the letter F with its face down. This antenna has been suggested for mobile

telephone handsets because of its compactness and low profile.

SKILL SET:


• Explain loaded micro strip antenna (PIFA).

• Describe the effect of loading on basic parameter of Micro strip Antenna.

Contact Us:

For further details call at +91 120 2702239

Mr. Anil Kumar, A.G.M.(E.B.) +91 9868855522

Mr. AK Jha, A.G.M.(E.B.) +91 9412739258

Mr. Abhishek Gupta, S.D.E.(E.B.) +91 9412000938

Email: [email protected] / [email protected]

Website: www.alttc.bsnl.co.in

mailto:[email protected]

http://www.alttc.bsnl.co.in/

projects at alttc broadband / ipv6 network · [ii] advanced level telecom training centre (bsnl),...

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