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EIA for Design Construction, Operation and maintenance of STP & Sewer Network at Karmalichak Patna Bihar under NGRBA

Karmali Chak Sewerage System i

Project Title: Design Construction, Operation and ,maintenance of STP & Sewer Network at Karmalichak Patna Bihar under NGRBA

EIA Report, Karmalichak Sewerage System

10th August 2015

Project Title: Preparation of Detailed Project Reports (DPRs) & Bid Documents; Tendering for Execution; Construction Supervision & Quality Control of Sewerage Projects of Patna under NGRBA


Karmali Chak Sewerage System ii

0. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1

1. INTRODUCTION 10

1.1 Patna the study area 10

1.2 Project Settings 11

1.3 Associated Implementing Agencies 11

1.3.1 NGRBA 11

1.3.2 State Level Authority 11

1.3.3 Bihar Urban Infrastructure Development Corporation Ltd 11

1.3.4 Bihar Urban Development Agency 11

1.4 Scope of EIA 12

1.5 Need for Environmental Impact Assessment 12

1.6 Purpose and Objectives 13

1.7 Structure of the Report 13

2. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT AND ITS ALTERNATIVES 14

2.1 About City 14

2.2 Existing Sewerage System 15

2.3 Detail of Sewerage generation in PMC 16

2.4 Terrain Analysis 17

2.5 Project influence area Karmali Chak Zone: 17

2.6 Existing STPs Scenario of Karmali chak Zone 18

2.7 Project Components 21

2.7.1 Sewage Pumping Stations: 22

2.7.2 Sewage Treatment Plant 23

2.7.3 Construction of STP and Treatment Process 23

2.8 Construction Methodology 25

2.8.1 Construction 25

2.8.2 Execution 25

2.8.3 Placing and compaction of fill and Backfill 26

2.8.4 Disposal of Surplus Material 26

2.8.5 Dewatering of excess material 26

2.8.6 Shoring in Patna City 26

2.8.7 Bedding 26

2.8.8 Trenchless Technology 27


Karmali Chak Sewerage System iii

2.9 Land Requirement 27

2.10 Investment Cost 27

2.11 Implementations schedule 27

2.12 Financing 29

3. Approach and Methodology 31

3.1 Methodology 31

3.2 Scoping & Terms of Reference 32

3.3 Detail Methodology 33

3.3.1 Data Collection and Review: 33

3.3.2 Review of Existing Sewerage Infrastructure in PMC Area 33

3.3.3 Stakeholders Consultation: 33

3.3.4 Project site visit 33

3.3.5 Field Investigation: 33

3.3.6 Baseline Environment: 34

3.3.7 Analysis of Alternatives: 34

3.3.8 Assessment of Project Impacts: 34

3.3.9 Environmental Management Plan: 34

4. REGULATORY AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK 35

4.1 Project Level Legal Framework 35

4.2 National Law 35

4.3 Key Environmental Laws and Regulations 36

4.4 Safeguard policy 38

4.5 Other Legislations applicable to Construction Projects under NGRBA 38

5. ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE 41

5.1 Introduction 41

5.2 Project influence area 41

5.3 Baseline Condition of Project Surrounding Area 41

5.3.1 Topography 41

5.3.2 Geology 41

5.3.3 Soil 42


Karmali Chak Sewerage System iv

5.3.4 Soil Quality in project influence area 43

5.3.5 Ambient Air Quality 44

5.3.6 Mineral Resources 44

5.3.7 Land use 44

5.3.8 Seismicity 45

5.3.9 METEOROLOGY 47

5.3.10 Wind Speed and direction 49

5.3.11 Cloud Cover 51

5.3.12 Special Weather Phenomenon 51

5.3.13 Relative Humidity 51

5.3.14 Rainfall and Precipitation 51

5.3.15 Overall Climate 51

5.3.16 Water Quality: 52

5.3.17 Noise Quality 55

5.4 Natural Environment 56

5.4.1 Recorded Forest Area 56

5.4.2 Forest Cover 56

5.4.3 Protected Natural Habitats 56

5.4.4 Wildlife Habitats 57

5.4.5 Flora. 57

5.4.6 Fauna 57

5.4.7 Mammals 57

5.4.8 Reptiles 57

5.4.9 Birds 57

5.4.10 Fishes 58

5.4.11 Other Visual resources 58

5.4.12 Presence of vulnerable, threatened, endangered species of flora and fauna 58

5.5 Social Environment 58

6. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS & ALTERNATIVES 68

6.1 Introduction 68

6.2 Construction stage: 69

6.3 Operation stage: 69

6.4 Impact on ground and surface water 61

6.5 Impact on Soil 62

a. Construction stage 62

b. Operation Phase 62

6.6 Air quality 63

6.6.1 Climate 63

6.6.2 Noise 63


Karmali Chak Sewerage System v

6.6.3 Odor 64

6.6.4 Air Quality Impacts 65

a. Construction Phase 65

b. Operation phase 65

6.7 Socio-Economic Impacts 66

6.8 Social Economic Benefits of the Project 66

a. During construction Phase 66

b. During project Operational Phase 66

6.9 Cultural heritage: 67

6.10 Biological Impacts 67

6.10.1 Flora: 67

6.10.2 Fauna: 67

6.11 The Impact of the No-Action to the Proposed Project 67

7. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES 68

7.1 Evaluation Methodology 68

7.2 POTENTIAL Environment IMPACT 69

7.3 Physical Environment 69

7.3.1 Groundwater 69

7.3.2 River water and Environment 70

7.3.3 Soil 70

7.3.4 Aesthetic and Landscape Effect 70

7.3.5 Air Quality 70

a. Dust: 70

b. Noise: 71

c. Odor 72

7.4 Biological Environment 73

7.4.1 Loss of natural habitats 73

7.4.2 Deterioration of flora and fauna 73

7.5 Socio-Economic Environment 74

7.5.1 Cultural Heritage and archaeological resources 74

7.5.2 Employment Opportunities 74

7.5.3 Public Health and Safety 74

7.5.4 Land use planning 74

7.6 Energy consumption 75

7.7 Construction waste disposal 75


Karmali Chak Sewerage System vi

7.8 Reuse of treated wastewater and sludge 75

8. MITIGATION & MANAGEMENT PLAN 77

8.1 Environmental management plan 93

8.2 Environmental Monitoring Plan 93

8.3 EMP Budget 102

8.4 Social Management Plan 103

8.5 Social Development 104

8.6 Develop Monitoring Evaluation Mechanism 104

9. CONCLUSIONS 105


Karmali Chak Sewerage System vii

Abbreviations

ASP Activated Sludge Process

AWS Augmented Water Supply

BM Bench Mark

BOD Biological Oxygen Demand

BRJP Bihar Rajya Jal Parishad

BSOR Bihar Schedule of Rates

BSPCB Bihar State Pollution Control Board

BUIDCo Bihar Urban Infrastructure Development Corporation

CA Contract Agreement

CDP City Development Plan

CPCB Central Pollution Control Board

CPHEEO Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering Organization

CS Cross Section

DI Ductile Iron

DPR Detailed Project Report

DSR Delhi Schedule of Rates

DWC Double Walled Corrugated Pipes (PE)

ESMF Environmental & Social Management Framework

FR Feasibility Report

GAP Ganga Action Plan

GI Galvanized Iron

GL Ground level

HDPE High Density Polyethylene pipes

HFL High Flood Level

IDF Intensity, Duration, Frequency

IMD India Meteorological Department

INR Indian Rupee

IPS Intermediate Pumping Station

LS Longitudinal Sections

MoEF Ministry of Environment and Forest

MoM Minutes of Meetings

MoRTH Ministry of Road Transport and Highways

MPS Main Pumping Station

MSL Mean Sea Level

MSPL Meinhardt (Singapore) Pte Ltd

NGRBA National Ganga River Basin Authority

NH National Highway

NMCG National Mission for Clean Ganga

NRSC National Remote Sensing Centre

O&M Operations and Maintenance

PCC Plain Cement Concrete

PHED Public Health Engineering Department

PMC Patna Municipal Corporation

pmc Project Management Consultancy

PPR Preliminary Project Report

RCC Reinforced Concrete Cement

SBR Sequential Batch Reactor

SH State Highway

SOR Schedule of Rates

SPS Sewage Pumping Station

STP Sewage Treatment Plant

TBM Temporary Bench Mark

TOR Terms of Reference


Karmali Chak Sewerage System viii

ULB Urban Local Bodies

WBS Work breakdown structure

WSP Waste Stabilization Plant

YAP Yamuna Action Plan

List of Units & Measured Used

Crores Indian unit of measurement equivalent to 10,000,000

Lakhs Indian unit of measurement equivalent to 100,000

d Day

l Litres

Ha Hectare

hr Hour

k Kilo (1,000)

kVA Kilo volt amps

l/p/d Litres per person per day

M Mega (1,000,000)

m Metre

m2

Square metre

m3

Cubic metre

MIGD Million Imperial Gallons per Day

min Minutes

Ml/d Mega litres per day

mm Millimetre

Pa Pascal

sec Second


Page | 1 Karmali Chak Sewerage System

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

0.0 Introduction

The Government of India has given Ganga the status of a National River and has constituted the National

Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA) on 20th February 2009, for the comprehensive management of the

river. The main objective of the NGRBA is to ensure effective abatement of pollution and conservation of

the river Ganga by adopting a river basin approach for comprehensive planning and management. In regards

to this initiative, under pollution abatement programme NGRBA proposes sewerage works for Karmali

Chak Zone, Patna. This proposed project will cater to the zone VI of the planned zoning division for

sewerage layout of the Patna city. The existing sewerage infrastructure which was planned & constructed

during Ganga Action Plan II in 1994 has not only been outlived its life but many of the places/localities

are unsewered. At most of the places, all households are discharging their sewage through open drains

which ultimately find its way into the river Ganga. Moreover, there is also an urgent need to augment the

capacity of existing sewage treatment plant to cater to the rate of population growth. As per the

Environmental and Social Management Framework (NGRBA, 2011), the implementation of such river

pollution mitigation projects under the NGRBP is anticipated to encounter a variety of environmental and

social issues/problems. Therefore the study of environment and social impact assessment is required for

analyzing the impacts of proposed project, and suggesting the management plans to handle any negative

impacts.

0.1 Project Settings

The project title is “Preparation of Detailed Project Reports (DPRs) & Bid Documents; Tendering for

Execution; Construction Supervision & Quality Control of Sewerage Projects of Patna under NGRBA”. This

assignment is part of the “Construction of STP and lying of sewer line in different part of Patna city and

financed through a grant from World Bank. The preparation of Environmental and Social Assessment Report

with Management Plan is the part of overall consultancy contract.

0.2 Associated Implementing Agencies

(a) NGRBA

The Central Government, by a notification dated 20.2.2009, as set up ‘National Ganga River Basin

Authority’ (NGRBA)as an empowered planning, financing, monitoring and coordinating authority for the

Ganga river, in exercise of the powers conferred under the Environment (Protection) Act,1986. The Prime

Minister is ex-officio Chairperson of the Authority, and it has as its members, the Union Ministers Concerned

and the Chief Ministers of states through which Ganga flows, viz., Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar,

Jharkhand and West Bengal, among others. The objective of the Authority is to ensure effective abatement

of pollution and conservation of the river Ganga by adopting a holistic approach with the river basin as the

unit of planning. The functions of the Authority include all measures necessary for planning and execution

of programmes for abatement of pollution in the Ganga in keeping with sustainable development needs.

(b) State Level Authority The Government of Bihar (GOB) through its Urban Development and Housing Department (UD&HD) has

been implementing both these program in the state. In Bihar State, Patna & Bodh- Gaya cities had been

identified as mission cities under JNNURM. Apart from these two mission cities, other Urban Local Bodies

(ULBs) in Bihar had been selected for providing Infrastructure facilities under UIDSSMT Programme.



(c) Bihar Urban Infrastructure Development Corporation Ltd

BUIDCo is a Flagship company to implement and accelerate urban infrastructure projects in the State of Bihar.

These projects include basic infrastructure amenities such as Solid Waste Management, Water Supply,

Drainage Network and Sewerage & Sewage Treatment. Also, projects of urban beautification like River Front

Development, Amusement Parks, Commercial works, Hotels etc. are also being developed by the

BUIDCo.The preparation of a Comprehensive Master Plan of Sewerage Scheme and Preparation of Detailed

Project Report (DPR) is now taken over by the BUIDCo from PMC.

(d) Bihar Urban Development Agency

BUDA, working under Urban Development and Housing Department (UD&HD), is engaged in systematic

planning, infrastructure development, and creation of civic amenities in urban and semi-urban areas in the

State of Bihar. BUDA has also been designated as the State Level Nodal Agency (SLNA) for implementation

of JNNRUM & UIDSSMT program to work as a facilitator in effective implementation of the projects in the

identified ULBs. These program are to be implemented through ULBs.

0.3 Scope of EIA

The proposed sewerage project will be implemented under NGRBA and for that assistance has been sought

from World Bank. According to screening study and as per NGRBA’s framework the project falls under low

impact category and hence Environmental clearance and EIA study is required. But keeping in view of volume

of work and also as per World Bank’s safeguard policy (OP: 4.01: Environment Assessment) an

Environmental Assessment warned as the proposed development work envisages to have some impact

(adverse or positive) to surrounding environment.

(a) Environmental screening Check List

Question Details

Biosphere Reserve There is no Biosphere within 1 km of the project

National Park There is no Biosphere within 1 km of the project

Wildlife/Bird Sanctuary There is no Wild Life Sanctuary within 1 km of the project

Game Reserve No Game reserve within project vicinity

Tiger Reserve/Elephant Reserve No Tiger / Elephant reserve within 1 km of the project

World Heritage Sites No World Heritage Sites is visible within 1 km of project vicinity

Land Use No change as there is no land acquisition

Water The project objective is pollution abatement of river water

through interception and treatment of nalas falling into the river

Air No negative impact

(b) Outcome of Environmental Screening



1. No EIA Required The project falls under low impact category and will have overall

positive benefits on the life and environment of the people

2. Regulatory Clearance Required No

0.4 Project Level Legal Framework

The National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA) has adopted an Environmental and Social Management

Framework (ESMF) and agreed with the World Bank to apply for its investment projects involving World

Bank fund. This framework describes the policy, principles, and approach to be followed in minimizing and

mitigating adverse social and economic impacts by the sub projects. The social management framework has

four parts viz., (i) Resettlement Policy and Land Acquisition Framework; (ii) Indigenous Peoples

Management Framework (IPMF); (iii) Gender Assessment and Development Framework (GAD); and (iv)

Consultation framework.

0.5 National Law

The GoI EIA Notification of 2006 (replacing the EIA Notification of 1994), sets out the requirement

for Environmental Assessment in India. This states that Environmental Clearance (EC) is required for

specified activities/projects, and this must be obtained before any construction work or land preparation

(except land acquisition) may commence. Projects are categorized as A or B depending on the scale of the

project and the nature of its impacts.

Environment Clearance requirement is not applicable for this subproject under EIA Notification 2006

as amended till date since the proposed project does not listed in schedule of said notification.

Based on the screening activity and the categorization of potential sub-projects of the NGRBA, the present

project of Sewerage work in Sewerage Phase -I in Patna City falls under low impact category since no

significant issues arise from the land to be acquired for pumping stations in Zone -II, III, IVA,V & VI.

In view of the above, these projects would require preparation of an Environmental and Social

Assessment, as part of the DPR, and implementation of Generic Safeguard Management Plan (SMP),

relevant to the project. Therefore, this package as per the guideline of NGRBA fall in "Low Impact" as

there is no requirement of land for Intermediate Pumping stations and also land for STP is readily

available.

0.6 Existing Sewerage Scenario

The city has four sewage treatment plants located at Saidpur (45 MLD), Beur (35 MLD), Pahari (25 MLD) and

Karmali Chak (4 MLD) although the quantum of sewage reaching the plants is lower than installed capacity. It

can be clearly concluded that the majority of the city is uncovered by sewer network. Inhabitants living in area

without sewer network have to rely on either decentralised collection system in form of inhouse septic tanks or

on unhygienic open defecation practice.



Figure 0.1: Existing sewerage and drainage network in the city

Karmali Chak sewerage zone is the eastern most part of Patna city. The topography of this zone steep towards

south side and thus the natural gardient allows water to flow from most of the part to STP. It is having an area

of 850 Ha with 198 lacs population for 2011. The existing sewage load and treatment capacity defers by 19.79

MLD and thus directly getting into river Ganga.

S.No STP Location Capacity

(MLD)

Year of

Commissioning

Operational Status

1 Karmali Chak 4 Does not operate continuous due to power problem

Zone Area (Sq.Km) Ward Covered Existing

capacity of

STP, MLD

Karmali Chak 7.53 62,63,66,67,69,70,68, 71 & 72 4

0.7 Proposed work/Improvement and activities

Construction of sewers and its appurtenances, sewage pumping stations and sewage treatment plant shall be

carried out using mechanized construction tools and equipments to achieve maximum output.

The entire proposed work/improvement and activities can be broadly divided into three sub heading i.e laying of

sewer pipeline including construction of manhole , construction of sewage pumping station and construction of

STP.

0.8 Proposed Treatment Technology

After detailed alternative study of all available technologies and keeping in view of land availability

SBR treatment technology has been finalized for the proposed project.

0.9 Design Period



Design of sewerage system and proposed STP is planned for design period of 30 years. Considering the design

and construction period of 24 months, the ultimate year for commissioning of sewerage system / STP is therefore

taken as year 2014-16. Correspondingly the intermediate phase as year 2032 and ultimate phase as year 2047

have been considered. The sewerage system would be planned and designed for flows generated up to year 2047

(ultimate phase) and STP would be designed in two phases.

0.10. Land Requirement

As per the recommendations and "Siting Guideline for STPs, issued by GoB" for adopting SBR Technology for

STPs, the land requirement for STP at Karmali Chak shall be as under:

Zone Ultimate Flow (MLD) Land Requirement (@0.05

ha/MLD) Ha

Zone-VI STP)

(Karmali Chak 58 2.90*

*4.13 ha Land is already available with EA at existing Site (Karmali Chak)

The existing land available at Karmali Chak STP is being proposed to be optimally utilized for catering sewage

load of Zone -VI (Karmali Chak). After detailed study & feasibility analysis, it was found that retaining existing

land would not only available most feasible option, but also it have techno economical advantage over other

options.

0.11 Investment Cost

Using the commutations of land cost, capital investment cost and annualized O&M cost for the selected options,

a final ranking is presented below;

Process technology Cost (Crores.)

Capital and O&M cost for 5 years

Sequential Batch Reactor (SBR) 280.0

0.12 Environmental Baseline

(a) Topography

The project city Patna is located on the south bank of the Ganga River. The town is situated at an altitude of

48 - 51 m above mean sea level. A characteristic of the geography of Patna is its confluence of rivers

The Ganga River is the largest. It is joined by four other rivers: Ghaghara, Gandak, Punpun and Sone. Patna

is unique in having four large rivers in its vicinity.

(b) Geology Patna district is a part of the Indo Gangetic alluvium. The district forming a part of the flood plains of the Ganga

has a monotonously flat relief. Patna region is underlain by alluvial sediments of quaternary age. The quaternary

sediments are deposited unconformable on the Archaean basement.

(c) Soil



The Patna river basin area is characterized by Calcareous alluvial (Ustochrepts Haplaquepts) i.e. it is slightly

alkaline. This shows that the alluvium deposit in this region is old alluvium deposit. In general the Calcareous

Alluvium has higher potential of binding of molecules than the newer alluvium or acidic alluvium and hence

the chance of erosion in Calcareous alluvium is comparatively lesser than acidic alluvium.

(d) Mineral Resources The project influence area does not have any sources of minerals except sand being mined in Ganga and Sone

River beds for construction.

(e) Land use

As the proposed project is located in capital city of Bihar state, the project influence entirely falls under urban

periphery. As per the CDP for Patna City, Patna Urban Agglomeration (PUA) area comprises of 146.16

sq.km., with most densely populated wards lying along the banks of Ganga river (300 to 900 persons per ha),

whereas the wards along the southern and western sides have a lower population density of 100 to 300

persons per ha. The land in the PUA is predominantly used for residential purposes constituting 60.88%

of the total area of this 91.7% is unplanned. About 52% of the commercial land use is predominant

ribbon development along the major roads. The PUA is surrounded by three rivers namely: River Ganga

in the Northern side, River Punpun in the Southern side and River Sone in the Western side, thus imposing

a natural barrier for growth of PUA in these sides and hence leaving only the western side for expansion.

(f) Seismicity

According to GSHAP data, the state of Bihar lies in a region with moderate to low to high seismic

hazard, though the project site lies in Low Hazard Zone. As per the 2002 Bureau of Indian Standards

(BIS) map, this state also falls in Zones III, IV & V. The project site is falling under Zone IV (as per IS 1893

(Part-I): 2002).

(g) Meteorology

Climatological (long-term) data is obtained from the closest Indian Meteorology Department (IMD)

station or from any other nearby station which has been collecting meteorological data for more than ten years.

It clearly indicates that May and June are the warmest months and December and January are the coolest

months of the year having mean temperatures of 31.58±1.46 and 31.76±2.08 for May and June, respectively.

It is also to be noted that June, July and August are the wettest months of the year following the warm

season and November and December are the driest months with least or no rainfall. Wind activity is also

very high during May and June, whereas in winter, especially in November and December wind activity is

minimal

(h) Wind Speed and direction

The average wind speed recorded is 1.33 knots. The data of IMD shows the wind directions in project city

are from NE during summer and SW during the winter.

(i) Relative Humidity

The relative humidity in project city is round 80 to 93 %.

(j) Overall Climate

The Ganga plains zone forms an excessive bowl of warm air, especially during day time. The mean

maximum daily temperature even the coldest month (January) nowhere falls below 21°C. Hot season in the

zone covers the period from April to June, May being the hottest month in the greater part of the area may



rises 40°C and above. The cold weather period extends from December to February, January being the

coldest month when temperature falls below 10°C. In lower Ganga plain, the minimum temperature is

somewhat higher being 11°C at Patna. The onset of monsoon normally occurs in early June in the Lower

Bengal and by the end of July, the monsoon establishes itself over the entire Ganga Plain and results

in heavy downpour and triggered off everywhere till the end of September.

(k) Natural Environment

Presence of vulnerable, threatened, endangered species of flora and fauna:- As the project area

is entirely in urban periphery, common flora and fauna is observed presence of any vulnerable or

protected flora/fauna is highly unlikely.

0.13 Water resources and water quality:

During all phases, the project will have positive impacts on the water balance in the aquifer in the area as it

will contribute significant amount of reusable water. Regarding groundwater quality, the untreated water will

not percolate to project influence area so the quality will be improved. The treated water will be good for

agricultural purposes.

0.14 Treated sewage sludge:

The STP will produce great quantities of treated class sludge that will be suitable for agriculture. However,

the treated sewage sludge has significant organic matter content and contains macronutrients and

micronutrients essential for plant growth. It can also contain potential contaminants such as heavy metals,

organic contaminants and pathogens.

0.17 Health and safety:

There is the possibility of mosquito/flies breeding in the open ponds and channels of the STP, which can

cause nuisance to the people during the summer months. Also possible accidents, drawings and injuries for

residents and workers can be considered a significant negative impact. On the other hand, the establishment

of a treatment of wastewater will minimize/eliminate the spread of water related diseases, prevent risks of

contamination of the soil and groundwater and contribute in the preservation of the quality of the environment.

0.18 Socio-economic:

The construction phase will have positive effects on employment. During the construction phase, services of

local subcontractors will be used which will generate job opportunities for skilled and unskilled workers in

addition to professional services of engineers and others. The construction work will have positive economic

effect through employment generation and use of local contractors for construction activities. The construction

of the project will not involve any land acquisition so any negative impact on local socio-economic is unlikely.

0.19 Public Consultations

Local people are being adequately consulted as part of the project preparation. Focused group discussions as

well as informal discussion with local people as well as project implementation authorities were conducted at



different points of time as part of the Environmental Impact Assessment of the project. Most of the people have

welcome the project and their views and suggestion are incorporated in the project and EMP.

While in baseline status of social section, it brings out the status of demographic composition of the population,

general land-use feature of the wards and also details of the social survey outcomes at various consultations

held in different wards of the sewerage district.

Although there would not be any permanent negative or adverse environmental or social impacts, but will have

temporary impacts on water quality, air quality (impact on health), traffic blockages, safety hazards for

pedestrians, possible damage to private property, possible interruption in commercial activity, and accidental

breakage of other public infrastructure such as water pipes.

Social assessment clearly defines that no issue of land acquisition and livelihood loss is foreseen in the project.

Hence, no compensation provision is required. However, if any loss of livelihood would be noticed during

implementation of this project, then the affected party will be compensated according to Environment and

Social Management Framework (ESMF) guidelines set by the NGRBA. Moreover, some inconvenience caused

to the local public has been reported along with the local mitigation plan which they are adopting to overcome

any nuisance in the ongoing JNNURM project. One strong suggestion which was identified from consultations

was execution of construction work within a scheduled time frame with provision of prior notice to residents,

shop-owners. A public grievance mechanism (as prescribed by ESMF of NGRBA) is to be followed. There is

a clear mention and highlighting if the social development issues and outcomes in this report. A section chalking

out institutional mechanism, capacity building requirements and monitoring and evaluation mechanism is also

present.

Table 0.2: Impact and its mitigation measures:

Phase Component Key temporary Impacts Key Mitigation Measures

Environmental

Construction

Phase

Environmental

sensitive areas

There are no environmental

sensitive areas in the proposed

project area. Further the small

residential parks and road side

trees, will not be affected, since the

sewers are planned to be laid in the

middle of the road and will not

pass through these areas.

-

Air quality Probable increase in the dust levels

(RSPM and SPM), during the

construction may temporary

deteriorate the air quality, causing

health problems of respiratory

ailments, leading cause for eye,

ear, nose and throat infections and

related discomfort.

Sprinkling of water at regular

intervals to control dust

especially places where soil is

stockpiled and provision of top

cover for vehicles involved in

disposal of the excess soil

material




Noise levels Increased noise levels due to

construction activities like plying

of construction vehicles, pumping

machines, machinery such as

cranes, riveting machines,

hammering etc, may cause general

disturbances to the human

habitations like sleeplessness in

case construction activity is

extended into the night hours.

Providing curtains or sound

barriers (polysheets/ sheets) all

around the construction site. Proper maintenance of

construction equipment and

vehicles

Water resources Contamination of nearby water

bodies via storm drains (during

rainfall) by un-managed

construction related material like

suspended particles, pollutants like

oil, grease, cement etc, There may

also be temporary blockage of

drains due to unmanaged material

and construction debris

Suggestion to ensure proper

handling and disposing off

construction wastes at

identified refusal sites. Proper stock piling of

excavated soil and not in any

storm drains or any other areas

where water would naturally

accumulate causing flooding.

Operation Phase Noise and air

quality No air and noise problem from

sewer line as they will be laid

underground. Improper handling and irregular

maintenance of operating

machines at STP may lead to

increased noise and odour

nuisance during operation activity

causing disturbance to surrounding

human habitation

Proper handling and regular

maintenance of operating

machines at STP including

pumps, generators, air

diffusers, etc.

Water

environment Water contamination and

temporary flooding due to

leakages/ overflows from the

sewer lines may cause unhygienic

condition

Regular monitoring of sewer

line and STP. Suggestion to

ensure appropriate repair work

in less time period.

Social

Construction Livelihood No impact, as there will be no

impact on livelihood of any

permanent shop-owners,

licensed kiosks

But suggested if noticed

during construction, then

should be compensated

according to ESMF

Land

acquisition No impact, as no fresh land is

required for any construction -




Inconvenience

to public There will be some minor

inconveniences to the public due

to construction like access to

their premises, etc.

Public notice to be circulated,

construction should be

completed in the given time,

debris should be cleared in

time

Health issues-

due to dust,

noise pollution

During construction dust and

noise generated, can cause

nuisance to people especially

elderly and children, but impact

is very limited.

Use of acoustics and water

sprinkling

These temporary impacts can be mitigated with appropriate mitigation plans, which have been suggested as

well, along with monitoring and evaluation of future projects. A lump-sum cost of probable environmental

management plans, which were not a part of DPR was estimated to be approximately Rs. 1.72 crore which is

about 0.25% of overall proposed project cost.

However, keeping in view, the temporary disruptions and impacts, it was concluded that the larger

environmental value of the project greatly outweighs them. The project is expected to benefit the Patna City, as

the wastewater that currently flows untreated into the Ganga river will be captured, treated and the remainder of

the treated effluent will be allowed to flow into the river.


11 | P a g e Karmali Chak Sewerage System

1.0 Introduction

1.1 Patna the study area

Patna is the capital of the Indian state of Bihar. It is the second largest city in eastern India, after

Kolkata. The Municipal limits of PMC form part of Patna Urban Agglomeration Area (PUAA). The Patna

Municipal Corporation boundaries cover an area of 100 sq km with the present population of

16.83 lacs as per 2011 census, whereas the PUAA covers an area of 146.16 sq km and has a

population of 20.47 lacs. The city is densely of populated and is fast developing as a commercial hub of

Bihar. The city comprises of 72 wards with variant population growth as per amenities & infrastructure

available.

Geographically the city has a width of 9.5 km. on the western side which gradually reduces to 2.5 km

on eastern side. The city is situated on southern banks of river Ganga and has extended linearly over a

length of 25 km. The western periphery of PUA area is bounded by river Sone whereas on southern side

20 km away parallel to the city flows Punpun River and join river Ganga. The city forms part of Indo-

Gangetic alluvial plains and has fertile soil. The region is flat permitting wide spread of flood waters.

The soil permits fast percolation of rain water .However, since the ground water table in the region vary

from 2-5 m bgl (below ground level) post monsoon and 5-10 m prior to monsoon, the absorptions of water

in the soil gets reduced in the monsoon period. As per recent survey by World Bank, Patna is one of the

fastest growing city in world in term of Infrastructural development. Some of the renowned Institutes of

India like AIIMS, IIT have been setup to enhance the education system of the city and thus would attract

people of outskirt to sustain good quality life. The fixed load is due to additional settlements in the city

and floating load is due to various people visiting the city due to business, religious tourism, and other

reasons. The already inadequate infrastructure is unable to bear the pressure of increased institutional and

commercial activities.

Figure 1.1: Coliform at different monitoring station in Patna Stretch of River Ganga



1.2 Project Settings

The project title “Preparation of Detailed Project Reports (DPRs) & Bid Documents; Tendering for

Execution; Construction Supervision & Quality Control of Sewerage Projects of Patna under NGRBA”.

This assignment is part of the “Construction of STP and lying of sewer line in different part of Patna city

and financed through a grant from World Bank.

1.3 Associated Implementing Agencies

1.3.1 NGRBA

The Central Government, by a notification dated 20.2.2009, as set up ‘National Ganga River Basin

Authority’ (NGRBA)as an empowered planning, financing, monitoring and coordinating authority for the

Ganga river, in exercise of the powers conferred under the Environment (Protection) Act,1986. The Prime

Minister is ex-officio Chairperson of the Authority, and it has as its members, the Union Ministers

Concerned and the Chief Ministers of states through which Ganga flows, viz., Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh,

Bihar, Jharkhand and West Bengal, among others. The objective of the Authority is to ensure effective

abatement of pollution and conservation of the river Ganga by adopting a holistic approach with the river

basin as the unit of planning. The functions of the

Authority includes all measures necessary for planning and execution of programmes for abatement of

pollution in the Ganga in keeping with sustainable development needs.

1.3.2 State Level Authority

The Government of Bihar (GOB) through its Urban Development and Housing Department (UD&HD) has

been implementing both these program in the state. In Bihar State, Patna & Bodh- Gaya cities had been

identified as mission cities under JNNURM. Apart from these two mission cities, other Urban Local Bodies

(ULBs) in Bihar had been selected for providing Infrastructure facilities under UIDSSMT Programme.

1.3.3 Bihar Urban Infrastructure Development Corporation Ltd

BUIDCo is a Flagship company to implement and accelerate urban infrastructure projects in the State of

Bihar. These projects include basic infrastructure amenities such as Solid Waste Management, Water

Supply, Drainage Network and Sewerage & Sewage Treatment. Also, projects of urban beautification like

River Front Development, Amusement Parks, Commercial works, Hotels etc. are also being developed by

the BUIDCo.

The preparation of a Comprehensive Master Plan of Sewerage Scheme and Preparation of Detailed Project

Report (DPR) is now taken over by the BUIDCo from PMC.

1.3.4 Bihar Urban Development Agency

BUDA, working under Urban Development and Housing Department (UD&HD), is engaged in

systematic planning, infrastructure development, and creation of civic amenities in urban and semi- urban

areas in the State of Bihar. BUDA has also been designated as the State Level Nodal Agency (SLNA) for

implementation of JNNRUM & UIDSSMT program to work as a facilitator in effective implementation of

the projects in the identified ULBs. These programs are to be implemented through ULBs.

1.4 Scope of EIA



The present report is the Environmental Impact Assessment Report and includes major results, conclusions

and recommendations of the study’s fourth task.

The scope of the EIA will describe various components of the environment of the area(s) to be affected or

created by the alternatives under consideration. Data and analyses in the EIA will be commensurate with

significance of the impact. The EIA will include discussions of direct effects and their significance; indirect

effects and their significance; possible conflicts between the proposed action and land use plans, polices and

controls for the areas concerned, and conservation potential of alternatives and mitigation measures. At the

same time, the EIA will include urban quality; historic and cultural resources and the design of the built

environment, including the reuse and conservation potential of various alternatives and mitigation measures;

and means to mitigate adverse environmental impacts. For each significant adverse impact, the section will

identify proposed mitigation measure(s). The earlier study done of similar nature has been reviewed, and

taking into account latest official statistics for population number and growth rates.

The proposed sewerage project will be implemented under NGRBA and for that assistance has been sought

from World Bank. According to screening study and as per NGRBA’s framework the project falls under low

impact category and hence Environmental clearance and EIA study is required. But keeping in view of volume

of work and also as per World Bank’s safeguard policy (OP: 4.01:

Environment Assessment) an Environmental Assessment warned as the proposed development work

envisages having some impact (adverse or positive) to surrounding environment.

1.5 Need for Environmental Impact Assessment

Modern economic development strategies and programmes based on the use of natural resources and

technology. Frequently, such activities involve purposeful changes and heavy burden on inherently complex

environmental ecosystems. The changes, which consequently occur over time and space, are for the most part

poorly understood and may often be unforeseen. During recent decades, public knowledge and concerns about

the economy and the environment have changed significantly. It is now widely recognized that economic

systems are inextricably linked to the environment and that human health and well-being depend on a healthy

environment. EIA plays a central role in acquiring information on the social and environmental implications

including water resources implications of development programmes and projects, identifying the measures

necessary to protect the resource and related ecosystems and then ensuring that such measures are

implemented. EIAs are concerned not only with impacts on the natural environment but also with effects on

the social environment. Hence, the EIA touches the heart of the need for cross-sectoral integration involving

project developers, water managers, decision-makers and the public, and provides a mechanism or tool to

achieve the sustainable development aspect.

1.6 Purpose and Objectives

This study is an assessment of the environmental impacts and benefits of the Sewerage & Sanitation Project

and its ecological effects on the existing and the planned situation. The EIA study will be conducted in order

to:

Ensure that the project will not have irreversible negative impacts on the environment including: water, soil,

air, ecology and socio-economic aspect,

Identify both positive and negative impacts,

Develop actions and measures to mitigate negative impacts,

Make sure that all stakeholders concerned are aware of the project and their views and comments are taken

into consideration to the maximum possible extent.

The study should be considered as an aid to improve the decision making process as it seeks public opinion

and external knowledge in order to ensure a maximum degree of fairness and balance in the final decision.



1.7 Structure of the Report

This report deals with the Environment Assessment with Management Plan for the Sewerage works for

karmalichak Zone, Patna. It rolls out the baseline status of the existing sewage situation and analyzes the

situation if the proposed project is implemented, with its possible implications and to negate those implications

management plan is advised which is as per the Environment and Social Management Framework. The present

EIA report has been arranged in following chapters:

Introduction

This chapter describes briefly describes the project, Portfolios of Investments, the ESMF and need of EIA

study

Project Description:

Project description is discussed pertaining to the proposed sewerage project karmalichak Zone of Patna City.

This chapter provides insight into the various component of the proposed project and briefly discusses about

the previous projects attempted for River Ganga in Patna.

Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework

This Chapter captures the policy and legal framework of government of India as well the policies of World

Bank that are applicable to the project.

Description of Environment

Description of the baseline environmental condition including the baseline conditions of river water quality,

terrestrial and aquatic ecology, air, noise and soil quality are briefly described in this chapter.

Analysis of Alternative

This chapter describes the alternatives considered in the project towards improving the project.

Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures

This chapter provides details of the potential impacts from the project on various environmental factors and

mitigation measures proposed for the construction and operation stage

Environmental Management Plan

This chapter envisages the requirement of Environmental Management Plan including

the monitoring and supervision framework for the implementation of EMP along with the budget for

implementing EMP

Conclusion and Recommendation

This chapter provides the conclusion about the implementation of the project and provides necessary

recommendations

2.0 Description of the Project and its Alternatives



2.1 About the City

Patna city lies on the 25°20’ North latitude and 85° 03’ East longitude. Patna is the capital of the Indian state

of Bihar and the second largest city in Eastern India (in terms of population). Patna is one of the oldest

inhabitated & civilized places in the world. Ancient Patna, known as Pataliputra, was the capital of the

Magadha Empire under the Haryanka, Nanda, Mauryan, Sunga, Gupta, Pala and Suri dynasties. Patna is

located on the south bank of the Ganga River. A characteristic of the geography of Patna is its confluence of

rivers. The Ganga River is the largest. It is joined by four other rivers: Ghaghara, Gandak, Punpun and Sone.

Patna is unique in having four large rivers in its vicinity.

The modern city of Patna is situated on the southern bank of the Ganges. Patna is approximately 25 km long

and 9 km to 10 km wide. The city has grown up gradually from the ancient age with the name ‘Pataliputra’.

It is located between the river Ganges in the North, the river ‘Pun Pun’ in the South and the river ‘Sone’ in

the west. The geographical location of the Patna Urban Area is on the southern bank of River Ganges between

latitudes 25°30’N & 25°40’N and longitudes 85°0’E &85°-15’E. It is the 14th most populous agglomeration

in India and 168th in the world with a population of approximately 1.8 million. It is the second largest city in

eastern India, after Kolkata. Today, all major industries have a base in Patna reflecting the growing importance

of the city. There has been significant enhancement in GDP of Bihar in the last decade. The growth of

economy, urbanization & population trends are indicators that city shall continue to develop rapidly in next

two-three decades. It is also fast emerging as a hub of higher education with institutes of national repute being

started in Patna. The modern city of Patna is situated on the southern bank of the Ganga. The city also straddles

the rivers Sone, Gandak and Punpun. The city is approximately 25 km long and 9 km to 10 km wide.

2.2 Existing Sewerage System

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_state_and_union_territory_capitals_in_India

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihar

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_India

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldest_continuously_inhabited_places_in_the_world

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldest_continuously_inhabited_places_in_the_world

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Patna

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pataliputra

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magadha_Empire

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haryanka_dynasty

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanda_dynasty

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurya_dynasty

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunga_dynasty

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gupta_dynasty

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pala_dynasty

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suri_dynasty

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganga_River

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghaghara_River

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandak

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punpun_River

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sone_River

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganges

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilometer

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_million-plus_agglomerations_in_India

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_million-plus_agglomerations_in_India



The sewerage system in project city patna was first introduced in 1936-39. The existing system has

been augmented several times. But, the existing system is too old to sustain even present population load.

The gap of network in this zone forces public for disposing their waste water into open nallas through

which it reaches to River Ganga through different outfalls/ nalah. The sewer lines are also very old and

most of them due to siltation & encroachment are under utilization. Most of the sewer lines are encroached/

broken at various places and thus not recommended to retain/ rehabilitate into proposed network.

The city has four sewage treatment plants located at Saidpur (45 MLD), Beur (35 MLD), Pahari (25 MLD)

and Karmali Chak (4 MLD) although the quantum of sewage reaching the plants is lower than installed

capacity. It can be clearly concluded that the majority of the city is uncovered by sewer network.

Inhabitants living in area without sewer network have to rely on either decentralized collection system in

form of in house septic tanks or on unhygienic open defecation practice. Figure

4.1 below depicts the existing sewerage Zone.

Karmali Chak sewerage zone is the eastern most part of Patna city. The topography of this zone steep

towards south side and thus the natural gradient allows water to flow from most of the part to STP. It is

having an area of 850 Ha with 198 lacs population for 2011. The existing sewage load and treatment capacity

defers by 19.79 MLD and thus directly getting into river Ganga.

Figure 2.1- Existing Sewerage Zone



Coverage Area of various zones is as tabulated below:-

Zone Digha Zone Beur Zone Saidpur Zone Pahari Karmali

Chak Zone Area, km

2 26.49 19.91 27.38 21.62 7.53

Although sewerage systems were first started in Patna city during the year 1936-39 but its penetration at

present still lags behind other Indian cities of comparable population and growth rates. The installed capacities

of Sewage treatment plants is 109 MLD, but are receiving approximately 61 MLD of sewage, as the existing

scheme requires renovation/ maintenance to run the STPs at their installed capacity. A ward wise summary

of all the zones as per existing sewerage plan of PMC is tabulated below:

2.3 Detail of Sewerage generation in PMC

Table-2.1 Details of Sewerage Generation in Patna City

S.No STP Location Capacity

(MLD)

Year of

Commissioning

Operational Status

1 Saidpur 45 1936 (2MLD), 1957 (2.55 MLD), 1964 (11.82), 1971 (11.82), 1999 (16.8)

Does not operate continuous due to power problem

2 Beur 35 1970 (15 MLD), 1988 (5MLD), 1993 (15

MLD)

Does not operate continuous due to power problem

3 Pahari 25 1994 Does not operate continuous due to power problem

4 Karmali Chak 4 Does not operate continuous due to power

problem

Details of sewerage generation in Patna Municipal Corporation (PMC)

Table-2.2 Ward wise coverage of Sewerage Zone in patna

Zone Area (Sq.Km) Ward Covered Existing

capacity

o

f STP,

MLD

Digha 26.49 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,20 ----

Beur 19.51 10,11,12,13,14,15, 16,17,18,19,29,30,31, 32,&33

35

Saidpur 27.38 21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,36,37,38,39,40, 41, 42,43,47,48, 49,50,51,52,53 & 54

45

Pahari 21.62 34,35,44,45,46,53,55,6,57,58,59,60,61,6 3, 64 & 65

25

Karmalichak 7.53 62,63,66,67,69,70,68, 71 & 72 4



2.4 Terrain Analysis

Topography, terrain and geographical boundaries of PMC were studied to evaluate feasible options for

catchment boundaries & disposal channel route. Some of the salient aspects of terrain analysis are as

under:

• Karmali Chak zone is situated on east of patna and south of river Ganga

• The Delhi-Howrah railway line passes longitudinally through this zone.

• The zone have mild slope from North to South. Whereas, the HFL of river Ganga is 51.3 m

[169’c (51.51m) – 1975/1984 floods].

• Zone is bifurcated from other part of Patna city by zonal boundary of zone -V on west,

Ganga on north. It has the PMC boundary on western and southern side. Khanu nalla which

is a prominent nalla flows in south of the zone and carries sewage load of Karmali Chak after

treatment from STP.

•

Map-2. 1: Terrain Analysis of Patna City by Satellite

2.5 Project influence area Karmali Chak Zone:

The existing STP is located at Karmali Chak with 4.0 MLD (Oxidation Pond) and through open Nallas

and around 6 km of main trunks, the sewage are conveyed to the existing STP. The terrain profile of the

zone results in an economical sectioned sewer system with flow directed in southern direction. The

boundaries are well defined with reference to the terrain of the city. East & south sides are bounded by

PMC boundary while on north Ganga is the district boundary. While on west part, the boundary of Zone -

V acts as boundary.

The south side area of this catchment includes Bazar Samiti, Simli, Pani Tanki area, etc and on east side it

has the area named Maurya Motor area, HP Godown Power supply station etc & Delhi- Howrah

railway line divides this zone into two part longitudinally. The north part is bounded by river Ganga.



This zone is on the eastern side of the PMC area. This zone comprises of ward number 62, 63, 66, 67,69,

70, 68, 71 and 72 covering a total area of 7.53 Sq.Km (i.e around 7.6% of the total project area). Sewerage

generated in this zone is treated in 4 MLD capacity anaerobic ponds and is finally disposed to Punpun

River after treatment. At present Karmali Chak zone has an existing Oxidation Pond based STP capacity

of 04 MLD located on border of ward 68 and ward 72 which is catering a load of 2.0 MLD with primary

level of treatment. The ultimate population for Zone-VI is projected as 2.29 lacs, 3.44 lacs & 4.79 lacs

for years 2017, 2032 & 2047 respectively. On the basis of population projections for immediate (year

2017), intermediate (year 2032) and ultimate (year 2047), sewage generation from this zone is calculated at,

27.51 MLD, 41.25 MLD and 57.50 MLD respectively.

2.6 Existing STPs Scenario of Karmali chak Zone

This zone is on the eastern side of the PMC area. This zone comprises of ward numbers 62, 63, 66, 67, 69,

70, 68, 71 and 72 cove areas). Sewage generated in this zone is treated in 4 MLD capacity anaerobic

ponds located on border of ward 68 and ward 72 and is finally disposed to Punpun River after treatment.

The existing STP was commissioned in GAP-II plan after 1994. Currently, the sewage of 2.0 MLD is

reaching to STP due to lack of proper infrastructure and most of the sewage are directly gets discharged

into open nallas through which finally outfalls into river Ganga. But, these treatment facilities are not

fully operational as they are treating only 02 MLD of sewage as against designed capacity of around 04

MLD. Some of the reasons for lesser inflow are improper maintenance of the sewer network due to

siltation, dumping of refuse, debris, damaged pipes & manholes etc; besides for want of repair &

maintenance of STPs.

Further the existing STPs serves very few households which have central sewerage system facilities

available. The sewer network are essentially the sanitary sewers and do not carry sullage (waste water)

in the sewage system. These facts indicate that besides the complete sullage, the existing drains are

carrying bulk of sewage discharge also.

It is noteworthy that at most of the places/ localities, all households are discharging their sewage/ sullage

through open drains into the nallas. Discharge of sullage/ sewage into the drain causes septic condition

resulting in foul odour and fly nuisance making the surrounding highly unhygienic. With the present

population of 1.98 lacs which generates sewage discharge of 23.71 MLD, open drains are acting as sewers

during the dry weather flow. Whereas, in the monsoon, the same infrastructure is serving the dual purpose

i.e. as sewers and drains, thus making the situation worst for the local public.



Figure 2.2, Layout of existing Karmali Chak STP

Presently, the state by power capacity is grossly inadequate w.r.t. requirement and therefore all

operations are wholly dependent on power support.

Further there is acute scarcity of funds because of which negligible maintenance is being done. At

large no of places in aeration tank there is spelling of concrete and wild vegetation ground in the

cracks. Gas digesters are in a state of disuse as the sludge is not receiving the digesters. Mere fact

that, at 4 MLD plant with Aerobic lagoon facilities which indicates the status & health of sewerage

system.

Photographs showing condition of Sewerage Screens at Inlet Chamber of Karmali Chak STP

System of Karmali Chak Zone



Fishing Pond at Karmali Chak STP Anaerobic pond at Karmali Chak STP

Photo 2.1 Photographs showing existing STP condition

Table- 2.3 Ward wise coverage and details of Karmali Chak Zone

Zone Ward No. WardArea

(Ha) Contributor

y Area (%) Considered

Ward

Area (Ha)

Important Locality

62 81.85 100% 81.85 Mangal Talab, Ranipur, post office

63 49.89 100% 49.89 Jhaugan, Chaughara, Lodikatra

66 80.60 100% 80.60 Post office, Kotgast, Gurhatta

67 41.41 100% 41.41 Post Office

68 192.68 100% 192.68 Mal Salami,Nangola,Begumpur, Chainpur, PTO, Karamali Chak

69 49.28 100% 49.28 Police Station

70 110.69 100% 110.69 Commercial Area, Dhaulpura, Shikarpur, Patna Ghat, Maruganj,Chimney

71 64.03 100% 64.03 Nagla,Daldali

BazaarJamunapur,

72 178.55 100% 178.55 Simali, guru ka Bagh, KatraSharif Abdul Rahmanpur, Rakabganj, Bagh Jafar

Khan Source: Detailed Project Report

Area of zone-VI is about 8.50 sq. km. (i.e. 8.50% of project area). The design population of Zone - VI for

2047 is 4.79 lacs. On the basis of population projections the immediate (year 2017), intermediate (year 2027),

intermediate (year 2032) and ultimate (year 2047) sewage generation from this zone is calculated at 27.51

MLD, 36.67 MLD, 41.25 MLD and 57.50 MLD respectively (refer table below 4.4).



Table 2.4– Sewerage generation in Karmali Chak Zone

Ward

No

Area

(Ha)

Year

2017

Year

2027 Population

2032

20147 Sewage Generation (MLD)

2017 2027 2032 2047

62 81.85 22721 29058 32227 42193 2.73 3.49 3.87 5.06

63 49.89 20878 25251 27438 35321 2.51 3.03 3.29 4.24 66 80.60 23023 29224 32325 42251 2.76 3.51 3.88 5.07 67 41.41 21263 24882 26691 33778 2.55 2.99 3.20 4.05 68 192.68 35206 51933 60297 91657 4.22 6.23 7.24 11.00 69 49.28 22084 26206 28267 36061 2.65 3.14 3.39 4.33 70 110.69 28536 42065 48829 71102 3.42 5.05 5.86 8.53 71 64.03 21693 27002 29657 38567 2.60 3.24 3.56 4.63 72 178.55 33882 49947 57980 88236 4.07 5.99 6.96 10.59 Total 848.98 229287 305569

343711 479167 27.51 36.67 41.25 57.50 Say 2.29 lacs 3.05 lacs 3.44 lacs 4.79 lacs 28 37 41 58 The boundary map for Zone-VI with proposed location of Sewage Pumping Station and Sewage

Treatment Plants is shown below:

Map 2.2 - Karmali Chak Sewerage Zone and coverage

2.7 Project Components:

The project has been divided into three sub-projects namely:

a) Karmalichak STP of 37 mld;

b) Sewerage network in Zone-VI

A 37 mld STP has been proposed at karmalichak to cater the sewage load up to 2027 from Karmalichak

sewerage. Typical components of STP considering SBR based technology will consists of following

units (though this will be firmed up during detailed design stage):

Fine screen channels

Grit removal units

Anoxic basins

SBR basins



UV based disinfection

Sludge sump and pump house

Sludge thickner

Thickened sludge sump and centrifugal feed pumps

Sludge Dewatering system

Air blower room

Laboratory/ SCADA building

Staff quarters

This STP will meet the following desired sewerage quality:

Table 2.5: STP’s desired sewerage quality

S.No Characteristics Unit Rang (Gram /cap / day) Typical Value 1 pH -- 7-10 7-10 2 Colour -- Grey ,light brown - 3 Odour -- Soapy Oily - 4 BOD5 ( mg/l) 45-54 45 5 COD ( mg/l) 1.60-1.90 of BOD5 1.60-1.90 of BOD5 6 Total Solids ( mg/l) 170-220 190 7 Suspended Solid ( mg/l) 70-145 90 8 Grease ( mg/l) 10-30 10 9 Alkalinity ( mg/l) 20-30 25 10 Chlorides ( mg/l) 4-8 6 11 Total Nitrogen ( mg/l) 6-12 9 12 Total phosphorus ( mg/l) 0.60-4.50 2.25 13 Microorganisms coli

forms, bacteria, virus

etc)

No/l 102-1010 106

The STP shall be designed in such a manner that sludge is fully digested and can be used as manure.

2.7.1 Sewage Pumping Stations:

There is no existing pumping stations which are directly or indirectly contributing the sewage load in this Zone.For

the design purpose, consultant at Feasibility Report stage had proposed 02 Nos. of PS to limit the depth upto 6.0 in

general. But due to issues related with land acquisition, it was decided with consultation of client to minimize SPS

at proposed/ new locations. Considering above point, the consultant has proposed to omit one SPS near Jalan High

School (as proposed in Revised FR). The proposed location cannot be omitted so as to achieve best design and also

to control depth of excavation which may prove worst during execution. The revised details of pumping station are

tabulated in table below:

Table 2.5 – Details of Pumping station

Zone Sub

zone Sewerage Generation

(MLD) Propose

d SPS

Capacit

y (MLD)

Location of

Proposed

SPS

Proposed

length of

Rising

main, (m)

Remarks

2017 2032 2047



VI A 8.89 14.33 20.76 20.76 Behind Gauri Das Mandi

80 OMITTED

- 27.51 41.25 57.50 57.50 MPS

(Karmali

Chak STP)

- Proposed

2.7.2 Sewage Treatment Plant: Besides the SPS proposed at two locations as shown in above section,

a main pumping Station will be required at the STP with capacities as show above. To cater for the sewage

treatment needs of the proposed zone a new STP is proposed of area 2.90 Ha at Karmali Chak (Existing

4.13 Ha) and location for the same is shown in Google Earth imagery below:

Map 2.3 – Google Map showing STP and its surroundings

2.7.3 Construction of STP and Treatment Processes

According to the Initial Detailed Design Study, the advantages and disadvantages of the suitable treatment

processes are listed hereafter in table 4.6, allowing a comparison between them. A number of the described

processes have been eliminated already at the stage of detailed design since they cannot meet the effluent

requirements and only the remaining processes are compared.



Table 2.6 Different treatment technology analysis

SL Treatment

Process Advantage Disadvantages

1 SBR The process is reliable under condition that the plant is

Additional tertiary treatment required to meet effluent quality requirements.

properly operated and maintained. Low footprint of the structures.

The batch mode operation can provide problems when there are changes in

pollutants or hydraulic load Over-dimensioning of aeration system

required. Delicate process set-up and operation Due

to the mechanical and electric

equipment in the plant and to the

intensive treatment process, highly

qualified staff is required for the

operation.

2 Activated Sludge

Proven and reliable process Stable performances at

variations in hydraulic load.

Moderate cost for the base

process

Additional tertiary treatment required to meet effluent quality requirements.

Relatively high land requirements Long

start-up of the biological process

3 Bio-aerated filters

Compact process, easy to cover. Low footprint of the structures

Modular design makes easy to

adapt the process to incoming loads

and flows. Quick restarting, therefore suitable

to seasonal variation in load. Modular construction and easy

automation.

Additional tertiary treatment required to meet treatment requirements.

High sludge production. High investment costs than for activated

sludge (~30%). Need for primary sedimentation. Sludge

production more important and more

difficult to treat.

4 Membrane bioreactors

Very high treatment Performances, also on fecal coli

form. No tertiary treatment required.

Low sludge production. Compact

process, easy to cover. Modular

construction and easy automation.

Uncertainty regarding real membrane life length and related replacement cost.

High energy demand (40 % higher than

activated sludge). Need for regular membrane supply for

replacement. Higher investment costs (50% higher

activated sludge). High O&M costs

The existing capacity of Karmali chak STP is 4 MLD which is proposed to be augmented for 58 MLD (Ultimate

by the year 2047). The existing land parcel is so planned to be utilized that the load of Zone -VI would be cater

by Karmali chak STP only.

Design of sewerage system and proposed STP is planned for design period of 30 years. Considering the design

and construction period of 24 months, the ultimate year for commissioning of sewerage system / STP is

therefore taken as year 2014-16. Correspondingly the intermediate phase as year 2032 and ultimate phase as



year 2047 have been considered. The sewerage system would be planned and designed for flows generated up

to year 2047 (ultimate phase) and STP would be designed in two phases.

Intermediate phase: Design of STPs for flows up to year 2032.

Ultimate phase: Module design for flows beyond year 2032 and up to year 2047.

2.8 Construction Methodology:

2.8.1 Construction

Construction of sewers and its appurtenances, sewage pumping stations and sewage treatment plant

shall be carried out using mechanized construction tools and equipment to achieve maximum output.

Use of prefabricated material is encouraged to improve quality of works, simultaneously improving

efficiency of construction schedule. Contract documents for the project are framed such that, it would

be compulsory for the prospective bidders / contractors to present a detail write-up and oral presentation

on the following aspects of construction.

Methodology of Construction (Method Statement),

Site Management,

Construction Schedule,

Environment & Traffic Management,

Cash Flow Projections,

Schedule of Deployment of Machinery & Equipments,

Schedule of Labour Deployment,

Deployment of Technical Staff with Qualification & Experience,

Quality Assurance Programme,

Time & Cost Saving devices, if any.

Major Problems in planning during construction & execution of Scheme:

Most part of Patna is denser (average 300-500 PPH)

Narrow internal roads which have been considered for sewerage planning would prove difficult

during execution with conventional technique.

High water table (generally 2-5 m throughout the city)

Movement of traffic and provision of public convenience

Obstructions during relocation of utilities & disturbance in other services

2.8.2 Excavation

Trenches shall be excavated to the specified depth below the barrel of the pipe. The excavation of

trenches for pipelines shall be done mechanically using appropriate equipments. The proposed

excavation at any one time shall be limited to such lengths, which does not cause inconvenience to

surrounding inhabitants and road traffic.

All excavations left unattended shall be adequately protected with approved fencing and barricades

and with flashing lights where required.



2.8.3 Placing and Compaction of Fill and Backfill

Handling, placing, spreading, compacting, wetting, trimming and quality control of fill material for

compacted fill shall be as shown on the drawings or in accordance with the specifications. Fill shall

be spread by manual / machine in successive horizontal layers of not more than 150 mm loose

depth. Longitudinal or transverse joints in any two successive layers shall be staggered by a

minimum distance of 3 m. Backfilling shall be done after successful hydro testing.

2.8.4 Disposal of Surplus Material

The surplus excavated material shall be disposed off at locations proposed on drawings (at

construction stage), in an environmental friendly manner. Storing excavated material, whether

temporarily or permanently, shall be subject to prior approval. Where required, drains shall be

constructed to prevent the undesirable accumulation of water in or around spoil dumps.

2.8.5 Dewatering of Excess Water

During construction, ground and surface water shall be controlled to the extent that excavation and

pipe installation can proceed in the specified manner and such that the trench bottom is not

disturbed to the detriment of the pipe installation. Trench water shall not be permitted to enter the

pipe being installed unless approval is received from the Engineer.

2.8.6 Shoring in Patna City

The total length of sewer line to be laid in the city is 1350 km and the depth of sewers varies from

1m to 6m in general. It is implied that such extensive sewer networks would necessitate extensive

excavations and restoration of the excavated works, besides restoration of roads.

The sewer laying is slow, time consuming process, wherein the degree of difficulty increases with

the larger depths. In Patna the problem gets further compounded due to high water table and narrow

lanes. In general a trench depth upto 1.5m can be excavated without provision of shoring. However,

for depth greater than 1.5m, the trench walls are to be secured with timber shoring to prevent

collapsing of side walls. Incidentally the Bihar Schedule of Rates only provision for timber shoring

and thus in the detailed estimation and costing, consultant has considered the timber shoring.

2.8.7 Bedding

Granular bedding for pipes shall be placed by spreading and compacting granular bedding material

over the complete width of the pipe trench. Where pipes are jointed, bell holes of ample dimensions

shall be formed in the bedding to ensure that each pipe is uniformly supported throughout the length

of its barrel and to enable the joint to be made and inspected during testing. After pipe laying

additional material shall be placed and compacted by hand rammer in 150 mm layers equally on

each side of the pipe. Pipes shall be laid on setting blocks only where a concrete bed or cradle is

used

2.8.8 Trenchless Technology

Trenchless technology, as the name implies, stands for subsurface construction works where fewer

trenches or no continuous trenches are required to be dug. It is a rapidly growing sector of the

construction and civil engineering industry. It can be defined as "A family of methods, materials,

and equipment capable of being used for the installation of new or replacement or rehabilitation of

existing underground infrastructure with minimal disruption to surface traffic, business, and other

activities.

The most important advantages of trenchless technology can be summarized as follows:

Road damage is minimized,



Fast laying as no reinstatement of the surface is necessary

No impact on residents and traffic in construction area

No harmful impact on Environment or if have, very little

No disruption of highway traffic thanks to little or no excavation

No construction noise because these are no construction vehicles and construction activities as

known with conventional open trench pipe-laying.

2.9 Land Requirement

As per the recommendations and "Siting Guideline for STPs, issued by GoB" for adopting SBR Technology

for STPs, the land requirement for STP at Karmali Chak shall be as under:

Zone Ultimate Flow (MLD) Land Requirement

(@0.05

ha/MLD) Ha Zone-STP)

(Karmali Chak 58 2.90*

*4.13 ha Land is already available with EA at existing Site (Karmali Chak )

The existing land available at Karmali Chak STP is being proposed to be optimally utilized for catering

sewage load of Zone -VI (Karmali Chak). After detailed study & feasibility analysis, it was found that

retaining existing land would not only available most feasible option, but also it has techno economical

advantage over other options.

2.10 Investment Cost Using the commutations of land cost, capital investment cost and annualized O&M cost for the selected

options, a final ranking is presented below;

Process technology

Sequential Batch Reactor (SBR)

Cost (Crores.)

Capital and O&M cost for 5 years

280.0

2.11 Implementation Schedule

It is anticipated that construction duration for the contractor is estimated to be 36 Months (including

monsoon period) with O&M for next five years for proposed STP and sewerage system of Karmalichak

village Patna. The operation and maintenance of proposed sewerage system is also considered for five years

after commission of the system. The Implementation schedule is given in Figure- 4.8



Zone V

S. No.Task NameDuration

(Months)

1st 3rd 6th 10th 11th 12th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th I-Q II-Q III-Q IV-Q I-Q II-Q III-Q IV-Q I-Q II-Q III-Q IV-Q I-Q II-Q III-Q IV-Q

1 Final Detailed Project report 1

2 Approval by NRCD 0.5

3Submission of Final

prequalification Document (PQ)0.5

4Notification and Submission of

Prequalification by Bidders1

5Evaluation of Prequalification

Documents0.75


7 Prequalification Recommendation 0.25

8Submission of Final Bid

Documents to NRCD2


10

Issue and receipt of bids from

bidders (Not less than 6-8 weeks

for ICB contract)

2

11Technical Bid Evaluation and

Recommendation0.75


13Notification to PQ Bidders and

opening of financial Bid0.25

14Financial Bid Evaluation and

Negotiation0.75


16 Award of Work/ Contract 0.25

17Construction, Testing and

Commissioning of entire work24

18 Defect Liability Period 12

19 Operation & Maintenance 60

9th

IMPLEMENTATION PLAN FOR PROPOSED SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT IN PAHARI AREA, PATNA

Year-1 Year-2 Year-3 Year-4 Year-5 Year-6 Year-7 Year-8

2nd 4th 5th 7th 8th

Figure: 2.3- Implementation Schedule of Karmalichak, Patna



2.12 Financing

Detailed Project Report (DPR) of the project under National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA)

programme amounting to Rs. 77.04 crore for the renovation and augmentation of STP and Rs. 170.71

crore for the laying of sewer lines. The summary of cost of the proposed STP and sewerage work

Pahari zone of Patna.

Table 2.7: Abstract of Cost of Works Proposed STP

Table 2.8: Project Cost for proposed sewerage system project (Zone- VI)

Sr.

No. Item

Cost

(INR Crores) Remarks

1. Sewerage system complete with laterals,

collectors, interceptor and trunk sewers. 85.38

Gravity sewers 200 – 1600 mm

diameter of total length 96.54

km

2. Construction of 01 Nos. of New Pumping

Station @ Rs 5.5 Crores per SPS 5.50

Civil & EM cost for Proposed &

Existing SPSs

Sr. No. Item Cost


A Sewage Treatment Plant at Karmalichak

Zone VI

1. Construction of New Sewage Treatment

Plants on SBR technology (37 MLD for

2027) @ 1.5Cr/ MLD 55.50

At Existing available land

(Most feasible & Techno-

economical option)

2. Extra cost for disinfection through UV (7

modules @ 5.5 MLD/ Module) 1.05 @ 15 lacs/ Per module

Sub – Total of A (Sr. 1 to 2) 56.55

B Charges

1 Cost of Project preparation @ 4% as per

NGRBA Programme guidelines 2.26

2 Cost of Project supervision @ 4% as per

NGRBA Programme guidelines 2.26

Sub – Total of B (Sr. 1 to 2) 4.52

C Cost of Work where charges will not be

admissible

1 Environmental Mitigation and Monitoring

Cost 0.82

During construction &

Operation stage

2 Communication and Public Outreach 0.15 During construction &

Operation stage

3 GAAP 0.07

Sub – Total of C (Sr. 1 to 3) 1.04

D O&M Cost for STP 14.93

Sub – Total of D 14.93

Total Cost (Rs. In Crores) 77.04



Sr.

No. Item

Cost


3. O&M for sewer lines & SPS incl other

infrastructure with capacity building 13.61 O&M @ 3% pa for 5 years

4. Total House Connections is 38167 nos. @ Rs

3840 per holding 14.72

House Connections is 38167

nos. @ 06 person per holding

(for 2017)

5. Relocation of Utilities 05 For water line, electric &

telephone line, electric poles etc

6. Cost for Trenchless Technology 33.75 For 10 km (cost analysis from

INDs TT)

Sub – Total (Sr. 1 to 06) 157.96

7. Environmental Mitigation and Monitoring Cost 0.90 During construction &

Operation stage

8. Public Outreach and Communication Cost

inclusive GAAP 0.30

During construction &

Operation stage

Total 159.16

Adding Establishment and contingencies

charges etc @ 8%# 11.55

Total Cost (Rs. In Crores) 170.71 Say Rs 170.71 Cr.



3.0 Approach and Methodology

3.1 Methodology

As per Environmental and Social Management Frame work (NGRBA, 2011)1, and considering associated

environmental and social impacts, an environmental and social assessment with corresponding management

plans for the proposed project of sewerage works in sewerage district ‘A’ of PATNA has been conducted

using the following methodology:

Figure: 3.1 --- Flowchart describing the steps adopted for Project Impact Assessment

a) Secondary Data analysis (Identify Information/Data Requirements and their Sources): All the

available information and data (quantitative, qualitative) regarding the proposed project was collected mainly

from the Detailed Project Report (DPR), consultation with stake-holders and other secondary sources

including the water/air/noise monitoring reports of Bihar Pollution Board, Water Quality Management Plan

of Ganga River Report of Patna, City Development Plan of Patna and many others. Through this secondary

information a brief description and analysis of the sub-project activities along with baseline environmental

profile of the project influence was established. Based on initial understanding, the list of required information

was drafted before conducting the field survey.

1 For more details refer “Environmental and Social Management Framework for World Bank Assisted National Ganga

River Basin Project, 2011”. PMG, National Ganga River Basin Authority, MoEF.

Developing mitigation plan

Identification and assessment of

environmental/ social impacts

Screening activity

Secondary data analysis Field survey and stake-

holder consultation

Brief description & analysis of

the sub project activities

Detailed environmental profile of the

project influence area

Discussion with host population

and key stake-holders



b) Defining the project area and carrying out scoping in the field: Team undertook the field survey and

transect walk of the sewerage district Patna area to develop the understanding of the proposed project (refer

Plate 3.1, 3.2). GPS surveying of the study area was also conducted for mapping the social and environmental

issue. Field visits helped to understand the local knowledge and were valuable in finding alternatives that help

avoid or at least reduce the magnitude and severity of adverse impacts.

c) Survey of the host population: With the help of questionnaires, local people were interviewed in groups. A wide range of potentially affected people were interviewed in Patna including street vendors, residents of households, residents of temporary settlements, shop keepers, hospital patients, hospital staff, etc. Both men and women were interviewed from different sections of the society. Team undertook three field visits to carry out the survey and understand the ground situation. The interviewees were asked about their awareness of the project, their response to it and if the project is affecting them (during construction phase) and how it will affect them (after completion phase). Also they were asked about the mitigation plans they have adopted or are

In order to facilitate effective management and mitigation of the any impacts arising from the proposed

projects, the Environmental and Social Management Framework of NRGBA (Section # 4 of ESMF report,

NGRBA 2011) has grouped the pollution abatement projects/ investments into the following two categories

high and low.

High: Mainly include the sub-projects which are likely to have adverse impact on the environmental

and social aspects of the project influence area (including land acquisition). This category projects will also

include mandatory environmental clearance as per the EIA notification.

Low: Projects which are likely to cause minimal or no adverse environmental impacts on human populations.

Based on the screening activity and the categorization of potential sub-projects of the NGRBA, the present

project of Sewerage work in Sewerage Phase -I in Patna City falls under low impact category since

no significant issues arise from the land to be acquired for pumping stations in Zone -II, III, IVA, V

& VI. In view of the above, these projects would require preparation of an Environmental and Social

Assessment, as part of the DPR, and implementation of Generic Safeguard Management Plan (SMP),

relevant to the project. Therefore, this package as per the guideline of NGRBA fall in "Low Impact"

as there is no requirement of land for Intermediate Pumping stations and also land for STP is readily

available.

This type of projects does not require requires full scale EIA and but to mitigate and minimize the negative

impact during implementation a comprehensive Environmental Management Plan (EMP), which entails

mitigation measures, institutional setup, monitoring plan, and training are required.

3.2 Scoping & Terms of Reference The EIA study shall cover, but not limited to, the following:

a. Review the preliminary Environmental Assessment (EA) study carried out in area of similar nature

(if any)

b. Provide comprehensive description of the project components including using maps at appropriate

scales when necessary.

c. Generate baseline data on relevant environmental characteristics of the project components area

including description of physical environment, biological environment, and socio- economic and

cultural constrains. It should include information on any changes anticipated before the

commencement of the construction phase.

d. Outline and examine the pertinent regulations and standards governing environmental quality,

health and safety, protection of sensitive areas, protection of water resources and pollution



control, land use control and river water pollution control at the national and local level.

e. Identify and determine the potential positive and negative impacts, direct and indirect impacts, and

immediate and long-term impacts. Identify impacts that are unavoidable or irreversible. The

assessment of the potential impacts shall include, but not limited to, pollution of ground water

aquifer and river water, landscape impacts of excavations and construction, loss of nature features

habitats and species by construction and operation, soil contamination impacts, odor substances,

noise pollution, waste and sludge disposal, and socio-economic and cultural impacts.

f. Prepare and develop management plan to mitigate the negative impacts, recommend feasible and

cost effective measures to prevent or reduce significant negative impacts to acceptable national

level.

g. Identify the institutional needs to implement the recommendations of the EIA.

h. Prepare a detailed plan to monitor the implementation of the mitigation measures

and the impacts of the project during the construction and operation of project.

3.3 Detail Methodology

The following steps briefly describe the consultants' methodology that is used in conducting the required

EIA:

3.3.1 Data Collection and Review:

All data relevant to the proposed project, project site, related previous studies and reports will be first

collected, reviewed and analyzed. This task will involve, but not limited to, the following sources:

3.3.2 Review of Existing Sewerage Infrastructure in PMC Area

Various studies published by CPCB on Ganga Action Plan and sanitation condition of Patna City and

Development Plan, 2006-2012 & 2010-2030 have been reviewed. EIA report prepared and submitted in

July 2013 under project name Environmental Impact Assessment Study for proposed river front

development of 20 Ghats along river Ganga in Patna was also referred while preparing EIA report of this

project. Inputs received from Patna Municipal Corporation (PMC) officials and Reconnaissance and

Condition Assessment Survey by Consultant has also been taken in account.

3.3.3 Stakeholders Consultation:

Stakeholders' consultation is an essential part of any EIA study. The main objective of such consultation is

to ensure that all concerned stakeholders are aware of the project and their views and comments are taken

into consideration.

3.3.4 Project site visit

Detailed site visit with team of Social, Engineering and environmental expert has been made. During site

visit informal consultation with community has also been made to aware them that such project is being

implemented and also to know their opinion about the project.

3.3.5 Field Investigation:

Field investigation and tests in general are needed to complete the missing data for the baseline

environment. However, in this case since the project area entirely located in capital city Patna and there is

National Air quality Monitoring Station and other data is also available, no primary monitoring has

been carried out. For the purpose of baseline information of Air quality and Water Quality has been taken

from “Environmental Impact Assessment Study for proposed river front development of 20 Ghats along

river Ganga in Patna, Bihar” submitted to NGRBA in July 2013.

3.3.6 Baseline Environment:



The baseline environment is used to set the reference to evaluate or predict the different impacts of the

project activities. Data collection and field investigations are the main sources to establish the baseline

environment. The baseline will include description of physical environment, biological environment, and

socio-economic environment. Data regarding Air and water quality has been referred from “Environmental

Impact Assessment Study for proposed river front development of 20 Ghats along river Ganga in Patna,

Bihar” submitted to NGRBA in July 2013.

3.3.7 Analysis of Alternatives:

Alternatives to the proposed project and its components that have been evaluated in the planning and design

phase will be further analyzed considering the environmental factors.

3.3.8 Assessment of Project Impacts:

The impact of the project will be evaluated for planning, construction, and operation stages. Identification

of impacts will include positive and negative impacts, direct and indirect impacts, and immediate and long-

term impacts, unavoidable or irreversible impacts. Trans-boundary issues will also be considered in the

assessments of some of the relevant factors including water quality and air quality. The assessment of the

potential impacts shall include, but not limited to, pollution of ground water aquifer and river water,

landscape impacts of excavations and construction, loss of nature features habitats and species by

construction and operation, soil contamination impacts, odor substances, noise pollution, waste and sludge

disposal, and socio-economic and cultural impacts.

3.3.9 Environmental Management Plan:

The Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is the mean by which the adverse impacts are mitigated and

their implementation is monitored. The EMP for this project should include the following main

components:

Mitigation plan to reduce or eliminate the negative impacts to acceptable levels;

Monitoring plan for the important parameters;

Institutional setup to assure the implementation of EIA recommendations;

Capacity building and training needs.



4. REGULATORY AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK

4.1 Project Level Legal Framework

The National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA) has adopted an Environmental and Social

Management Framework (ESMF) and agreed with the World Bank to apply for its investment projects

involving World Bank fund. This framework describes the policy, principles, and approach to be followed

in minimizing and mitigating adverse social and economic impacts by the sub projects. The social

management framework has four parts viz., (i) Resettlement Policy and Land Acquisition Framework;

(ii) Indigenous Peoples Management Framework (IPMF); (iii) Gender Assessment and Development

Framework (GAD); and (iv) Consultation framework.

The ESMF document is intended to help manage the social and environmental impacts through

appropriate measures during the planning, design, construction and operation of various sub-projects of

NGRBP. The framework identifies the level of safeguard due-diligence required for all categories of sub-

projects of NGRBP and provides specific guidance on the policies and procedures to be followed for

environmental and social assessment along with roles and responsibilities of the implementing agencies.

4.2 National Law

The GoI EIA Notification of 2006 (replacing the EIA Notification of 1994), sets out the requirement for

Environmental Assessment in India. This states that Environmental Clearance (EC) is required for specified

activities/projects, and this must be obtained before any construction work or land preparation (except land

acquisition) may commence. Projects are categorised as A or B depending on the scale of the project and the

nature of its impacts.

Categories A projects require Environmental Clearance from Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF)

Gov. of India. The proponent is required to provide preliminary details of the project in the Form-1 of a EIA

Notification, after which an Expert Appraisal Committee (EAC) of the MoEF prepares comprehensive Terms

of Reference (ToR) for the EIA study, which are finalized within 60 days. On completion of the study and

review of the report by the EAC, MoEF considers the recommendation of the EAC and provides the EC if

appropriate.

Category B projects require environmental clearance from the State Environment Impact Assessment

Authority (SEIAA). The State level EAC categorizes the project as either B1 (requiring EIA study) or B2

(no EIA study), and prepares TOR for B1 projects within 60 days. On completion of the study and review

of the report by the EAC, the SEIAA issues the EC based on the EAC recommendation. The Notification

also provides that any project or activity classified as category B will be treated as category A if it is located

in whole or in part within 10 km from the boundary of protected areas, notified areas or inter-state or

international boundaries.

Environment Clearance requirement is not applicable for this subproject under EIA

Notification 2006 as amended till date since the proposed project does not listed in schedule of

said notification.



4.3 Key Environmental Laws and Regulations

The key environmental laws and regulations as relevant to the projects under the NGRBP are

given in Table-4.1.

Table-4.1 Applicable environmental law & regulation

S.

No

Act / Rules Purpose Applicable

to project

Reason for

Applicability

Authority

Yes/ No 1 Environment

Protection Act-1986

To protect and improve

overall environment

Yes As all environmental

Notifications, rules and

schedules are issued

under this act.

MoEF, Gol, DoE,

State Gov.

CPCB, SPCB

3

Environmental

Impact Assessment

Notification 14th

Sep-2006

To provide environmental

clearance to new

development activities

following

environmental impact

assessment

No As per schedule of EIA

Notification Sewerage and

sanitation project does not

attract Environmental

Clearance.

---

4

Municipal Solid

Wastes(Managemen t

and Handling) Rules,

2000

To manage the collection,

transportation,

segregation, treatment,

and disposal of

municipal solid wastes

No This notification is

applicable only for

Municipal Solid waste

Treatment facility

investments

-

5

Coastal Regulation

Zone(CRZ)

Notification 1991

(2002)

Protection of fragile

coastal belt

No If Project location is

located along coastal belt

--

6

The Land

Acquisition Act 1894

(As amended

in 1985 and 2013)

Set out rule for

acquisition. of land

by government

No This act will be not

applicable as land

acquisition of STP and its

associated facilities are not

required.

Revenue

Department State

Government

7

The Forest

(Conservation) Act.

1980

To check deforestation by

restricting conversion

of forested areas into

non- forested areas

No Applicable if there is

diversion of forest land for

non-forest activities

i.e. forest land if required for

any of the investments. In

this case the project entirely

in urban/semi urban area

does not attract it.

Forest Department,

State, Ministry

of Environment and

Forests,

Governmentof India



S.

No


to project

Reason for

Applicability

Authority

Yes/ No

8

Wild Life Protection

Act 1972

To protect wildlife

through certain of

National Parks and

Sanctuaries

No This act is will be

applicable, if there are

any points of wildlife

crossing s in proximity to

project locations

Chief Conservator

Wildlife, Ministry of

Environment and

Forests, Government

of India

9

Air (Prevention and

Control of Pollution)

Act, 1981

To control air pollution

by controlling emission of

air pollutants as per the

prescribed standards.

Yes This act will be

applicable during

construction. As well as

setting of STP, Consent

to establish and consent

to operate.

SPCBs

10

Water Prevention

and Control of

Pollution) Act1974

To control water

pollution by controlling

discharge of pollutants as

per the prescribed

standards


applicable during

construction. As well as

setting of STP, Consent

to establish and consent

to operate construction.

SPCBs

11 The Noise Pollution

(Regulation and

Control) Rules,

2000

The standards for noise for

day and night have

been promulgated by the

MoEF for various land uses.


applicable for all

Construction

e q u i p m e n t deployed

at worksite.

SPCBs

12 Ancient Monuments

and

Archaeological

Sites and Remains

Act1958

Conservation of cultural

and historical remains

found in India

Yes This act will be applicable,

only if any investment

is in

proximity to any Ancient

Monument, declared

protected under the act.

Archaeological

Department Gol,

Indian Heritage

Society and Indian

National Trust for

Art and Culture

Heritage

(INTACH).

13 Public Liability and

Insurance Act 1991

Protection form

hazardous materials

and accidents.

Yes Contractor need to stock

hazardous material like

diesel, Bitumen,

Emulsions etc.

SPCBs



S.

No


to project

Reason for

Applicability

Authority

Yes/ No

14 Explosive Act 1984 Safe transportation,

storage and use of

explosive material

No For transporting and

storing diesel, Oil and

lubricants etc. In this

project it is not

applicable as no

blasting work is required.

Chief Controller

of Explosives

15 Minor Mineral

and concession

Rules

For opening new

quarry. No Regulate use of minor

minerals like stone, soil,

river sand etc. As the

work is mainly of

excavation and laying

of Sewer line, no minor

mineral listed in this act is

required

District Collector

16 Central Motor

Vehicle Act

1988

To check vehicular air

and noise pollution.

Yes This rule will be

applicable to vehicles

deployed for

Construction activities

and construction

Machinery.

Motor Vehicle

Department

17 National Forest

Policy, 1988

To maintain ecological

stability through

preservation and

restoration of biological

diversity.

No This policy will be

applicable if any eco

sensitive feature exists

in and around the

investments

Forest Department,

State Government

and Ministry of

Environment and

Forests, Government

of

India

18 The Mining Act The mining act has been

notified for safe and

sound mining activity.

Yes The construction activities

for investments will

require aggregates. These

will be procured through

mining from approved

quarries

Department of

mining, State

Government

4.4 Safeguard policy

The World Bank’s current policies – often called “safeguards” – were developed over the last 20 years to

help identify, avoid, and minimize harms to people and the environment. These safeguards require

borrowing governments to address certain environmental and social risks in order to receive Bank

financing for development projects.

Examples of such requirements include conducting an environmental and social impact assessment,

consulting with affected communities about potential project impacts, and restoring the livelihoods of

displaced people. World Bank safeguards are widely seen as an effective way to ensure that environmental

and social concerns and community voices are represented in the design and implementation of our

projects.

http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/docsearch/document-type/540624



4.5 Other Legislations applicable to Construction Projects under NGRBA

Construction stage generally involves equity, safety and public health issues. The construction agencies

therefore will be required to comply with laws of the land, which include inter alia, the following:

1 Workmen's Compensation Act 1923 (the Act provides for compensation in case of injury by

accident arising out of and during the course of employment);

2 Payment of Gratuity Act, 1972 (gratuity is payable to an employee under the Act on satisfaction of

certain conditions on separation if an employee has completed 5 years);

3 Employees PF and Miscellaneous Provision Act 1952 (the Act provides for monthly contributions

by the employer plus workers);

4 Maternity Benefit Act, 1951 (the Act provides for leave and some other benefits to women

employees in case of confinement or miscarriage, etc.);

5 Contract Labor (Regulation and Abolition) Act, 1970 (the Act provides for certain welfare

measures to be provided by the contractor to contract labour);

6 Minimum Wages Act, 1948 (the employer is supposed to pay not less than the Minimum Wages

fixed by the Government as per provisions of the Act);

7 Payment of Wages Act, 1936 (it lays down as to by what date the wages are to be paid, when it will

be paid and what deductions can be made from the wages of the workers);

8 Equal Remuneration Act, 1979 (the Act provides for payment of equal wages for work of equal nature

to Male and Female workers and not for making discrimination against Female employees);

9 Payment of Bonus Act, 1965 (the Act provides for payments of annual bonus subject to a

minimum of 83.3% of wages and maximum of 20% of wages);

10 Industrial Disputes Act, 1947 (the Act lays down the machinery and procedure for resolution of

industrial disputes, in what situations a strike or lock-out becomes illegal and what are the

requirements for laying off or retrenching the employees or closing down the establishment);

11 Industrial Employment (Standing Orders) Act; 1946 (the Act provides for laying down rules

governing the conditions of employment);

12 Trade Unions Act, 1926 (the Act lays down the procedure for registration of trade unions of workers

and employers. The trade unions registered under the Act have been given certain immunities from

civil and criminal liabilities);

13 Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986 (the Act prohibits employment of children below

14 years of age in certain occupations and processes and provides for regulation of employment of

children in all other occupations and processes. Employment of child labour is prohibited in Building and



Construction Industry);

14 Inter-State Migrant Workmen"s (Regulation of Employment and Conditions of Service) Act, 1979 (the

inter-state migrant workers, in an establishment to which this Act becomes

15 applicable, are required to be provided certain facilities such as housing, medical aid, travelling expenses

from home to the establishment and back, etc.);

16 The Building and Other Construction Workers (Regulation of Employment and Conditions of Service)

Act, 1996 and the Cess Act of 1996 (all the establishments who carry on any building or other

construction work and employs 10 or more workers are covered under this Act; the employer of the

establishment is required to provide safety measures at the building or construction work and other

welfare measures, such as canteens, first-aid facilities, ambulance, housing accommodation for Workers

near the workplace, etc.);

17 The Factories Act, 1948 (the Act lays down the procedure for approval of plans before setting up a

factory, health and safety provisions, welfare provisions, working hours and rendering information-

regarding accidents or dangerous occurrences to designated authorities);

18 Hazardous Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 1989 (the Rules govern handling, movement

and disposal of hazardous waste);

19 18 Manufacture, Storage and Import of Hazardous Chemical Rule 1989 amended till date.



5.0 Environmental Baseline

5.1 Introduction

The baseline environmental and social status is important to understand the region's existing physical

and biological characteristics along with cultural and social status of the residing community.

Information and data presented in this section is based on field surveys, stake-holder

interaction/consultation and secondary data collection which majorly include the draft Detailed Project

Report (DPR) of proposed sewerage work, City Development Plan (CDP) report by Nagar Nigam,

Water/ Air/ Noise quality monitoring report of CPCB and Bihar State Pollution Control Board, City

census data and others. The information on the baseline environmental conditions forms the basis to

analyse the probable impacts of the proposed project vis-à-vis the present background environmental

quality of the core study area.

5.2 Project Influence Area

In general 5 km from the project boundary has been considered as Project Influence Area. Within this

project influence area the mostly consists of built up area which also includes some old and important

buildings. Very few open space is there within the project influence area, the only prominent one is

Gandhi maidan. There is no such natural sensitive area observed within the project influence area.

However man made sensitive locations like Patna Medical College, Patna College, B.N. College, Patna

Law College, temples along the ghats, some old buildings and few schools are observed. The figure

showing general study area has been shown in the figure below.

5.3 Baseline Condition of Project Surrounding Area

5.3.1 Topography

The project city Patna is located on the south bank of the Ganga River. The town is situated at

an altitude of 48 - 51 m above mean sea level. A characteristic of the geography of Patna is its

confluence of rivers The Ganga River is the largest. It is joined by four other rivers: Ghaghara,

Gandak, Punpun and Sone. Patna is unique in having four large rivers in its vicinity.



Other salient terrain aspects pertaining to planning & designing of the system of city are enumerated as

under:-

• The linear bund constructed on northern periphery of the city prevents entry of river Ganga water

into the city and hence, a major flood protection works. Similarly, the bund along river Punpun

prevents the entry of flood waters into the city from eastern side particularly when the Ganga

flows at high level & water backflows into Punpun River.

• Bulk of city is located between contour intervals of 48-51 m whereas HFL of river Ganga is

51.3 m, thus the problem of inundation of city in monsoons. However, the Patliputra area

located towards north-western part has levels of 50-56 m and hence, does not have major

problems of flooding.

• The city is further linearly bifurcated into northern & southern Patna by the railway line going

west to east, right through the middle of the city. This railway line is on high embankment and acts

as flood protection measure.

• The new Patna Bye-pass, south of railway line, which is under construction further provides

additional flood protection measures to the Patna city.

5.3.2 Geology

Geologically, Bihar represents the extreme northern front of Indian sub-continent. These include (i) the

belt of Himalayan foothills in the northern fringe of Paschim Champaran (ii) the vast Ganga Plains,

(iii) the Vindhyan (Kaimur) Plateau extending into Rohtas region, (iv) the sporadic and small Gondwana

basin outliers in Banka district, (v) the Satpura Range extending into large part of the area North of

Chotanagpur Plateau, (vi) the parts of Bihar Mica belt in Nawada, Jamui and Banka districts and (vii)

the Granite Gneissic complex of Chotanagpur plateau. Nearly two third of Bihar is under cover of Ganga

basin composed of alluvium and masks the nature of basement rocks. The project influence area falls

in Ganga Basin hence geologically its earth crest comprises of alluminium.

Patna district is a part of the Indo Gangetic alluvium. The district forming a part of the flood plains of the

Ganga has a monotonously flat relief. Patna region is underlain by alluvial sediments of quaternary

age. The quaternary sediments are deposited unconformable on the Archaean basement.

5.3.3 Soil The soils are basically an outcome of landform, climate, landuse, topography, time and parent material,

which have been well considered during the pedological investigation. The role of soil as natural asset

of ecosystem is viewed through three angles (i) supporting agriculture & forest (ii)

Supporting engineering installation and (iii) Constituting the medium to regulate the storage and

accumulation of subsurface water.

The Ganga basin is characterized by a wide variety of soils. The soils of the high Himalayas in the north

are subject to continued erosion and the Gangetic trough provides a huge receptacle into which thousands

of meters of thick sediment layers are deposited to form a wide valley plain. Among the soil types

within Ganga basin, the alluvial soil covers more than 52 per cent of the basin. The alluvial deposits

of the basin not only cover the great Gangetic trough, but also extend over a sizable portion of the

peninsular foreland in the form of a layer less than 3 metres thick. The entire alluvial formation is endowed

with rich soil nutrients.

The Patna river basin area is characterized by Calcareous alluvial (Ustochrepts Haplaquepts) i.e. it is

slightly alkaline. This shows that the alluvium deposit in this region is old alluvium deposit. In

general the Calcareous Alluvium has higher potential of binding of molecules than the newer alluvium or

acidic alluvium and hence the chance of erosion in Calcareous alluvium is comparatively lesser than



acidic alluvium.

Map-1 Physiographic Regions

5.3.4 Soil Quality in project influence area In this report the soil quality data has been taken for reference from EIA report of River front

development, patna submitted to NGBRA (RFD-I), which was monitored in September 2012 by

approved lab.

Table- 5.1 Soil Quality around project influence area of Patna

Sr. No Parameter Unit Gulvi ghat Collectorate ghat T N Banerjee ghat

1 pH - 8.56(1:5)26oC 8.85(1:5)26

oC 7.8(1:5) 26

oC

2 Texture - Loamy sand Silt loam Loam

3 Sand % 84.2 26.1 38.3

4 Silt % 10.2 52.4 34.1

5 Clay % 5.6 21.50 27.6

6 Bulk density g/cc 1.43 1.29 1.25

7 WHC % 30.26 42.67 44.17

8 OM % 0.15 0.64 1.59

9 N mg/kg 92.23 184.46 338.18

10 P mg/kg 16.25 <4 292.49

11 Na mg/kg 20 500 400

12 Na mg/kg 60 60 40

13 Ca Mg/kg 13584 11808 4224

14 Mg Mg/kg 2678.4 2966.4 2476.8

15 EC µm/cm 68.8(1:5) 25⁰C

199(1:5) 25⁰C

112(1:5) 25⁰C

Source: EIA Report of River front Development, Patna submitted to NGRBA

The soil quality as observed shows alkaline content which supports the presence

of Calcareous alluvium (as referred from secondary literature as well).



5.3.5 Ambient Air Quality

In this report the water quality data has been taken for reference from EIA report of River front

development, patna submitted to NGBRA, which was monitored in September 2012.

Table 5.2 Ambient air quality in project influence area of Patna

Location Monitoring

period PM10 (µg/m3)

PM2.5 (2.5) (µg/m3)

SO2 (µg/m3) NO2 (µg/m3) Co (µg/m3)

Collector ghat

Sept 2012 88 47 5.4 26.7 363

Dr. T .N Bnerjee

ghat

Sept 2012 54 29 4.3 21.4 275

Gulvi Ghat Area

Sept 2012 69 36 4.0 19.0 175

Limit as per CPCB. 100 60 80 80 2000

Sampling and Analysis methodology

IS:5182 (part-23)-

2006

USEPA, CFR-40, Part-50,

Appendix L

IS: 5182 (part-2)-

2001

IS:5182 (Part-6)-

2006

IS:5182: Part 10, 1999

Source: EIA report of River Front Development Patna submitted to NGRBA

Results & Analysis:

The PM10 and PM2.5 level near the Collectorate Ghat is found in the higher range may be due to the

market activities and associated dust generation. However, all the parameters of ambient air quality

are found well within prescribed limit. 5.3.6 Mineral Resources

The project influence area does not have any sources of minerals except sand being mined in Ganga and

Sone River beds for construction. 5.3.7 Land use

As the proposed project is located in capital city of Bihar state, the project influence entirely falls under

urban periphery. As per the CDP for Patna City, Patna Urban Agglomeration (PUA) area comprises of

146.16 sq.km., with most densely populated wards lying along the banks of Ganga river (300 to 900

persons per ha), whereas the wards along the southern and western sides have a lower population density

of 100 to 300 persons per ha. The land in the PUA is predominantly used for residential purposes

constituting 60.88% of the total area of this 91.7% is unplanned. About 52% of the commercial land use

is predominant ribbon development along the major roads. The PUA is surrounded by three rivers namely:

River Ganga in the Northern side, River Punpun in the Southern side and River Sone in the Western side,

thus imposing a natural barrier for growth of PUA in these sides and hence leaving only the western side

for expansion.



Figure 5.1 Land use pattern in PMC

As shown above the Land allocated for transportation facilities is very low compared to the land

allocated to the residential facilities, thus reflecting unsystematic growth of city.

Figure- 5.2 Land use distribution of Patna urban area

5.3.8 Seismicity According to GSHAP data, the state of Bihar lies in a region with moderate to low to high seismic hazard,

though the project site lies in Low Hazard Zone (refer Map5.1). As per the 2002 Bureau of Indian

Standards (BIS) map, this state also falls in Zones III, IV & V. The project site is falling under Zone

IV (as per IS 1893 (Part-I): 2002).



Map 5.1, Sesmic zone of India and Bihar

Sesmic Zone Map of India Sesmic Zone map of Bihar




5.3.9 METEOROLOGY Climatological (long-term) data is obtained from the closest Indian Meteorology Department (IMD) station

or from any other nearby station which has been collecting meteorological data for more than ten years.

The nearest meteorological data is available from Patna, the capital city of Bihar. Table -

5.3 shows monthly mean Temperature, Humidity, Visibility, Wind Speed and Precipitation near the project

sites. The averages were drawn over last 5 years daily average data. It clearly indicates that May and June

are the warmest months and December and January are the coolest months of the year having mean

temperatures of 31.58±1.46 and 31.76±2.08 for May and June, respectively. It is also to be noted that June,

July and August are the wettest months of the year following the warm season and November and

December are the driest months with least or no rainfall. Wind activity is also very high during May

and June, whereas in winter, especially in November and December wind activity is minimal. Figure

5.3 below presents the average wind rose plots for the year 2012 – 2013 depicting the predominant wind

directions during different months of the year.



Table 5.3 : Monthly mean data for different meteorological variables near the project site. Month Mean

Temperature

(deg C)

Mean

Humidity

Mean

Visibility

Km

Mean Wind

Speed

(Km/h)

Wind

Direction

Degrees

Precipitation

(mm)

Mean Dew

Point (oC)

Mean Sea Level

Pressure ( hPa)

Cloud

Cover

Jan 14.35±0.73 70.51±2.76 1.38±0.07 3.2±0.65 233.35 0.23±0.2 9.32 1016.16 1.93

Feb 19.15±0.25 60.35±6.94 2.22±0.32 5.3±1.8 252.29 0.21±0.3 13.96 1014.54 3.25

Mar 24.67±0.56 45.14±5.56 2.77±0.31 5.32±1.7 260.16 0.17±0.18 15.42 1010.13 2.50

Apr 29.36±0.57 40.71±1.84 2.89±0.38 7.71±1.09 208.43 0.35±0.27 16.60 1005.37 2.90

May 31.58±1.46 49.67±12.48 2.89±0.35 11.16±4.02 111.90 1.43±1.24 22.23 1000.74 3.38

June 31.76±2.08 61.91±12.05 2.79±0.3 10.32±2.99 105.50 3.93±4.49 25.63 998.43 4.52

Jul 30.23±0.18 73.41±3.62 2.56±0.19 8.3±1.15 129.71 4.64±3.84 25.97 997.61 5.48

Aug 29.84±0.47 75.49±1.63 2.57±0.27 6.4±1.59 132.19 4.26±0.64 26.06 1000.48 4.81

Sep 29.16±0.3 74.88±1.09 2.61±0.37 6.41±1.86 134.47 5.36±2.2 25.17 1004.00 4.47

Oct 26.73±0.41 68.52±3.71 2.42±0.45 2.62±0.96 228.90 1.11±1.77 20.00 1010.48 2.79

Nov 21.99±1.2 67.71±4.31 1.81±0.39 1.76±0.64 201.37 0±0.01 14.17 1012.50 4.00

Dec 16.27±0.65 72.34±7.74 1.27±0.31 1.49±0.43 212.13 0±0 11.16 1014.13 2.31

Source –IMD, Patna



Figure 5.4: Monthly mean plots of meteorological parameters and visibility.

5.3.10 Wind Speed and direction The average wind speed recorded is 1.33 knots. The data of IMD shows the wind directions in

project city are from NE during summer and SW during the winter.



Avg. speed-1.33

Knots Start Date- 31-12-

2011, 02: 00 End Date- 31-12-

2012, 23:00 Calm Winds-

65.91%.

Total Count – 440Hr




5.3.11 Cloud Cover

The skies are generally moderately to heavily clouded and occasionally overcast during the monsoon season

and for brief spells of a day or two in winter season due to passing western disturbances. The skies are

mainly clear or lightly clouded during the rest of the year.

5.3.12 Special Weather Phenomenon

The area is scarcely affected by monsoon depressions. May to September months are the period with the

highest incidence of thunder storms and dust storms. Some thunder storms are dry but give rise to violent

squalls while some of the thunder storms are accompanied with heavy rain and sometimes with hail storm.

Thunder storms also occur in the winter months due to western disturbances. Dust storms and squall

occur occasionally in May and June (Hot Season). Occasional fog occurs in the cold season and fog may

persist sometimes for many days. Hail is relatively rare phenomenon.

5.3.13 Relative Humidity

The relative humidity in project city is round 80 to 93 %.

5.3.14 Rainfall and Precipitation

The weather in Patna is characterized by a distinct wet season during the period of south west

monsoon (June to September). The air temperature starts falling with the onset of the monsoon from June

onwards, making the weather more humid and equable. The diurnal range between the daily mean

minimum and the daily mean maximum temperature reduces progressively as the monsoon advances.

Eventually, the lowest diurnal range of temperature occurs at the peak of the monsoon, which is usually

in August, though sometimes in July. As soon as the monsoon is over, the diurnal range of temperature

starts increasing rapidly to a maximum attained during the month of November. The rainfall and

temperature details in Patna are given in Table 5.4.

Table 5.4 Rainfall in project area Station and Year

Mean Annual Rainfall (mm)

Water surplus in wet months

Jul-Sept (mm)

Rainfall expressed in percentage of annual rainfall from Jul-Sep (mm)

Mean Temp in 0OC

Max Min

Patna (1951- 1980)

1003.4 807.1 80.4 31.9 20.8

Source: - Indian Meteorological Department

5.3.15 Overall Climate

The Ganga plains zone forms an excessive bowl of warm air, especially during day time. The mean

maximum daily temperature even the coldest month (January) nowhere falls below 21°C. Hot season in the

zone covers the period from April to June, May being the hottest month in the greater part of the area may

rises 40°C and above. The cold weather period extends from December to February, January being the

coldest month when temperature falls below 10°C. In lower Ganga plain, the minimum temperature is

somewhat higher being 11°C at Patna. The onset of monsoon normally occurs in early June in the

Lower Bengal and by the end of July, the monsoon establishes itself over



the entire Ganga Plain and results in heavy downpour and triggered off everywhere till the end of

September.

Table 5.5: Climatological Normal of Temperature, Humidity and Rainfall at Patna

Mont

h

Temperature (oC) Monthly total rainfall mm

Humidity (%)

Maximum Minimum 0830 Hrs 1730 Hrs

January 23.3 9.2 18.9 76 57 February 26.5 11.6 10.7 66 45 March 32.6 16.4 11.4 50 30 April 37.7 22.3 7.6 44 23 May 38.9 25.2 33.3 56 32 June 36.7 26.7 134.2 70 54 July 33.0 26.2 305.8 83 74 August 32.4 26.1 274.4 84 77 September 32.3 25.4 226.9 82 76 October 31.5 21.8 93.8 75 68 November 28.8 14.7 8.9 70 60 December 24.7 9.9 4.1 75 60

Source: Indian Metrological Department data from 1951-1980)

5.3.16 Water Quality:

In this report the water quality data has been taken for reference from EIA report of River front

development, Patna submitted to NGBRA, which was monitored in September 2012. Since the

measurements were made during the monsoon/post monsoon having high discharge, the BOD load has

been reduced to a great extent due to the concept “dilution is the best solution to pollution”. But, it

also warrants that the serious measures are required to take as part of the city sanitation plan to

minimize the disposal of direct discharge of raw sewage in Ganga. The analysis result has been given in

below mentioned table 5.5.

Table 5.6 Surface water quality of river Ganga

Sl Param

e ter Unit Sample Location

Kali ghat Krishna

ghat Collectorat

ghat Gandhi

ghat Anta

ghat Gulvi

ghat 1 pH 7.52 at

28⁰C 7.36 at 28⁰C

7.31at 28⁰C

7.65 at 28⁰C

7.49 at 28⁰C

7.45 at 28⁰C

2 TDS mg/l 127.4 257 141.5 130.5 128.4 136.4 3 TSS mg/l 680 599 165 837 157 170 4 TH mg/l 103.68 172.8 107.52 119.04 88.32 111.36 5 Fe mg/l 1.93 3.27 3.88 3.47 1.69 3.35 6 Cl mg/l 17.81 31.67 15.83 15.83 17.81 17.81 7 F mg/l <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 8 Ca mg/l 27.65 44.54 26.11 41.47 23.04 27.65 9 Mg mg/l 8.29 14.75 10.13 3.68 7.37 10.14 10 SO4 mg/l <1.0 25.89 1.71 28.75 7.19 3.05 11 NO3 mg/l 3.2 <0.4 5.7 3.1 2.7 11.2 12 As mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 13 Zn mg/l <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 14 DO mg/l 7.7 7.3 7.9 7.7 7.2 7.2 15 BOD mg/l 3.3 3.21 3.11 <2.0 3.21 2.1 16 COD mg/l 19.48 15.58 19.48 7.79 19.48 7.79



17 Total Alkalinit

y

mg/l 105.08 184.6 99.4 110.76 110.76 107.92

18 Total

Colifor

m

cfu/100ml

30 110 170 280 280 23

19 Faecal Coliform

cfu/100ml

13 21 13 17 22 13

Source: EIA report of River Front development, Patna submitted to NGRBA

Figure 5.6: Ganga river water quality trend at Patna Stretch in terms Dissolved Oxygen

Figure 5.7: Ganga river water quality trend at Patna Stretch in terms BOD



Figure 5.8: Ganga river water quality trend at Patna Stretch in terms Feacal Coliform

Table-5. 7 : Ganga River Water Quality at Patna by Bihar state pollution Control Board

Parameter Digha near

Railway

Bridge (U/S)

Gaighat

(D/S) General standard for discharge on inland

surface water as per CPCB

BOD(mg/l) 2.6 2.8 30

COD (mg/l) 16 20 250

TSS (mg/l) 28 30 100

DO 8.0 7.8 T. Coli (MPN/100 ml) 3000 9000 500

F. Coli(MPN/100 ml) 1300 3000 Source: Bihar State Pollution Control Board, Patna

Table 5.8: Punpun River Water Quality as conducted by Bihar State Pollution Control Board

Parameter Railway

Bridge (U/S)

Fatua (D/S) General standard for discharge on inland


BOD(mg/l) 2.0 2.5 30

COD (mg/l) 16 20 250

TSS (mg/l) 26 34 100

DO 7.5 7.0 T. Coli (MPN/100 ml) 1400 1700 500

F. Coli(MPN/100 ml) 500 700 Source: Bihar State Pollution Control Board, Patna

Table 5.9: Analysis report on Physico-Chemical Examination of STP Karmalichak, Patna by BSPCB, Patna.

Parameter Raw Effluent Final effluent

after E.T.P General standard for discharge on inland


BOD(mg/l) 60 42 30

COD (mg/l) 112 88 250

TSS (mg/l) 656 528 100



T.D.S 516 432 DO Nil 4.0

T. Coli (MPN/100 ml) 1700000 14000 F. Coli(MPN/100 ml) 500000 7000

Source: Bihar State Pollution Control Board, Patna

5.3.17 Noise Quality:

The baseline environmental monitoring for noise quality was conducted through primary survey to at strategic

locations considering various project components like construction of STP, SPS, lying of sewer line etc. The

baseline noise levels helps in understanding the existing noise level so that necessary monitoring mechanism

and safeguard measures can be formulated for the possible impacts from the project on noise quality during

the construction and operation stages of the project. The existing baseline noise level is presented in table

5.10.

Table -5.10: Noise Quality at Karmali chak, Patna

Locations Name Equivalent Noise

Level Leq (dB(A))

6.0 am to 10.0 pm

Equivalent Noise

Level Leq (dB(A))

10.0 pm to 6.0 am

Permissible Limit Leq

(dB(A))

Day Time Night Time

Karmali chak STP site 63.96 54.01 65 55

Jalan High School 45.10 37.40 50 40

Gauri Das Ki Mnadi 63.68 52.71 65 55

Patna City Chowraha, Ashok

Rajpath

61.20 50.41 65 55 Source: Sampling, Monitoring & Analysis Dove by Noida Laboratory, Noida

Fig-5.9 Source: Sampling, Monitoring & Analysis Dove by Noida Laboratory, Noida

The analysis of noise level indicate that the average noise levels of all above given locations are within the

permissible limits.

The average day and night Ambient Noise levels monitored by Govt. Approved “Noida Testing Laboratory” for

residential, commercial, industrial and sensitive locations during the month of May 2014.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

6.0 am to 10.0 pm 10.0 pm to 6.0 am Day Time Night Time

Noise level data of differentlocations

Permissible Limit Leq (dB(A))

No

ise

Le

vel i

n L

eq

dB

(A

)

NOISE LEVEL DATA OF DIFFRENT LOCATIONS & IT'S PERMISSIBLE LIMIT

Diffrent Locations

Karmali chak STP site

Jalan High School

Gauri Das Ki Mnadi

Patna City Chowraha, Ashok Rajpath



5.4 Natural Environment

The discussion and study of these social and environmental features enable to identify areas of

concern in the entire study area. Consultants project site visit and available secondary information has

been used to identify the area of concern.

5.4.1 Recorded Forest Area

As per India State of Forest Report 2009, the recorded forest area of the state is 6, 47 km2

, which is

6.87% of the geographical area. Reserved forests constitute 10.70%, Protect Forest 89.28 and unclasped

Forest 0.02% of the total forest area.

5.4.2 Forest Cover

The forest cover in the state, based on interpretation of satellite Data of Oct 2006-Feb 2007, is 6,804

KM2

, which is 7.23% of the state geographical area. In terms of forest canopy density classes, the state

has 231 km2 vey dense forest 3,248 km2 moderately dense forest, and 3,325 Km2 open forest. The

forest cover map is also being referred to visualize the scenario of the study area which is given below as

Map. Since the project is located entirely in urban area, presence of forest and forest resources is almost

NIL

Map 5. 2, Forest distribution in Bihar

5.4.3 Protected Natural Habitats

The proximity to the ecological sensitive areas like Reserved Forest, wild life sanctuaries and National

park are the most important criteria for screening Sewarage project. This is the most important

parameter in the environmental screening process because of the biodiversity related issues. More

over if impacted it requires many months /years of legal process to obtain clearance for

environmental and forestry clearances.

There is one National Park and 12 wildlife Sanctuaries covering an area of 0.32 million hectare,



which constitutes 3.38% of the total geographical area of the state.

5.4.4 Wildlife Habitats As mentioned above the state has 1 National Park and 12 Wildlife Sanctuary none of them is

situated within 10 km of project or project influence area. As per primary discussion with Forest

Department official and local community, no wildlife movement has been observed in past.

It is worthy to mention that project city Patna is situated on the bank of river Ganga and flown

very near to project city. Part of Ganga River approx. 50 km from Sultanganj to Kahalgaon in

district of Bhagalpur has been declared as “Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary” in 1991

which is only protected area for endangered Gangetic Dolphins in Asia. The Gangetic Dolphin is

declared as “National Aquatic Animal of India” on 5th of October 2009. It is to be noted that the declared area of River Ganga is Far away from project/study area and

does not attract wild life clearance or does not require permission from National Ganga River

Basin Authority (NGRBA).

5.4.5 Flora.

The trees found in the project influence area are of Dhak (Butea monosperma), Aonla (Emblica

officanalis), Arjun (Terminalia bellirica), Ashok (Polyalthia longifolia), Asna (Terminalia alata),

Bahera (Terminalia bellirica), Bargad (Ficus bengalensis), Barhal (Artocarpus lakoocha), Bel (Aegla

marmelos), Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus terticornis), Gulhar (Ficus glomerata), Gul Mohar (Delonix regia),

Jamun (Syzygium cumini), Mango (Magnifera indica), Awala (Cassia auriculata), Jackfruit

(Artocarpus heterophyllus), Kaitha (Feronia limonia), Kathal (Artcarpus heterophyllus), Khair (Acacia

indica), Mahua (madhulka indica), Litchi (Naphelim litchi), Neem (Azadirachta indica), Pipal (Ficus

religiosa), Sagon (Tectona grandis), Silver Oak (Grevilea robusta), Kala siris (Albizia lebbek), Safed

Siris (Albizia lebbek) and Shisham (Dalbergia sissoo). Grasses like Dub (Cynedon dectylon), Baib

(Enlaliopsis bineta), Kans (Saccharum spontaneaum) and spear grass also found in the project

influence area.

5.4.6 Fauna

The study area has common variety of fauna.

5.4.7 Mammals

The major wild animals found in the area are the Nilgai (Boselaphus tragocamelus), Indian foxes

(Vulpes bengalensis), Jackals (Cansis aureus), porcupines, monkeys (Nigicollis), wild cats (Felis

chaus), hares (Lepus ruficandatus) and other domesticated animals.

5.4.8 Reptiles

Lizards of all kinds abound from the large tree climbing animals called gosamp to the harmless house

lizards; but snakes are not perhaps so abundant as in area. Thanatophidia, especially the cobra and

karait (Bangarus caearulus) are continually met with. The other reptiles that are found in the area

are Ghariyal (gavialis gengeticus), Indian Python (Python molurus) and SAL terrapin (Kachuga

kachuga).

5.4.9 Birds

The common birds seen in the study area are grey partridge, smaller sand group, snipe and many



kinds of quail, the latter affording excellent shooting when the ripe rabi crops are on the ground or

in the arhar fields close to waste land overgrown with scrub vegetation. Neither the black nor the painted

partridge are seen in study area, but the small florican is occasionally found. Blue-rock pigeons are

common. The green pigeon or bacial is found wherever there are Peepall trees. During the winter

months the area are well stocked with the teal and various kinds of ducks, pochards, sheldrakes and

goose. The gray goos and brahminy duck are however more common in the neighborhood of the Ganga

and Sone River while the kuland is met with but is not abundant. The peacocks are also seen in the

project influence area. The avifauna include the well known saras (crane), many kinds of herons and

waders, and all the usual varieties of voves, parakeet, sparrows, shrikes, crows, rollers and other

passerine birds.

5.4.10 Fishes

The common fishes of the study area are as follows:

Acanthocobitis botia, Ailia coila, Ailia punchata, Arius gagorides, Badis badis, Bagarius bagarius,

Bagarius yarrelli, Barilius barna, Barilius sharca, Barilius tileo, Botia Dario, Botia lohachata, Chaca

chaca, Chagunium chagunio, Chitala chitala, Coinus quadrufasiatus, Danio rerio, Erethistes pusillus,

Eutropiichthys murius, Gagata cenia, Gagata gagata, Gagata sexualis, Gagata youssoufi, Gangra

viridescens, Glyptothorax stocliczkae, Gonialosa chapra, Ilisha megaloptera, Johnius gangaticus,

Lepidocephalus guntea, Mustus gulio, Nangra carcharhinoides, Nangra nangra, Otolithoides pama,

Pristis microdon, Punitus guganio, Raiamas bola, Salmostoma bacaila, Tor tor, Sperata aor,

Xenentodon cancila

5.4.11 Other Visual resources

Beside the above mentioned resources no other significant resources are identified during field

survey or from available secondary data.

5.4.12 Presence of vulnerable, threatened, endangered species of flora and fauna

As per discussion with different stalk holder including Forest Division officials, local community and

consultant survey, no vulnerable, threatened or endanger species of flora and fauna has been identified

along project road corridor.

5.5 Social Environment

From Bihar’s total area 96163 km² Patna district occupies an area of 3,202 km². Total Urban Population

of Bihar is 1, 17, 58, 016.00 in which males’ population are 62, 04,307 and females are 55, 53,709.

Out of the total Patna population for 2011 census, 43.07 percent lives in urban regions of district. As

per 2011 census, total population of Patna urban is 25, 14,590 of which 1,683,200 lives within the

municipality boundary. Total male population in Patna is 13, 32,487 which is approximately

53 % of total urban population. Sex ratio in Patna district as per Census 2011 is 887 whereas child

sex ratio is 883. Child populations (0-6) in urban region were 3, 29,592 of which males and

females were 1, 75,005 and 1, 54,587. This child population figure of Patna district is13.11 % of

total urban population.

Indicators Bihar Urban Patna Urban

Male Female Male Female

Population 6204307 5553709 1332487 1182103

Sex ratio 895 887



Literacy 82.56 % 61.95% 85.75% 75.59%

Population Density

1102 1808

Average literacy rate in Bihar is 76.86% which males and females are 82.56% and 61.95%. In Patna

district as per census 2011 literacy rate is 80.98 % of which males and females are 85.75 % and

75.59 % literates respectively. In actual number 1769307 people are literate in urban region of which

males and females are 992574 and 776733 respectively.

Average literacy rate in Patna district as per census 2011 is 82.40 % of which males and females are

% and 81.33 % literates respectively. In actual number 1,810,338 people are literate in urban region

of which males and females are 1,008,475 and 801,863 respectively.

In 2006 the Ministry of Panchayati Raj named Patna one of the country's 250 most backward districts

(out of a total of 640). It is one of the 36 districts in Bihar currently receiving funds from the Backward

Regions Grant Fund Programme (BRGF). Agricultural products include: Paddy, Maize, Pulses and

Wheat and also oil seeds. Roughly one third of the area sown is under rice (paddy). Cash crops such

as vegetables and water-melons are also grown in Diara belt. Major industries include leather,

handicrafts, and agro processing.

Though the human development indicators i.e., literacy, sex ratio, etc. have improved over past

decade however income and poverty profile has not changed much due to natural resource degradation

and natural calamities.



6.0 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS & ALTERNATIVES

6.1 Introduction

The first attempt to assess the environmental impacts was done within the "Preliminary Environmental

Assessment". The potential environmental impacts is prepared using the baseline data survey which

conducted for this study, following the general recommendations for elaboration of the environmental

impacts, using updated information and large amount of new data and taking into consideration all

media and their interaction.

In the feasibility study, Detail Report, and the previous NGRBA study reports the site selection and

the treatment process of existing STP was done. Different treatment alternatives were considered for

possible use at Karmali Chak STP. They were: Activated Sludge Process, Sequential Batch Reactor

(SBR), Bio Aerated filters, Membrane bio reactors, and Trickling Filters. This alternative treatment

study was recently prepared by DPR Consultants as part of the initial detailed design Report. It was

proposed to apply Sequencing Batch Reactor treatment process for the Karmali Chak STP. The

implementation of the proposed project is planned to be executed in two package i.e construction of

STP, and lying of pipe line. Due to that the current study will focus on the impact assessment of the

implementation of the both package of project and technology compared with the case of no

implementation of the project. In order to assess in more details possible impacts during

construction, operation phase and post operation phase. Following stages and activities have been

taken in consideration:

6.2 Construction stage:

The following activities are planned in the construction phase:

• Laying of trunk sewer

• Construction of manholes;

• Preparatory works at the location of the STP at Karmali Chak and excavation works;

• Transport and disposal of surplus excavated material;

• Construction of the structures at STP site (civil works, use of heavy machinery and vehicles);

• Disposal of construction waste;

• Installation of the equipment;

• Construction of accommodation facilities for the workers (water supply, sewerage, waste

disposal).

The following actions are expected:

• Excavation

• Leveling

• Concrete work

• Electromechanical work

6.3 Operation stage:

In this phase, the following activities are planned:

• Treatment technology/ operation of the equipment for sewerage treatment and effluent

production;

• Operation of equipment for sludge production and treatment (digester, drying beds and

biogas production);



• Sludge disposal on temporary storage at STP site.

• Effluent recharge

The following actions will be carried out:

• Removal and Disposal of grit and Floating material

• Biological Unit operation

• Effluent discharge to infiltration basin

• Emergency discharge to river/drain

• Sludge removal and treatment

When identifying the potential impacts of a new project, the environmental impacts expected need

to be measured against the existing baseline conditions. Also, impacts may be beneficial, and

occasionally both where opposing interests or viewpoints exist. The consultant identified possible

and expected impacts of the different project activities and action in the constriction and operational

phases. The EIA team assesses short- and long-term impacts, including both direct and indirect

impacts.

In general, relatively limited adverse impact can be created in different project phases. However,

building of Karmali Chak STP will have a positive environmental impact Patna City life. It

is expected to produce a long-term improvement in public health of the citizens of Patna as to

significantly reduce a source of chronic water pollution of a valuable scarce groundwater resource.

Specific impacts that are anticipated or forecasted are discussed in detail in this chapter.

6.4 Impact on ground and surface water

The impact on ground is expected to be positive. The treated water can be used for irrigation purpose

in nearby agricultural area, which can be consider as recovery wells and the ground water level will

improved slightly. The immediate and one of the most beneficial impacts of the proposed treatment

plant’s construction will be the cessation of the discharge of untreated or partially treated waste

water to the holly River Ganga and also Punpun river. As result, local environment conditions will

be improved which can be expected to benefit to both the local population and to downstream users

Construction and operation of the proposed treatment plant will make significant reductions in the

existing nutrient loads from the untreated/partially treated wastewater discharge. Also, total and fecal

coli forms counts will be reduced significantly. This will have a positive impact on bathing water

quality and aquatic life including fisheries.

Existing STP of Karmalichak

On the other hand, operational difficulties may be experienced at plant start-up or during Periods

when equipment malfunctions. The effluent discharged under these emergency conditions would still



be an improvement over the existing condition where raw/partially treated sewage is discharged into

the river. The temporal wastewater discharge to the river in case of emergency, will affect the

downstream water quality for short time.

6.5 Impact on Soil

This section describes the range of potential soil quality impacts associated with the establishment

and operation of Karmali Chak Sewerage treatment plant. In project sites the soil varies from

sandy to sandy loam in texture.

a. Construction stage

The most significant aspects in the construction phase of Karmali Chak Sewerage treatment

plant and the trenching work of laying of sewer line the soil impact are: Excavation works, road

restoration, ponds construction works. These will expose soils in the affected project areas leaving

them vulnerable to erosion by surface run-off and wind. However, the flat topography of the

proposed site would tend to reduce erosive surface flows. The overall threat could exist for

the durations of construction works with the rainy season.

On the other hand, the construction of the Sewerage treatment plant will involve building

large embankment structures on land, which will result in a loss of the option for alternative land

use and thus represents an irreversible commitment of land resources. Besides, there is high

possibility for soil pollution with substances due to leakages of fuels and oils from the heavy

vehicles and machinery used for construction and due to applied chemicals during this phase.

Vegetation is important since protect the soil from erosion by wind. Plant’s roots help to maintain

soil structure and facilitate water infiltration. Huge quantities of sandy to sandy loam of soil,

is expected to be removed from the site and transferred to other locations. Only small amount of

the excavation soil may be reused for leveling activities.

b. Operation Phase

During the operation of the plant the production of sludge is considered the significant aspects

disturbing the quality of the soil. The treated sewage sludge has significant organic matter content

and contains macronutrients and micronutrients essential for plant growth. However, it can

also contain potential contaminants such as heavy metals, organic contaminants and pathogens. The

main environmental concern about utilization of sewage sludge on land is the accumulation

of heavy metals in soils and a possible contamination of the food chain. Most municipal

wastes, sewage sludge in particular, contain high concentrations of mineral nutrients (N,P, Ca,

etc.), but also toxic heavy metals. As heavy metals generally are much higher concentrated in

sewage sludge than commonly found in soils, the concentration of extractable heavy metals in

soils such as Cd, Zn, Cu and Ni can be increased by sludge application to soil. Moreover, the

fine particle structure of pure sewage sludge sometimes causes problems during application to

soil. The fine particles have a low water retention capacity and – beside the nutrient supply – do

not improve the soil quality, especially of sandy soils, significantly.

6.6 Air quality

6.6.1 Climate

Wastewater handling is considered a minor source of greenhouse gas emissions in many countries.

The existence of Karmali Chak Sewerage Treatment Plant will not have any negative effect on

the microclimate of the area. The microclimate will be improved against the climate extremities

(wind and storms), by planting trees in the neighborhood of the plant. Wastewater is treated to



remove organic matter using biological processes in which microorganisms consume the organic

matter for maintenance and growth.

Microorganisms can perform this biodegradation process under aerobic or anaerobic conditions,

the latter condition producing methane (CH4). During collection and treatment, wastewater may be

accidentally or deliberately managed under anaerobic conditions. Untreated wastewater may

also produce methane if contained under anaerobic conditions. Fugitive emissions of this gas will

contribute to the global climate change thus having negative impact.

Both domestic and industrial wastewater may also be a source of nitrous oxide emissions.

After processing, treated effluent may be discharged to a receiving water environment (in this

case river Punpun), applied to soils, or disposed of below the surface. Nitrous oxide (N2O) may

be generated during both nitrification and denitrification of the nitrogen present, usually in the

form of urea, ammonia, and proteins.

6.6.2 Noise

The proposed project sites are located in open rural areas with no major industrial activities

undertaken in the vicinity of the sites. Current noise sources at the sites of the project are merely

due to natural sources. Man made sources include traffic noise which was negligible in the project

sites due to low traffic volumes. The construction of the treatment plant will produce significant

noise levels during the construction phase. During the operation phase, noise levels are not

expected to exceed current baseline measurements.

Construction activities will take place across the whole project components that include Sewerage

Treatment Plant, emergency overflow pipe, lying of sewer pipe line and outfall. In general,

the impact of the construction will depend on;

• The proximity of the construction activities to noise sensitive receivers (NSRs);

• The specific heavy equipment deployed; and

• The length of time over which the construction works are taken.

Typical noise emissions from various construction equipments that may be used at the project sites

are summarized in table 6.1.

Table 6.1: Typical Noise emissions of construction equipment

Equipment Typical sound pressure level in dB9A) at given distance

15 m 240m Air compressor 75-87 51-63

Backhoe 71-92 47-69

Compactor 72 48

Concrete mixture 75-88 51-64

Front loader 72-81 48-58 Generator 72-82 48-58 Grader 80-93 56-69 Pumps 70-90 44-66 Stone crusher 85-95 61-74 Tractors, Dozers 78-95 54-74 Trucks 83-93 59-69 Concrete vibrators 68-81 44-57

Effective noise management protocols would be implemented wherever applicable during

construction and operating phases of the life of this project. Besides this protocol measures, construction



work will be limited to day time periods, thus avoiding the night time which is the most noise sensitive. The

following measures should be treated as a part of the project proposal which include:

• planting of buffer trees and shrubs where appropriate;

• locating noisy equipments as far as possible from NSRs;

• orienting equipment with high directivity to emit noise away from NSRs;

• switching off unnecessary or idle equipments;

• fitting of noise mufflers to mobile equipments; and

• Preventive maintenance of equipment to minimize noise emissions.

In the light of the prevailing low ambient noise levels in the area surrounding the project sites, it is

inevitable that some noise disturbance will be experienced, particularly during the construction of the

emergency outfall pipe. Such impacts, although temporary and therefore reversible, are assessed to be

negative and low to moderate significance.

6.6.3 Odor

Odor is defined as "the sensation resulting from stimulation of the human sense of smell." Odor is a sensitive

subject because perception of odors is subjective. Our sensitivities and reactions to odors are influenced

by personal preferences, opinions, experiences, and the varying sensitivities of our olfactory systems.

Odors are a nuisance. The current state of knowledge suggests that it is possible for certain odorous

emissions to have an impact on physical health. The most frequently reported

symptoms attributed to odors include headache, nausea, hoarseness, cough, nasal congestion, palpitations,

shortness of breath, stress, drowsiness, alterations in mood, and eye, nose, and throat irritation. The

process of wastewater collection, conveying or treatment has the potential to generate and release odors to

the surrounding area. However, most odor problems occur in the collection system, in primary treatment

facilities and in solids handling facilities. In most instances, the odors are generated as a result of an

anaerobic or "septic" condition. Although there are many common odors associated with treatment plants,

H2S is the most prevalent malodorous gas associated with domestic wastewater collection and treatment.

The conditions leading to H2S formation usually favor the production of other odorous gases, such as

ammonia and mercaptants, which may have considerably higher detectable odor thresholds, and

consequently H2S may be an indicator of their presence. Exposure of receptors to levels of hydrogen sulfide

above 5ppb can lead to odor nuisance.

The CPCB, government of India has set Odor Detection Threshold in ppm (v/v) for Hydrogen sulfide

is 0.00047.

The processes of proposed Karmali Chak Sewerage Treatment Plant, wastewater potential sources of foul

Odor are the primary treatment facilities and solids handling facilities. The proposed wastewater treatment

tanks are not expected to produce odors. This is due to the use of aeration process thus preventing septic

conditions. The treatment plant site and proposed infiltration basins are located in rural agricultural area

where manure is applied periodically for agricultural purposes. This fact makes any produced odor would

not increase the background odor concentrations. The odor produced has low negative impact. Odor is

expected to be produced at pretreatment part in case of inappropriate handling of grit/grease removal.

6.6.4 Air Quality Impacts

This section addresses the proposed project’s impact on air quality, both during construction and upon

completion of the project. Air quality impacts can be classified as either direct or indirect. Direct air

quality impacts result from emissions generated by stationary sources at a project or potential

development site such as emissions from fuel burned at a site for driving any equipment at the site. Indirect

air quality impacts result from emissions from offsite stationary sources and mobile sources generated by

the project.



a. Construction Phase

Construction activities related to the Proposed Project will result in limited short-term air quality

impacts. There will be fugitive dust generated during the site preparation and construction phases of the

Project. The potential impact from these fugitive dust emissions will be minimized by following the

appropriate preventive measures listed in the mitigation section below. Vehicular emissions from

construction equipment and construction worker vehicles are anticipated to have very minimal short- term

impacts. None of the short-term construction related impacts are expected to cause a tangible increase on

air pollution of the area.

b. Operation Phase

The only long term air quality impact that may be created by the Proposed Project results from the

potential increase in project-related exhaust emissions. The primary pollutants associated with vehicular

exhaust emissions are NOx and CO. The Proposed Project will not increase traffic volumes, reduce source-

receptor distances or change other existing conditions to such a degree as to increase air pollutants

emissions. No long term impacts to air quality are anticipated.

6.7 Socio-Economic Impacts No private land is required for construction of STP or laying of sewer pipeline. The proposed STP will

be constructed near existing site old STP and required land is already available with Implementing

Agency (EA). In such a condition any long term Socio-economic negative impact is very unlikely except

short term inconvenience.

During construction there will be disruption of the small vendors business but like to shift on the other

side of the road. The STP will be constructed on existing STP site hence no displacement or acquisition

has been anticipated. The Pumping station is not proposed so it also not warned any land acquisition. Due

to the excavation work which will take place on the main roads of the city, there will be a disturbance

in the traffic movement in congestion area. People may suffer some inconvenience during the morning

and evening peak hours. This issue is discussed in the DPR, and suggests de-routing of the traffic as the

mitigation measure. In case the complete route blockage is warned, the trenching and laying work need to

be commence during night or during holidays especially in market area.

The excavation and tunneling work will lead to road blockage and as a result the commercial

establishments and vendors will have some trouble in operating their business on daily basis. But there

will be no loss of livelihood. Ambulatory vendors can very well shift their place as and when required.

So, overall no loss of livelihood has been reported during the survey.

As per anecdotal evidence gathered in the field visit, most shop-owners and mobile vendors are

welcoming the sewage project implementation as they see a direct benefit of improved living and

working conditions. They are aware of, and prepared to face temporary inconveniences caused by

construction if the project is implemented in a timely manner. However, the same respondent felt that

they had little confidence in the ability of the agency to execute a project in an efficient manner.

6.8 Social Economic Benefits of the Project

It is expected that the Project will have positive impacts on the local populations during both

construction and operation phases.

a. During construction Phase

The Project will create short-term construction jobs and incomes for local population, including poor



people. The construction of the new Karmali Chak STP and its associated facilities will have positive

economic effect through employment generation. During the construction phase, services of local

subcontractors will be use which will generate job opportunities for skilled and unskilled workers

in addition to services of engineers and others. Around 700 working days will be generated during the

construction phase for different levels of employ. Economical benefits to local communities expected

to increase through procurement of local construction materials from the local market.

b. During project Operational Phase

The Project will have economic, social and health and environment benefits to local communities.

Economic benefits include creating more than 100 long-term employment opportunities and

Increasing incomes for population.Social benefits include comfort brought about through improvement of

natural environment and scenes. Moreover, health and environmental benefits can be achieved through

improvement of groundwater quality and reduction of sickness rate and death rate of the diseases due

to groundwater pollution. It includes reduced health risks and reduced adverse effects on human health

and associated loss of working time, medical costs and so on.

A positive social effect is that the proposed site is far from any neighborhoods and thus will cause the

least disruption to the quality of life of local residents.

The produced treated wastewater can be considered as additional water resource and it is expected to be

used in irrigating specific agricultural crops, which could improve the socio-economical situation in the

project vicinity.

6.9 Cultural heritage:

No cultural resources have been identified within immediate project influence area as a result of any cultural

resource surveys. However, the capital city Patna has versatile cultural history and during excavation work

the possibility of find-chance cannot be ignored.

In general, excavation and other construction-related activities could cause significant impacts to the scientific

value of the historical resources, unique archaeological resources, or traditional cultural properties that may

be in the Project area. But the construction of STP will not cause adverse effects to historical resources,

including unique archaeological resources.

To conclude, construction and operation of the proposed STP will not adversely affect the historic resource

located in project city. The site has been chosen to avoid historic resources defined in the regional plan and

the general plans.

6.10 Biological Impacts 6.10.1 Flora:

The biodiversity of the project area is not rich with forest tree species, shrubs and annual or seasonal grasses.

In the neighboring agriculture include rice, wheat, maize, seasonal vegetable etc. During the construction phase

of the treatment plant the plant cover at the site will be removed. The tree/ vegetation cover in areas (Magalpur

road, Dudhi Gali, NH 30, Ashok Rajpath etc) are aligned along the road sides and will not be affected as the

sewer lines will be laid in the centre of the roads. There will also be no impact on the residential parks such

Zoological park (Mathanital Park) in Zone – VI. During the operational phase of the STP, the discharged

effluents will be infiltrated to the aquifer and could be used in irrigation of specified crops within the area. 6.10.2 Fauna:

The fauna in the project area consists of birds, some rodents, and snakes. During the construction phase of the



STP, these animals will be disturbed and their habitat affected. The physical existence of the plant might scare

the birds from nesting around the site. Effluent of the STP will have a minor impact on the soil

microorganisms, particularly beyond the immediate vicinity of the plant. In dry season, the plant effluents can

become a water source for the wild animals and birds.

6.11 The Impact of the No-Action to the Proposed Project

Establishment of new STP at Karmali Chak will have positive environmental impacts. It is unlikely that

it will pollute the air, the soil, or contaminate the aquifers in the area. However, if the proposed STP is not

established, the wastewater of many area of Karmali Chak Zone from the septic tanks and the sewerage

collection system will continue discharging raw sewage into the nature and this will exert negative

effects on the local environment and continue to create health problems. The No Action Alternative

would see the continued release of untreated sewage into nearby available area, exacerbating the

deterioration of soil and water quality. This is due to the acceleration load of organic and inorganic

substances, which are streaming to the river and groundwater with the increasing wastewater flow. The

existing living environmental problems will become more sever and may inhibit economic and social

development of the area in the medium and long term:

• Degradation of the environment and reverse negative developments

• Depletion of the aquifer

• Dramatic decrease of both quantity and quality of the groundwater

• Degradation of the river water bathing quality and biodiversity

• Degradation of health situation and increase of water related diseases due to poor sanitation

system.



7.0 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS & MITIGATION MEASURES

7.1 Evaluation Methodology

The purpose of impact evaluation is to assign relative significance to the predicted impacts

associated with the project, and thus determine the order in which impacts are to be avoided, mitigated

or compensated. The following points summarized the main objectives of impact evaluation:

• Distinguish between impacts that are of most concern (need to be avoided, mitigated

or compensated) and those that are considered to be less important;

• Organize measures of significance in a way that allows a comparison of alternative

project proposals;

• Facilitate the communication of results to the concerned public and to decision makers.

The evaluation process has been carried out in two stages. First, one should predict the nature of the

impact itself, i.e., its magnitude, and then its relative value to the appropriate group. In the first stage,

one relies on scientific and/or specialized knowledge. In the second stage, one is concerned with the

relative values of the society or segments of it. This latter stage involves value judgments and is not

necessarily based on scientific knowledge. However, these values should be based on a survey

of constituencies in order to determine the preferences of the affected groups. Thus, value

judgments form an integral part of assigning significance.

Depending on the particular environmental component, evaluation of the significance of predicted

impacts can be approached in different ways. For example, changes in air and water quality can be

assessed against established quality and health standards, whereas changes in land use, flora and

fauna, or scenic conditions are more difficult to evaluate.

Key elements for assessing impact significance

are:

• Level of public concern (particularly over health and safety)

• Scientific and professional judgment

• Disturbance/disruption of valued ecological systems

• Degree of negative impact on social values and quality of life

• Public perception versus the scientific/professional opinion of the risks/benefits involved

7.2 Potential Environmental Impacts

The environmental impact of the proposed project may be categorised in two phases:

During the construction phase which would be temporary and short term;

During the operation phase which would have long term effects

The activities identified for project under each phase are: A. Construction phase

1. Site clearing and leveling 2. Excavation & Foundation 3. Transportation of construction materials, equipments & machineries 4. Construction of ETP Units & related infrastructure

B. Operation phase



1. Operation of STP 2. Disposal of treated effluent

7.3 Physical Environment 7.3.1 Groundwater

During operation of the STP, there is a possibility for pollution of the groundwater due to leakages

of the system for sewage treatment, sewer pipes and effluent production, leakages of the system for

sludge production, and due to refueling of the vehicles and washing of the vehicles at the site. These

impacts are assessed as negative with very low significance considering that the Karmali Chak STP

site is characterized with thick clay top layer.

On the other hand, operation of The Karmali Chak STP will have large positive impact on the

quality of the groundwater, as there will be no infiltration of wastewater into the groundwater by

cesspits.

Mitigation:

a. System for the treatment of the wastewater and effluent production should ensure

minimization of leakages of wastewater to groundwater (connections between pipes and

tanks should be water-tight)

b. Refueling of vehicles and equipment on the site shall be strictly controlled; washing

of vehicles and equipment on the site shall be restricted;

c. The system for the sludge production should ensure minimization of leakages of sludge

to groundwater (connections between pipes and tanks should be water-tight);

d. All requirements for construction of the sludge drying beds, especially for providing

water impermeable basis, efficient drainage system for leachate and flood protection structures must be respected;

e. To provide water impermeable basis and flood protection structures on the location

for the temporary disposal of the sludge with dangerous substances and measurements

of leach ate should be taken.

7.3.2 River water and Environment

In case of emergency where operational difficulties may be experienced, the untreated /partially

treated wastewater would need to be bypassed directly into the river. This would produce

adverse impacts on the river water quality and fish and other biota during the period of the

release and for a short period. This is considered a low significant impact due to the short time

of disposal.

Mitigation:

a. Regular testing of the effluent wastewater to ensure better quality.

b. Installing standby electrical generator in case of energy shortages

c. Disinfection dose of the effluent should be increased during emergency cases in

order to reduce pathogenic bacteria.

d. Prevent fishing, swimming and recreation around the outfall. The prevented area

should be identified according to regular testing of effluent and river water quality.

e. Maintaining equipment in good operating order.



7.3.3 Soil

Vegetation clearance, internal road construction/ road restoration, excavation works, and pond

construction works will expose soils in the affected project areas leaving them vulnerable to

erosion by surface run-off limited quantities of soil will be excavated during the construction

phase of the treatment plant. If it coincides with the rainy season, this will cause soil erosion at

the site. Leveling at the plant site can create soil disturbances, erosion problems and dusty

conditions.

The reuse of treated wastewater for irrigation will improve the fertility of agricultural lands of

the area. Nevertheless, when unsatisfactorily treated effluents are released, these might

contaminate the soils. If the grease and sludge are not properly handled and managed, they

can contaminate the nearby soils and create unsightly conditions.

Mitigation:

a. The staff of the plant will be trained for proper management of greases, to avoid soil

Contamination.

b. Periodic tests will be done to assure the quality of effluent wastewater, to avoid

partially treated wastewater to reach the soils.

c. Excavated soil will be utilized for landscaping and then tree planting purposes.

7.3.4 Aesthetic and Landscape Effect

The Karmali Chak STP will not have any significant impact on landscape as the plant itself will

not be visible from any housing units, nor from most of the neighboring areas.

Mitigation:

a. Great care has to be given to the outfall and the general aesthetics and landscaping.

b. Care has to be given to the STP Plant’s general aesthetics: essentially it will be hidden

from view by green vegetation, which will be kept neat and clean. The effluent

wastewater of the STP will be utilized for planting trees at the STP site.

7.3.5 Air Quality

a. Dust: It can be anticipated that a certain amount of air borne particulate matter (dust) will be generated

by earth moving activities during pond construction and during off loading of materials. This situation will be worse during the dry season and during the afternoons when the winds are

most prevalent. Air borne particulates may pose a hazard to residents in the vicinity or downwind of the construction site that suffer from upper respiratory tract problems. Otherwise it may only be a nuisance. The impact of dusting is short-term, lasting for the duration of the construction activity, but it may be severe if it causes significant health problems.

Mitigation:

a. Access roads and exposed ground should be regularly wetted in a manner that

effectively keeps down the dust.

b. Stockpiles of fine materials should be wetted or covered with tarp (sheet) during

windy conditions.

c. Transportation of fine material should be covered.

d. Workers on the site should be issued with dust masks during dry and windy conditions.

e. Unnecessary vehicular trips will be controlled.



c. Noise levels:

The proposed construction activities are expected to increase the noise levels mainly due to plying of construction vehicles, pumping machines, use of portable generators, mechanical machinery

such as cranes, riveting machines, hammering etc. There will be an increase in noise levels in

areas situated close to the road due to movement of trucks and construction activities.

Temporary impacts may especially be felt at educational facilities like schools/colleges (NIT

Patna, St. Xavier's High School, BD Public School, Indira Gandhi Planetarium, Patna

Museum & High Court, hospitals (Patna Medical College & Hospital (PMCH) etc),

cultural/religious centers including all temples, mosques, churches and Gurudwaras in the

region. However, the impact of truck movements and construction activities on noise level in

residential areas situated at 50 meter and beyond from the road will be insignificant

considering the excess attenuation and will be below the stipulated standard of CPCB, i.e. 55

dB(A) during day time.

Increase of noise level at night may produce disturbances, causing sleeplessness in people in

the vicinity of the site in case construction activity is extended into the night hours. As per the

baseline environmental status, the noise levels in karmalichak zone are expected to be within

permissible limits as the area is mostly residential and has limited commercial, and no

industrial area. However, these impacts are of temporary nature, lasting only during the

construction period. Traffic disruption can be expected in busy areas such as area around

Bhoothnath road, Shershah marg, Saidpur Main road, Ashok rajpath etc area due to

transportation of material of construction.

The proposed project sites are located in open rural areas with no major industrial activities

undertaken in the vicinity of the sites. Current noise sources at the sites of the project are

merely due to natural sources. Man made sources include traffic noise which was negligible

in the project sites due to low traffic volumes. The construction of the treatment plant will

produce significant noise levels during the construction phase. During the operation phase,

noise levels are not expected to exceed current baseline measurements.

Construction activities will take place across the whole project components that include

Sewerage Treatment Plant, emergency overflow pipe, lying of sewer pipe line and outfall. In

general, the impact of the construction will depend on;

The proximity of the construction activities to noise sensitive receivers (NSRs);

The specific heavy equipment deployed; and

The length of time over which the construction works are taken.

Typical noise emissions from various construction equipments that may be used at the project

sites are summarized in table below:-

Table: 7.1- Typical Noise Emissions Of Construction Equipment

Equipment Typical sound pressure level in dB9A) at given distance 15 m 240m

Air compressor 75-87 51-63

Backhoe 71-92 47-69 Compactor 72 48 Concrete mixture 75-88 51-64 Front loader 72-81 48-58 Generator 72-82 48-58 Grader 80-93 56-69



Pumps 70-90 44-66 Stone crusher 85-95 61-74 Tractors, Dozers 78-95 54-74 Trucks 83-93 59-69 Concrete vibrators 68-81 44-57

Effective noise management protocols would be implemented wherever applicable

during construction and operating phases of the life of this project. Besides this protocol measures,

construction work will be limited to day time periods, thus avoiding the night time which is the

most noise sensitive. The following measures should be treated as a part of the project proposal

which include:

planting of buffer trees and shrubs where appropriate;

locating noisy equipments as far as possible from NSRs;

orienting equipment with high directivity to emit noise away from NSRs;

switching off unnecessary or idle equipments;

fitting of noise mufflers to mobile equipments; and

Preventive maintenance of equipment to minimize noise emissions.

In the light of the prevailing low ambient noise levels in the area surrounding the project sites, it is

inevitable that some noise disturbance will be experienced, particularly during the construction of

the emergency outfall pipe. Such impacts, although temporary and therefore reversible, are

assessed to be negative and low to moderate significance.

The use of heavy equipment during site clearance and road construction works will

inevitably

generate noise but this should not be of any consequence to adjacent communities that are

located sufficiently far away as to not be affected. The remoteness of the site should help to

ameliorate noises.

Mitigation: a. If necessary, local residents should be given notice of intended noisy activities so as to

reduce degree of annoyances.

b. Workers operating equipment that generates noise should be equipped with noise protection

gear. Workers operating equipment generating noise levels greater than 80 dBA continuously

for 8 hours or more should use earmuffs. Workers experiencing prolonged noise levels of

70

– 80 dBA should wear earplugs.

c. O d o r Wastewater treatment plants c a r r y a risk of odor nuisance if proper buffers between the

treatments

units and existing populations are not provided. Whereas one of the main sources causing odor

is scum, overloading of the ponds will also result in odor problems because the treatment capacity

will have been exceeded. Wind action on the ponds can also cause odors. Odor is best controlled

by proper design and the nuisance risk is reduced by proper alignment of the ponds. The size of

the ponds will result in some degree of wave action. The wind is the effective source of aeration

through surface mixing, but too much wind action can disturb bottom sediments and also create

an odor problem. The scum could be treated as a solid waste and could be taken to a Sanitary

Landfill, after appropriate arrangements are made with the Solid Waste management Authority.

Alternatively, the scum should be solar dried, stabilized and then disposed of or utilized as with the

sludge.



Mitigation: a. Ensure appropriate covering/ventilation of the pretreatment unit.

b. Ensure appropriate handling and removal of grit/grease.

c. Ensure proper sizing and alignment of the ponds.

d. Ensure scum is appropriately disposed of or properly stabilized.

e. Monitor and ensure that influent sulphate levels (e.g. below 240 mg/l).

f. Ensure that the pond series have adequate water flow and aeration to reduce the potential

of odor formation.

g. The perimeter of the proposed site will be vegetated with trees and plants of varying

heights thereby forming a windbreaker.

7.4 Biological Environment 7.4.1 Loss of natural habitats

Approximately 2.90 hectares of land will be cleared of all vegetation. As previously discussed, the

sections of the site proposed for construction are primarily exposed (open) grassland/existing STP

and its associated facilities. As a result, there are no significantly important floral species or

vegetation communities that would be negatively impacted by site clearance and construction

practices. Similarly, negative impacts on avifauna, associated with the loss of onsite

vegetation/habitat, are expected to be insignificant. As previously mentioned under, diverse and

abundant avifauna does not use the project site for nesting, breeding or feeding.

Mitigation:

Tree planting will enhance biodiversity at the site. Trees will attract many bird species and other

animal species.

7.4.2 Deterioration of flora and fauna No rare, endangered or endemic terrestrial plant or fauna species were observed during the site visit

as well as from secondary sources/other published literature and there was nothing untowardly special

about the vegetation on the project site from either an ecological or commercial point of view.

With this in mind, the proposed development will not have a significant negative impact on the

vegetation observed at the site. There are no sensitive, nor any unusual species of fauna or flora

in the site area; this area is indeed primarily devoted to agriculture. In general, the vegetation

encountered at the nodes varied from agricultural crops to trees to herbs and shrubs and were of no

significant importance. Care should be taken in assessing the area for pipe laying where significantly

large trees are encountered as the extent of their root system may pose a problem. In areas where

large trees are encountered, the other side consisting of herbs and shrubs may prove to be more

suitable for clearing.

Mitigation:

Reduction of the number of trips and working time of vehicles on site and other measures will

contribute in the mitigation of the impact on the species that are found at the vicinity of the plant.

7.5 Socio-Economic Environment 7.5.1 Cultural Heritage and archaeological resources

The nearest historical site is more than 2km far from the STP. The project implementation will not



affect adversely the historical sites. However, archaeological remains could be discovered during

construction activities.

Mitigation:

a. Monitoring of site excavations

b. In case of finding information or signs about archeological sites, the concerned

agency should be informed.

7.5.2 Employment Opportunities

Several categories of employees will be required during the construction phase. This will include

skilled and unskilled labors, engineers, and a small number of other professionals. These levels

of

Short-term employment would have a positive impact on the local economy and on regional

unemployment. Moreover, the project operation will provide employment for several persons. This

would represent a positive long-term significant impact.

Mitigation: No mitigation measure is required.

7.5.3 Public Health and Safety

There is the possibility of mosquito/flies breeding in the open /other ponds and channels of the STP,

which can cause nuisance to the people during the summer months. Also possible accidents,

drawings and injuries for residents and workers can be considered a significant negative impact.

Occurrence of fire is not possible unless the system does not function properly and create explosive

situations. On the other hand, the establishment of a treatment of wastewater will minimize/eliminate

the spread of water related diseases, prevent risks of contamination of the soil and groundwater and

contribute in the preservation of the quality of the environment.

a. At proposed STP site fencing is required.

b. Proper training of workers, and use of proper protective clothing.

c. A first aid room with trained staff, which is able to coordinate with local hospitals in case

of emergencies

d. Fire extinguishing equipment will be installed at the treatment plant. Actually, the treated

effluents of the plant will be used in case of fire. In addition, chemical fire extinguishers will

be made available at the project site.

e. Usually mosquitoes do not travel more than 500m from their breeding sites. This will

minimize the occurrence of nuisance for the residents. On the other hand, during the

summer months some bio-enzymes will be used for suppressing the mosquito breeding.

f. The biogas release valves will be checked and maintained periodically. 7.5.4 Land use planning

The construction of a sewerage treatment plant will involve building large embankment structures on

what is a green field site. This will result in a loss of the options for alternative land use and thus

represents an irreversible commitment of land resources. Although the loss of optional uses for the

land in the future is considered to be a negative impact but not considered significant.

Mitigation: No mitigation measure is required. 7.6 Energy consumption



The incremental demand on electricity for Karmali Chak STP should be within the affordable

capacity of the local electrical system. The expansion of the electrical system if needed should

therefore, should not cause any supply shortages to local residents. However, this increased demand

will commensurately increase the electrical utility's use of fossil fuel to generate that electricity, and

thus the project will indirectly incur minor negative impacts associated with greenhouse emissions.

Mitigation:

1. Mitigation measures relate to improving energy management and conservation practices.

2. Sub-meters and real-time energy monitoring equipment, timers, photoelectric cells,

thermostats, etc. should be installed.

3. Install translucent shades and fluorescent

lighting.

7.7 Construction waste disposal

Solid waste generated during site preparation and construction work would include cut vegetation

and typical construction waste (e.g. wasted concrete, steel, wooden scaffolding and forms, bags,

waste earth materials, etc.). This waste would negatively impact the site and surrounding

environment if not properly managed and disposed of at an approved dumpsite. Cleared vegetation

burnt onsite would generate smoke, possibly impacting negatively on ambient air quality and human

health. Vegetation and solid waste, if allowed to accumulate in drainage ways, could cause localized

pooling and flooding. Pooling of water, in turn, would create conditions conducive to the breeding of

nuisance and health-threatening pests such as mosquitoes. Poor construction waste management

constitutes a short-term negative impact.

Mitigation:

a. A site waste management plan should be prepared by the contractor prior to commencement of

construction works. This should include designation of appropriate waste storage areas,

collection and removal schedule, identification of approved disposal site, and a system for

supervision and monitoring.

b. Vegetation and combustible waste must not be burned on the site.

c. Reusable inorganic waste (e.g. Excavated sand/clay) should be stockpiled away from drainage

features and used for in filling where necessary.

d. Unusable construction waste, such as damaged pipes, formwork and other construction

material, must be disposed of at an approved dumpsite. 7.8 Reuse of treated wastewater and sludge

The treated wastewater effluent from the Karmali Chak STP is expected to meet the national

requirements. The STP improvements have been designed to produce effluent quality that would

comply with the effluent limits anticipated for crop irrigation.

Implementation of the Project would result in enabling seasonal irrigation of agricultural lands with

disinfected treated wastewater. Potential Impact of Sludge and irrigation by treated waste water can

be summarized as follow:

a. Potential pollution of the raw eaten crops

b. Children are often present on the farms and fallen fruit may be picked off the ground.

c. Labors and farmers at farms that are irrigated by treated wastewater or fertilized by

sludge may be subjected to some danger pathogens.

Mitigation:



a. Specific regulation shall be followed to control the use of treated wastewater in

irrigation according to the quality of treated wastewater and according to soil structure.

b. No sludge to be used without sufficient treatment

c. Public awareness program for the neighboring communities should be conducted

d. Provide workers with appropriate protective clothing including rubber gloves, boots,

long sleeved shirts and pants.

e. train workers to wash hands and faces frequently with soap and water and make

both available

8.0 MITIGATION AND MANAGEMENT PLAN

8.1 Environmental Management Plan

Summarizes the generic environmental management plan for low category investment that identifies

the potential issues of various activities that are anticipated in the design and development, construction,



and operation phases of the proposed sewer work and STP in Karmalichak area Patna. The Project

Components Includes:

a) Karmalichak STP of 37 mld;

b) Sewerage network in Zone-VI of 97 km

The environmental management plan ensures to suggest appropriate mitigation measure against the

issues/ concerns identified during the environmental and social assessment study.

In general, the BUIDCO (with assistance from DBO Operator and Independent Engineer/Supervision

Consultant) is the responsible entity for ensuring that the mitigation measures as suggested in the

ESMP. The roles and responsibilities of the involved institutes are described below.

8.1.1 Implementation of EMP Specific activities by BUIDCO

The role of BUIDCO in the implementation of EMP involves the following activities:

EIA clearance from NGRBA and World Bank;

CTO Certificate from Bihar State Pollution Control Board for STP.

Disclosure of EIA document as well as in the info shop of World Bank and

Permission from line department for lying of networking, renovation of STP & completion of

construction work of sewerage system.

Permission for tree felling (if any) ;

Advising contractor for necessary environmental monitoring of Air, Water, Noise and Soil

Quality during the construction Operation phase.

8.1.2 Specific activities by Design Built Operate (DBO) Operator

The operator shall implement the mitigation measures as recommended in EMP attached to the bid

document.

8.1.3 Implementation of EMP



The DBO Operator shall have prime responsibility to implement the EMP. “The DBO engineer” shall

monitor the compliance of the EMP. DBO engineer and BUIDCo will have secondary responsibility

for implementation of EMP.

The Operator shall ensure that:

Ensure that sewer laying process does not create hazardous movement situation. Also ensure

that public is pre-warned about the activities, construction area is barricaded, all debris is well

managed causing minimum inconvenience to public and other measures are implemented as

indicated under EMP.

Specific area shall be earmarked for intermittent storage of biodegradable and non-

biodegradable waste at SPS site.

Tree plantation (minimum two rows) shall be made on the periphery of SPS to prevent spread

of bad odour and undertake landscaping to enhance aesthetic at SPS locations.

Feedback from the local residents can also be taken from time to time to cross check the contractor’s

report. Project management consultants should make inspection visits at construction site to check the

implementation of Environment Management Plan as per the contract. Broad Institutional arrangement

for implementation of EMP is shown in figure 8.1 below:



Figure- 8.1: Organization Structure for Implementation of EMP

The Environmental Management Plan during the Design, Construction and Operation stages of the

project are given in table 8.1, 8.2 and 8.3 for Karmalichak STP and karmalichak Sewerage zone-VI.

Managing Director

Scheme Implementation Team (including EMP and R&R implementation)

BUIDCo

Project Manager

(Contractor)

Environmental Officer

(Contractor)

Team Leader

(Supervision Consultant)

Environmental Expert

(Supervision Consultant)

State Pollution

Control Board

GM (Tech) GM (Works) GM (Admin.)

CGM

Preparation of Detailed Project Reports (DPRs) & Bid Documents; Tendering for Execution; Construction Supervision & Quality Control of Sewerage Projects of Patna under NGRBA


Table 8.1: Environmental Management Plan for Karmalichak STP Project (37 MLD)

Activity Potential Negative

Impact/Concern Duration

of impact Mitigation Measures Responsible agency

A. Design and Development Phase

Sewage

Treatment plant Treated water

disposal into

nearby

stream

Pollution of received water

body ( river) or land due to

inefficient treatment or non-

operation of STP

Temporary The treated water quality shall comply

with the prescribed standards of the bid

document and other applicable

conditions of consent to establish issued

by the state pollution control board.

Selection of best available sewage

treatment technology with High BOD

removal efficiency.

Ensuring development and compliance

to standard operation and maintenance

practices.

Provision of effective screening at inlet

of STP for removal of grit, fine plastics

and other suspended solids

Provision of effective separation and

controlled disposal of digested sludge

Provision effective disinfection before

discharge of treated water for irrigation

or to river

DBO Operator

STP

Breakdown Discharge of untreated

sewage leading river

pollution.

Temporary Provision of adequate holding capacity

adequate for storage of sewage to

prevent flow of untreated sewage to

river.

DBO Operator

Flooding due

to rain water

run off

Rain water may flood the

STP area in absence of

adequate provision of

Temporary Suitable drainage provision shall be

made to divert the rain water likely to be

accumulated from peripheral

DBO Operator



diverting rain water flow

towards STP from

periphery area.

catchment area of STP, to natural

drainage stream or area.

Sludge

disposal Disposal of sludge leading

to contamination of land

and water.

Permanent Efficient Sludge dewatering with

minimum land involvement shall be

adopted.

Provision shall be made for intermittent

storage of digested sludge at STP site.

The digested sludge shall be utilised as

manure or disposed to suitable site as

approved by DBO engineer. If disposal

is made for land fill, the site shall be

located away from habitation and water

bodies and shall be pre-approved by

concerned authorities like Municipal

corporation, Pollution Control Board or

urban development authority.

DBO Operator

Provision for

safety of

workers and

safe

operation of

STPs

Accidents leading to injury

or death of workers ( Fall of workers from

Height, Fall into deep water

tanks, Short Circuiting)

Accidental slip, trip and fall

in walk ways or work areas

Fire

Exposure to toxic gas such

as chlorine

Permanent Ensure adequate provision of Handrails

on both sides of walkways close to

deeper tanks and STPs need to be

ensured;

All electric switches ( including unit

specific on-off switches installed at

respective units ) and panels should

have adequate protection from rain

water to prevent short circuiting

Proper earthling with installation of

earth circuit breakers shall be made

DBO Operator



Walk ways designs shall be made with

proper slope to avoid accumulation of

rain water. Material handling and

storage shall be so designed that walk

way surface remains free from wet or

oil surface situation to prevent slips, trip

or fall accidents.

Provision of interlock system to either

stop STP or divert untreated effluent to

holding tanks in case of short circuiting,

or mall functioning of STP

Prepare emergency preparedness plan

including identification of assembly

area in case of fire Location of

STP Noise/Odour/fly nuisance

hazards to neighbouring

areas.

Cutting of Trees

Permanent Ensure minimum noise generation; at

pump station in STP

Minimize Tree cutting if involved.

Tree plantation of at least two rows

around the periphery of STP site and

landscaping to prevent spread of bad

odour with large canopy/ broad leaves

trees like Sesum, Neem, Bargad, Teak,

Sal, etc.

Accumulated sludge and solid waste to

be cleared within 24 hours and spraying

of suitable herbicides on accumulated

sludge/solid waste to reduce odour.

DBO Operator

B. Construction phase

Sewage

treatment

Excavation Loss of topsoil due to

excavation activities. Temporary The existing STP shall not be

demolished till alternate arrangement

DBO Operator



plant for treatment of existing sewage is

made to ensure that untreated sewage is

not discharged to river.

Excavation shall be planned in such a

manner that such that no damage occurs

to existing structures.

Top soil should be separately stockpiled

and utilized for green belt development

or landscaping after completion of work

Construction waste Temporary All the associated construction waste

should be properly managed by storing

and disposing off at suitable refusal

sites approved by DBO engineer.

DBO Operator

Nuisance due to domestic solid

waste disposal Temporary Provide two bins for recyclable and

non-recyclable wastes.

Ensure that recyclable and non-

recyclable wastes are collected in

segregated manner in theses bins

before disposal. Recyclable material

should be sold. Non-recyclable material

should be disposed to designated land

fill area of the city.

Provide adequate sanitation facility for

workers at construction sites.

DBO Operator

Dust Generation due to

construction activities Temporary Excavated material transported by

trucks will be covered and/or wetted to

prevent dust nuisance.

DBO Operator



Suppressing dust generation by

spraying water on stockpiles and

unpaved movement areas

Water sprinkling over excavated areas,

unpaved movement areas and

stockpiles.

Transportation of loose construction

material through covered trucks.

Use dust curtains (polysheets/ sheets)

around the construction area for

containing dust spread.

Construction equipment must comply

with pollution norms and carry

Pollution Under Control certificate. Temporary flooding due to

uneven dumping of

construction waste

Temporary The construction waste material should

be stored on the higher areas of the site

and or areas where water may

accumulate creating flooding like

situation

DBO Operator

Spillage of fuel and oil Temporary Care to be taken to store fuel and oil (if

required) at a place away from any

drainage channel/nalla preferably to be

stored in drums mounted on a concrete

paved platform with slop draining to

small spills collection pit.

DBO Operator

Noise and vibration

disturbances to residents and

businesses

Temporary Construction activities to be carried out

in day time with prior intimation to

local residents and shop keepers.

Use of low noise and vibrating

equipment (such as enclosed generators

with mufflers, instruments with built in

DBO Operator



2 http://moef.gov.in/citizen/specinfo/noise.html

vibration dampening and improved

exhaust), to meet standards as

prescribed by CPCB2.

Provision of protective equipment

(PPE) like ear muffs and plugs for

construction workers. .

Provision of noise barriers as feasible in

inhabited areas, particularly near

sensitive zones like hospitals, schools

etc.

DG set to be fitted acoustic enclosure. Constructio

n camps Sanitation Nuisance due to absence of

facility of sanitation and solid

waste management

Temporary Labour camp if provided, must have

adequate provision of shelter, water

supply, sanitation and solid waste

management

DBO Operator

General:

safety

during

construction

Safety and

Health Hazard Safety hazards to labours and

public. Workers are seen to

working without any PPE even

at height.

Temporary Comply with the Occupational health

and Safety act of India

Ensure that the contact details of the

police or security company and

ambulance services nearby to the site.

Ensure that the handling of equipment

and materials is supervised and

adequately instructed.

Follow safe practices for working at

height or confined area or underground

working for safety of workers

Erect warning signs/ tapes and

temporary barriers and/or danger tape,

DBO Operator



marking flags, lights and flagmen

around the exposed construction works

warn the public and traffic flow of the

inherent dangers.

Provide adequate PPE to workers such

as helmets, safety shoes, gloves, dust

masks, gumboots, etc. to workers

Provide handrails on both sides of

walkways close to deeper tanks and

STPs need to be ensured;

Smaller on and off switches at STP

units to be installed with protection

from rain water to minimize electrical

short circuit;

Monthly reporting of all accidents and

immediate reporting to DBO engineer

and owner. C. Operation phase

Sewage

treatment

plant

Treatment and

Disposal of Treated

Water and Sludge

River, land or ground water

pollution due to discharge of

untreated or partially treated

sewage due to inadequate or

inefficient STP operations.

Temporary Monitor the treated sewage quality

and ensure compliance with PCB

standards for effluent disposal into

surface water bodies, on land or for

the agricultural use.

Follow standard operating procedures

for operation and maintenance.

Undertake periodic audit as per these

procedures.

Comply with all applicable condition

of consent to operate

DBO Operator



Quarterly monitoring of influent

sewage, treated sewage, upstream and

downstream point of treated sewage

disposal point to river

Problems arising due to bad

odour, insects, polluted air, Temporary Maintain the green belt as per

provision of design to prevent spread

of bad odour with large canopy/ broad

leaves trees like Sesum, Neem,

Bargad, Teak, Sal, etc.

Accumulated sludge and solid waste

to be cleared within 24 hours and

spraying of suitable herbicides on

accumulated sludge/solid waste to

reduce odour.

Quarterly monitoring of Ambient Air

Quality with respect to PM10, PM2.5,

Sox and NOx, CO and Odour at three

locations ( at STP site, minimum 500

m away from STP site in up-wind and

down-wind direction of STP area.

DBO Operator

Increase in Ambient Noise

Level and discomfort to

neighbouring people

Temporary Proper handling and regular

maintenance of operating machines

including pumps, generators, air

diffusers, etc.

Quarterly Monitoring of Ambient

Noise level to check compliance to

standards.

Quarterly monitoring of ambient

noise levels ( day and night) at same

locations as of ambient air monitoring

DBO Operator



Indiscriminate disposal of

sludge leading to

contamination of land and

soil.

Temporary Prepares sludge disposal plan as per

desire stage provisions and guidelines

and adhere to the same.

Ensure proper functioning of STP for

digestion of sludge and ensure

adequate functioning of dewatering

units for efficient functioning of

system

DBO Operator

River, land or ground water

pollution due to discharge of

untreated or partially treated

sewage due to inadequate or

inefficient STP operations.

Temporary Ensure compliance with PCB

standards for effluent disposal into

surface water bodies, on land or for

the agricultural use.

Follow standard operating procedures

for operation and maintenance.

Undertake periodic audit as per these

procedures.

Comply with all applicable condition

of consent to operate

DBO Operator

General

Safety Workers exposure

to hazardous

materials/situations

Serious/health/ safety

hazards

Temporary Ensure availability of PPE for

maintenance workers.

Follow safety measures and

Emergency preparedness plan

evolved at design stage

DBO Operator



Table- 8.2: Environmental Management Plan for Karmalichak Sewerage Network (Zone-VI)

Activity Potential Negative

Impact/Concern Duration

of impact Mitigation Measures Responsible

Agency

Sewerage and Sanitation Investments

A. Design and Development Phase Sewerage

Network (

Trunk

Sewer

Line)

Accidental

leakages/

bursts

Due to accidental burst or

leakage of sewers,

flooding of the nearby

areas

Backlogging due to

unexpected heavy flow

rates

Temporary Designing sewers with adequate capacity and flow velocity

Provision for Regular inspection and maintenance of the sewers Preparation of safety and Emergency Preparedness plan

DBO

Operator

Sewage

Pumping

Station

Location of

Sewage

Pumping

Station and Pumping of

sewage to STP

Noise and odour

nuisance hazards to

neighboring areas.

Cutting of Trees

Permanent

Ensure minimum noise generation at pump station in SPS by use

of less noise generating equipment meeting prescribed noise

standards as applicable and enclosed generators.

Minimize Tree cutting if involved.

Tree plantation of at least two row around the periphery of SPS site

and landscaping to prevent spread of bad odour with large canopy/

broad leaves trees like Sesum, Neem, Bargad, Teak, Sal, etc.

Accumulated sludge and solid waste to be cleared at short intervals

and spraying of suitable herbicides on accumulated sludge/solid

waste to reduce odour. Provision for regular maintenance and switching off equipment when

not in use;

DBO

Operator

B. Construction phase

Sewerage

(laying of

sewers) and

Excavation,

cutting, back

filling,

Damage to underground

utilities like water, gas line,

electricity and telephone

Temporary Identify existing underground other utility structures, lines through

available records and in consultation with concerned authorities

and plan construction activities accordingly to minimize damage to

DBO

Operator



Sewage

Pumping

station

compaction

and

construction

operations

conduits, etc. due to

construction activities. such utilities. These underground utilities encountered in

excavating trenches carefully shall be supported, maintained and

protected from damage or interruption of service until backfill is

complete and settlement has taken place.

Accidents/ damages due to

erosion/ sliding of vertical

sides of excavated trenches

while places the pipes

Temporary Maintaining the excavation by Shoring trench sides by placing

sheeting, timber shores, trench jacks, bracing, piles, or other

materials

Exposed surface shall be resurfaced and stabilized. Exposed

surface will be resurfaced and stabilized by making the sloping

sides of trench to the angle of repose at which the soil will remain

safely at rest.

DBO

Operator

Generation of substantial

debris, top soil and muck

during construction

Temporary Top soil shall be preserved and may be used for agricultural

purpose or development of city parks.

Soil and debris may be managed for planned land filling and

landscaping;

Debris may be suitably stored to filling back the excavated areas

after placing the trunk sewer lines.

DBO

Operator

Dust Generation ( Air

Pollution) due to

excavation, cutting, back

filling and compaction

operations

Temporary Water sprinkling over excavated areas, unpaved movement areas

and stockpiles.

Transportation of loose construction material through covered

trucks.

Use dust curtains (polysheets/ sheets) around the construction area

for containing dust spread at SPS building construction site.

Construction equipment must comply with pollution norms and

carry Pollution Under Control certificate.

DBO

Operator

Noise and vibration

disturbances to residents

and businesses

Temporary Construction activities to be carried out in day time with prior

intimation to local residents and shop keepers.

Construction work near schools and colleges to be carried out

during vacations and work near hospitals to be completed on

priority basis (in shorter time period with alternate provision of

traffic, accessibility of exit/entry gates etc.).

DBO

Operator



Use of low noise and vibrating equipment meeting prescribed noise

standards.

Provision of protective equipment (PPE) like ear muffs and plugs

for construction workers. .

Provision of noise barriers in inhabited areas, particularly near

sensitive zones like hospitals, schools etc.

DG set to be fitted acoustic enclosure. Temporary flooding due to

excavation during

monsoons or blockage of

surface drains

Temporary Stockpiled areas to be bordered by berms;

Stockpiles to be done in high areas to avoid flow in storm water

run-off channels and erosion;

DBO

Operator

Increased traffic

inconvenience (emissions,

congestions, longer travel

times, blockage of access)

Temporary Alternate traffic routing must be adopted in consultation with

concerned traffic police authorities. Proper traffic planning be

made for narrow lane areas.

Work should to be completed on priority near business and market

place to minimize business loss.

Care should be taken to minimize congestion and negative impacts

at schools and hospitals. Safe access shall be maintained to these

places during construction.

Provide temporary crossing/ bridges as may be required to

facilitate normal life and business

DBO

Operator

Settlement of backfilled

area after construction Temporary The backfilling material shall be free from petroleum products,

slag, cinders, ash or other material.

Backfilling activity shall be completed within five days of laying

of sewer.

Proper compaction as per the soil condition and retain the original

level of alignment and grade.

DBO

Operator

Spillage of fuel and oil Temporary Care to be taken to store fuel and oil (if required) at a place away from

any drainage channel/nalla preferably to be stored in drums mounted

on a concrete paved platform with slop draining to small spills

collection pit.

DBO

Operator



Nuisance due to solid waste

disposal Temporary Provide two bins for recyclable and non-recyclable wastes.

Ensure that recyclable and non-recyclable waste are collected in

segregated manner in theses bins before disposal. Recyclable

material should be sold. Non-recyclable material should be

disposed for designated land fill area of the city.

Provide adequate sanitation facility for workers at construction

sites.

DBO

Operator

General:

safety during

construction

Accidents Safety hazards to labours

and public Temporary Comply with the Occupational health and Safety act of India

Ensure that the contact details of the police or security company

and ambulance services nearby to the site.

Ensure that the handling of equipment and materials is supervised

and adequately instructed.

Erect warning signs/ tapes and temporary barriers and/or danger

tape, marking flags, lights and flagmen around the exposed

construction works warn the public and traffic flow of the inherent

dangers.

Provide adequate safety precautions such as helmets, safety shoes,

gloves, dust masks, gumboots, etc. to workers Monthly reporting of all accidents and immediate reporting to

DBO engineer and owner.

DBO

Operator

C. Operation phase

Sewer line Leakage/

overflows Water pollution and

possibility of mixing with

water supply line

Temporary Regular monitoring of sewer line and manholes for visible

leakages/ overflows.

Immediate repair shall be carried out to plug the leakages. Restore

the sewer and other utility services if damaged due to leakages.

DBO

Operator

Sewage

Pumping

Station

Waste

Handling Bad odour, Health hazard

and public nuisance

Temporary Provision for regular clearance of sludge and solid waste to

minimize odor nuisance

Ensure maintenance of Green belt as planned Periodic disposal of accumulated sludge/solid waste to disposal

site as approved by DBO engineer.

DBO

Operator



General

Safety Workers

exposure to

toxic gases in sewers and

hazardous

materials

during sewer

maintenance

work

Serious/health/ safety

hazards

The toxic gases are

likely to contract

communicable diseases

from exposure to

pathogens present in the

sewage.

Temporary During cleaning/ maintenance operation, the sewer line will be

adequately vented to ensure that no toxic or hazardous gases are

present in the line.

Ensure availability of PPE for maintenance workers.

Follow safety and Emergency Preparedness plan prepared at

design stage Monthly reporting of all accidents and immediate reporting to

DBO engineer and owner.

DBO

Operator



8.2 Environmental Monitoring Plan

The Environmental Monitoring Programme has been detailed out in Table: 8-2. Successful implementation

of the Environmental Monitoring Program is contingent on the following:

The Project Management Consultant (PMC) along with BUIDCO to request the Contractor to

commence all the initial tests for monitoring (i.e. for Air, Water Quality and Noise Levels) early in

the Contract to establish 'base' readings (i.e. to assess the existing conditions prior to effects from the

Construction activities being felt);

The PMC along with BUIDCO to request the Concessionaire / Contractor to submit for approval a

proposed schedule of subsequent periodic tests to be carried out;

Monitoring by the PMC's Environmental Officer of all the environmental monitoring tests, and

subsequent analysis of results;

Where indicated by testing results, and any other relevant on-site conditions, PMC to instruct the

Concessionaire / Contractor to:

o Modify the testing schedule (dates, frequency);

o Modify (add to or delete) testing locations;

o Verify testing results with additional testing as/if required;

o Require recalibration of equipment, etc., as necessary; and,

o Request the Concessionaire to stop, modify or defer specific construction equipment,

processes, etc., as necessary, that are deemed to have contributed significantly to

monitoring readings in excess of permissible environmental "safe" levels.

8.3 EMP Budget

The environmental budget for the various environmental management measures proposed in the ESMP is

detailed in Table 8-3 and the cost of the Environmental Monitoring is given in Table 8-4. There are several

other environmental issues that have been addressed as part of good engineering practices, the costs for which

have been accounted for in the Engineering Cost. The rates adopted for the budget has been worked out on

the basis of market rates and the Schedule of rates. Various environmental aspects covered/will be covered

under engineering costs are listed below:

Proper drainage arrangements to prevent water stagnation/ flooding in SPS site area

Appropriate sitting, and enclosing within building to reduce noise and odor nuisance to surrounding

area Drainage along the ghats to collect the discharge from the residents and connecting to city sewer

Alternate traffic re-routing,

Ensuring storage of excavated soil material on the higher lying areas

Solid Waste Management



Table: 8.4- Environmental Monitoring Plan of Karmalichak sewerage system

Env.

Compo

nent

Stage Institutional Responsibilities

Parameter Standards/ Methods Locations Frequency Implementation Supervision

Air

Qu

alit

y

Co

nst

ruct

ion

PM10 μg /m3,

PM2.5 μg/m3, SO2,

NOX, CO

CPCB

Sewer

Construction

Sites, SPS &

STP

Once in every season

(except monsoon

Contractor through approved

monitoring agency/Lab

PMC, BUIDCO and SPMG

Op

erat

ion

PM10 μg /m3,

PM2.5 μg/m3, SO2,

NOX, CO

Sewer

Construction

Sites,SPS &

STP

Once in a year except

monsoon for first 5

years.




Met

eoro

logy

Co

nst

ruct

ion

Rainfall, humidity,

Wind Speed, Wind

direction,

Temperature

USEPA's

Meteorological

Monitoring Guidance

for Regulatory

Modeling Applications

One location

within

PATNA

district

Once in every season Contractor through approved



Op

erat

ion

Rainfall, humidity,

Wind Speed, Wind

direction,

Temperature

USEPA's

Meteorological

Monitoring Guidance

for Regulatory

Modeling Applications

One location

within Patna

district

Once in a year Contractor through approved



Co

nst

ruct

ion

Leq dB (A) (Day and

Night) Average and

Peak values

Sewer

Construction

Sites, , SPS &

STP

Once in every season

(except monsoon)






Leq dB (A) (Day and

Night) Average and Peak

values

Sewer

Construction

Sites, , SPS &

STP

Once in a year except

monsoon for first 5 years.




Physical Parameter:

Texture, Grain Size,

Gravel, Sand, Silt, Clay;

Chemical Parameter: pH,

Conductivity, Calcium,

Magnesium, Sodium,

Nitrogen, Absorption

Ratio

Consider the following

methods:

IS-2720 (Various part);

Soil Chemical Analysis by

M.L. JACKSON.

Soil Test Method by

Ministry of agriculture

Sewer

Construction

Sites , SPS &

STP




Physical : Texture, Grain

Size, Gravel, Sand, Silt,

Clay; Chemical

Parameter: pH,

Conductivity, Calcium,

Magnesium, Sodium,

Nitrogen, Absorption

Ratio


methods:

IS-2720 (Various part);

Soil Chemical Analysis by

M.L. JACKSON.

Soil Test Method by

Ministry of agriculture

Along sewer

construction

sites, SPS &

STP

Twice in a year (Pre-

monsoon and Post

monsoon) for first 5

years,




Physical Parameter:

Chemical Parameter

BOD, COD, DO,: pH,

MLSS, MLVSS

Conductivity, Turbidity,

color.


methods:

Standard water quality

parameters as per IS 2291

and As specified by Bihar

State Pollution Control

Sewer

Construction

Sites , SPS &

STP






Board in Consent Order


methods:

Standard water quality

parameters as per IS 2291

and As specified by Bihar

State Pollution Control

Board in Consent Order

Along sewer

construction

sites, SPS &

STP

Twice in a year (Pre-

monsoon and Post

monsoon) for first 5

years,






Table: 8.5 - EMP Budget

Phase Component

of EMP Mitigation measure

Cost included in the

DPR (Yes/no/not clear)

Cost in Rupees

(or Details if provided in

DPR)

Remarks

Design and

Development

Provision for

accidental

leakages /

bursts in

SPS,STP

Proper drainage arrangements

to prevent water stagnation/

flooding in SPS site area &

STP

Yes (not specific but

included as a part of

associated construction

activity)

DPR for Sewerage system in

Sewerage District Patna,

The proposed DPR includes these activities

Location of

SPS,STP

Appropriate siting, and

enclosing within building to

reduce noise and odour

nuisance to surrounding area

Yes DPR for Sewerage system in

Sewerage District Patna

The proposed SPS,STP will be indoor which

will prevent noise and enclosed nature and

appropriate cleaning and maintenance will

prevent odour nuisance

Construction Excavation,

Cutting and

filling

operations

Review of existing

infrastructure, shoring

trenches, reinstatement/

resurfacing




Damage

public utilities

Proper reviewing of existing

drawing s of utilities,

informing concern authorities

and reinstatement of public

utilities




Dust

generation

Water sprinkling on excavated

material to suppress dust and

provision of top cover when

transported through vehicles

No Water tanker: Rs.

Approximately

Rs 900160/-

/-

Top cover for dumper truck:

Rs. 33750/-

According to DPR 97 Km stretch in each zone

will be completed in 3years. This means

approximately 97 m will be covered per day.

970 L of water will be consumed for 97 m using

sprinkler average 2 times a day

Labour cost-Rs. 150/day

Rs. 300/tanker+Rs150/labourer = Rs. 450

Per meter cost = Rs. 450/97 m = Rs 4.64/-



Total cost for 97 Km= Rs.

450080.00

Keeping a 2 day margin for construction and

reinstatement of the site

2x450020= Rs. 900160/-

For 97 km stretch:

Rs. 900160/-

Top cover:

Approximately 30 Sqm of top cover may

require for each vehicle. Assuming 5 such

vehicle involved in transporting excess soil to

dumping location (considering construction

schedule and max excavated earth disposal).

Hence 5 trucks* required top cover 30 Sqm*

Cost of Tripol cover at Rs. 75/ Sqm

Noise and

vibrations

Usage of sound barriers or

sheets.

No. Rs. 1474000/- As per the schedule, the construction of 97 km

in Karmalichak Zone IV has to be executed in

36 months.

Hence on an average in Zone IV (N) nearly 97

m/day will be constructed, while in Zone IV

(N), be constructed per day. Hence on an

average 97 m will be constructed considering.

364 GI sheet of 3’x 8’ would cover 97 m length

(both sides) of construction activity daily. (97

sheets are needed of for one side of 97 m

stretch, so for 2 sides 194 sheets and 2 more

sheets to enclose one open side of the

barricading; 99 m is taken as a safer option as it

will not be possible to shift the barrier to

another site same day)

Hence 198 sheets* Cost of GI sheet Rs.1000 per

sheet (Rs.70-100 per Kg)* labour cost ( four

labours at avg. rate of Rs. 150 per day) = Rs.

737000

And for 199 Kms = Rs. 1474000

Temporary Alternate traffic re-routing, Yes DPR for Sewerage system in



flooding or ,

water logging

Ensuring storage of excavated

soil material on the higher

lying areas


Increased

traffic

inconvenience

Traffic re-routing Yes DPR for Sewerage system in


Safety hazards

to workers and

residents

Putting fences or other

barricades to demarcate the

area

No Rs. 22500 Assuming a stretch of 228m per day, 300 rods

will be used, @ Rs. 75/- per rod.

Labour camps

(if adopted)

Health hazards

and nuisance

due to absence

of facility for

sanitation or

solid waste

management

Sanitation No Cost of construction of pit

and toilet building &

cleaning approximately Rs.

15,48,000/-

The labour camps can be divided into 1 camp

for each zone, for appropriate management and

maintenance work. Per day each camp will have

around 300-400 labourers (approx).

The approximate cost of one toilet unit in a

camp would be around Rs 7,50,000. For

constructing toilet at 2 camps expenditure

would be Rs. 15,00,000/-

Cleaning of pit cost Rs 4000/-. And after 9

months cleaning is needed so thrice cleaning is

needed. So for 2 pits X 2 camps X 3 times

cleaning the cost will come as Rs.48000/-.

Water Supply No Approximately Rs.

28,25,000/-

As estimated 500 laborers will be required.

Around 10 stand posts will be needed at one

camp. One stand post construction cost is Rs

6250/-. So for 2 camps total cost will be Rs

125000 for construction.

At the rate of 100 LPCD, 50000 L i.e. 50KL of

water is needed. At the rate of Rs 5KL, the cost

of water provisioning would be Rs 300 per day

and hence cost for each camp for 50 kl would

be Rs 3000/day. Total cost for 30 months would

be Rs 2700,000.

Total cost of construction and provisioning

would be Rs 28,25,000/-

Dust bins No Approximately Rs. Solid waste generation: Generally about 200



300000/-

grams of solid waste is generated per 5 persons

every day. Hence two cluster dustbin (one for

biodegradable waste and one for non-

biodegradable waste of 1 cum size at the rate of

Rs. 2000/-) may handle solid waste generated.

Construction Fly Nuisance

at STP

Application of insecticides No Lumpsum Cost

Rs.1200000/-

Treatment of

Disposal of

Sludge

Ensure proper functioning of

STP for digestion of sludge

No Lumpsum Cost Rs.

1200000/-

Sludge

Monitoring

Analysis of sludge and its

neutralization

No Lumpsum cost Rs.

1200000/-

Tree

Plantation &

Landscaping

No Lumpsum cost Rs 1100000/-

Training and

Awareness

generation

Among the workers of

construction camp and

operators of STP and

Monitoring and Evaluation

expert

No Lumpsum Rs 800000/-

Total Cost of Environment Management Rs 12603410/-

Total cost for EMP is estimated to be approximately Rs 12603410/-excluding budget for environmental monitoring plan.



.PATNA SEWERAGE SCHEME, BIHAR

Table: 8.6 - Cost of Environmental Monitoring Plan

Item Location Season Year Total no. of

samples Unit Cost Total Cost

Environment Monitoring during Construction Stage

Air quality Monitoring 8 3 3 72 7,000.00 504,000.00

Metrological data 1 4 3 12 5,000.00 60,000.00

Noise / vibration 8 3 3 72 2,000.00 144,000.00

Water analysis

Soil analysis

8

8

3

2

3

3

72

48

6,500.00

5,000.00

46,8000.00

240,000.00

Travel and Transportation of monitoring Team Lumpsum 900,000.00

Sub total 2340,000.00

Environment Monitoring Cost (Operation Stage)

Air quality Monitoring 8 1 5 40 7,000.00 280,000.00

Metrological data 1 1 5 5 5,000.00 25,000.00

Noise / vibration

Water analysis

8

8

1

3

5

5

40

120

2,000.00

6500.00

80,000.00

780000.00

Soil analysis 4 2 5 40 5,000.00 200,000.00

Travel and Transportation of monitoring Team Lumpsum 900,000.00

Sub-Total 2285,000.00

TOTAL for Environmental Monitoring 4,581,000.00

Total Cost of EMP and Environmental Monitoring (Total of Table 8.3 and Table 8.4) 1,7184410.00

Say 1.72 Crore



8.4 Social Management Plan

8.4.1 Social mitigation plans during construction phase

Based on the identified social issues, doable mitigation plans are proposed. Some of these measures are

already listed in the DPRs, and some of them are additionally recommended for social development of the

project and the concerned stakeholders.

i. Impact on human health

Mitigation Measure: Acoustic enclosures or hoardings can be constructed at the proposed sites

Mitigation plan involves the erection of temporary enclosures around construction sites. These barriers will

help entrap some of the dust that is brought up in digging. They will also provide safety benefits, to be

detailed below. According to the interaction/consultation with the key stakeholders, it was said that

contractors are doing water sprinkling in the construction area.

ii. Traffic Congestion

Mitigation Measure: Re-route traffic whenever possible and employing traffic police to manage the traffic

movement.

Traffic must be re-routed to facilitate ease of movement. Proper signage should provide detailed information

on the dates and duration of road closures and which detours will be available, ideally well in advance of

actual construction so residents can plan accordingly. Strategic placement of traffic police at critical

intersections will also facilitate better flow of traffic. Plans and budget for these measures are already

included in the DPR.

iii. Impact on livelihood

Sewer constructions will invariable lead to road closures, which will adversely affect shops on those streets.

The first priority is for the contractor to take the necessary measures to ensure that pedestrians always have

access to shops, vendors, etc. For mobile vendors, this may include adjusting the location of the cart, etc. to

a similar location in the immediate vicinity of the original location for the duration of the project. Projects

should also proceed on schedule so as to minimize disruption.

Additionally, clean-up of debris and clearance of blockages should commence immediately after project

completion so as to remove any potential obstacles that might prevent customers from accessing businesses

or other disruptions.

In the event that the contractor, despite best efforts, is unable to avoid blockages of the roads and/or

disruption of local businesses, some compensation is necessary. The ESMF currently mandates

compensation only in the case of permanent livelihood loss or displacement and provides no provisions for

livelihood loss of mobile vendors. Additionally, no regulation, policy, guideline, etc. exists which can

provide precedent or guidance in this instance. ESMF clearly states that mobile/ambulatory hawkers: fruit

cart vendors, etc. who can easily relocate fall into this category. These vendors are most eligible for a

temporary relocation just outside the construction area, and will thus not be eligible for compensation as is

the case for this proposed project. However if during the construction of the project any party faces

livelihood loss due to the proposed project, then that party should be compensated according to the

entitlement matrix given in the ESMF report.

iv. Impact on existing utility services

Mitigation Measure:

Circulating the layout plans of the existing underground alignment near the work site.

Contacting the relevant department in case there is any damage to any of the utility services and ensuring

prompt fixing/replacing of damaged infrastructure



v. Safety hazards

Mitigation Measure: Fencing of the excavation site and providing proper caution sign boards.

As mentioned above, fencing should be erected around construction sites and appropriately marked with

caution signage. These fences/signs should remain in place even if construction is not active, so long as a

hazard (e.g. open pit) remains.

Currently, no provision for fences are explicitly mentioned in the DPR, and, in field visits to JNNURM

sites, some had fences while others did not.

vi. Elevated Noise Levels

According to officials, construction will take place after school hours or at other times of school closing to

avoid interfering with school function. Beyond that, construction must simply proceed in a deliberate and

judicious manner to avoid unnecessary noise pollution.

vii. Failure to Restore Temporary Construction Sites

As mentioned above, provisions to rehabilitate roads and clear debris are already included in the DPR.

viii. Public Notice:

According to the suggestion given by locals during the interview. Government and contractor should give

a prior notice to each and every locality with the details of project, street wise start date of construction

and street wise end date of construction, contact person during emergency. This information would help

them better adjust to the situation and make necessary adjustments and provisions.

8.5 Assess the Capacity of Institutions and Mechanisms for Implementing Social Development Aspects

and Social Safeguard Plans;

Recommend Capacity building measures Roles and functions of the institutions are pre-defined, but they

can enhance their capacity for better implementation and operation of the project. There should be

synergies and continual interaction amongst the departments for better coordination. The officers of the

relevant departments can be trained in social sciences, social management plan, etc.

Institutional reform and capacity building of local body is in process under JNNURM, it will be required

to ensure that operating authorities have the ability and equipment to properly manage and finance the

operation and maintenance of sewerage schemes. Otherwise continued development will not be

sustainable.

Table 8.7 : Role of stakeholder in implementation and mitigation

Stakeholder Category Role in project implementation Role in mitigation

NGRBA Over all coordination Coordinating so that the mitigation plan

is implemented well Ensuring funds for

mitigation plan execution



Executing agencies (Jal

Nigam, Ganga

Pollution Control Unit)

Implementation of the project by

awarding the project to the

suitable contractor and regional

coordination Informing the

relevant departments about the

progress of the project

Ensuring that the relevant departments

are available for mitigation plan

Enough safety provisions are available

for the project implementation.

Jal Sansthan While execution of projects

related to sewerage line, Jal

Sansthan is responsible for

the maintenance of trunk

sewers.

Should ensure that the basic amenities

are in order during the operational phase

of the project construction and

Municipality Ensuring better access to

households

Should ensure all the households

envisaged at project planning phase gets

access to the services. Weaker section of

the society should get equitable share.

State, local

Government

Coordination Monitoring and

evaluation

Coordination Monitoring and evaluation

Ensure all the safeguarding plans are in

line and acted upon.

NGOs, CSOs, Research

Institutes (Patna

University)

Awareness creation about

the project activities

Community participation

damage caused to the public

utility functions like drinking

water pipe lines for better

project implementation

Public participation and

coordination

8.6 Develop Monitoring and Evaluation Mechanisms to Assess Social Development Outcomes

Regular monitoring and evaluation of the project activities should be carried out to judge its success or

any gaps. Certain key parameters can be taken as the benchmark for monitoring and evaluation of the

project based on the identified development outcomes. Some of the indicators are listed below;

Increase in sewer access (number of households linked to the sewer network)

Decrease in effluent discharge into the Ganga (water quality assessment of the river)

Proper sites for industries, building etc.

Accessibility of the service to backward and weaker sections of the society

Increase in public toilet

Increase in the land rate (property appreciation value)



9.0 Conclusion

The project report of the proposed sub-project for sewerage Karmalichak Zone after environment

analysis concludes that the project falls in ‘low impact’ category and have overall positive benefits

on the life and environment of the people. There has been no reported land acquisition or livelihood

losses to be caused under this project. As per environmental and social management framework

guidelines of NGRBA, Environmental and Social Assessment, with a Generic Safeguard

Management Plan was conducted for addressing possible issues/ concerns arising from proposed

project.

Impacts of activities identified during the assessment fell under two separate categories of

Construction and Operation. Although no such permanently negative or adverse environmental or

social impacts were identified, there were certain temporary impacts, for which appropriate

mitigation plans have also been suggested. The environmental management plan ensures to suggest

appropriate mitigation measure against the issues/ concerns identified during the environmental and

social analysis study. All the social and environmental issues were appropriately studied and have

been substantiated using appropriate evidences, to ascertain the magnitude of their impacts. Even the

issues of public grievances and public notice have been taken care in the report to confirm

transparency during the project implementation. Report also ensures that well defined institutional

mechanism is in place to monitor and evaluate the progress of the project during construction,

implementation and operation phases.