project report on visit on unguja island, zanzibar archipelago€¦ · unguja island is part of the...

Project report on visit on Unguja island, Zanzibar

archipelagoIslanddescriptionandfarmobservations

Name:CaroleAliceEpper

Volunteeringperiod:November–December2015

Email:[email protected]

Phone:+41768237003

CaroleAliceEpper Volunteerproject Nov.-Dec.2015

ii

TableofcontentsIntroduction......................................................................................................................................1

Differentfarmtypesvisited.........................................................................................................6

Farmerproducingvegetables...................................................................................................................................6Associationofdifferentfamiliesproducingvegetables.................................................................................8Hectaremanagedbydifferentfamilies.................................................................................................................9Farmermanagingabananaplantation...............................................................................................................11Governmentalfruittreeproductionsite............................................................................................................13Farmermanagingabigvegetableplantation..................................................................................................14

Discussionandpersonalconsiderations..............................................................................16

References......................................................................................................................................17

Appendix.........................................................................................................................................18

ListoffurtherliteratureaboutUngujaisland,Zanzibararchipelago....................................................18

ListofFiguresFigure 1: Geology of Unguja Island. Picture taken from Bron Sikat, 2011 (modifications of

Johnsonsreview(1984)).QstandsforquaternaryageandMforMioceneage........................2Figure2: Soil typesonUnguja Island.Figure taken fromBronSikat,2011 (basedonHettige,

(1990)).Ontheleft:distributionoftheeighttypesofsoilspresentontheisland(grayish

mchanga, kinamo, kinongo, maweni, reddishmchanga, sandymchanga, swampywanda

anduwanda).Ontheright:threewaterinfiltrationrates(A:highinfiltration,B:moderate

infiltration,C:veryslowinfiltration).............................................................................................................2Figure3:Landuseandcover.FiguretakenfromBronSikat,2011...........................................................4Figure 4: Main cities on Unguja Island. Figure taken from

http://landenverzamelaars.nl/img/kaarten/zanzibar.gifon28.03.2016....................................6

ListofpicturesPicture1.a:Manureproduction 1.b:Detailoftheirrigationsystem..........................................7Picture2.a:Tomatoproduction 2.b:Soilonthefield.........................................................................8Picture3.a:soilonthefield 3.b:Tomatoesdamagedbyblossomendrot............................10Picture4:Papayaandcassavaproduction................................................................................................10Picture5:FieldusedforriceproductionduringDecember–April,othercropsorlettorest

fortherestoftheyear........................................................................................................................................10Picture6:Soilinthebananaplantation.....................................................................................................12Picture7:Bananaplantation...........................................................................................................................12


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Picture8:Bananaplantationandirrigationsystem.............................................................................13Picture9:Viewoftheseedlingfarm............................................................................................................13Picture10:Graftingofmangotrees.............................................................................................................14Picture11:Citrusseedlingsproductionandcoveragefromthesunradiation........................14Picture12:Tomatoproductionandoverviewofafield.....................................................................15


1

Introduction

IspentsevenweeksvolunteeringfortheCAAA(lescollégiensAkadiensetleurs

AmisAfricains)onUngujaisland,Zanzibarislandsarchipelago.ThisSwissorganisation

supportsthepopulationontheislandbylunchingdifferentschoolsinordertogivethem

aneducation,whichintheorganisation’sopinionisthebestweaponagainstpoverty.In

their second project, they are opening a training school for farmers and hotel

management andahostel.Thus, besides the education, the students canalreadyhave

their first training at the hostel and on the farm field next to the school. The island’s

income is mainly ensured by tourism. With the training that this school offers local

peoplehaveabetterchancetoconnecttothejobmarketontheisland.

During my stay, I visited some farms around the school area to get a better

understandingofthelocalfarmpracticesandtofigureoutpossiblesubjectsthatcould

betaughtatschool.

UngujaIslandispartoftheZanzibarislandsarchipelagointhesouthwestofthe

IndianOceanandislocatedbetween4°30’and6°30’latitudeand39°and40°longitude

(BronSikat,2011).Ungujaislandisabout35kmfarfromtheAfricaneast-coastandhas

a total area of about 1’554 km2 (Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2015). The archipelago is

part of the United Republic of Tanzania since 1964 and nowadays it is a semi-

autonomous region of Tanzania (Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2015). In 2011 editors of

countrySTATestimatedapopulationof794’000inhabitants(99%ofthemaremuslim)

onUngujaisland(EditorsofcountrySTAT,2011).

ThemasterthesiswrittenbyBronSikat(2011)compilesacomprehensiveview

on physiography, geology, hydrology, soil types, climate and land use. The climate on

Unguja Island is characterised by two rain seasons (long rains duringMarch-Mai and

shorter rain intervals during October-December) and two differentmonsoons (warm

and dry northeast monsoon in January-February, and cooler southwest monsoon in

June-September) (FINNIDIA et al., 1991). In the northern and southern parts of the

islandtheprecipitationamountsarelowerthaninthemiddleoftheisland.Theaverage

temperaturesfluctuatebetween28°CinJanuarydowntoabout24°CinAugust.


2

Figure1:GeologyofUnguja Island.Picture taken fromBronSikat, 2011 (modificationsof Johnsons review

(1984)).QstandsforquaternaryageandMforMioceneage.

Thefigureshowingthegeologyoftheisland(Fig.1)presentssixdifferenttypes

of stones. Coralline limestone (Q2) is evidently the most often found stone type,

followed by sandy clay soils (M3),Miocene limestone (M2) and recent deposits (Q1).

Thesetypesofstonesmaydeducethedevelopingofthesoilsduringtime.

Figure2:SoiltypesonUngujaIsland.FiguretakenfromBronSikat,2011(basedonHettige,(1990)).Onthe

left:distributionoftheeighttypesofsoilspresentontheisland(grayishmchanga,kinamo,kinongo,maweni,

reddishmchanga,sandymchanga,swampywandaanduwanda).Ontheright: threewater infiltrationrates

(A:highinfiltration,B:moderateinfiltration,C:veryslowinfiltration).


3

Mchanga (“sand” in Swahili) are sandy soils and have high to moderate

infiltration rates. Sandy mchanga is built on recent, non-calcareous sediments and

partially from greyish to white limestone containing hard siliceous bands (Hettige,

1990). Greyish mchanga soils (ferric and gleyic acrisol) are imperfectly drained and

partiallyanoxicinthelowersoillayersandhavepHvaluesaround4.5-5.0.Mostofthe

fruit trees are growing on this soils (bananas, citrus, coconut and durian), aswell as

pineapple, cassava and sweet potato. Reddishmchanga soils (haplic acrisol) are well

leaching,have lowsolublesalt contentsandslightlyacidicpH(about5.5),whichdoes

not decreases with increasing soil depth. There is an evenly distributed calcium

availabilityandabout1%oforganiccarbonpresent.Onthesesoils, thesamecropsas

thegreyishmchangacanbeproduced,andadditionally,alsoclovetreescanbeplanted

well.Sandymchanga(arenosol)arealmostpuresandysoils.Thereare twomainsub-

groupspresent,areni-dystricaresonolsandambicarenosols.Thefirstoneiscomposed

ofa50cmloamysandstratumfollowedbyauniformsandyclayloamlayer,whilethe

secondhasamorepronouncedloamysandstratum(about100cm)(Hettige,1990).

TheKinamogroupderives fromclayeyparentmaterial andhasvery restricted

drainage flow.Theyshowhighcracks in thesoil structure,andclumpsaresometimes

veryhardtobreak.Subgroupsfollowingarepartofthekinamogroup:gleyiccambisols,

cambicarenosols,nitisols,eutricandcalcicvertisols.

Kinongosoilsaremostlybuiltonweatheredlimestonematerialandhaveahigh

infiltration rate. There are five subgroups of kinongo soils: rhodic ferralsol, calcaric

cambisol,chromiccambisol,mollicleptosolandlithicleptosol,Ingeneral,theyhaveapH

around 6.4-7.0, an organic carbon content of 2-20 % and medium cation exchange

capacity. They are used for the production of different fruit trees (coconut, mango,

citrus, banana and sometimes cloves), pineapples, cassava, sweet potatoes, and for

arable crops. They differ in clay particle ratios, which give them different cation

exchange capacity and moisture ability (Hettige, 1990). There are two particular

subgroups that are obvious in higher amounts on Unguja Island. Uwanda (mollic

leptosol) is characterisedbya reddish colour,highhumic contents (organic carbonof

about6.8%),neutralorslightlyalkalinepH(6.5-7.0)andasoildepthofabout30cm

overtheporouslimestoneparentmaterial.Italsohasahighcontentofboehimiteclay

andtherest isresultsofvermiculite,whichisalmosttheonlysourceofwaterholding


4

capacity. These soils are mostly used for open grassland, without any type of

intervention. The second soil, Maweni (rendzic and lithic leptosols) encloses black

humicclumps,hasahighorganiccarboncontent(about20.3%),analkalinepH(about

8)andatypicalforestrysoil.Sometimescultivationshiftingtakesplaceaftercuttingand

burning the present vegetation. Cassava, banana, papaya, tomatoes and chilli are

possiblecropsforthisrotation.Swampywandaisalsopartofthekinongosoils,butno

furtherdescriptionwillbegivenhere.

Figure3:Landuseandcover.FiguretakenfromBronSikat,2011.

Thelanduseandcoverareveryimportantfactorstodefinehowmostofthesoils

are used and howhigh the exploitation ratemight be. Forest and bushes covermore

than50%ofUnguja Island followedbyagriculturewithonly15%.OnUnguja island

farmers produce root crops (sweet potato, yams, cassava and taro), vegetables


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(tomatoes,onions,pepper,chilli, squashandpumpkins), leguminous(pigeonpeasand

peanutsandgroundnuts),cereals(paddyrice,wheat,sorghumandmilletandcorn)and

different fruits (papaya, pineapple, mangoes, bananas, passion fruit and coconut)

(EditorsofcountrySTAT,2012).

In agricultural practices some external substances are applied on the soil.

Unfortunatelyonlythefertilizeramountsandnotthetypesoffertilizersaregivenbythe

editorsofcountrySTAT.Itmightnotbeexcludedthatthemostappliedfertilizerisurea

and only a small part of superphosphate is used (2008). There are no data about

pesticidesapplications.


6

Differentfarmtypesvisited

ThevisitedfarmswhereinMakunduchiandoneinBungi.UnfortunatelyIcannotspeak

Swahili,whichmade it verydifficult tome to get very technical informationbut I am

very grateful to Apro, who helped me as simultaneous interpreter. The general

information and land estimation presented should though give an idea on the

agriculturalpractices.

Figure4:MaincitiesonUngujaIsland.Figuretakenfrom

http://landenverzamelaars.nl/img/kaarten/zanzibar.gifon28.03.2016

Farmermkulimawambogambogaproducingvegetables

The first field visited is from a farmer, mkulima wa mbogambog, producing

vegetables. The landwas passed on fromhis father.He has no particular educational

background,ismarriedandhastwochildren.Heismanagingabout0.4haoflandonits

own.At themomentthe field issplit intotwomainparts.Hedoesarotation inwhich

onepart is left to rest andon theotherpart of landheproducespepper, tomato and

onions.

Hehasawatertankof5’000Lcapacityandanirrigationsystemforhalfofthecultivated

land. Thewater is supplied by awater pump source, about 50meters away and this

sourceisalsousedbyotherfarmersandinhabitantsofthevillage.


7

He has started to mulch part of the soil used for cultivation (particularly under the

pepperplants).Thereisnootherkindofprotectionofthesoilandnoshadow.Thesoil

andthecropsarethusdirectlyunderthestrongradiationsofthesun.

Hehasabout10cows,10goatsand20chickens.Allofthemarefreetowalkaroundthe

natureduring theday, andare then collectedbeforedawn.The excrementsproduced

duringthenightarecollectedfromthestableandputintoabarrelandletrestingwith

waterforaboutthreedaysandthenspreadoverthecultivatedland.Themanureofthe

cowsistheonlyfertilizingsourceheappliestothefield.

Heonlysellsthevegetablesinthevillagemarket,heisnotconnectedtothecitymarket

ofZanzibartown.

Waterscarcityiswhathethinksisthemainproblemofhiscultivation.Eventhoughhe

has a 5’000 L tank, he cannot fill it up because thewater pump pressure is too low.

Furthermore,everydistrictof thevillage isonlysuppliedwithwaterabout twohours

perday.Heusuallydirectlyusesthewatertoirrigatethecrops(eventhoughthewater

arrivesduringtheafternoon,whenthesunradiationsarestillveryhigh).

The ideaaboutmulching the soilwas itsown.Henoticed thatwithmulching, the soil

getslesswarmandthereisalittlelesswaterevaporation.

Picture1.a:Manureproduction 1.b:Detailoftheirrigationsystem


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Picture2.a:Tomatoproduction 2.b:Soilonthefield

Associationofdifferentfamiliesproducingvegetables

Thereisanassociationbetweenneighboursof15people(6womenand9men)

aremanagingapartofland.Theyaggregatedthedifferentpiecesoflandtohaveabigger

productionareaandtohelpeachotherintheagriculturalmanagement.Thelandused

foragricultureisabout1/5ofthelandtheywouldactuallyhaveavailableforfarming.

Theyalsohavea5’000Lcapacitywatertank.Theyproducethesametypeofvegetables

as their neighbour, pepper, tomatoes and onions. In November they harvested about

7’000kgoftomatoesonaparcelofabout0.03haandsoldtheirproductinMakunduchi

andsomeothervillagesnearby.Atthepointofvisit,therewerestillalotoftomatoeson

the plants. If still edible they are eaten by the families cultivating the land or sold to

producetomatosauceconcentrate(quantitiesarethoughquitelow).

Sameasfortheneighbourfarmer,waterscarcityandnosafeconnectiontoelectricityto

use thewaterpumpto fillup thewater tankareconsidered themainproblems.They

cannotfillupthewatertankbecausethepressureofthepumpistooweak.Theyfillup

another water tank that has been excavated (no pressure pump needed) that

unfortunately has a small capacity. Then the used parcel is watered with cans. In

contrasttotheirneighbour,eventhoughtheyareanassociationoffamilies,theydonot

havethefinancestoinvestinanirrigationsystem.


9

They do not use pesticides, but prepare own solutions to fight some insects (mix of

onion leafsandchilli fermented inwaterandthenappliedontheplants).Theydonot

believeincommercialpesticidesanddonothavethemoneytobuythem.

The farmerswould like toproduceother typesofvegetables,getvariation in thecrop

rotation,butthelocalpopulationisnotreallyinterestedinothercropsandtheyarenot

abletoproduceenoughvegetablestosell themtothenearbyhotels.Anotherproblem

that could then probably appear is the lack of storage. They are not able to store big

quantitiesoffood.

The money they earn from the harvests is split into the families and spent for the

children’seducationandtoinvestintotheagriculturalmanagement.

Hectaremanagedbydifferentfamilies

InthevillagenexttoMakunduchi,Sokoni,thereisanareathatiscultivatedbydifferent

farmers.Therearesomeparcelsmanagedbythewholefamiliesandotherscultivatedby

women.Every familyhas itsownparcel (area less than0.1ha),but theyallplantrice

beforetherainseason(wellfloodedarea).Mostofthefamiliesonlypracticesubsistence

farming,butafewalsoselltheirproductsinthebiggermarketsinZanzibartown.

Besidesthericeproduction,everyfamilyhasadifferentagriculturalmanagement.Some

donotproduceanythingduringtherestoftheyear,whileothersplanttomatoes,green

beans,peanutsorothercrops.

Somefarmersgetsomeinformationaboutnewagriculturalpracticesbytheconsultants

workingfortheministryofagriculture.Theycometothevillageonedayperyearand

inform the farmers about how to bemore efficient in planting a certain crop, which

mineralfertilizerstoapplyandsoon.Mostofthefarmersapplymineralfertilizersthat

the ministry of agriculture suggests to use, but they would like to have better

informationabouttheproductstheyareapplyingontheirownfields.Thereisalackof

communicationbetweenconsultantsandfarmers.


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Picture3.a:soilonthefield 3.b:Tomatoesdamagedbyblossomendrot

Picture4:Papayaandcassavaproduction

Picture5:FieldusedforriceproductionduringDecember–April,othercropsorlettorestfortherestofthe

year


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Farmermanagingabananaplantation

InthenorthernpartofMakunduchiafarmer,mkulimawamigomba,ismanaging

a banana plantation on its own. He has no agricultural educational background and

boughtthislandabout4yearsago.Thelandwasusedformangofruitproduction,but

becausethepricesofmangosonthemarketwerecontinuallydecreasing,hedecidedto

switchtobananaproduction.Ahighconcretefencesurroundstheplantationinorderto

preventthelivestocktodamagethetrees.Heappliesmanure,whichhebuysfromother

farmers.

The farmer bought an irrigation system about one year ago and has its own water

pumping system inside the plantation. Part of the water is also distributed to the

surroundingprivatehouses.

The farmer gets consultancy by the government regarding crop management. Its

production is sold mostly in Zanzibar Town. He is also planning to expand his

productionbybuyingsomemoreland.

The irrigation system enables amore precise application of water and it is less time

consuming.

The farmerwasworking in the food industrybeforeas fruit traderbetweenthesmall

villagesandZanzibarTownandhewasabletosetenoughmoneyasidetobuiltavery

sophisticatedbananaplantation.Hisknowledgeaboutthefruitmarketsituationhelped

himtohaveasecureoutletmarket.

In my opinion, this farmer has a good connection to the islands market and has a

successfulbananaproductionwithenoughwateravailability.


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Picture6:Soilinthebananaplantation

Picture7:Bananaplantation


13

Picture8:Bananaplantationandirrigationsystem

Governmentalfruittreeproductionsite

In Makunduchi there is a governmental fruit tree production area. They grow

fruittreesandthensellthemtofarmersforlowprices.Atthemomentofvisittheywere

growingcitrusandmangotrees.Thesoilisfromtheinnerpartsoftheisland,fromthe

forest. There the soil is nutrient and humus richer and enables a stronger and faster

growth.Inthesoiltheyusetheyalsoaddsomemanure.

Theproductionofthesetreesisbasedonthelatestknowledgeoftheministryof

agriculture. The workers told me that they collaborate with the state university of

Zanzibar. Unfortunately I could not find any department or program in agricultural

research.

Picture9:Viewoftheseedlingfarm


14

Picture10:Graftingofmangotrees

Picture11:Citrusseedlingsproductionandcoveragefromthesunradiation

Farmermanagingabigvegetableplantation

ThiswasjustaninformalvisittotheuncleofmyfriendSiaji,whomImetduringmystay

on the island. He has a big vegetable production farm in Bungi, close to Zanzibar

University. It is a very advanced agricultural management system. He has several

employees from the mainland of Tanzania who are doing all the field works, so my

friends’uncleismostlyjustmanagingthearea.


15

Picture12:Tomatoproductionandoverviewofafield

HeappliesdifferentNPK fertilizersandhassomeproblemswitha larvaeharming the

tomatofruit.Heisproducingdifferenttypesoftomatospeciesinordertodecreasethe

chanceofcompleteharvestloss.Thisisthemainissuehementioned.


16

Discussionandpersonalconsiderations

Duringmy stay I only had the chance to visit a few farmers. Iwas able to get an

overview of some of the agricultural practices, but it also made me realise how

heterogeneousthelevelofthesefarmsare.Somearestillbasicsubsistencefarms,others

alreadyhaveagoodconnectiontothelocalmarket.Thisisconnectedtotheliquidityof

thesinglefarmers.Somecaninvestintechnology,whileothershighlystrugglewiththeir

production.

Furthermore,Ifocusedmyvisitonthesouthernpartoftheisland,wherethereisonlya

smallareausedforagriculture,comparedtothemoreexpandedareainthenorthwest

ofUngujaisland.

The high interest of the farmers in producing a more extended variety of

vegetablesandtheirwillingnesstoconnecttothehotelsisafieldthatshouldbefurther

explored.Thevarietyintherotationcouldbebeneficialforthesoilqualityandavoidthe

possible development of cropdiseases. Production contracts could thusbe a solution.

ThehotelswouldnothavetogotoZanzibartowntobuyalltheirproducts,couldsustain

the local development and possibly store the products and avoid quality loss. But to

enableaproductionsecurity,thewaterunavailabilityhasfirsttobesolved.

I spent seven weeks on Unguja island to get a first overview of the farms in

MakunduchibecauseIwantedtogivesomesuggestionsintheplanningoftheteaching

subjects in the farmer training school that CAAA is launching in Makunduchi. In my

opinion,thestudentsshouldgetaneducationonseveralsubjects:cropproductionthat

theyregularlyeatintheirownhomes,butalsoaboutnewvarieties,thatareconsumed

in the hotels; the importance ofwatermanagement (how to usewater in an efficient

way); soil management (the importance of soil quality and tools to avoid soil

degradation); economical and financial introduction to ensure a good communication

betweenfarmersandhotels/tourism.

IreallyenjoyedworkingforCAAAandtobepartofthisproject.Itgavemeafirst

insightonagricultureinadevelopingcountryandthepossibilitytomeetanewculture.I

amgratefultohavehadthischanceandwouldbeveryinterestedincontinuinginthis

project.


17

ReferencesEditors of countrySTAT. (2008). Fertilizert consumption quantity by year. From

http://countrystat.org/home.aspx?c=TZA&ta=215S2FE017&tr=66, last visited

20.03.2016

Editors of countrySTAT. (2011). Zanzibar regional population. From

http://countrystat.org/home.aspx?c=TZA&ta=215S2PO012&tr=64, last visited

20.03.2016

Editors of countrySTAT. (2012). Zanzibar agricultural production production. From

http://countrystat.org/home.aspx?c=TZA&tr=59,lastvisited20.03.2016

Encyclopedia Britannica (2015). Zanzibar Island, Tanzania.

http://global.britannica.com/place/Zanzibar-island-Tanzania,lastvisitedon03.02.2016

FINNIDIA – Helsinki, Ministry of water, energy, construction, land and environment,

Zanzibar,Tanzania(1991).Zanzibarurbanwatersupplydevelopmentplan:institutional

arrangementsandhumanresourcesdevelopment.Helsinki,Finland:FINNIDA;Ministryof

ForeignAffairs.

BronSikatL.(2011).Assessingthespatialandtemporalcharacteristicsofgroundwaterrecharge

in Zanzibar: towards the optimal management of groundwater resources. Twente

University,TheNeatherlandsTheNeatherlands.

Hettige ML (1990). Land evaluation and land sustainability classification - Unguja and Pemba

Islands.UNFoodandAgriculturalOrganisation


18

Appendix

ListoffurtherliteratureaboutUngujaisland,Zanzibararchipelago

BiwiKM.(1993).DevelopmentofSmallholderDairyinginZanzibar.FutureofLivestockIndustries

in East and Southern Africa. http://www.fao.org/wairdocs/ilri/x5485e/x5485e0r.htm,

lastvisitedon20.02.2016

Calton WE, al. e. (1955). A study of the more important soils of Zanzibar Protectorate. East

AfricanAgriculturalJournal21:53-60.

Dean E. (2013). Contested ecologies: gender, genies, and agricultural knowledge in Zanzibar.

Culture,Agriculture,FoodandEnvironment35:102-111.

EilolaS,FagerholmN,MakiS,KhamisM,KayhkoN.(2015).Realizationofparticipationand

spatiality in participatory forestmanagement - a policy-practice analysis fromZanzibar,

Tanzania.JournalofEnvironmentalPlanningandManagement58:1242-1269.

Eilola S, Kayhko N, FagerholmN, Kombo YH. (2014).LinkingFarmers'Knowledge,Farming

Strategies, and Consequent Cultivation Patterns into the Identification of Healthy

AgroecosystemCharacteristicsatLocalScales.AgroecologyandSustainableFoodSystems

38:1047-1077.

JohnsonJ.(1984).AreviewofthehydrogeologyofZanzibar(Tanzania).

KayhkoN,FagerholmN,AsseidBS,MzeeAJ.(2011).Dynamiclanduseandlandcoverchanges

and their effect on forest resources ina coastal villageofMatemwe, Zanzibar,Tanzania.

LandUsePolicy28:26-37.

KukkonenM,KayhkoN. (2014).Spatio-temporalanalysisofforestchangesincontrastingland

useregimesofZanzibar,Tanzania.AppliedGeography55:193-202.

LaurenseAA. (2000).Developmentofintegratedcropmanagementwithsmallholdervegetable

producers in Zanzibar (Tanzania). Proceedings of the XXV International Horticultural

Congress,Pt14:287-290.

MarshedkharusyMN. (1994).PlantProtectionintheDevelopingWorld-ProblemsandNeeds-

LessonsfromZanzibar.CropProtectionintheDevelopingWorld:3-10.

Martin PJ, PoultneyR. (1992).SurvivalandGrowthofCloveSeedlingsinZanzibar.1.Effectsof

MulchingandShadeCrops.TropicalAgriculture69:365-373.

Martin PJ, Rashid AA, Cribb J, Poultney R. (1992).SurvivalandGrowthofCloveSeedlingsin

Zanzibar.2.EffectsofNurseryPracticesandMulching.TropicalAgriculture69:374-380.

MohamedAAJ,RahmanIA,LimLH.(2014).Groundwaterqualityassessmentintheurban-west

regionofZanzibarIsland.EnvironmentalMonitoringandAssessment186:6287-6300.


19

SalehHH,Mohamed SO,Khamis FH, al. e. (2004).On-farmtestingofselectedcassavaclones.

AfricanCropScienceJournal12:283-288.

SalehHH, Thabit ZO, Ali AH. (2004).On-farmevaluationofsweetpotatovarietiesinZanzibar.

AfricanCropScienceJournal12:253-258.

Sheikh MA. (2015).Municipal solidwastemanagement in tourist island ecosystems, Zanzibar:

Status,characteristics,challengesandprospects.WasteManagement41:Iii-Iii.

Stadlinger N, Mmochi AJ, Kumblad L. (2013).Weak Governmental Institutions Impair the

ManagementofPesticideImportandSalesinZanzibar.Ambio42:72-82.

SuckallN,TompkinsE,StringerL.(2014).Identifyingtrade-offsbetweenadaptation,mitigation

anddevelopmentincommunityresponsestoclimateandsocio-economicstresses:Evidence

fromZanzibar,Tanzania.AppliedGeography46:111-121.

SulaimanM,MirzaA, JumaS, al. e. (2002).Managingthelandunderclovesandcoconuts:the

Zanzibarexperience.TransactionsinInternationalLandManagement4:107-124.

TidburyGE(1954).CropresponsestofertilisersandmanuresinZanzibar.In.Inter-AfricanSoils

Conference.Tanzania.761-774.

YasminS,BakarMAR,MalikKA,HafeezFY.(2004).Isolation,characterizationandbeneficial

effectsofriceassociatedplantgrowthpromotingbacteriafromZanzibarsoils. Journal of

BasicMicrobiology44:241-252.

project report on visit on unguja island, zanzibar archipelago€¦ · unguja island is part of the...

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