progressive era 1890s-1920 a21 w 9.2.13. essential questions ► who were the progressives? ► what...
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PROGRESSIVEPROGRESSIVE
ERAERA
1890s-19201890s-1920
A21A21ww
9.2.139.2.13
ESSENTIAL ESSENTIAL QUESTIONSQUESTIONS
► Who were the Progressives?Who were the Progressives?► What reforms did they seek?What reforms did they seek?► How successful were How successful were
Progressive Era reforms in Progressive Era reforms in the period 1890-1920?the period 1890-1920? Consider: political change, social change (industrial conditions, urban life, women, prohibition)Consider: political change, social change (industrial conditions, urban life, women, prohibition)
ORIGINS OF ORIGINS OF PROGRESSIVE PROGRESSIVE
REFORMREFORM
ProgressivismProgressivism
WHO? “Progressives”urban middle-class: managers & professionals; women
WHY? Address the problems arising from:
industrialization (big business, labor strife)
urbanization (slums, political machines, corruption)
immigration (ethnic diversity)
inequality & social injustice (women & racism)
1920s
1890s
1901
1917
WHEN? “Progressive Reform Era”
ProgressivismProgressivismWHAT are their goals?►Democracy – government accountable to the
people►Regulation of corporations &
monopolies►Social justice – workers, poor, minorities
►Environmental protection
HOW?►Government (laws, regulations,
programs)►Efficiency
value experts, use of scientific study to determine the best solution Pragmatism – William James, John Dewey ( Darwinism)
(Cf. scientific management/Taylor)
HOW MUCH?????
Origins of ProgressivismOrigins of Progressivism► “Muckrakers”► Jacob Riis – How the Other Half Lives (1890)► Ida Tarbell – “The History of the Standard Oil Co.”
(1902)► Lincoln Steffens – The Shame of the Cities (1904)
Ida Ida TarbellTarbell
Lincoln Lincoln SteffensSteffens
MUNICIPAL MUNICIPAL & STATE & STATE
REFORMSREFORMS
MUNICIPAL REFORMMUNICIPAL REFORM►municipal reform►utilities - water, gas, electricity,
trolleys► council-manager plan (Dayton, 1913)
Shoe line - Shoe line - Bowery men Bowery men with gifts from with gifts from ward boss Tim ward boss Tim Sullivan, Sullivan, February, 1910February, 1910
MUNICIPAL REFORMMUNICIPAL REFORM
council-manager plan (Dayton, 1913)
COUNCIL
MEMBER
CITY MANAGE
R
COUNCIL
MEMBER
COUNCIL
MEMBER
COUNCIL
MEMBER
COUNCIL
MEMBER
strong mayor system
COUNCIL
MEMBER
COUNCIL
MEMBER
COUNCIL
MEMBER
COUNCIL
MEMBER
COUNCIL
MEMBER
MAYOMAYORR
CITY SERVIC
ES
CITY SERVICES
STATE POLITICAL REFORMSTATE POLITICAL REFORM
►secret ballots►direct primary►Robert M.
LaFollette►Seventeenth
Amendment (1913)
►initiative►referendum►recall
Robert M. LaFolletteRobert M. LaFollette, , Wisconsin Governor Wisconsin Governor
1900-061900-06
STATE POLITICAL REFORMSTATE POLITICAL REFORM
Voter Participation in Presidential Elections, 1876-1920
STATE SOCIAL REFORMSSTATE SOCIAL REFORMS►professional social workers ►settlement houses - education,
culture, day care
►child labor laws Enable education & advancement for working class children
STATE SOCIAL REFORMSSTATE SOCIAL REFORMS►workplace & labor reforms
eight-hour work day eight-hour work day
improved safety & health improved safety & health conditions in factoriesconditions in factories
workers compensation laws workers compensation laws
minimum wage lawsminimum wage laws
unionization unionization
child labor lawschild labor laws
Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire, 1913
State Social Reform: Child LaborState Social Reform: Child LaborChild Laborers in Indiana Glass Works, Midnight, Indiana. 1908
Child Laborer, Newberry, S.C. 1908
“Breaker Boys” Pennsylvania, 1911
Shrimp pickers in Peerless Oyster Co. Bay St. Louis, Miss., March 3, 1911
Settlement HousesSettlement Houses►Settlement Houses►Hull-House – Jane Addams
Jane Addams (1905)
Hull-House Complex in 1906
TEMPERANCETEMPERANCE►Temperance Crusade►Women’s Christian
Temperance Union (WCTU)
►Anti-Saloon LeagueFrances Willard Frances Willard (1838-98), (1838-98), leader of the leader of the WCTUWCTU
Anti-Saloon League Campaign, DaytonAnti-Saloon League Campaign, Dayton
TEMPERANCE & PROHIBITIONTEMPERANCE & PROHIBITION►Eighteenth Amendment
Prohibition on the Eve Prohibition on the Eve of the 18th of the 18th Amendment, 1919Amendment, 1919
SOCIALISMSOCIALISMALTERNATIVES
SOCIALISMSOCIALISM►Socialist Party►Eugene V. Debs
► Industrial Workers of the World (IWW or “Wobblies”)
Socialists parade, May Day, 1910
Eugene V. Eugene V. DebsDebs
NATIONALNATIONAL REFORMREFORMRoosevelt, Taft & Roosevelt, Taft &
Wilson Wilson as Progressive as Progressive presidentspresidents
ESSENTIALESSENTIAL QUESTION QUESTION
How effective were How effective were Progressive Era reformers and Progressive Era reformers and
the federal government in the federal government in bringing about reform at the bringing about reform at the national level in the period national level in the period
1900-1920?1900-1920?
Assassination of President McKinleyAssassination of President McKinley,, SeptSept 6, 6, 19011901
Theodore RooseveltTheodore Roosevelt:: the “accidental President”the “accidental President”Republican (1901-1909)Republican (1901-1909)
(The New-York Historical Society)
Roosevelt’s Roosevelt’s “Square Deal”“Square Deal”►1902 Anthracite
Coal Miners Strike►“Square Deal”
Anthracite miners at Scranton, Anthracite miners at Scranton, Pennsylvania, 1900Pennsylvania, 1900
Roosevelt the “trust-buster”Roosevelt the “trust-buster”
►Northern Securities Company (1904) ►“good trusts” and “bad trusts” ►Hepburn Railroad Regulation Act
(1906)
““ONE SEES HIS FINISH UNLESS GOOD GOVERNMENT ONE SEES HIS FINISH UNLESS GOOD GOVERNMENT RETAKES THE SHIP”RETAKES THE SHIP”
Consumer ProtectionConsumer Protection
►Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle ►Pure Food and Drug Act (1906) ►Meat Inspection Act (1906)
Chicago Meatpacking Workers, Chicago Meatpacking Workers, 19051905
"A nauseating job, but it must be done"
Roosevelt & Roosevelt & ConservationConservation
►Used the Forest Reserve Act of 1891
►U.S. Forest Service (1906)
►Gifford Pinchot►White House
conference on conservation -1908
►John Muir
Theodore Roosevelt and Gifford Pinchot,
1907
Theodore Theodore Roosevelt Roosevelt
& John & John Muir at Muir at
YosemiteYosemite19061906
CONSERVATIONCONSERVATION::National Parks and ForestsNational Parks and Forests
William William Howard TaftHoward TaftPresident 1909-13President 1909-13
RepublicanRepublican
Postcard with Taft cartoon
Taft Birthplace today, Mt. Auburn
Taft’s Progressive AccomplishmentsTaft’s Progressive Accomplishments
► trust-busting
► forest and oil reserves
►Sixteenth Amendment
►BUT: Caused split in Republican Party
Payne-Aldrich Tariff (1909) Pinchot-Ballinger Controversy
(Taft has) “…completely (Taft has) “…completely twisted around the twisted around the policies I advocated and policies I advocated and acted upon.”acted upon.”
-Theodore Roosevelt
Election of 1912Election of 1912►Woodrow Wilson►Progressive Party
(“Bull Moose party”)
►“New Nationalism”
►significance
Woodrow WilsonWoodrow Wilson
Theodore Theodore RoosevelRoosevelt cartoon, t cartoon, March 1912March 1912
1912 1912 PresidentiaPresidentia
l Electionl Election
WilsonWilson►Woodrow Wilson►“New Freedom”►Underwood Simmons
Tariff (1913)
►Sixteenth Amendment (1913)
►Federal Reserve Act (1913)
►Federal Trade Commission Act (1914)
►Clayton Anti-Trust Act (1914)
►Keating-Owen Act (1916)
Wilson at the peak of his Wilson at the peak of his powerpower
Federal Reserve SystemFederal Reserve System►Federal Reserve Act
WOMEN & WOMEN & SUFFRAGESUFFRAGE
ESSENTIALESSENTIAL QUESTIONQUESTION
To what extent did economic To what extent did economic and political developments as and political developments as well as the assumptions about well as the assumptions about the nature of women affect the the nature of women affect the
position of American women position of American women during the period 1890-1925?during the period 1890-1925?
WOMENWOMEN►“women’s
professions”►“new woman”►clubwomen
The Women's Club of Madison, Wisconsin conducted classes in food,nutrition, and sewing for recent immigrants. (Photo courtesy of the
Women's History and Resource Center, General Federation of Women's Clubs.)
A local club for nurses was formed in New York City in 1894. Here the club members are pictured in their clubhouse reception area. (Photo courtesy of the Women's History and Resource Center, General Federation of Women's Clubs.)
Women’s SuffrageWomen’s Suffrage
►National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA)
►Carrie Chapman Catt
Ohio Woman Suffrage Ohio Woman Suffrage Headquarters, Cleveland, Headquarters, Cleveland, 19121912
Woman suffrage before 1920Woman suffrage before 1920
Women’s SuffrageWomen’s Suffrage►Alice Paul►National Woman’s
Party►Nineteenth Amendment ►Equal Rights
Amendment
National Woman’s Party members picketing in front of the White National Woman’s Party members picketing in front of the White House, 1917House, 1917
19th 19th AmendmentAmendment
SuffragetSuffragette te
Banner Banner 19181918
(All: Library of Congress)
RACE RACE RELATIONSRELATIONS
ESSENTIAL ESSENTIAL QUESTIONQUESTION
Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois offered different strategies for dealing with the problems of poverty and discri-mination faced by black Americans at the end of the nineteenth and beginning of the twentieth centuries. How appropriate were each of these strategies (considering the context in which each was
developed)?
Black Population, 1920Black Population, 1920
African-AmericansAfrican-Americans►Booker T.
Washington►W.E.B. Du Bois►Niagara Movement►“talented tenth”►NAACP
Booker T. Booker T. WashingtWashingtonon
W.E.B. Du Bois