progress on and pd rnoges2 - unicefpr og r ess on dr inking w ate r and s anitation > 2012 u...
TRANSCRIPT
and D inking WaterProgress on
2012 UPDATE
© UNICEF and World Health Organization 2012
All rights reserved.
UNICEF and the World Health Organization welcome requests for permission to reproduce or translate their publications – whether for sale or for non-commercial distribution. Applications and enquiries should be addressed to UNICEF, Division of Communication, 3 United Nations Plaza, New York 10017, USA (fax: +1 212 303 7985; e-mail: [email protected]) or to WHO Press through the WHO website: http://www.who.int/about/licensing/copyright_form/en/index.html
The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNICEF or the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted and dashed lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement.
The figures included in this report have been estimated by the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation (www.wssinfo.org) to ensure compatibility, thus they are not necessarily the official statistics of the concerned country, area or territory, which may use alternative rigorous methods.
UNICEF and the World Health Organization do not warrant that the information contained in this publication is complete and correct and shall not be liable for any damages incurred as a result of its use.
WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
Progress on Drinking Water and Sanitation: 2012 Update
1. Water supply – standards. 2. Potable water – supply and distribution. 3. Sanitation 4. Millennium Development Goals. 5. Programme evaluation
I. WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation.
ISBN: 978-92-806-4632-0 (NLM classification: WA 670)ISBN: 972-924-1503297
Printed in the United States of America
DESIGN: Emerson, Wajdowicz Studios / NYC / www.DesignEWS.com
PHOTO CrEDITS: Front Cover © The Water Institute at the University of North Carolina (UNC)/Heather Arney, 2011, India; P. i UNICEF/Warrick Page; P. 3 UNICEF/Olivier Asselin; P. 4 UNICEF/Kate Holt; P. 8 UNICEF/Noah Friedman-rudovsky; P. 11 UNICEF/Eric Bouvet; P. 12 UNICEF/Veronique de Viguerie; P. 14 UNICEF/Jean-Baptiste Lopez; P. 15 UNICEF/ Marta ramoneda; P. 16 UNICEF/Josh Estey; P. 18 UNICEF/Susan Markisz; P. 22 UNICEF/Marco Dormino; P. 23 UNICEF/Kate Holt; P. 25 UNICEF/Marco Dormino; P. 26 UNICEF/Olivier Asselin; P. 27 UNICEF/Olivier Asselin; P. 28 UNICEF/Ami Vitale; P. 29 UNICEF/roger LeMoyne; P. 31 (top): UNICEF/Olivier Asselin; (bottom): UNICEF/Shehzad Noorani; P. 32 UNICEF/Tibebu Lemma; P. 37 UNICEF/roger LeMoyne; Back Cover © The Water Institute at UNC/Emily Zuehlke, 2011, Uganda
and D inking WaterProgress on
2012 UPDATE
Pr
OG
rE
SS
ON
Dr
INK
ING
WA
TE
r A
ND
SA
NIT
AT
ION
> 2
012
UP
DA
TE
Foreword
Since the adoption of the Millennium Development Goals, the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation has reported on progress towards achieving Target 7c: reducing by half the proportion of people without sus- tainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation. This report contains the welcome announcement that, as of 2010, the target for drinking water has been met.
Since 1990, more than 2 billion people have gained access to improved drinking water sources. This achievement is a testament to the commitment of Government leaders, public and private sector entities, communities and individuals who saw the target not as a dream, but as a vital step towards improving health and well-being.
Of course, much work remains to be done. There are still 780 million people without access to an improved drinking water source. And even though 1.8 billion people have gained access to improved sanitation since 1990, the world remains off track for the sanitation target. It is essential to accelerate progress in the remaining time before the MDG deadline, and I commend those who are participating in the Sustainable Sanitation: Five Year Drive to 2015.
This report outlines the challenges that remain. Some regions, particularly sub-Saharan Africa, are lagging behind. Many rural dwellers and the poor often miss out on improvements to drinking water and sanitation. And the burden of poor water supply falls most heavily on girls and women. Reducing these disparities must be a priority.
The recognition by the UN General Assembly, in 2010, of water and sanitation as a human right provides additional political impetus towards the ultimate goal of providing everyone with access to these vital services. Many countries and agencies have joined hands in the Sanitation and Water for All partnership. Such collective efforts offer real promise and I urge all partners to contribute.
I commend this report to all those working towards universal access to safe water and sanitation. Achieving the MDG drinking water target is a major step, but ultimately, only one step on a long journey that we have yet to finish. Let us use this success to invest our mission for sustainable, equitable development with renewed vigour so we can create the future we want.
Ban Ki-moonSecretary-General, United Nations
01
Contents
02 Looking Forward, Looking Back
03 Global Drinking Water Trends 1990-2010 04 Progress Towards the MDG Target 08 Regional Trends 11 An Alternative Indicator of Progress 12 Urban-Rural Disparities
14 Global Sanitation Trends 1990-2010 15 Progress Towards the MDG Target 18 Regional Trends 22 An Alternative Indicator of Progress 23 Urban-Rural Disparities
26 The Equity Imperative 27 Looking Beyond Averages 28 Water & Sanitation Use in Least Developed Countries 29 Water & Sanitation Use by Wealth Quintiles 31 Gender and the Burden of Collecting Water
32 JMP Methodology and What Lies Ahead 33 JMP Estimates 34 Growth of the JMP Database 34 Data Limitations 35 Data Reconciliation 35 JMP Task Forces 35 Looking Beyond 2015
37 Statistical Tables 38 Country, Regional and Global Estimates on Water & Sanitation 56 Annex: Trends In Urban and Rural Water Supply Coverage 58 Millennium Development Goals: Regional Groupings
Pr
OG
rE
SS
ON
Dr
INK
ING
WA
TE
r A
ND
SA
NIT
AT
ION
> 2
012
UP
DA
TE
The WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation, known as the JMP, reports every two years on access to drinking water and sanitation worldwide and on progress towards related targets under Millennium Development Goal 7. This 2012 report is based on data gathered from household surveys and censuses, including both recent and older data sets that have come to the attention of the JMP. The estimates presented here describe the situation as of end-2010 and supersede those of the JMP update published in March 2010.
The report brings welcome news: The MDG drinking water target, which calls for halving the proportion of the population without sustainable access to safe drinking water between 1990 and 2015, was met in 2010, five years ahead of schedule. However, the report also shows why the job is far from finished. Many still lack safe drinking water, and the world is unlikely to meet the MDG sanitation target. Continued efforts are needed to reduce urban-rural disparities and ineq-uities associated with poverty; to dramatically increase coverage in countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania; to promote global monitoring of drinking water quality; to bring sanitation ‘on track’; and to look beyond the MDG target towards universal coverage.
Still, much has been achieved. As this progress report shows, over 2 billion people gained access to improved water sources and 1.8 billion people gained access to improved sanitation facilities between 1990 and 2010. This is impressive, par-ticularly when the gains of countries that started at a low baseline and faced high population growth are considered. Indeed, much of the progress of the last 20 years has been in the context of rapid population growth, and this is why some of the news in this report is sobering. Over 780 million people are still without access to improved sources of drinking water and 2.5 billion lack improved sanitation. If current trends continue, these numbers will remain unacceptably high in 2015: 605 million people will be without an improved drinking water source and 2.4 billion people will lack access to improved sanitation facilities.
As we approach the 2015 target date for the MDGs, WHO and UNICEF are addressing current monitoring challenges and those that lie ahead. The safety and reliability of drinking water supplies and the sustainability of both water supply sources and sanitation facilities are not addressed by the current set of indicators used to track progress. Accordingly, this report details work under way to refine both indicators and methods of monitoring, as part of the 2010-2015 JMP strategy. It also discusses the beginnings of a process to develop new water, sanitation and hygiene goals, targets and indicators beyond 2015, in alignment with the human right to water and sanitation and the mandate of the UN Special Rapporteur on the Human Right to Water and Sanitation.
02
Looking Forward, Looking Back
03
Global D inking Water Trends 1990-2010
Pr
OG
rE
SS
ON
Dr
INK
ING
WA
TE
r A
ND
SA
NIT
AT
ION
> 2
012
UP
DA
TE
04
Global Drinking Water Trends 1990-2010
The MDG drinking water target has been reached: Over 2 billion people gained access to improved water sources from 1990 to 2010, and the proportion of the global population still using unimproved sources is esti-mated at only 11 per cent (Figure 1). This is less than half of the 24 per cent estimated for 1990. Almost 6.1 billion people, 89 per cent of the world’s population, were using an improved water source in 2010. The drinking water target has thus become one of the first MDG targets to be met.
While this tremendous achievement should be applauded, a great deal of work remains:
First, huge disparities exist. While coverage of improved water supply sources is 90 per cent or more in Latin America and the Caribbean, Northern Africa and large parts of Asia, it is only 61 per cent in sub-Saharan Africa. Coverage in the developing world overall stands at 86 per cent, but it is only 63 per cent in countries desig-nated as ‘least developed’. Similar disparities are found within countries – between the rich and poor and between those living in rural and urban areas. These inequities are explored later in this report.
Second, complete information about drinking water safety is not available for global monitoring. Systematically testing the microbial and chemical
quality of water at the national level in all countries is prohibitively expen-sive and logistically complicated; therefore, a proxy indicator for water quality was agreed upon for MDG monitoring. This proxy measures the proportion of the population using ‘improved’ drinking water sources, defined as those that, by the nature of their construction, are protected from outside contamination, particularly faecal matter. However, some of these sources may not be adequately main-tained and therefore may not actually provide ‘safe’ drinking water. As a result, it is likely that the number of people using safe water supplies has been over-estimated (see Box 1).
Progress Towards the MDG Target
The MDG drinking water target has been met
12 MDG target
24
76 79
92
100
80
60
40
20
01990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
(projected)
Trends in global drinking water coverage, 1990-2010, projected to 2015Figure 1
■ IMPrOVED SOUrCES ■ UNIMPrOVED SOUrCES MDG TArGET
811
89
14
86
1721
83
%
GLO
BA
L Dr
INK
ING
WA
TE
r T
rE
ND
S 1990-2010
05
Finally, more than 780 million people remain unserved. Although the MDG drinking water target has been met, it only calls for halving the proportion of people without safe drinking water. More than one tenth of the global population still relied on unimproved drinking water sources in 2010.
Figure 2 illustrates the global trend in the use of drinking water sources, disaggregated by category. The last two decades have seen impressive increases in the use of both piped con-nections to a dwelling, plot or yard and other improved sources, such as pro-tected dug wells, boreholes, rainwater collection and standpipes.
In the two decades that WHO and UNICEF have been tracking progress in water
and sanitation, advances have been made in the availability and quality of data and
the methods used to measure them:
n A shift from provider- to user-based data: Initially the JMP relied almost
exclusively on government data, which were largely drawn from water-utility
companies and line ministries and were based on the number of facilities con-
structed. The figures did not reflect facilities that had fallen into disrepair or were
constructed by others outside of government-supported programmes. A key
improvement in the mid-1990s was a shift to user-based data, collected through
household surveys and population censuses, which more accurately reflect actual
use of water and sanitation facilities by individual households.
n More standardized data: Lack of comparability of data on drinking water
sources and sanitation facilities among countries and over time has posed a huge
challenge to global monitoring. In response, WHO and UNICEF assisted the major
household surveys to incorporate harmonized questions into their questionnaires,
and in 2006 they published ‘Core Questions on Drinking Water and Sanitation
for Household Surveys’ to encourage their more widespread use. This increased
standardization has greatly enhanced the comparability of data.
n Increased availability of data: The late 1990s saw an unprecedented increase
in the availability of household survey data, largely due to the implementation
of the UNICEF-supported Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) and the
Demographic and Health Survey (DHS), initiated by the United States Agency for
International Development (USAID).
n Expanded JMP database: In 2000, some 220 sources of data could be found
in the JMP database; this current update reflects more than 1,400 sources.
n Greater disaggregation of data: The introduction of drinking water and
sanitation ‘ladders’ has allowed categories such as ‘piped drinking water on
premises’ and ‘open defecation’ to be highlighted.
Still, data limitations abound. One major information gap is the safety of drinking
water supplies. Since cost-effective, periodic and standardized water quality
testing was not possible on a global scale when the MDG target was formulated,
and since nationally representative information on water safety was not available
for the period following the baseline year (1990), WHO and UNICEF were obliged
to use a proxy for ‘sustainable access to safe drinking water’, as specified in the
MDG target. The agreed proxy was ‘use of an improved water source’, where
‘improved’ was determined by the type of technology a household reported as
their primary source. An improved source is one that, through technological
intervention, increases the likelihood that it provides safe water.
To date it has remained impractical to obtain water quality data at the national
level for all countries. The main international household surveys – MICS and DHS –
are piloting the inclusion of a water-quality module that will include testing for
the presence of E. coli. This is made feasible in part by the availability of new, rapid,
low-cost water quality testing kits. If successful, it could lead to further evolution
in monitoring and pave the way for a future drinking water target that includes a
measure of water quality.
Similarly, a proxy for sustainable access to basic sanitation is the use of improved
sanitation facilities. Measuring the actual sustainability of both water and sanitation
facilities remains an area that could benefit from further attention. For a more
detailed discussion of these issues, see section on ‘Data Limitations’, on page 34.
Monitoring the global targets for drinking water and sanitation: Challenges and achievements
Drinking water coverage increased from 76 per cent in 1990 to 89 per cent in 2010
Trend in the proportion of the global population using piped drinking water on premises, other improved drinking water sources, unimproved sources and surface water, 1990-2010
Figure 2
■ SUrFACE WATEr
■ UNIMPrOVED
■ OTHEr IMPrOVED
■ PIPED ON PrEMISES
1990 2010
45
54
31
35
18
8
6 3
BOX 1
Cove
rage
(%)
Pr
OG
rE
SS
ON
Dr
INK
ING
WA
TE
r A
ND
SA
NIT
AT
ION
> 2
012
UP
DA
TE
06
1 It should be kept in mind throughout this report that data from Oceania are limited. Each of the small island states in the region has a very small number of data points, many of which date back several years, making it difficult to prepare robust estimates for 2010.2 The Caucasus and Central Asia is a newly formed MDG region, replacing the Commonwealth of Independent States (which included the russian Federation, Ukraine and Belarus). The new region is composed of Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan.
Sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania are not on track to meet the MDG drinking water target
surprising, however, since the inhabit-ants of these two countries represent 46 per cent of the developing world’s population.
Wide variations are found in the rate at which regions have improved coverage. In general, regions in which coverage was already high have made more modest gains, rising by only a few percentage points over 20 years. Of note are the impressive gains in Eastern Asia, which added 23 percent-age points, and the small decline in coverage in the Caucasus and Central Asia2 and in Oceania (Figure 5).
national level. The same methodology that is used to determine progress at the global level can be applied to individual countries, using JMP esti-mates to assess whether a country is on- or off-track in meeting its targets. The results are illustrated in Figure 3, which shows that the majority of coun-tries lagging behind on the drinking water target are in sub-Saharan Africa. In fact, only 19 out of 50 countries in that region are on track to meet the target by 2015.
Figure 4 shows the number of peo-ple who have gained access to an improved drinking water source since 1990. The progress of India and China not only dominates their respective regions, but represents nearly half of the global progress towards the drink-ing water target. If only the developing world is considered, China and India represent more than half of the people who have gained access. This is not
For the first time, data on the use of unimproved sources have been disag-gregated into two categories: surface water and other unimproved sources. The latter includes unprotected dug wells, unprotected springs and water delivered by cart or tanker. Surface water includes water collected directly from rivers, lakes, ponds, irrigation channels and other surface sources. The use of surface water stands at a surprisingly high 3 per cent of the global population, or 187 million people. Most of these people – 94 per cent – are rural inhabitants, and they are concentrated in sub-Saharan Africa. In fact, 19 per cent of rural dwellers in sub-Saharan Africa and 39 per cent of rural residents in Oceania rely on surface water for drinking and cooking.1
The MDGs are global goals with associated global targets. These have been translated into targets at the
Progress towards the MDG drinking water target, 2010Figure 3
■ ON TrACK: Coverage rate in 2010 was >95% or was within 5% of the 2010 rate required to meet the target
■ PrOGrESS BUT INSUFFICIENT: Coverage rate in 2010 was between 5% and 10% of the 2010 rate required to meet the target
■ NOT ON TrACK: Coverage rate in 2010 was the same or lower than the rate in 1990 or below 10% of the 2010 rate required to meet the target
■ INSUFFICIENT DATA Or NOT APPLICABLE: Data were unavailable or insufficient to estimate trends or a progress assessment was not applicable
GLO
BA
L Dr
INK
ING
WA
TE
r T
rE
ND
S 1990-2010
07
Almost half of the two billion people who have gained access to drinking water since 1990 live in China or India
Since 1990, drinking water coverage in the developing world has increased by 16 percentage points
Use of improved drinking water sources by MDG region in 2010, and percentage-point change 1990-2010
Number of people who gained access to improved drinking water sources from 1990 to 2010 by MDG region (millions)
Figure 5
Figure 4
MILLIONS
■ SOUTHErN ASIA 679
IN INDIA 522
■ EASTErN ASIA 473
IN CHINA 457
■ SUB-SAHArAN AFrICA 273
■ SOUTH-EASTErN ASIA 204
■ LATIN AMErICA & THE CArIBBEAN 179
■ DEVELOPED rEGIONS 108
■ WESTErN ASIA 76
■ NOrTHErN AFrICA 49
■ CAUCASUS AND CENTrAL ASIA 16
■ OCEANIA 1
Ocea
nia
Sub-
Saha
ran
Afric
a
% p
t. ch
ange
199
0-20
10Co
vera
ge (%
)
Cauc
asus
and
Ce
ntra
l Asi
a
Sout
h-Ea
ster
n As
ia
Wes
tern
Asi
a
Sout
hern
Asi
a
East
ern
Asia
North
ern
Afric
a
Latin
Am
eric
a &
th
e Ca
ribbe
an
Deve
lopi
ng re
gion
s
Deve
lope
d re
gion
s
Wor
ld
100
80
60
40
20
0
25
15
5
-5
5461
87 88 89 90 91 92 9486
9989
12
-1 -1
1
17
4
1823
59
16 13
India, 522 million
China, 457 million
Pr
OG
rE
SS
ON
Dr
INK
ING
WA
TE
r A
ND
SA
NIT
AT
ION
> 2
012
UP
DA
TE
08
Global Drinking Water Trends 1990-2010
Figure 6 shows trends in the use of different types of water sources from 1990 to 2010, by MDG regions. Two clear groupings emerge. The first is a set of regions in which the use of piped water to a dwelling, plot or yard is low (30 per cent or less). It includes sub-Saharan Africa, Oceania, Southern Asia and South-Eastern Asia. Although gains in the use of piped water on premises have been made in these regions, progress is mostly in the ‘other improved’ category of water sources. Of note is the fact that 65 per cent of the population in Southern Asia are using other improved sources rather than piped water on premises.
The second group consists of Eastern Asia, Northern Africa, Western Asia and Latin America and the Caribbean, where at least 70 per cent of the population are using piped water on premises. Eastern Asia (dominated by China) has seen a dramatic increase in piped water supplies since 1990, gaining 35 percentage points in cover-age in this category in 20 years; 562 million new users have been added during a period in which the world as a whole added only 9 percentage points. Eastern Asia is also the region with the most dramatic increase in the use of improved drinking water sources overall, starting at 68 per cent
in 1990 and moving to 91 per cent coverage in 2010. This represents a 23 percentage-point increase, far higher than any other region.
Significant proportions of the popu-lation in Oceania and sub-Saharan Africa are still using surface water.
Countries that still have less than 50 per cent coverage in water supply are almost all in sub-Saharan Africa (Figure 7).
Figure 8 shows the number of people without improved water sources in the 10 countries with the largest unserved populations. Though they are on track to reach the target, China and India
Regional Trends
Access to piped water supplies on premises varies widely among regions
Drinking water coverage trends by developing regions, 1990-2010Figure 6
Developing regions
Sub-Saharan Africa
Oceania Southern Asia
South-Eastern Asia
Caucasus and Central Asia
Eastern Asia
Northern Africa
Western Asia
Latin America & the Caribbean
World
1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 19901990 19902010 2010 2010 2010 2010 2010 2010 2010 20102010 2010
■ PIPED ON PrEMISES ■ OTHEr IMPrOVED ■ UNIMPrOVED ■ SUrFACE WATEr
15
2620 16
56
35
58
72
32
73
45
1624 25 30
53
70
83 84
46
86
54
34
29
52 55
32
33
2913
38
12
31
45 30
65 58
34
21
9 5
40
8
35
2711
24 22
9
25
11 14
22
818
26
15
9 9 68 6 9
11
58
24
34
4 7 3 72 1
87 613
31
1 1 12 23 33 7
Cove
rage
(%)
GLO
BA
L Dr
INK
ING
WA
TE
r T
rE
ND
S 1990-2010
09
combined are still home to 216 million people without access to improved water supplies. This represents 28 per cent of the global population that remains unserved.
The last two decades have seen major shifts in the proportion of the global population using various types of drinking water sources (Tables 1 and 2).3 The biggest change has been the increase in piped water sup-plies on premises, which were used by 54 per cent of people worldwide in 2010 – up from 45 per cent in 1990. In rural areas, the use of piped water on premises grew even faster – from 18 per cent in 1990 to 29 per cent in 2010. Over the same period, reliance on surface water was halved, from 10 per cent to 5 per cent in rural areas and from 6 per cent to 3 per cent for
Sub-Saharan Africa has the lowest drinking water coverage of any region
Proportion of the population using improved drinking water sources in 2010Figure 7
3 This is discussed in more detail in the 2011 UNICEF and WHO thematic report entitled Drinking Water: Equity, Safety and Sustainability.
Ten countries are home to two thirds of the global population without an improved drinking water source
Ten countries with the largest population without access to an improved drinking water source in 2010, population without access (millions)
Figure 8
MILLIONS
■ rEST OF WOrLD 292
■ CHINA 119
■ INDIA 97
■ NIGErIA 66
■ ETHIOPIA 46
■ INDONESIA 43
■ DEMOCrATIC rEPUBLIC OF THE CONGO 36
■ BANGLADESH 28
■ UNITED rEPUBLIC OF TANZANIA 21
■ SUDAN 18
■ KENYA 17
■ 91-100%
■ 76-90%
■ 50-75%
■ <50%
■ INSUFFICIENT DATA Or
NOT APPLICABLE
Pr
OG
rE
SS
ON
Dr
INK
ING
WA
TE
r A
ND
SA
NIT
AT
ION
> 2
012
UP
DA
TE
10
44 million to 85 million (this category does not count as ‘improved’, due to concerns over water quality). The number of people using bottled water to meet their drinking water needs also increased, rising more than sixfold – from 37 million in 1990 to 228 million in 2010. A large majority of bottled-water users live in urban areas, and most are also users of piped water on premises. Bottled water is considered ‘improved’ only when the household also uses water
the total population. In urban areas, the proportion of people using piped water on premises remained almost the same in percentage terms, but the massive increases in urban populations during this time meant that the absolute number of urban dwellers using water piped to their homes grew by a billion, from 1.8 billion to 2.8 billion.
The number of people relying on tanker trucks and small vendors for drinking water has almost doubled over the same 20-year period, from
from an improved source for cooking and personal hygiene.
The number of people using boreholes (which are usually handpump-operated) grew from 1 billion in 1990 to 1.3 billion in 2010. Eighty per cent of borehole users, almost a billion people, are in rural areas. While boreholes offer significant advantages over dug wells in terms of water quality, many boreholes with handpumps still impose a consider-able burden on users in terms of the time and effort needed to collect the water.
Global trends in the use of different drinking water sources (percentage)
Facility typeUrban (%) Rural (%) Total (%)
1990 2010 1990 2010 1990 2010
Piped on premises 81 80 18 29 45 54
Public taps 5 6 6 8 5 7
Boreholes 6 8 29 30 19 18
rainwater 0 0 1 2 1 1
Dug wells 5 4 27 19 18 12
Springs 1 1 8 6 5 4
Tanker trucks and small cart with drum 1 1 1 1 1 1
Surface water 1 0 10 5 6 3
Bottled water* 1 6 0 1 1 3
*Survey data show that most people who use bottled water as their main source of drinking water also have piped water on premises as a secondary source. Bottled-water users are counted under the category ‘piped on premises’ in the table above.
Global trends in the use of different drinking water sources (population)
Facility typeUrban (millions) Rural (millions) Total (millions)
1990 2010 1990 2010 1990 2010
Piped on premises 1,820 2,763 538 973 2,358 3,737
Public taps 120 205 168 260 288 465
Boreholes 138 255 878 996 1,016 1,251
rainwater 6 13 41 76 47 89
Dug wells 111 151 843 656 954 807
Springs 15 33 235 221 250 254
Tanker trucks and small cart with drum 24 42 20 43 44 85
Surface water 17 11 313 175 331 187
Bottled water* 26 192 11 36 37 228
*Survey data show that most people who use bottled water as their main source of drinking water also have piped water on premises as a secondary source. Bottled-water users are counted under the category ‘piped on premises’ in the table above.
Proportion of the population by types of drinking water sources by urban or rural areas, 1990 and 2010 (per cent)
World population by types of drinking water sources by urban or rural areas, 1990 and 2010 (millions)
TaBle 1
TaBle 2
GLO
BA
L Dr
INK
ING
WA
TE
r T
rE
ND
S 1990-2010
11
Assessing progress towards the MDG target alone creates an incomplete picture, since countries that started out with low baseline coverage have had to work much harder to halve the proportion of the population without water and sanitation. Added to this is the challenge of rapid population growth, which can easily mean that any gains in people served are over-taken by population growth. Moreover, it is the poorest countries that are often characterized by a combination of low baseline coverage and high population growth. This means that countries may be making significant progress in the absolute number of people served, but still be persistently ‘off track’.
In response, the JMP has developed an alternative indicator that represents the proportion of the current popula-tion that has gained access over the period from 1995 to the most recent update, in this case 2010. It is thus the percentage of people living in a country today who have gained access in the last 15 years.4 This indicator can be used to assess a country’s performance irrespective of whether it started out with high or low baseline coverage.
The indicator is expressed as:
the increase since 1995 in the number of people with access as a proportion of the current ( 2010) population.
Table 3 shows selected countries in sub-Saharan Africa that have per-formed above the regional average of nearly 26 per cent. Some countries have made remarkable progress in providing large proportions of their population with access to improved drinking water sources, and this is true even of countries that are off track in terms of MDG progress. Rwanda and Sierra Leone, for instance, both experi-enced conflict during the period 1995 to 2010, but have nevertheless shown greater progress than that suggested by the regional average. In Rwanda, more than 30 per cent of the popula-tion have gained access to improved drinking water sources since 1995; this represents over 3 million people. Even countries that have not reported such good progress are noteworthy in terms of the number of people served.
The Democratic Republic of the Congo has provided improved water sources for only about 16 per cent of its popu-lation since 1995; still, this represents more than 10 million people. It is remarkable that sub-Saharan Africa has outstripped Eastern Asia in terms of the proportion of the current popu-lation that have gained access in the last 15 years.
Afghanistan also shows stunning progress when viewed in this way. The country has provided almost half its population (more than 15 million people) with access to improved water sources during a turbulent 15-year period, far surpassing the Southern Asian regional average of 30.9 per cent.
An Alternative Indicator of Progress
Global Drinking Water Trends 1990-2010
Population in 2010
(millions)
Water supply
coverage in 2010 (%)
Population that gained access to improved sources of drinking
water since 1995
MDG progress
Proportion of 2010
population that gained access
to improved drinking
water sources since 1995 (%)
Malawi 14.9 83 7.2 On track 48.4
Burkina Faso 16.5 79 7.5 On track 45.5
Liberia 4.0 73 1.7 On track 42.8
Ghana 24.4 86 10.3 On track 42.3
Namibia 2.3 93 0.9 On track 40.6
Gambia 1.7 89 0.7 On track 37.7
rwanda 10.6 65 3.3 Not on track 30.7
Sierra Leone 5.9 55 1.6 Not on track 27.0
Togo 6.0 61 1.6 Not on track 26.1
Sub-Saharan Africa 856 61 221 Not on track 25.8
Selected countries in sub-Saharan Africa that have performed above the regional average in terms of the proportion of their 2010 population that gained access to improved drinking water sources since 1995
TaBle 3
4 Although using population with access figures for 1990 would be ideal, 1995 is used instead since the JMP had drinking water coverage estimates for 191 countries for 1995, as opposed to only 157 countries for 1990.
Pr
OG
rE
SS
ON
Dr
INK
ING
WA
TE
r A
ND
SA
NIT
AT
ION
> 2
012
UP
DA
TE
unimproved sources decreased from 1.1 billion to 653 million, during a time of more modest population growth. Though the ratio has improved since 1990, the number of people in rural areas using an unimproved water source in 2010 was still five times greater than in urban areas.
Figures 11 and 12 show that while many countries have less than 50 per cent coverage of drinking water in rural areas, no country has less than 50 per cent coverage in urban areas.
The figures in the Annex on page 56 illustrate urban-rural disparities in drinking water coverage in develop-ing regions.
Piped water on premises is a convenience enjoyed largely by urban populations
1.2 billion people in urban areas gained access to an improved drinking water source between 1990 and 2010
Drinking water coverage trends by urban and rural areas, 1990-2010
Population using improved and unimproved sources of drinking water by urban and rural areas, 1990-2010 (millions)
Figure 9 Figure 10
12
Global Drinking Water Trends 1990-2010
In Figure 9, data used to track prog-ress towards the MDG drinking water target are disaggregated by rural and urban areas. The results show stark disparities between urban and rural coverage, illustrating the challenges in equitable achievement of the MDGs.
An estimated 96 per cent of the urban population globally used an improved water supply source in 2010, compared to 81 per cent of the rural population. This means that 653 million rural dwellers lacked improved sources of drinking water.
Similarly, 80 per cent of the world’s urban population had piped water connections, compared to only 29 per cent of people in rural areas.
In urban areas, the rate of increase in piped water on premises has stag-nated over the last 20 years. The rate of increase has been higher in rural areas, but coverage remains low.
Figure 10 shows the significant increase in the urban population that gained access to improved water sources between 1990 and 2010 – well over a billion people. However, the number of urban dwellers using unimproved sources actually increased, from 109 million to 130 million. This must be viewed in relation to the massive growth in the urban population over the same time period – rising from 2.3 billion to 3.5 billion people. By contrast, in rural areas, the number of people using
Urban-Rural Disparities
■ UNIMPrOVED ■ SUrFACE WATEr■ PIPED ON PrEMISES ■ OTHEr IMPrOVED
■ UNIMPrOVED SOUrCES■ IMPrOVED SOUrCES
1990 1990 1990
Cove
rage
(%)
19902010 2010 20102010
81 44
18
80
14
29
52
14
28
2,142
3,343
1,896
2,747
109
130
1,139
653
16
4 104 5
1
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
0
Popu
latio
n (m
illion
s)
Urban UrbanRural Rural
GLO
BA
L Dr
INK
ING
WA
TE
r T
rE
ND
S 1990-2010
Most people without an improved drinking water source live in rural areas
13
Drinking water coverage in rural areas, 2010Figure 11
■ 91-100%
■ 76-90%
■ 50-75%
■ <50%
■ INSUFFICIENT DATA Or
NOT APPLICABLE
■ 91-100%
■ 76-90%
■ 50-75%
■ INSUFFICIENT DATA Or
NOT APPLICABLE
Drinking water coverage in urban areas, 2010Figure 12
Urban
Rural
Pr
OG
rE
SS
ON
Dr
INK
ING
WA
TE
r A
ND
SA
NIT
AT
ION
> 2
012
UP
DA
TE
14
1990-2010Global Sanitation Trends
GLO
BA
L SA
NITA
TIO
N T
rE
ND
S 1990-2010
15
Global Sanitation Trends 1990-2010
Though it is unlikely that the world will meet the MDG sanitation target by 2015, encouraging progress is being made. Globally, 63 per cent of the population use improved sanita-tion facilities, an increase of almost 1.8 billion people since 1990 (Figure 13). This means that we are within 10 per cent of being ‘on track’. At current rates of progress, we will reach 67 per cent coverage in 2015, better than pre-vious projections but still far from the 75 per cent needed to reach the target. Unless the pace of change in the sanitation sector can be accelerated, the MDG target may not be reached until 2026. In 2010, an estimated 2.5 billion people were still without improved sanitation.
Figure 14 shows that 15 per cent of the population still practise open defeca-tion, defined as defecation in fields, forests, bushes, bodies of water or other open spaces. This represents 1.1 billion people. Though the proportion of people practising open defecation is decreasing, the absolute number has remained at over one billion for several years, due to population growth.
Many countries are off track in meeting the MDG sanitation target, including much of sub-Saharan Africa and sev-eral of the most populous countries in Asia (Figure 15).
Variation in the rate at which regions have increased access to improved sanitation facilities is striking (Figure 16).
Eastern Asia added 39 percentage points in coverage between 1990 and 2010. Unlike drinking water, no regions have experienced decreases in coverage.
Figure 17 represents the number of people who gained access to improved sanitation facilities since 1990, by MDG region.
Progress in China and India is high-lighted, since these two countries represent such a large proportion of their regional populations. While China has contributed to more than 95 per cent of the progress in Eastern Asia, the same is not true for India in Southern Asia. Together, China and India contributed just under half of the global progress towards the MDG target in sanitation.
Progress Towards the MDG Target
If current trends continue, the world will not meet the MDG sanitation target
25 MDG target
51
49
48
52
44
56
40
60
37
63
33
67
100
80
60
40
20
01990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
(projected)
■ IMPrOVED SANITATION ■ UNIMPrOVED SANITATION MDG TArGET
Trends in global sanitation coverage 1990-2010, projected to 2015Figure 13
%
Pr
OG
rE
SS
ON
Dr
INK
ING
WA
TE
r A
ND
SA
NIT
AT
ION
> 2
012
UP
DA
TE
16
The world is not on track to meet the MDG sanitation target
Progress towards the MDG sanitation target, 2010Figure 15
Sanitation coverage increased from 49 per cent in 1990 to 63 per cent in 2010
Trend in the proportion of the global population using improved, shared or unimproved sanitation or practising open defecation, 1990-2010
Figure 14
■ IMPrOVED ■ SHArED ■ UNIMPrOVED ■ OPEN DEFECATION
1990 2010
49
63
6
1120
11
2515
Cove
rage
(%)
■ ON TrACK: Coverage rate in 2010 was >95% or was within 5% of the 2010 rate required to meet the target
■ PrOGrESS BUT INSUFFICIENT: Coverage rate in 2010 was between 5% and 10% of the 2010 rate required to meet the target
■ NOT ON TrACK: Coverage rate in 2010 was the same or lower than the rate in 1990 or below 10% of the 2010 rate required to meet the target
■ INSUFFICIENT DATA Or NOT APPLICABLE: Data were unavailable or insufficient to estimate trends or a progress assessment was not applicable
17
Number of people who gained access to improved sanitation from 1990 to 2010, by MDG region (millions)
Use of improved sanitation facilities by MDG region in 2010, and percentage-point change 1990-2010
Figure 17
Figure 16
Four out of 10 people who have gained access to improved sanitation since 1990 live in China or India
Since 1990, sanitation coverage has increased by 20 percentage points in developing regions
GLO
BA
L SA
NITA
TIO
N T
rE
ND
S 1990-2010
Sub-
Saha
ran
Afric
a
Sout
hern
Asi
a
% p
t. ch
ange
199
0-20
10Co
vera
ge (%
)
Ocea
nia
East
ern
Asia
Sout
h-Ea
ster
n As
ia
Latin
Am
eric
a &
th
e Ca
ribbe
an
Wes
tern
Asi
a
North
ern
Afric
a
Cauc
asus
and
Ce
ntra
l Asi
a
Deve
lopi
ng re
gion
s
Deve
lope
d re
gion
s
Wor
ld
100
80
60
40
20
0
40
30
20
10
0
30
41
55
66 69
8085
9096
56
95
63
174
0 0
39
2312
5 18 5 2014
MILLIONS
■ EASTErN ASIA 613
IN CHINA 593
■ SOUTHErN ASIA 399
IN INDIA 251
■ SOUTH-EASTErN ASIA 204
■ SUB-SAHArAN AFrICA 127
■ LATIN AMErICA & THE CArIBBEAN 169
■ DEVELOPED COUNTrIES 97
■ WESTErN ASIA 74
■ NOrTHErN AFrICA 62
■ CAUCASUS AND CENTrAL ASIA 27
■ OCEANIA 1
China, 593 million
India, 251 million
Pr
OG
rE
SS
ON
Dr
INK
ING
WA
TE
r A
ND
SA
NIT
AT
ION
> 2
012
UP
DA
TE
Sanitation coverage is improving in almost every developing region
Developing regions
Southern Asia
Sub-Saharan Africa
South-Eastern Asia
Oceania Latin America & the Caribbean
Northern Africa
Western Asia
Eastern Asia
Caucasus and Central Asia
World
1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 19901990 19902010 2010 2010 2010 2010 2010 2010 2010 20102010 2010
■ IMPrOVED ■ SHArED ■ UNIMPrOVED ■ OPEN DEFECATION
24 26
4655
68 7280
2736
91
49
4130
69
55
8090
85
6656
96
63614
6
32 5
2
10
7
7
2
6
1019
10
6
32
7
65
14
19
13
3
11
11
3
24
17
31
13 18
955
8
59
7
25
7
20
8
26
15 139
719
12
15
67
36
18
3225
41
25
18
Trends in sanitation coverage by region show marked differences, as illustrated in Figure 18. Southern Asia and sub-Saharan Africa still struggle with low coverage (41 per cent and 30 per cent, respectively). However, the two regions differ significantly from one another in the proportions of populations using facilities other than those classified as ‘improved’. In sub-Saharan Africa, 45 per cent of the population use either shared or unim-proved facilities, and an estimated 25 per cent practise open defeca-tion. In Southern Asia, the proportion of the population using shared or unimproved facilities is much lower,
and open defecation is the highest of any region. Although the number of people resorting to open defeca-tion in Southern Asia has decreased by 110 million people since 1990, it is still practised by 41 per cent of the region’s population, representing 692 million people.
Sub-Saharan African has not made the same progress in reducing open defecation. In fact, it has decreased by only 11 per cent since 1990. With population growth, this means that the number of people practising open defecation has actually increased by 33 million. That said, sub-Saharan
Africa has the highest proportion of people using some sort of unim-proved sanitation of any region (these are facilities that fall short of being ‘improved’ and are either unimproved, shared or public). This proportion is growing, suggesting that the demand for sanitation is on the rise.
Far more countries have sanitation coverage of less than 50 per cent than water coverage of less than 50 per cent. As with water, most of the countries with low sanitation coverage are in sub-Saharan Africa (Figure 19). However, several populous countries in Southern Asia also have low rates of improved sanitation.
Global Sanitation Trends 1990-2010
Regional Trends
Sanitation coverage trends by developing region, 1990-2010 Figure 18
1134 4
Cove
rage
(%)
19
In many countries of sub-Saharan Africa and Southern Asia, sanitation coverage is below 50 per cent
Proportion of the population using improved sanitation in 2010Figure 19
More than half of the 2.5 billion people without improved sanitation live in India or China
Countries with the large numbers of people without access to improved sanitation (millions)
Figure 20
GLO
BA
L SA
NITA
TIO
N T
rE
ND
S 1990-2010
Figure 20 shows the 11 countries that make up more than three quarters (76 per cent) of the global population with-out improved sanitation facilities. One third of the 2.5 billion people without improved sanitation live in India.
Despite significant and encouraging declines in open defecation since 1990, 1.1 billion people – 15 per cent of the world’s population – still resort to the practice.
The majority of those practising open defecation (949 million) live in rural areas. Open defecation in rural areas persists in every region of the devel-oping world, even among those who have otherwise reached high levels of improved sanitation use (Figure 21). For instance, the proportion of rural dwellers still practising open defeca-tion is 9 per cent in Northern Africa and 17 per cent in Latin America and the Caribbean. Open defecation is highest in rural areas of Southern Asia, where it is practised by 55 per cent of
the population.
MILLIONS
■ rEST OF WOrLD 604
■ INDIA 814
■ CHINA 477
■ INDONESIA 110
■ NIGErIA 109
■ PAKISTAN 91
■ BANGLADESH 66
■ ETHIOPIA 66
■ DEMOCrATIC rEPUBLIC OF THE CONGO 50
■ rUSSIAN FEDErATION 43
■ UNITED rEPUBLIC OF TANZANIA 40
■ BrAZIL 40
■ 91-100%
■ 76-90%
■ 50-75%
■ <50%
■ INSUFFICIENT DATA Or
NOT APPLICABLE
Pr
OG
rE
SS
ON
Dr
INK
ING
WA
TE
r A
ND
SA
NIT
AT
ION
> 2
012
UP
DA
TE
20
Open defecation is still practised by a majority of the rural population in 19 countries
Proportion of rural population practising open defecation in 2010Figure 21
Open defecation is largely a rural practice Nearly 60 per cent of those practising open defecation live in India
Population practising open defecation by urban and rural areas, 1990-2010 (millions)
Countries with the largest numbers of people practis-ing open defecation (millions)
Figure 22 Figure 23
Urban Rural
■ 1990 ■ 2010
1,200
900
600
300
0
Popu
latio
n (m
illion
s)
MILLIONS
■ rEST OF WOrLD 150
■ INDIA 626
■ INDONESIA 63
■ PAKISTAN 40
■ ETHIOPIA 38
■ NIGErIA 34
■ SUDAN 19
■ NEPAL 15
■CHINA 14
■ NIGEr 12
■ BUrKINA FASO 9.7
■ MOZAMBIqUE 9.5
■ CAMBODIA 8.6
■ MADAGASCAr 7.7
■BrAZIL 7.2
142 105
1,183
949
■ >50%
■ 26-50%
■ 11-25%
■ 1-10%
■ NO OPEN DEFECATION
■ INSUFFICIENT DATA Or
NOT APPLICABLE
21
common in certain sub-Saharan African countries, including Ghana, Congo and Gabon (Table 4).
The use of shared sanitation is most evident in sub-Saharan Africa and Eastern Asia, and is particularly
Open defecation is, however, decreasing in all regions, in both urban and rural areas (Figure 22). About 234 million fewer rural dwell-ers were practising open defecation in 2010 than in 1990. Those that continue to do so tend to be concen-trated in a few countries, including India, where 626 million people practise open defecation (59 per cent of the global total) (Figure 23).
Shared sanitation is defined as sanitation facilities of an otherwise acceptable type that are shared between two or more households, including public toilets.
Sanitation facilities that are shared among households, whether fully pub-lic or accessible only to some, are not considered improved according to the definition used for the MDG indicator. The reason stems from concerns that shared facilities are unacceptable both in terms of cleanliness (toilets may not be hygienic and fully sepa-rate human waste from contact with users) and accessibility (facilities may not be available at night, or used by children, for instance). However, it is also recognized that, globally, the number of people using shared sanita-tion is growing: The number of users has increased by 425 million since 1990 – increasing from 6 per cent of the global population to 11 per cent in 20 years. In many countries, particu-larly in crowded urban areas, shared sanitation is the only viable option for those wishing to avoid open defeca-tion; in rural areas, families often keep costs down by sharing latrines between one or more households with family ties. A JMP task force on sanita-tion is exploring the issue of shared sanitation as part of its mandate.
Shared sanitation is predominantly an urban phenomenon, and over 60 per cent of people using this type of facil-ity live in urban areas (Figure 24).
The majority of people who rely on shared or public sanitation facilities live in urban areas
Population sharing sanitation facilities by urban and rural areas, 2010 (millions) Figure 24
Countries where more than a quarter of the population rely on shared or public sanitation facilities
Improved (%) Shared (%) Unimproved (%)
Open defecation
(%)
Ghana 14 58 9 19
Bolivia 27 36 14 23
Congo 18 34 40 8
Gabon 33 34 32 1
Malawi 51 33 8 8
Nauru 65 31 4 0
Mongolia 51 28 9 12
Democratic republic of the Congo 24 27 40 9
Kenya 32 27 27 14
Sierra Leone 13 27 32 28
Zimbabwe 40 27 6 27
Bhutan 44 26 26 4
Bangladesh 56 25 15 4
Liberia 18 25 12 45
Nigeria 31 25 22 22
Proportion of the population using improved, shared or unimproved sanitation facilities or practising open defection in countries where the rate of shared sanitation use is 25 per cent or more (per cent)
TaBle 4
GLO
BA
L SA
NITA
TIO
N T
rE
ND
S 1990-2010
Urban Rural
■ 2010
500
400
300
200
100
0
Popu
latio
n (m
illion
s)
464
298
Pr
OG
rE
SS
ON
Dr
INK
ING
WA
TE
r A
ND
SA
NIT
AT
ION
> 2
012
UP
DA
TE
22
Global Sanitation Trends 1990-2010
As with water, an alternative indicator has been developed to measure progress in sanitation, representing the proportion of the current popu-lation that gained access between 1995 and 2010. This indicator reveals that even among some countries that remain off track, achievements can be striking. Table 5 shows that sub-Saharan Africa as a whole has provided improved sanitation for an average of 12 per cent of its current population since 1995. However, several individual countries have achieved proportions over 20 per cent, notably Angola, Rwanda, Cape Verde, Gambia, Botswana and Malawi. The Democratic Republic of the Congo is remarkable for having added 10 million new users of improved sanitation facilities.
An Alternative Indicator of Progress
Countries in sub-Saharan Africa that performed above the regional average on sanitation
Population in 2010
(millions)
Sanitation coverage in
2010 (%)
Population that gained access to sanitation since 1995 (millions)
MDG progress
Proportion of 2010
population that gained access to sanitation since 1995
(%)
Angola 19.1 58 6.8 On track 35.9
rwanda 10.6 55 3.6 Not on track 33.7
Cape Verde 0.5 61 0.2 On track 32.3
Gambia 1.7 68 0.5 Progress but insufficient 28.5
Botswana 2.0 62 0.5 On track 25.8
Malawi 14.9 51 3.4 Not on track 22.8
Democratic republic of the Congo 66.0 24 10.7 Not on track 16.3
Sub-Saharan Africa 856 30 105 Not on track 12.2
Selected countries in sub-Saharan Africa that have performed above the regional average in terms of the proportion of their 2010 population that gained access to improved sanitation facilities since 1995
TaBle 5
23
The disparities in rural and urban sanitation are even more pronounced than those in drinking water supply. Globally, 79 per cent of the urban population use an improved sanita-tion facility, compared to 47 per cent of the rural population (Figure 25). In rural areas, 1.8 billion people lack access to improved sanitation, representing 72 per cent of the global total of those unserved. However, a great deal of progress has been made in rural areas since 1990: 724 million rural dwellers have gained access to improved sanitation while the
number of people unserved in urban areas has grown by 183 million.
A significant number of rural dwellers have moved away from open defeca-tion, doing so at a higher rate than urban dwellers. In 2010, 105 million people practised open defecation in urban areas, representing 3 per cent of the urban population.
As with drinking water, the number of urban residents using unimproved facilities increased from 1990 to 2010, at a time of rapid growth in urban areas. The number of people using unimproved facilities in rural
areas decreased, but in 2010 was still two and a half times that of urban areas (Figure 26).
Large parts of the developing world have sanitation coverage of 50 per cent or less in rural areas, including much of sub-Saharan Africa and sev-eral populous countries in Southern Asia. The number of countries with less than 50 per cent coverage in urban areas is much lower (Figures 27 and 28).
The figures in the Annex on page 56 illustrate urban-rural disparities in sani-tation coverage in developing regions.
Global Sanitation Trends 1990-2010
Urban-Rural Disparities
GLO
BA
L SA
NITA
TIO
N T
rE
ND
S 1990-2010
Urban-rural disparities in sanitation have decreased
Despite progress, disparities in sanitation coverage between urban and rural areas persist
Sanitation coverage trends by urban and rural areas, 1990-2010
Population using improved or unimproved sanitation by urban and rural areas, 1990-2010 (millions)
Figure 25 Figure 26
■ UNIMPrOVED ■ OPEN DEFECATION
■ IMPrOVED ■ SHArED
1990
Cove
rage
(%)
1990 1990 19902010 2010 2010 2010
764
29
79
16
47
9
10
28
13
6
8
39
5
28
3
■ UNIMPrOVED SANITATION■ IMPrOVED SANITATION
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
0
Popu
latio
n (m
illion
s)
1,720
531
2,759
714
879
2,156
1,603
1,796
Urban UrbanRural Rural
Pr
OG
rE
SS
ON
Dr
INK
ING
WA
TE
r A
ND
SA
NIT
AT
ION
> 2
012
UP
DA
TE
24
Sanitation coverage is much lower in rural than in urban areas
Sanitation coverage in rural areas in 2010
Sanitation coverage in urban areas in 2010
Figure 27
Figure 28
■ 91-100%
■ 76-90%
■ 50-75%
■ <50%
■ INSUFFICIENT DATA Or
NOT APPLICABLE
■ 91-100%
■ 76-90%
■ 50-75%
■ <50%
■ INSUFFICIENT DATA Or
NOT APPLICABLE
Rural
Urban
Most of those using an improved drinking water source also use improved sanitation
Proportion of the population in 59 developing countries using both improved drinking water sources and improved sanitation (per cent)
Figure 29
25
GLO
BA
L SA
NITA
TIO
N T
rE
ND
S 1990-2010
For the first time, an analysis has been carried out of the
proportion of people who use both improved water sources
and improved sanitation facilities, and those who use neither.
Using data from 59 countries, it was found that five out of
six users of improved sanitation also use improved water
sources, but it is less likely that users of improved water also
use improved sanitation. Only half the population of the 59
countries use both. A quarter use improved drinking water
only, and 9 per cent use improved sanitation only. A remain-
ing 16 per cent use neither improved drinking water sources
nor improved sanitation facilities (Figure 29).
Progress in water & sanitation combined
16% Neither water nor sanitation
25% Water only
50% Both water and sanitation
9% Sanitation only
BOX 2
Pr
OG
rE
SS
ON
Dr
INK
ING
WA
TE
r A
ND
SA
NIT
AT
ION
> 2
012
UP
DA
TE
26
The Equity Imperative
TH
E E
qU
ITY
IMP
Er
AT
IVE
5 The household surveys that the JMP relies on for its data allow for the classification of households by wealth, based on an asset index. This makes it possible to determine whether improvements in water and sanitation have been distributed equitably across populations in the various wealth quintiles.
27
The Equity Imperative
Global averages mask disparities in the way water and sanitation services are distributed. The disaggregation of data by urban and rural areas, presented earlier in this report, offers some insight into where these dispari-ties are most acute.
Data available for 2010 have also been analysed by alternative country groupings (least developed coun-tries), gender and the burden of water collection, and by wealth quintiles,5 shedding light on other inequities.
An ‘equity tree’, for example, based on wealth quintiles, tells a dramatic story that regional or national averages fail to reveal. Figure 30 shows the wide variation in drinking water coverage among countries in sub-Saharan Africa. Sierra Leone’s coverage of 55 per cent is slightly below the regional average of 61 per cent, but when coverage is examined by rural and urban access, we find that rural access is much lower than urban access. Splitting out the urban and rural data
for Sierra Leone by the first and fifth wealth quintile – the richest and poorest 20 per cent of the popula-tion – reveals huge disparities. The richest quintile of the urban popula-tion enjoys almost universal access, compared to only 10 per cent of the poorest quintile in rural areas.
Regional and country averages mask huge disparities
Drinking water coverage in selected countries in sub-Saharan Africa and urban/rural coverage among poorest and richest households in Sierra Leone (per cent)
Source: JMP 2012, and Sierra Leone DHS, 2008Figure 30
100
80
60
40
20
0
%
LATIN AMErICA &n 94 THE CArIBBEAN
n 90 SOUTHErN ASIA
n 61 SUB-SAHArAN AFrICA
n 99 MAUrITIUS
n 91 SOUTH AFrICA
n 86 GHANA
n 75 BENINn 72 UGANDA
n 64 MALI
n 59 KENYA
n 55 SIErrA LEONE
n 47 MOZAMBIqUEn 44 ETHIOPIA
n 29 SOMALIA
n 87 UrBAN
n 35 rUrAL
n 97 rICHEST 20% UrBAN
n 56 POOrEST 20% UrBAN
n 10 POOrEST 20% rUrAL
n 59 rICHEST 20% rUrAL
Looking Beyond Averages
n 89 WOrLD
Pr
OG
rE
SS
ON
Dr
INK
ING
WA
TE
r A
ND
SA
NIT
AT
ION
> 2
012
UP
DA
TE
28
In the 48 countries designated as the least developed by the United Nations, the majority of people have not benefited from investment in water and sanitation. In those countries, 1 in 4 people practise open defecation and 1 in 10 use surface water for drinking and household use. The numbers are even higher in rural areas, where 14 per cent of people rely on surface water sources, and almost
a third practise open defecation (Figures 31 and 32).
Data from least developed countries also present a discouraging picture in terms of piped water connections. While 54 per cent of the global popula-tion use piped water on premises, it is a convenience enjoyed by only 11 per cent of the people living in least devel-oped countries and 3 per cent of their
rural populations. These countries clearly have many residents who are using a combination of surface water and open defecation and are thus excluded from any of the benefits of water and sanitation improvements. This is in contrast with Southern Asia, for instance, where the rural open defecation rate is much higher (55 per cent), but the use of surface water in rural areas is very low (2 per cent).
The Equity Imperative
Water & Sanitation Use in Least Developed Countries
Ten per cent of the population in least developed countries rely on surface water
Open defecation is practised by nearly a quarter of the population in least developed countries
Trends in the use of piped water on premises, improved drinking water sources, unimproved sources and surface water in least developed countries by urban and rural areas,1990-2010
Trends in the use of improved, unimproved and shared sanitation facilities and open defecation in least developed countries by urban and rural areas, 1990-2010
Figure 31 Figure 32
■ UNIMPrOVED ■ SUrFACE WATEr■ PIPED ON PrEMISES ■ OTHEr IMPrOVED
■ UNIMPrOVED ■ OPEN DEFECATION
■ IMPrOVED ■ SHArED
1990 19901990 19901990 19902010 20102010 20102010 2010
8
21
41
16
31
211
35
48
3030
3
4411
24
7
50
43
5216
25
13
52
53
30
23
21
24
16
33
27
25
20
25
16
23
30
18
45
14
53
22
10
24
7
32
14
Total TotalUrban UrbanRural Rural
Cove
rage
(%)
Cove
rage
(%)
29
have piped water on premises. However, in the poorest rural quintile, piped water is non-existent, and open defecation is practised by over 60 per cent of households (Figures 33 and 34).
An analysis of data from 35 countries in sub-Saharan Africa (representing 84 per cent of the region’s population) shows significant differences between the poorest and richest
fifths of the population in both rural and urban areas. Over 90 per cent of the richest quintile in urban areas use improved sanitation and improved water sources, and over 60 per cent
The Equity Imperative
Water & Sanitation Use by Wealth Quintiles
In sub-Saharan Africa, access to sanitation is highly correlated with wealth and residence in urban areas
The poorest 60 per cent of the population in sub-Saharan Africa are largely denied the comforts and health benefits of a piped drinking water supply on premises
Sub-Saharan Africa: Sanitation coverage by wealth quintiles and urban or rural areas, based on population-weighted averages from 35 countries (per cent)
Source: MICS and DHS surveys from 35 countries in sub-Saharan Africa, 2004-2009
Sub-Saharan Africa: Drinking water coverage by wealth quintiles and urban or rural areas, based on population-weighted averages from 35 countries
Source: MICS and DHS surveys from 35 countries in sub-Saharan Africa, 2004-2009
Figure 34
Figure 33
35
26
45
35
59
37
34
24
43
34
45
39
52
40
1
25
5
42
15 22
1
26
2
33
15
3
33
11
49
52
33
60
34
38
73
15
59
25
70
9
49
39
80
62
91
65
59
54
40
36
21
66
61
57
44
54
35
46
27
45
31
29
17
1121
9
13
4
32
14
8 6
51
24
64
32
62
26
59
37
53
19
32
9
■ PIPED ON PrEMISES ■ OTHEr IMPrOVED ■ UNIMPrOVED
■ IMPrOVED AND SHArED ■ UNIMPrOVED ■ OPEN DEFECATION
Poorest
Poorest
Total
Total
Urban
Urban
Rural
Rural
Poorest
Poorest
Poorest
Poorest
2nd
2nd
2nd
2nd
2nd
2nd
3rd
3rd
3rd
3rd
3rd
3rd
4th
4th
4th
4th
4th
4th
Richest
Richest
Richest
Richest
Richest
Richest
100
80
60
40
20
0
%
%100
80
60
40
20
0
TH
E E
qU
ITY
IMP
Er
AT
IVE
13
Pr
OG
rE
SS
ON
Dr
INK
ING
WA
TE
r A
ND
SA
NIT
AT
ION
> 2
012
UP
DA
TE
30
The availability of additional data for some countries in Southern Asia enables us not only to examine sanitation use according to wealth quintiles, but also to look at trends over time. Such an analysis was undertaken for the period 1995 to 2008 for three countries in Southern Asia, which represent 82 per cent of the region’s population. It shows that, as in sub-Saharan Africa, improve-ments in sanitation are strongly correlated with wealth, and that the richest households have benefited disproportionately.6 The trend data also show that sanitation coverage in the two poorest quintiles has shown little change over the 13-year period; 4 out of 5 people in these two quin-tiles practise open defecation. The most progress was seen in the fourth wealthiest quintile, while the richest fifth of the population has maintained its very high coverage (Figure 35).
In the same three countries, drinking water trends by wealth quintile show a strikingly different pattern. Major gains in coverage have been seen in all five quintiles. However, in the poorest quintiles, improvements have been almost entirely in the ‘other improved’ category, namely wells and handpumps. Piped water on premises is only used to a significant degree among households in the fourth and fifth quintiles. Still, among the richest 20 per cent, piped water is supplied to only 60 per cent of households, and little improvement has been seen since 1990 (Figure 36).
In contrast to sanitation, improvements in drinking water supply have been equitably distributed among poor and wealthier populations in Southern Asia
The poorest 40 per cent of the population in Southern Asia have barely benefited from improvements in sanitation
Southern Asia: Drinking water coverage trends by wealth quintiles, based on population-weighted averages from three countries, 1995-2008
Source: India: National Family Health Survey 1993, 1999, 2006; Bangladesh: DHS 1993, 1997, 2000, 2004, 2007; Nepal: DHS 1996, 2001, 2006
Southern Asia: Sanitation coverage trends by wealth quintiles, based on population-weighted averages from three countries, 1995-2008
Source: India: National Family Health Survey 1993, 1999, 2006; Bangladesh: DHS 1993, 1997, 2000, 2004, 2007; Nepal: DHS 1996, 2001, 2006
Figure 36
Figure 35
1995
1995
1995
1995
1995
1995
1995
1995
1995
1995
2008
2008
2008
2008
2008
2008
2008
2008
2008
2008
■ IMPrOVED AND SHArED ■ UNIMPrOVED ■ OPEN DEFECATION
■ PIPED ON PrEMISES ■ OTHEr IMPrOVED ■ UNIMPrOVED
Poorest
Poorest
2nd
2nd
3rd
3rd
4th
4th
Richest
Richest
28
2
19
6
45
19
62
93
33
59
7
2
18
6
36
16
76
33
94
37
60
4
64
5
68
4
67
4
1
8
7
83
8
84
8
77
6
62
4
35
94
36
87
30
77
27
51
19
6
86
15
74
10
56
7
18
2
6 Figures 33 through 36 are weighted-averages of each of the quintiles of the countries represented. Therefore, the lowest quintile does not represent the poorest 20 per cent of the entire population of the region. It should be noted that the asset index used to classify households into wealth quintiles has not been adjusted to remove drinking water or sanitation variables.
Cove
rage
(%)
Cove
rage
(%)
31
The Equity Imperative
Gender and the Burden of Collecting Water
An analysis of data from 25 countries in sub-Saharan Africa, representing 48 per cent of the region’s popula-tion, reveals that women and girls bear primary responsibility for water collection, at considerable cost in terms of their time.
Only a quarter of the population in these countries had water on their premises in 2010, meaning that in 75 per cent of households, water had to be collected from a source some dis-tance from the dwelling. In 71 per cent of all households without water on the premises, women or girls are mainly responsible for water collection. In 29 per cent of households, men or boys assume this task (Figure 37).
Further analysis shows that the mean time of one round-trip to collect water is approximately 30 minutes for both women and men, and is only slightly lower for children (28 minutes). Each household requires at least one trip per day, but may, in fact, require several trips. The time and energy devoted to water collection is consid-erable, even based on a one trip per day minimum. In these 25 countries, it is estimated that women spend a combined total of at least 16 million hours each day collecting drinking water; men spend 6 million hours; and children, 4 million hours.
Women bear the main responsibility for collecting water in sub-Saharan Africa
Distribution of the water collection burden among women, children under age 15 and men in households without piped water on premises, 25 countries in sub-Saharan Africa, 2006-2009 (per cent)
Source: MICS and DHS surveys from 25 sub-Saharan African countries
Figure 37
62% Women
6% Boys
23% Men
9% Girls
TH
E E
qU
ITY
IMP
Er
AT
IVE
Pr
OG
rE
SS
ON
Dr
INK
ING
WA
TE
r A
ND
SA
NIT
AT
ION
> 2
012
UP
DA
TE
32
JMP Methodology What Lies Aheadand
JMP
ME
TH
OD
OLO
GY
AN
D W
HA
T LIE
S A
HE
AD
JMP Estimates
The WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation is tasked with providing estimates that are comparable among countries and across time. Because definitions of ‘improved’ sanitation facilities and drinking water sources can vary widely among countries, the JMP has established a standard set of categories that are used to analyse national data on which the MDG trends and estimates are based (Table 6).
The population data used in this report, including the proportion of the popula-tion living in urban and rural areas, are those established by the United Nations Population Division, 2010 Revision.
The definitions and data sources used by the JMP are often different from those used by national governments. Estimates in this report may therefore differ from national estimates.
According to the JMP, an improved drinking water source is one that, by the nature of its construction, adequately protects the source from outside contamination, particularly faecal matter. An improved sanita-tion facility is one that hygienically separates human excreta from human contact. The coverage estimates for improved sanitation facilities pre-sented in this report are discounted by the proportion of the population that shared an improved type of sanitation facility. The ratio (the proportion of the population that shares a sanitation facility of an otherwise improved type) derived from the latest household sur-vey or census is subtracted from the trend estimates of improved sanita-tion facilities.
For each country, the JMP estimates are based on fitting a regression line to a series of data points from house-hold surveys and censuses. Because the regression involves retrofitting
the entire time series, estimates may differ from and may not be compa-rable to earlier estimates for the same reference year (including the 1990 baseline year), due to the addition of newly available data or the addition
of missing data from the past. Figure 38 shows the impact of adding data from a recent census (denoted in red as CEN10) to a file with eight previous data points. The red line will be used to determine the 2010 estimate and
Drinking Water Sanitation
Improved Use of:n Piped water into dwelling, yard
or plotn Public tap or standpipen Tubewell or boreholen Protected springn Protected dug welln rainwater collection
Use of: n Flush or pour-flush to:
– Piped sewer system
– Septic tank
– Pit latrinen Ventilated improved pit (VIP) latrinen Pit latrine with slabn Composting toilet
Unimproved Use of:n Unprotected dug welln Unprotected springn Cart with small tank or drumn Tanker truckn Surface water (river, dam, lake, pond,
stream, canal, irrigation channel)n Bottled water (considered to be
improved only when the household
uses drinking water from an
improved source for cooking and
personal hygiene)
Use of:n Flush or pour-flush to elsewhere
(that is, not to piped sewer system,
septic tank or pit latrine)n Pit latrine without slab, or open pitn Bucket n Hanging toilet or hanging latrinen Shared or public facilities of
any typen No facilities, bush or field
(open defecation)
Definitions of improved and unimproved drinking water sources and sanitation facilities
TaBle 6
33
rEGrESSION LINE 1990-2008 rEGrESSION LINE 1990-2010
1990 20152010200520001995
Year
Cove
rage
(%)
100
80
60
40
20
0
CEN10
WMS08DHS05WHS03DHS01
WMS97
WMS00
WMS04
CEN92
Examples of a JMP country file with regression linesFigure 38
Pr
OG
rE
SS
ON
Dr
INK
ING
WA
TE
r A
ND
SA
NIT
AT
ION
> 2
012
UP
DA
TE
34
re-estimate coverage in the entire 1990 to 2010 period.
Questions are often raised about the appropriateness of using a linear trend line. It can be argued that other types of curve-fitting procedures might better reflect the progression of coverage over time. However, the paucity of data points in many countries makes the use of more complex procedures inconsistent with good statistical practice. When MDG monitoring commenced, linear regression was deemed the best method for the limited number and often poorly comparable data on file (some countries had as few as two data points for many years), especially given the relatively short time frame of the MDGs – 25 years is only a frac-tion of the time needed to go from no access to full coverage. Unfortunately, the current use of linear regression to derive estimates does not allow rapid changes in coverage to be captured. The increased availability of more comparable data now allows for the exploration of more sophisticated modelling in preparation for a new, post-2015 drinking water target.
four developing countries for which there are no data points represent just 0.01 per cent. For the other countries, the average number of surveys on file is nine and the median is eight. This increase in data points over time has greatly increased the accuracy of the estimates prepared by the JMP.
Data Limitations
The current JMP method of monitoring assesses progress solely on the basis of the types of facilities used. It does not take into account other important parameters, such as drinking water quality, the availability of adequate quantities of water for domestic use, the number of service hours avail-able, the distance to a water source or sanitation facility, or the time household members spend on access and use of sources and facilities. The JMP has had access to limited data on some of these questions, either through household surveys or other data, such as the ‘Rapid Assessment of Drinking Water Quality’ studies, which the JMP commissioned between 2002 and 2008. Though these partial data sets are sometimes reported on in updates, they are seldom robust enough to draw conclusions on a global scale. (For more informa-tion on water quality, see the 2011 UNICEF and WHO thematic report, Drinking Water: Equity, Safety and Sustainability.)
While there is broad agreement that the reliability and sustained functioning of water and sanitation systems should somehow be captured, there are no broadly agreed-upon standards against which these should be measured. Indeed, ‘sustainable access’, a term used in the MDG target, has not been adequately defined in measurable terms, particularly since sustainability involves so many dimensions.
Number of surveys and censuses in the JMP databaseFigure 39
10 6 11 162 7 12 173 8 184 9 1413 195 10 15 >19
25
20
15
10
5
0
Num
ber o
f cou
ntrie
s
Growth of the JMP Database
Since 2000, the JMP has steadily increased the number of data points per country. This report is based on data from more than 1,100 surveys and censuses from developing coun-tries and 300 reports from developed countries, covering the period 1980 to 2010. This is a fivefold increase in data sources since the JMP report in 2000. Most of these surveys are from the developing world, since few household surveys are conducted in the developed world, and censuses in the developed world rarely collect information about access to drinking water and sanitation. For the devel-oped countries, the JMP relies on reports submitted by governments.
On average, the JMP has six surveys or censuses on file for each of the 153 countries in the developing world (Figure 39). The median number of surveys is five. The countries with fewer than five surveys on file represent just 10 per cent of the developing world population, and the
Number of surveys/censuses on file
35
The Water Quality Task Force explored options for including water-quality measurement in future JMP report-ing. The task force considered recent research on new field-based, low-cost water-quality test kits for measuring E. coli, which was determined to be the most promising water-quality indicator for global monitoring. MICS and DHS have agreed to pilot a new water-quality module using these new kits, though ways must still be found to keep related costs manageable. The task force also recommended that a second round of updated ‘Rapid Assessment of Drinking-Water Quality’ studies be carried out. In addition, the feasibility of using drinking-water regulator data and of strengthening the role of such data in global monitor-ing will be explored.
The Urban Task Force looked into chal-lenges specific to monitoring coverage in urban areas and to the role that the JMP can play in assessing prog-ress in these settings. The task force reviewed the characteristics of urban settings, determined what aspects of water supply and sanitation need to be measured for global monitoring, agreed how measurements can be carried out, and reviewed the linkages between monitoring at municipal, subnational, national and global levels. The task force recommended the use of innovative methods such as remote sensing to add a spatial ele-ment to global monitoring.
Looking Beyond 2015
Since 2000, the JMP has been the official instrument for measuring progress towards the MDG drinking water and sanitation target. In 2010 the JMP launched a new strategy, which defined its goals in the lead-up to 2015. One of the objectives of the strategy was to establish the JMP as a
between these sources and the international estimates generated by the JMP. In most countries, this has led to an increased awareness of the need to use standard defini-tions of access and data collection methods across line ministries and among different national monitoring mechanisms. This represents a major step forward in reconciling national data. The catalytic role of the JMP in this process – sharing its experiences in global monitoring to promote the strengthening of national monitoring – is becoming increasingly important. The process has allowed the JMP to fill important data gaps with survey and census data that it did not yet have on file. It has also helped to identify additional household surveys that are nationally representative and that the JMP is able to use.
JMP Task Forces
Three JMP technical task force meet-ings have been convened by WHO and UNICEF over the past two years:
The Sanitation and Methodology Task Force examined the issue of the ‘floating baseline’ (the fact that the coverage estimate for 1990 changes every time new data are added and the trendline re-drawn). It also explored alternative estimation methods, discussed ways to make sanitation estimates more accurate, and consid-ered the proposal for an alternative indicator of performance (discussed on pages 11 and 22). In addition, the task force is reviewing the definition of ‘pit latrine with slab’, since the current definition includes parameters that are not measured by household surveys. The task force will oversee the commissioning of research to assess differences in health outcomes between the use of individual household facilities and shared or public facilities.
The JMP intends to explore how best to comprehensively monitor these important aspects of the existing MDG target. It is also interested in examining other issues, such as the impact of seasonality on access, the adequacy of particular sanitation options in high-density urban areas, and safe disposal and treatment of pit latrine contents and sewerage. Other issues should also be moni-tored, including social obstacles to access for certain population groups, affordability and participation in water and sanitation governance, but may best be undertaken by other monitor-ing mechanisms. For instance, the Global Assessment and Analysis of Sanitation and Water Supply (GLAAS) is a new monitoring platform that tracks investments and aid target-ing water and sanitation. As such, it complements the JMP, and the JMP and GLAAS coordinate closely.
Data Reconciliation
The JMP has been proactive in holding in-country workshops to explain the methodology behind the JMP bien-nial reports. This has proved helpful in increasing understanding of what the JMP is actually measuring – that is, the use of improved drinking water sources and sanitation facilities, rather than verifying whether the infra-structure exists. This is important for ensuring the quality of the data being collected in a country and in building trust with national partners.
Recent efforts to reconcile such discrepancies have been initiated by the JMP and partners such as WaterAid in a number of countries in Asia and Africa. These reconcilia-tion processes have brought together senior staff from national statistics offices and relevant line ministries to assess discrepancies among national data sources and also discrepancies
JMP
ME
TH
OD
OLO
GY
AN
D W
HA
T LIE
S A
HE
AD
Pr
OG
rE
SS
ON
Dr
INK
ING
WA
TE
r A
ND
SA
NIT
AT
ION
> 2
012
UP
DA
TE
36
the technology category or service lad-der concept. This would reflect, where feasible, the human rights criteria described in Box 3. A number of expec-tations for indicators were identified during the consultation, including that they should be measurable, compa-rable, policy-relevant, time-bound, and inexpensive to collect. It was determined that two linked types of monitoring would be needed to meet different needs at different levels:
For monitoring future global development targets: to keep basic access as the centrepiece of global targets, with special attention to human rights criteria, and to ensure consistency with current monitoring; to explore the inclusion of more water supply and sanitation indicators and different standards for rural and urban areas; and to propose indicators for capturing the equity and non- discrimination dimensions.
For more detailed sector and human rights monitoring: to expand the set of indicators using a number of service-level and human rights cri-teria. Indicators would be monitored partly by strengthening the existing national water sector monitoring infrastructure and operations in rural and urban subsectors, and through additional human rights monitoring. Non-discrimination and equity would become central components of monitoring.
The participants also agreed that attainment of universal coverage through at least basic access to both drinking water and sanitation services should be reflected in future targets.
Full details of the Berlin consultation are available on the JMP website: www.wssinfo.org
platform for the development of post-2015 targets and indicators for safe drinking water and basic sanitation.
In looking beyond 2015, the strategy proposes a highly interactive pro-cess, starting with an initial scoping exercise, followed by discussions with researchers, practitioners and data-collection experts, facilitated by the JMP. This was to be followed by a series of consultations with stakeholders.
Initial discussions brought to light several shortcomings of the current MDG target: It requires a halving of the proportion of those without access, leaving many unserved. Furthermore, it incorporates concepts that are dif-ficult to measure (the sustainability of access and the safety of drinking water have yet to be fully addressed). Previous global targets for universal access, such as those set during the Water Decade 1980-1990, proved elusive. However, it was also acknowl-edged that recent recognition of safe drinking water and sanitation as a human right could open the door to a new approach to setting future targets and indicators (Box 3). It was around this premise that the first stakeholder consultation was organized – in Berlin, in May 2011.
Despite the many criticisms of the current indicators of access and the system to monitor them, the par-ticipants at the Berlin consultation concurred that an altogether new mon-itoring system was unnecessary, since it would be too difficult to implement and would ultimately be counter-productive. Rather, it was agreed that the existing system can and should be improved to address the concerns raised during the consultation and in previous forums. The preferred option, according to attendees, would be to find a way of recalibrating existing targets, using a range of basic versus more advanced indicators based on
On 28 July 2010, the UN General Assembly recognized that safe and clean drinking
water and sanitation are human rights, essential to the full enjoyment of life and all
other human rights. Subsequently, at its 15th session in September 2010, the UN
Human Rights Council affirmed that the right to water and sanitation is derived from
the right to an adequate standard of living and inextricably related to the right to the
highest attainable standard of physical and mental health, as well as to the right to
life and human dignity. The combined effect of the two resolutions was to anchor the
right to water and sanitation in the framework of the right to an adequate standard of
living, making it legally binding like any other of the rights inscribed in UN treaties.
Fundamental to the human rights framework is the concept of progressive realization:
Governments cannot solve the drinking water and sanitation situation overnight, but
they must make tangible progress towards the realization of this right. Human rights
principles also define various characteristics against which the enjoyment of the
right can be assessed, namely: availability, safety, acceptability, accessibility,
affordability, participation, non-discrimination and accountability. A distinctive
feature of the human rights framework is the principle of non-discrimination. This
requires looking beyond average attainment and disaggregating data sets to
determine whether any sort of discrimination is occurring.
This is a complex set of issues. However, if recognition of the human right to safe
and clean drinking water and sanitation is to have any meaning, future targets and
monitoring systems must endeavour to take these various aspects into account.
Water and sanitation are human rightsBOX 3
37
Statistical Tables
Pr
OG
rE
SS
ON
Dr
INK
ING
WA
TE
r A
ND
SA
NIT
AT
ION
> 2
012
UP
DA
TE
Cou
ntry
, Reg
iona
l and
Glo
bal E
stim
ates
on
Wat
er &
San
itatio
n
Country, Area or Territory Year Population (x 1,000)
use OF saniTaTiOn FaciliTies (percentage of population)
Urban Rural National
Proportion of the 2010 population
that gained access since 1995 (%)
Unimproved Unimproved Unimproved
Shar
ed
Shar
ed
Shar
ed
Impr
oved
Impr
oved
Impr
oved
Othe
rUn
impr
oved
Othe
rUn
impr
oved
Othe
rUn
impr
oved
Open
De
feca
tion
Open
De
feca
tion
Open
De
feca
tion
Perc
enta
ge
Urba
n Po
pula
tion
Afghanistan199020002010
13,03222,85631,412
182023
–4660
–––
–4338
–11
2
–2830
–––
–3948
–3322
–3237
–––
–3946
–2917
19
Albania199020002010
3,2893,0723,204
364252
949595
444
211
––0
667693
567
2918
0
––0
768494
555
1911
1
––0
17
Algeria199020002010
25,29930,53435,468
526066
999998
–––
101
–11
778288
–––
2342
–1410
889295
–––
1221
–64
23
American Samoa199020002010
475868
818993
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–
Andorra199020002010
536585
959288
100100100
–––
000
000
100100100
–––
000
000
100100100
–––
000
000
24
Angola199020002010
10,33513,92619,082
374959
677585
–––
889
2517
6
61119
–––
172230
776751
294258
–––
131517
584325
36
Anguilla199020002010
81115
100100100
–94
–
–––
–4–
–2–
NANANA
NANANA
NANANA
NANANA
–94
–
–––
–4–
–2–
–
Antigua and Barbuda199020002010
627889
353230
–9898
–––
–22
–––
–94
–
–––
–6–
–––
–95
–
–––
–5–
–––
–
Argentina199020002010
32,64236,93140,412
879092
9392
–
–––
78–
–––
7377
–
–––
2723
–
–––
9091
–
–––
109–
–––
–
Armenia199020002010
3,5453,0763,092
676564
959595
444
111
–00
–7780
–33
–2017
–00
–8990
–44
–76
–00
NA*
Aruba199020002010
6290
107
504747
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–
Australia199020002010
17,09619,16422,268
858789
100100100
–––
000
000
100100100
–––
000
000
100100100
–––
000
000
19
Austria199020002010
7,6718,0058,394
666668
100100100
000
000
000
100100100
000
000
000
100100100
000
000
000
5
Azerbaijan199020002010
7,2128,1119,188
545152
–7386
–9
11
–18
3
–00
–5078
–23
–4818
–01
–6282
–67
–3211
–00
34
Bahamas199020002010
256298343
808284
100100100
–––
000
000
100100100
–––
000
000
100100100
–––
000
000
18
Bahrain199020002010
493638
1,262
888889
100100100
–––
000
000
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–
Bangladesh199020002010
105,256129,592148,692
202428
585857
272626
81115
752
344355
162025
111315
3924
5
394756
182125
101215
3320
423
Barbados199020002010
260268273
333844
100100100
–––
000
000
100100100
–––
000
000
100100100
–––
000
000
4
Belarus199020002010
10,26010,058
9,595
667075
919191
888
111
–––
969697
222
221
–––
939393
666
111
–––
NA*
Belgium199020002010
9,94910,17610,712
969797
100100100
000
000
000
100100100
000
000
000
100100100
000
000
000
6
Belize199020002010
190251312
474852
778593
667
1370
420
778287
667
753
1073
778390
667
1062
751
33
Benin199020002010
4,7736,5188,850
343842
141925
202836
141311
524028
035
16
12
346
968777
59
13
81422
689
816956
9
Bermuda199020002010
606365
100100100
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–
Bhutan199020002010
559571726
162535
–6673
–1921
–10
5
–51
–3029
–2828
–3038
–12
5
–3944
–2626
–2526
–10
4–
Bolivia (Plurinational State of)199020002010
6,6588,3079,930
566267
283135
364146
141211
2216
8
68
10
101417
151619
696254
182227
243136
151314
433423
11
Bosnia and Herzegovina199020002010
4,3083,6943,760
394349
989899
001
220
–00
–9392
–11
–57
–10
–9595
–11
–34
–10
11
38
STA
TIS
TIC
AL TA
BLE
Country, Area or Territory Year
use OF Drinking WaTer sOurces (percentage of population)
Urban Rural National
Proportion of the 2010 population
that gained access since 1995 (%)
Improved Unimproved Improved Unimproved Improved Unimproved
Tota
l Im
prov
ed
Tota
l Im
prov
ed
Pipe
d on
Pr
emis
es
Othe
r Im
prov
ed
Othe
r Im
prov
ed
Unim
prov
ed
Unim
prov
ed
Unim
prov
ed
Surfa
ce
Wat
er
Surfa
ce
Wat
er
Surfa
ce
Wat
er
Tota
l Im
prov
ed
Pipe
d on
Pr
emis
es
Othe
r Im
prov
ed
Pipe
d on
Pr
emis
es
Afghanistan199020002010
–3678
–1016
–2662
–5417
–10
5
11842
000
11842
994347
–3911
–2250
–24
–2046
–4540
–3310
49
Albania199020002010
100100
96
979691
345
004
000
969694
–4867
–4827
426
–20
979895
–6879
–3016
315
–10
-1
Algeria199020002010
1009385
878480
1395
07
15
00–
888479
485256
403223
101521
21–
948983
687172
261811
51117
10–
9
American Samoa199020002010
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–
Andorra199020002010
100100100
100100100
000
000
000
100100100
100100100
000
000
000
100100100
100100100
000
000
000
24
Angola199020002010
465260
152334
312926
514538
332
404038
012
403936
272421
333641
424651
61221
363430
363431
222018
24
Anguilla199020002010
–60
–
–45
–
–15
–
–40
–
–––
NANANA
NANANA
NANANA
NANANA
NANANA
–60
–
–45
–
–15
–
–40
–
–––
–
Antigua and Barbuda199020002010
–9595
–73
–
–22
–
–55
–––
–89
–
–82
–
–7–
–11
–
–––
–91
–
–79
–
–12
–
–9–
–––
–
Argentina199020002010
979898
7681
–
2117
–
322
00–
7278
–
2239
–
5039
–
1515
–
137–
9496
–
6977
–
2519
–
43–
21–
–
Armenia199020002010
989899
959698
321
221
–0–
–8197
566883
–1314
–19
3
–0–
–9298
828693
–65
–82
–0–
4
Aruba199020002010
100100100
100100100
000
000
000
100100100
100100100
000
000
000
100100100
100100100
000
000
000
25
Australia199020002010
100100100
–––
–––
000
000
100100100
–––
–––
000
000
100100100
–––
–––
000
000
19
Austria199020002010
100100100
100100100
000
000
000
100100100
100100100
000
000
000
100100100
100100100
000
000
000
5
Azerbaijan199020002010
888888
677278
211610
121110
–12
495971
171820
324151
512413
–1716
707480
444650
262830
301711
–99
20
Bahamas199020002010
989898
–69
–
–29
–
222
–––
–86
–
–80
–
–6–
–14
–
–––
–96
–
–71
–
–25
–
–4–
–––
–
Bahrain199020002010
100100100
100100100
000
000
000
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–
Bangladesh †199020002010
878685
262320
616365
131415
000
757780
001
757779
212018
432
777981
556
727475
201918
321
20
Barbados199020002010
100100100
98100100
200
000
000
100100100
–––
–––
000
000
100100100
–––
–––
000
000
4
Belarus199020002010
100100100
–8995
–11
5
000
000
999999
–3072
–6927
111
–––
100100100
–7189
–2911
000
000
NA*
Belgium199020002010
100100100
100100100
000
000
000
100100100
9699
100
410
000
000
100100100
100100100
000
000
000
6
Belize199020002010
899398
758187
141211
1172
000
618099
214468
403631
2714
1
1260
748698
476278
272420
2011
2
630
42
Benin199020002010
727884
162331
565553
191714
952
495968
024
495764
222325
2918
7
576675
61015
515660
212120
2213
535
Bermuda199020002010
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–
Bhutan199020002010
9999
100
–8181
–1819
100
–10
–8294
–4544
–3750
–51
–13
5
–8696
–5457
–3239
–41
–10
3–
Bolivia (Plurinational State of)199020002010
929496
788795
1471
754
110
435771
143351
292420
1512
9
423120
708088
506680
2014
8
1185
1912
731
Bosnia and Herzegovina199020002010
9999
100
969694
336
110
–00
969698
–7771
–1927
442
–00
979799
–8582
–1217
331
–00
13
Country, R
egional and Global E
stimates on W
ater & S
anitation
39
Pr
OG
rE
SS
ON
Dr
INK
ING
WA
TE
r A
ND
SA
NIT
AT
ION
> 2
012
UP
DA
TE
Cou
ntry
, Reg
iona
l and
Glo
bal E
stim
ates
on
Wat
er &
San
itatio
n
Country, Area or Territory Year Population (x 1,000)
use OF saniTaTiOn FaciliTies (percentage of population)
Urban Rural National
Proportion of the 2010 population
that gained access since 1995 (%)
Unimproved Unimproved Unimproved
Shar
ed
Shar
ed
Shar
ed
Impr
oved
Impr
oved
Impr
oved
Othe
rUn
impr
oved
Othe
rUn
impr
oved
Othe
rUn
impr
oved
Open
De
feca
tion
Open
De
feca
tion
Open
De
feca
tion
Perc
enta
ge
Urba
n Po
pula
tion
Botswana199020002010
1,3821,7582,007
425361
616975
566
221918
1261
223241
68
11
191510
534538
385262
678
201715
362415
26
Brazil199020002010
149,650174,425194,946
748187
808285
111
131413
631
333844
011
202734
473421
687479
111
141616
1794
21
British Virgin Islands199020002010
162023
383941
100100100
–––
000
000
100100100
–––
000
000
100100100
–––
000
000
26
Brunei Darussalam199020002010
252327399
667176
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–
Bulgaria199020002010
8,8198,0067,494
666971
100100100
–––
000
000
98100100
–––
200
–00
99100100
–––
100
–00
NA*
Burkina Faso199020002010
9,32412,29416,469
141826
434650
323437
1310
4
1210
9
246
36
10
678
898376
81117
71117
787
787059
11
Burundi199020002010
5,6026,3748,383
68
11
414649
182022
403327
112
444546
444
494949
321
444546
556
484847
321
14
Cambodia199020002010
9,53212,44714,138
131720
365073
57
10
1062
493715
51020
124
564
898272
91731
235
563
847461
23
Cameroon199020002010
12,18115,67819,599
415058
636158
201918
151923
211
373736
888
384044
171512
484949
131314
283031
1186
14
Canada199020002010
27,70130,66734,017
777981
100100100
–––
000
000
999999
–––
111
–––
100100100
–––
000
000
14
Cape Verde199020002010
348437496
445361
–6173
–––
–12
8
–2719
–2543
–––
–1714
–5843
–4461
–––
–1511
–4128
32
Cayman Islands199020002010
264056
100100100
969696
–––
444
–––
NANANA
NANANA
NANANA
NANANA
969696
–––
444
–––
41
Central African Republic199020002010
2,9353,7024,401
373839
213243
121824
574430
1063
51628
28
14
443627
494031
112234
61218
483928
352720
23
Chad199020002010
6,0118,222
11,227
212328
212630
121518
423937
252015
456
111
27
13
938780
81013
346
101519
797162
7
Channel Islands199020002010
140145153
313031
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–
Chile199020002010
13,18815,42017,114
838689
919698
–––
422
520
487183
–––
472517
540
849296
–––
1164
520
23
China199020002010
1,145,1951,269,1171,341,335
263647
486174
152024
3418
2
310
153556
49
14
725128
952
244464
71319
623916
741
34
Colombia199020002010
33,20339,76446,295
687275
798182
141415
421
332
405263
456
141211
423120
677377
111113
754
1511
622
Comoros199020002010
438562735
282828
344250
223
645646
001
112330
122
887467
011
172836
122
826961
011
21
Congo199020002010
2,3893,1364,043
545862
–2120
–4239
–3538
–23
–1815
–3025
–3443
–1817
–2018
–3734
–3440
–98
–
Cook Islands199020002010
181820
586575
100100100
–––
000
000
9199
100
–––
910
––0
96100100
–––
400
–00
10
Costa Rica199020002010
3,0703,9194,659
515964
949595
444
101
110
919496
444
100
420
939595
444
101
210
26
Côte d’Ivoire199020002010
12,51816,58219,738
404451
383736
252423
313335
666
81011
81012
282727
565350
202224
151618
292930
363328
8
Croatia199020002010
4,5174,5064,403
545658
999999
111
000
000
989898
111
101
–1–
999999
111
000
000
NA*
Cuba199020002010
10,57011,10411,258
737675
869094
555
941
–10
647381
101213
2610
4
–52
808691
677
1452
–20
10
Cyprus199020002010
767943
1,104
676970
100100100
–––
000
000
100100100
–––
000
000
100100100
–––
000
000
23
40
Country, R
egional and Global E
stimates on W
ater & S
anitationS
TAT
IST
ICA
L TAB
LE
Country, Area or Territory Year
use OF Drinking WaTer sOurces (percentage of population)
Urban Rural National
Proportion of the 2010 population
that gained access since 1995 (%)
Improved Unimproved Improved Unimproved Improved Unimproved
Tota
l Im
prov
ed
Tota
l Im
prov
ed
Pipe
d on
Pr
emis
es
Othe
r Im
prov
ed
Othe
r Im
prov
ed
Unim
prov
ed
Unim
prov
ed
Unim
prov
ed
Surfa
ce
Wat
er
Surfa
ce
Wat
er
Surfa
ce
Wat
er
Tota
l Im
prov
ed
Pipe
d on
Pr
emis
es
Othe
r Im
prov
ed
Pipe
d on
Pr
emis
es
41
Botswana199020002010
1009999
386385
623614
011
000
889092
132536
756556
344
964
939596
234566
705030
222
532
22
Brazil199020002010
9698
100
939496
344
420
000
687785
405365
282420
171613
1572
899498
798692
1086
752
410
22
British Virgin Islands199020002010
989898
979797
111
222
–––
989898
979797
111
222
–––
989898
979797
111
222
–––
17
Brunei Darussalam199020002010
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–
Bulgaria199020002010
100100100
969798
432
000
000
99100100
6977
–
3023
–
100
–00
100100100
8791
–
139–
000
000
NA*
Burkina Faso199020002010
758595
121723
636872
2415
5
100
385573
000
385573
523822
1075
436079
236
415773
483417
964
46
Burundi199020002010
978983
324147
654836
369
058
687071
111
676970
251610
71419
707272
346
676866
231510
71318
21
Cambodia199020002010
486387
153363
333024
3022
9
2215
4
294058
025
293853
363122
352920
314464
27
17
293747
362919
332717
37
Cameroon199020002010
768695
232526
536169
1184
1361
314252
223
294049
171818
524030
496477
111316
385161
151310
362313
37
Canada199020002010
100100100
100100100
000
000
000
999999
–38
–
–61
–
111
–––
100100100
–87
–
–13
–
000
000
14
Cape Verde199020002010
–8490
–4258
–4232
–1610
–00
–8185
08
40
–7345
–1815
–10
–8388
–2651
–5737
–1712
–00
24
Cayman Islands199020002010
–9396
376795
–26
1
–74
–––
NANANA
NANANA
NANANA
NANANA
NANANA
–9396
376795
–26
1
–74
–––
43
Central African Republic199020002010
788592
876
707886
2014
7
211
474951
000
474951
343843
1913
6
586367
332
556065
292929
1384
21
Chad199020002010
496070
71523
424547
483830
320
374144
001
374143
474951
1610
5
394551
147
384144
484745
1384
25
Channel Islands199020002010
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–
Chile199020002010
999999
979899
210
111
000
486675
223947
262728
251525
2719
0
909496
849093
643
534
530
19
China199020002010
979898
929395
553
212
110
567085
122845
444240
342413
1062
678091
335168
342923
2516
8
841
25
Colombia199020002010
989999
989592
047
211
000
697172
585858
111314
1611
8
151820
899192
858584
468
643
555
22
Comoros199020002010
989391
314553
674838
169
110
839297
101721
737576
753
1030
879295
162530
716765
665
720
35
Congo199020002010
959595
–4636
–4959
545
–10
–3632
442
–3230
–5239
–1229
–7071
–2823
–4248
–2418
–6
11–
Cook Islands199020002010
999998
–––
–––
112
–––
8787
–
–––
–––
1313
–
–––
9495
–
–––
–––
65–
–––
–
Costa Rica199020002010
9999
100
9297
100
720
110
000
868991
718191
1580
644
875
939597
829097
1150
321
432
27
Côte d’Ivoire199020002010
909191
505764
403427
1098
001
676768
51016
625752
172328
1610
4
767780
233040
534740
141718
1062
22
Croatia199020002010
100100100
969696
444
000
000
979797
–77
–
–20
–
323
–1–
999999
–88
–
–11
–
111
–0–
NA*
Cuba199020002010
939596
778082
161514
754
–00
537389
304454
232935
4725
9
–22
829094
647175
181919
1810
6
–00
11
Cyprus199020002010
100100100
100100100
000
000
000
100100100
100100100
000
000
000
100100100
100100100
000
000
000
23
Pr
OG
rE
SS
ON
Dr
INK
ING
WA
TE
r A
ND
SA
NIT
AT
ION
> 2
012
UP
DA
TE
Cou
ntry
, Reg
iona
l and
Glo
bal E
stim
ates
on
Wat
er &
San
itatio
n
Country, Area or Territory Year Population (x 1,000)
use OF saniTaTiOn FaciliTies (percentage of population)
Urban Rural National
Proportion of the 2010 population
that gained access since 1995 (%)
Unimproved Unimproved Unimproved
Shar
ed
Shar
ed
Shar
ed
Impr
oved
Impr
oved
Impr
oved
Othe
rUn
impr
oved
Othe
rUn
impr
oved
Othe
rUn
impr
oved
Open
De
feca
tion
Open
De
feca
tion
Open
De
feca
tion
Perc
enta
ge
Urba
n Po
pula
tion
Czech Republic199020002010
10,30310,24310,493
757474
1009999
011
000
000
989797
233
000
000
1009898
022
000
000
1
Democratic People’s Republic of Korea199020002010
20,14322,89424,346
585960
–6586
–56
–30
8
–––
–5571
–23
–4326
–––
–6180
–45
–3515
–––
32
Democratic Republic of the Congo199020002010
36,40649,62665,966
283035
232324
323333
404042
541
41324
41323
695640
231813
91624
121927
615140
1814
916
Denmark199020002010
5,1415,3405,550
858587
100100100
000
000
000
100100100
000
000
000
100100100
000
000
000
6
Djibouti199020002010
562732889
767676
736963
655
102032
1160
453010
641
21328
475361
666050
654
81832
201714
5
Dominica199020002010
717068
686767
–80
–
–––
–2–
–18
–
–84
–
–––
–2–
–14
–
–81
–
–––
–2–
–17
––
Dominican Republic199020002010
7,1958,5929,927
556269
838587
91010
521
332
616875
111213
875
2013
7
737883
101111
642
1174
23
Ecuador199020002010
10,26112,34514,465
556067
869296
233
520
731
487084
234
1150
392212
698392
233
830
2111
532
Egypt199020002010
56,84367,64881,121
434343
919597
333
510
110
577993
457
2290
1770
728695
445
1460
1040
35
El Salvador199020002010
5,3335,9406,193
495964
888989
888
101
332
627483
345
100
342212
758387
567
100
1911
614
Equatorial Guinea199020002010
374520700
353940
–92
–
–––
–8–
–––
–87
–
–––
–13
–
–––
–89
–
–––
–11
–
–––
–
Eritrea199020002010
3,1583,6685,254
161822
5854
–
–––
108–
3238
–
024
–––
01
96
10097
–
911
–
–––
22–
8987
––
Estonia199020002010
1,5681,3711,341
716969
969696
444
000
000
949494
666
000
000
959595
555
000
000
NA*
Ethiopia199020002010
48,33365,57882,950
131517
202429
273340
111622
4227
9
16
19
026
07
22
998553
39
21
37
12
18
21
937646
18
Faeroe Islands199020002010
484649
313640
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–
Falkland Islands (Malvinas)199020002010
233
746874
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–
Fiji199020002010
728812861
424852
909294
–––
1086
000
405971
–––
523728
841
617583
–––
342317
520
22
Finland199020002010
4,9865,1735,365
798285
100100100
–––
000
000
100100100
–––
000
000
100100100
–––
000
000
5
France199020002010
56,70859,04862,787
747785
100100100
000
000
000
100100100
000
000
000
100100100
000
000
000
8
French Guiana199020002010
117165231
757576
–85
–
–––
–15
–
–––
–57
–
–––
–43
–
–––
–78
–
–––
–22
–
–––
–
French Polynesia199020002010
195238271
565251
999999
–––
111
–––
979797
–––
333
–––
989898
–––
222
–––
20
Gabon199020002010
9291,2351,505
698086
–3733
–4036
–2130
–21
–3030
–2425
–4143
–52
–3633
–3734
–2432
–31
7
Gambia199020002010
9661,2971,728
384958
–6770
–2425
–85
–10
–6065
–1415
–1815
–85
–6368
–1921
–13
9
–52
29
Georgia199020002010
5,4604,7464,352
555353
979696
333
011
00–
959493
111
436
–2–
969595
222
223
–1–
NA*
Germany199020002010
79,09882,34982,302
737374
100100100
000
000
000
100100100
000
000
000
100100100
000
000
000
0
Ghana199020002010
14,79319,16524,392
364451
121619
445973
3316
2
1196
468
203143
473216
293133
71014
294358
4226
9
222119
8
42
Country, R
egional and Global E
stimates on W
ater & S
anitationS
TAT
IST
ICA
L TAB
LE
Country, Area or Territory Year
use OF Drinking WaTer sOurces (percentage of population)
Urban Rural National
Proportion of the 2010 population
that gained access since 1995 (%)
Improved Unimproved Improved Unimproved Improved Unimproved
Tota
l Im
prov
ed
Tota
l Im
prov
ed
Pipe
d on
Pr
emis
es
Othe
r Im
prov
ed
Othe
r Im
prov
ed
Unim
prov
ed
Unim
prov
ed
Unim
prov
ed
Surfa
ce
Wat
er
Surfa
ce
Wat
er
Surfa
ce
Wat
er
Tota
l Im
prov
ed
Pipe
d on
Pr
emis
es
Othe
r Im
prov
ed
Pipe
d on
Pr
emis
es
43
Czech Republic199020002010
100100100
979797
333
000
000
100100100
–91
–
–9–
000
000
100100100
–95
–
–5–
000
000
2
Democratic People’s Republic of Korea199020002010
100100
99
–8193
–19
6
000
001
1009997
–7280
–2717
010
0–3
100100
98
–7788
–2310
000
002
9
Democratic Republic of the Congo199020002010
908579
513821
394758
101317
024
272727
012
272625
404347
333026
454445
1412
9
313236
313437
242218
16
Denmark199020002010
100100100
100100100
000
000
000
100100100
100100100
000
000
000
100100100
100100100
000
000
000
6
Djibouti199020002010
808899
677379
131520
2012
1
–00
706354
1811
1
525253
303241
–55
788288
555860
232428
221711
–11
33
Dominica199020002010
969696
–78
–
–18
–
444
–––
–92
–
–49
–
–43
–
–8–
–––
–95
–
–68
–
–27
–
–5–
–––
–
Dominican Republic199020002010
989287
948680
467
28
13
000
768084
465055
303029
31016
2110
0
888786
737272
151514
39
14
940
16
Ecuador199020002010
819096
668393
1573
1494
510
627989
245573
382416
579
3314
2
728694
477286
2514
8
1086
1860
31
Egypt199020002010
9698
100
9095
100
630
420
000
909599
396693
5129
6
741
310
939699
617896
3218
3
531
210
27
El Salvador199020002010
909294
727680
181614
976
110
586876
142942
443934
211612
211612
748288
435766
312522
1511
8
1174
15
Equatorial Guinea199020002010
–66
–
–10
–
–56
–
–26
–
–8–
–42
–
111
–41
–
–5–
–53
–
–51
–
445
–47
–
–13
–
–36
––
Eritrea199020002010
6270
–
4042
–
2228
–
3730
–
10–
3950
–
000
3950
–
3437
–
2713
–
4354
–
67–
3747
–
3435
–
2311
––
Estonia199020002010
999999
929597
742
111
–0–
979797
5165
–
4632
–
333
–0–
989898
8086
–
1812
–
222
–0–
NA*
Ethiopia199020002010
798797
92646
706151
1173
1060
51934
001
51933
394043
564123
142944
148
132536
363537
503619
31
Faeroe Islands199020002010
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–
Falkland Islands (Malvinas)199020002010
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–
Fiji199020002010
9498
100
929597
233
620
000
778895
385566
393329
1882
543
849398
607482
241916
1351
321
18
Finland199020002010
100100100
9699
100
410
000
000
100100100
859296
1584
000
000
100100100
949899
621
000
000
5
France199020002010
100100100
100100100
000
000
000
100100100
9599
100
510
000
000
100100100
99100100
100
000
000
8
French Guiana199020002010
–88
–
–83
–
–5–
–12
–
–––
–71
–
–65
–
–6–
–29
–
–––
–84
–
–79
–
–5–
–16
–
–––
–
French Polynesia199020002010
100100100
999999
111
000
000
100100100
969696
444
000
000
100100100
989898
222
000
000
20
Gabon199020002010
–9595
–5249
–4346
–31
–24
–4741
–8
10
–3931
–1813
–3546
–8587
–4344
–4243
–63
–9
1027
Gambia199020002010
869092
254051
615041
1410
8
000
677785
035
677480
332315
000
748389
102132
646257
261711
000
38
Georgia199020002010
9497
100
818692
1311
8
630
–00
668096
193451
474645
3420
4
–00
818998
536173
282825
1911
2
–00
2
Germany199020002010
100100100
100100100
000
000
000
100100100
9799
100
310
000
000
100100100
99100100
100
000
000
0
Ghana199020002010
848791
413733
435058
799
940
365880
233
345577
1110
9
533211
537186
161818
375368
1099
3720
542
Pr
OG
rE
SS
ON
Dr
INK
ING
WA
TE
r A
ND
SA
NIT
AT
ION
> 2
012
UP
DA
TE
Cou
ntry
, Reg
iona
l and
Glo
bal E
stim
ates
on
Wat
er &
San
itatio
n
Country, Area or Territory Year Population (x 1,000)
use OF saniTaTiOn FaciliTies (percentage of population)
Urban Rural National
Proportion of the 2010 population
that gained access since 1995 (%)
Unimproved Unimproved Unimproved
Shar
ed
Shar
ed
Shar
ed
Impr
oved
Impr
oved
Impr
oved
Othe
rUn
impr
oved
Othe
rUn
impr
oved
Othe
rUn
impr
oved
Open
De
feca
tion
Open
De
feca
tion
Open
De
feca
tion
Perc
enta
ge
Urba
n Po
pula
tion
44
Greece199020002010
10,16110,98711,359
596061
1009999
–––
011
00–
939697
–––
003
74–
979898
–––
002
32–
7
Greenland199020002010
565657
808284
100100100
000
000
000
100100100
000
000
000
100100100
000
000
000
2
Grenada199020002010
96102104
333639
969696
–––
444
–––
979797
–––
333
–––
979797
–––
333
–––
4
Guadeloupe199020002010
386427461
999898
–9495
–––
–65
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–
Guam199020002010
134155180
919393
999999
–––
111
–––
989898
–––
222
–––
999999
–––
111
–––
19
Guatemala199020002010
8,92311,23714,389
414549
818587
99
10
531
532
486070
456
131414
352110
627178
678
998
2313
632
Guinea199020002010
5,7598,3449,982
283135
192632
233240
523927
631
69
11
456
354453
554230
101418
91318
404344
413020
9
Guinea-Bissau199020002010
1,0171,2411,515
283030
–3644
–1316
–4738
–42
459
112
954146
–5343
–1420
–56
–4343
–3831
10
Guyana199020002010
725733754
302929
–8688
–88
–54
–10
–7682
–89
–15
8
–11
–7984
–89
–12
6
–11
8
Haiti199020002010
7,1258,6459,993
293652
443424
443524
02043
1211
9
191510
1296
72035
625649
262217
211815
52040
484028
-3
Honduras199020002010
4,8896,2187,601
404552
717885
677
1410
7
951
365369
122
151312
483217
506477
345
1512
9
3220
935
Hungary199020002010
10,37610,211
9,984
666568
100100100
000
000
000
100100100
000
000
000
100100100
000
000
000
NA*
Iceland199020002010
255281320
919293
100100100
000
000
000
100100100
000
000
000
100100100
000
000
000
17
India199020002010
873,7851,053,8981,224,614
262830
515558
171819
459
282214
71423
134
146
917967
182534
579
256
756351
17
Indonesia199020002010
184,346213,395239,871
314244
566473
89
10
1711
3
191614
213039
69
12
251913
484236
324454
79
11
2216
9
393126
22
Iran (Islamic Republic of)199020002010
54,87165,34273,974
566471
8392
100
–––
1780
-00
7486
100
–––
2613
0
-10
7990
100
–––
2110
0
-00
33
Iraq199020002010
17,37423,85731,672
706866
-7676
-1919
-55
-00
-5467
-1012
-1917
-17
4
-6973
-1617
-10
9
-51
30
Ireland199020002010
3,5313,8044,470
575962
100100100
–––
000
000
989898
–––
222
–––
999999
–––
111
–––
19
Isle of Man199020002010
707783
525251
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–
Israel199020002010
4,5006,0157,418
909192
100100100
–––
000
000
100100100
–––
000
000
100100100
–––
000
000
28
Italy199020002010
56,83256,98660,551
676768
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–
Jamaica199020002010
2,3652,5822,741
495252
787878
202020
111
111
818282
141414
433
111
808080
171717
222
111
9
Japan199020002010
122,251125,720126,536
636567
100100100
000
000
000
100100100
000
000
000
100100100
000
000
000
2
Jordan199020002010
3,4164,8276,187
727879
989898
222
000
000
959698
111
411
–20
979898
222
100
–00
29
Kazakhstan199020002010
16,53014,95716,026
565659
969797
333
100
000
979798
111
011
210
969797
222
111
100
2
Kenya199020002010
23,44731,25440,513
182022
273032
424548
282218
332
252832
161921
423529
171818
252832
212427
403327
141514
14
Country, R
egional and Global E
stimates on W
ater & S
anitationS
TAT
IST
ICA
L TAB
LE
Country, Area or Territory Year
use OF Drinking WaTer sOurces (percentage of population)
Urban Rural National
Proportion of the 2010 population
that gained access since 1995 (%)
Improved Unimproved Improved Unimproved Improved Unimproved
Tota
l Im
prov
ed
Tota
l Im
prov
ed
Pipe
d on
Pr
emis
es
Othe
r Im
prov
ed
Othe
r Im
prov
ed
Unim
prov
ed
Unim
prov
ed
Unim
prov
ed
Surfa
ce
Wat
er
Surfa
ce
Wat
er
Surfa
ce
Wat
er
Tota
l Im
prov
ed
Pipe
d on
Pr
emis
es
Othe
r Im
prov
ed
Pipe
d on
Pr
emis
es
45
Greece199020002010
99100100
99100100
000
100
–00
929899
829599
1030
821
–––
9699
100
9298
100
410
410
––0
8
Greenland199020002010
100100100
100100100
000
000
000
100100100
100100100
000
000
000
100100100
100100100
000
000
000
2
Grenada199020002010
979797
–93–-
–4–
333
–––
–93
–
–75
–
–18
–
–7–
–––
–94
–
–81
–
–13
–
–6–
–––
–
Guadeloupe199020002010
989898
989898
000
222
–––
–93
–
–75
–
–18
–
–7–
–––
–98
–
–98
–
–0–
–2–
–––
–
Guam199020002010
100100100
–––
–––
000
000
100100100
–––
–––
000
000
100100100
–––
–––
000
000
19
Guatemala199020002010
919598
688396
2312
2
742
210
748187
345469
402718
777
1912
6
818792
486782
332010
765
1273
34
Guinea199020002010
878890
212529
666361
59
10
830
375265
001
375264
91521
543314
516374
68
11
455563
81317
4124
930
Guinea-Bissau199020002010
456891
141311
315580
5532
8
001
324353
000
324353
635344
543
365064
443
324661
604734
432
32
Guyana199020002010
–9498
–7479
–2019
–52
–10
–8793
–5659
–3134
–72
–65
–8994
–6165
–2829
–62
–54
9
Haiti199020002010
848485
272115
576370
121211
444
495051
234
474747
353128
161921
596269
99
10
505359
282419
131412
21
Honduras199020002010
969595
859095
1150
455
000
627179
425974
2012
5
372819
112
768287
597385
1792
231712
111
29
Hungary199020002010
98100100
949595
455
200
–00
9198
100
7286
–
1912
–
920
–00
9699
100
8692
–
107–
410
–00
NA*
Iceland199020002010
100100100
100100100
000
000
000
100100100
100100100
000
000
000
100100100
100100100
000
000
000
17
India199020002010
889397
494948
394449
1173
100
637790
71012
566778
3321
9
421
698192
182123
516069
2818
7
311
33
Indonesia199020002010
919192
253136
666056
888
110
616874
258
596366
322622
764
707882
91620
616262
251816
542
20
Iran (Islamic Republic of)199020002010
989897
979696
121
223
000
808592
657688
1594
1613
8
420
909396
838994
742
864
210
22
Iraq199020002010
979591
–9289
–32
337
–22
444956
–3750
–12
6
561627
–3517
818079
–7476
–63
197
14
–13
728
Ireland199020002010
100100100
100100100
000
000
000
100100100
999999
111
000
000
100100100
100100100
000
000
000
19
Isle of Man199020002010
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–
Israel199020002010
100100100
100100100
000
000
000
100100100
989898
222
000
000
100100100
100100100
000
000
000
28
Italy199020002010
100100100
100100100
000
000
000
100100100
96100100
400
000
000
100100100
99100100
100
000
000
6
Jamaica199020002010
989898
899091
987
222
000
888888
344247
544641
158
1174
939393
616770
322623
145
632
10
Japan199020002010
100100100
979899
321
000
000
100100100
869195
1495
000
000
100100100
939698
742
000
000
2
Jordan199020002010
999898
989693
125
122
0––
909192
878379
38
13
998
1––
979697
959390
237
343
0––
28
Kazakhstan199020002010
999999
918782
81217
111
000
929190
282624
646566
567
333
969695
636058
333637
334
111
0
Kenya199020002010
928782
565045
363737
49
14
444
334352
101112
233240
181818
493930
445259
181919
263340
151617
413224
26
Pr
OG
rE
SS
ON
Dr
INK
ING
WA
TE
r A
ND
SA
NIT
AT
ION
> 2
012
UP
DA
TE
Cou
ntry
, Reg
iona
l and
Glo
bal E
stim
ates
on
Wat
er &
San
itatio
n
Country, Area or Territory Year Population (x 1,000)
use OF saniTaTiOn FaciliTies (percentage of population)
Urban Rural National
Proportion of the 2010 population
that gained access since 1995 (%)
Unimproved Unimproved Unimproved
Shar
ed
Shar
ed
Shar
ed
Impr
oved
Impr
oved
Impr
oved
Othe
rUn
impr
oved
Othe
rUn
impr
oved
Othe
rUn
impr
oved
Open
De
feca
tion
Open
De
feca
tion
Open
De
feca
tion
Perc
enta
ge
Urba
n Po
pula
tion
46
Kiribati199020002010
7284
100
354344
3647
–
79–
163–
4141
–
2122
–
22–
1221
–
6555
–
2633
–
45–
1313
–
5749
––
Kuwait199020002010
2,0881,9412,737
989898
100100100
–––
000
000
100100100
–––
000
000
100100100
–––
000
000
41
Kyrgyzstan199020002010
4,3954,9555,334
383535
949494
555
111
–00
–9393
–22
–55
–00
–9393
–33
–44
–00
13
Lao People’s Democratic Republic199020002010
4,1925,3176,201
152233
–6489
–45
–83
–24
3
–1550
–01
–98
–7641
–2663
–12
–87
–6528
50
Latvia199020002010
2,6642,3852,252
696868
–82
–
–13
–
–5–
–0–
–71
–
–3–
–26
–
–0–
–78
–
–10
–
–12
–
–0–
–
Lebanon199020002010
2,9483,7424,228
838687
100100100
–––
000
000
–87
–
–––
–13
–
–––
–98
–
–––
–2–
–––
–
Lesotho199020002010
1,6391,9642,171
142027
–3732
–3430
–1832
–11
6
–2224
–34
–2223
–5349
–2526
–9
11
–2126
–4537
6
Liberia199020002010
2,1272,8473,994
414448
–2329
–2330
–2916
–2525
–37
–8
21
–98
–8064
–1218
–1525
–1712
–5645
12
Libya199020002010
4,3345,2316,355
767678
979797
–––
333
–––
969696
–––
444
–––
979797
–––
333
–––
24
Liechtenstein199020002010
293336
171514
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–
Lithuania199020002010
3,6963,5003,324
686767
959595
–––
555
–––
–69
–
–––
–31
–
–––
–86
–
–––
–14
–
–––
–
Luxembourg199020002010
381435507
818485
100100100
000
000
000
100100100
000
000
000
100100100
000
000
000
20
Madagascar199020002010
11,28115,36420,714
242730
151821
212428
413732
232119
71012
91214
182229
665645
91215
121518
232630
564737
8
Malawi199020002010
9,38111,22914,901
121520
484949
434444
545
432
384551
222630
679
342210
394651
242933
668
3119
823
Malaysia199020002010
18,20923,41528,401
506272
889496
444
710
110
819095
344
721
94–
849296
344
820
520
31
Maldives199020002010
219273316
262840
989898
222
000
000
587297
112
1081
3119
0
687997
112
861
2314
043
Mali199020002010
8,67311,29515,370
232836
333435
363738
262523
544
101214
679
475357
372820
151822
131619
424545
302114
11
Malta199020002010
368397417
909295
100100100
000
000
000
100100100
000
000
000
100100100
000
000
000
7
Marshall Islands199020002010
475254
656872
778083
111212
1281
––4
414853
91112
5041
0
––
35
647075
101212
2618
0
––
1311
Martinique199020002010
359385406
869089
–9495
–––
–65
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–
Mauritania199020002010
1,9962,6433,460
404041
293851
101418
382816
232015
899
344
3119
6
586881
162126
68
10
342210
444954
15
Mauritius199020002010
1,0601,1961,299
444342
919191
888
111
000
888888
999
333
000
898989
999
222
000
11
Mayotte199020002010
92149204
364850
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–
Mexico199020002010
84,30799,960
113,423
717578
768187
101011
442
1050
345679
47
10
1185
5129
6
647585
89
11
653
2211
128
Micronesia (Federated States of)199020002010
96107111
262223
5559
–
–––
4541
–
–––
2016
–
–––
8084
–
–––
2926
–
–––
7174
–
–––
–
Monaco199020002010
313535
100100100
100100100
000
000
000
NANANA
NANANA
NANANA
NANANA
100100100
000
000
000
6
Country, R
egional and Global E
stimates on W
ater & S
anitationS
TAT
IST
ICA
L TAB
LE
Country, Area or Territory Year
use OF Drinking WaTer sOurces (percentage of population)
Urban Rural National
Proportion of the 2010 population
that gained access since 1995 (%)
Improved Unimproved Improved Unimproved Improved Unimproved
Tota
l Im
prov
ed
Tota
l Im
prov
ed
Pipe
d on
Pr
emis
es
Othe
r Im
prov
ed
Othe
r Im
prov
ed
Unim
prov
ed
Unim
prov
ed
Unim
prov
ed
Surfa
ce
Wat
er
Surfa
ce
Wat
er
Surfa
ce
Wat
er
Tota
l Im
prov
ed
Pipe
d on
Pr
emis
es
Othe
r Im
prov
ed
Pipe
d on
Pr
emis
es
47
Kiribati199020002010
7677
–
4648
–
3029
–
2423
–
–––
3350
–
1321
–
2029
–
6750
–
–––
4862
–
2533
–
2329
–
5238
–
–––
–
Kuwait199020002010
999999
–––
–––
111
–––
999999
–––
–––
111
–––
999999
–––
–––
111
–––
40
Kyrgyzstan199020002010
989899
758289
231610
211
–10
–7385
253034
–4351
–44
–2311
–8290
444853
–3437
–33
–15
723
Lao People’s Democratic Republic199020002010
–7577
–3755
–3822
–2020
–53
–3762
–53
–3259
–2921
–3417
–4567
–1220
–3347
–2721
–2812
36
Latvia199020002010
100100100
–93
–
–7–
000
000
969696
–59
–
–37
–
444
–0–
999999
–82
–
–17
–
111
–0–
NA*
Lebanon199020002010
100100100
100100100
000
000
000
100100100
–85
–
–15
–
000
000
100100100
–98
–
–2–
000
000
18
Lesotho199020002010
959491
253963
705528
569
000
787673
234
767369
202326
211
808078
51020
757058
181921
211
12
Liberia199020002010
–7488
348
–7080
–2611
––1
–5060
111
–4959
–5017
––
23
–6173
224
–5969
–3915
––
1243
Libya199020002010
5454
–
–––
–––
4646
–
–––
5555
–
–––
–––
4545
–
–––
5454
–
–––
–––
4646
–
–––
–
Liechtenstein199020002010
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–
Lithuania199020002010
989898
899395
953
222
–––
–81
–
4957
–
–24
–
–19
–
–––
–92
–
7681
–
–11
–
–8–
–––
–
Luxembourg199020002010
100100100
100100100
000
000
000
100100100
989898
222
000
000
100100100
100100100
000
000
000
20
Madagascar199020002010
757574
241914
515660
161311
91215
152434
123
142231
363125
494541
293846
676
233140
312621
403633
25
Malawi199020002010
919395
423528
495867
555
420
355780
222
335578
453116
2012
4
416283
777
345576
412814
1810
348
Malaysia199020002010
9499
100
869599
841
610
–00
829399
5980
–
2313
–
1851
–2–
8897
100
7289
–
168–
1220
–10
32
Maldives199020002010
100100100
506796
5033
4
000
000
919397
001
919396
973
–––
939598
131939
807659
752
–––
25
Mali199020002010
537087
172635
364452
452913
210
203651
011
203550
705746
1073
284664
48
13
243851
644934
852
40
Malta199020002010
100100100
100100100
000
000
000
98100100
98100100
000
200
–00
100100100
100100100
000
000
000
7
Marshall Islands199020002010
949392
111
939291
678
–––
979899
000
979899
321
–––
959594
111
949493
556
–––
4
Martinique199020002010
100100100
999999
111
000
000
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–
Mauritania199020002010
364552
152635
211917
635448
110
263748
08
14
262934
655646
976
304050
61523
242527
645546
654
26
Mauritius199020002010
100100100
100100100
000
000
000
999999
999999
000
111
000
999999
999999
000
111
000
12
Mayotte199020002010
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–
Mexico199020002010
939597
889193
544
333
420
647791
506274
141517
069
3617
0
859096
778489
867
244
1360
24
Micronesia (Federated States of)199020002010
9394
–
–––
–––
76–
–––
8792
–
–––
–––
138–
–––
8992
–
–––
–––
118–
–––
–
Monaco199020002010
100100100
100100100
000
000
000
NANANA
NANANA
NANANA
NANANA
NANANA
100100100
100100100
000
000
000
6
Pr
OG
rE
SS
ON
Dr
INK
ING
WA
TE
r A
ND
SA
NIT
AT
ION
> 2
012
UP
DA
TE
Cou
ntry
, Reg
iona
l and
Glo
bal E
stim
ates
on
Wat
er &
San
itatio
n
Country, Area or Territory Year Population (x 1,000)
use OF saniTaTiOn FaciliTies (percentage of population)
Urban Rural National
Proportion of the 2010 population
that gained access since 1995 (%)
Unimproved Unimproved Unimproved
Shar
ed
Shar
ed
Shar
ed
Impr
oved
Impr
oved
Impr
oved
Othe
rUn
impr
oved
Othe
rUn
impr
oved
Othe
rUn
impr
oved
Open
De
feca
tion
Open
De
feca
tion
Open
De
feca
tion
Perc
enta
ge
Urba
n Po
pula
tion
Mongolia199020002010
2,1932,4112,756
575762
–6564
–3231
–32
–03
–2829
–2122
–1523
–3626
–4951
–2728
–89
–1612
9
Montenegro199020002010
609633631
485961
–9292
–33
–55
–00
–8787
–33
–1010
–00
–9090
–33
–77
–00
–
Montserrat199020002010
1156
131114
969696
–––
444
–––
969696
–––
444
–––
969696
–––
444
–––
NA*
Morocco199020002010
24,78128,79331,951
485358
818283
141414
023
520
274352
356
224
685038
536470
81011
123
382416
21
Mozambique199020002010
13,54718,20123,391
213138
363738
778
263141
312513
445
111
212736
746858
111418
234
222837
655541
9
Myanmar199020002010
39,26844,95847,963
252834
–7983
–1212
–74
–21
–5673
–1014
–18
5
–16
8
–6276
–1113
–15
5
–12
628
Namibia199020002010
1,4151,8962,283
283238
626057
222120
544
111519
91317
234
677
837772
242832
89
10
566
635752
13
Nauru199020002010
91010
100100100
666665
313131
314
–20
NANANA
NANANA
NANANA
NANANA
666665
313131
314
–20
0
Nepal199020002010
19,08124,40129,959
91319
374248
283236
543
302213
71727
269
667
857157
102031
49
14
676
806449
20
Netherlands199020002010
14,89215,86316,613
697783
100100100
000
000
000
100100100
000
000
000
100100100
000
000
000
7
Netherlands Antilles199020002010
191180201
869093
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–
New Caledonia199020002010
170212251
605957
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–
New Zealand199020002010
3,3983,8584,368
858686
–––
–––
–––
–––
88––
–––
12––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–
Nicaragua199020002010
4,1215,0745,788
525557
596163
889
292724
444
263237
456
253237
453120
434852
678
272929
241611
15
Niger199020002010
7,78810,92215,512
151617
192734
142025
413121
262220
234
112
233
959391
579
346
876
848279
6
Nigeria199020002010
97,552123,689158,423
354350
393735
424038
111315
81012
363227
181613
122029
343231
373431
262625
121722
252322
6
Niue199020002010
221
313338
100100100
–––
000
000
100100100
–––
000
000
100100100
–––
000
000
0
Northern Mariana Islands199020002010
446861
909091
8592
–
–––
158–
–––
789396
–––
2274
–––
8492
–
–––
168–
–––
–
Norway199020002010
4,2414,4914,883
727679
100100100
000
000
000
100100100
000
000
000
100100100
000
000
000
11
Occupied Palestinian Territory199020002010
2,0813,1994,039
687274
919192
555
432
–11
–8392
–67
–70
–41
–8992
–56
–41
–21
36
Oman199020002010
1,8682,2642,782
667273
9698
100
–––
200
220
557195
–––
1305
3229
–
829099
–––
601
1210
–30
Pakistan199020002010
111,845144,522173,593
313336
727272
666
141618
864
72034
146
202326
725334
273748
356
182123
523723
24
Palau199020002010
151920
707083
7891
100
–––
2290
––0
3668
100
–––
6432
0
––0
6584
100
–––
3516
0
––0
39
Panama199020002010
2,4162,9563,517
546675
7374
–
1111
–
1414
–
21–
4047
–
44–
3232
–
2417
–
5865
–
89–
2220
–
126–
–
Papua New Guinea199020002010
4,1585,3796,858
151313
787571
–––
192124
345
424241
–––
424141
161718
474645
–––
393939
141516
12
Paraguay199020002010
4,2445,3446,455
495561
617990
344
3516
6
11–
153140
001
816759
42–
375871
123
593926
31–
35
48
Country, R
egional and Global E
stimates on W
ater & S
anitationS
TAT
IST
ICA
L TAB
LE
Country, Area or Territory Year
use OF Drinking WaTer sOurces (percentage of population)
Urban Rural National
Proportion of the 2010 population
that gained access since 1995 (%)
Improved Unimproved Improved Unimproved Improved Unimproved
Tota
l Im
prov
ed
Tota
l Im
prov
ed
Pipe
d on
Pr
emis
es
Othe
r Im
prov
ed
Othe
r Im
prov
ed
Unim
prov
ed
Unim
prov
ed
Unim
prov
ed
Surfa
ce
Wat
er
Surfa
ce
Wat
er
Surfa
ce
Wat
er
Tota
l Im
prov
ed
Pipe
d on
Pr
emis
es
Othe
r Im
prov
ed
Pipe
d on
Pr
emis
es
Mongolia199020002010
7486
100
534226
214474
2011
0
630
273753
012
273651
182023
554324
546582
302417
244165
1915
9
2720
936
Montenegro199020002010
999999
989898
111
111
–00
969696
–7070
–2626
444
–00
979898
–8687
–1211
322
–00
NA*
Montserrat199020002010
100100100
989898
222
000
000
100100100
000
100100100
000
000
100100100
121114
888986
000
000
NA*
Morocco199020002010
939698
748289
1914
9
742
000
545861
41219
504642
412716
51523
737883
384960
352923
2415
7
37
1019
Mozambique199020002010
737577
222119
515458
242119
344
262729
111
252628
414755
332616
364247
578
313539
373942
271911
21
Myanmar199020002010
808593
171819
636774
2065
–92
486078
123
475875
521614
–24
8
566783
568
516175
441311
–20
631
Namibia199020002010
999999
827772
172227
111
000
517290
142128
375162
3515
0
141310
648193
333945
314248
2610
0
1097
41
Nauru199020002010
989888
–––
–––
22
12
–––
NANANA
NANANA
NANANA
NANANA
NANANA
989888
–––
–––
22
12
–––
-10
Nepal199020002010
969493
434853
534640
234
233
748188
58
10
697378
1310
6
1396
768389
81318
687071
1296
1285
31
Netherlands199020002010
100100100
100100100
000
000
000
100100100
95100100
500
000
000
100100100
98100100
200
000
000
7
Netherlands Antilles199020002010
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–
New Caledonia199020002010
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–
New Zealand199020002010
100100100
100100100
000
000
000
100100100
100100100
000
000
000
100100100
100100100
000
000
000
16
Nicaragua199020002010
929598
828689
1099
742
110
546268
172429
373839
302725
1611
7
748085
515863
232222
181412
863
23
Niger199020002010
5778
100
213039
364861
4222
0
100
313539
012
313437
666258
333
354249
368
323641
625549
332
27
Nigeria199020002010
797774
3220
8
475766
171921
445
303643
421
263442
293335
413122
475358
1410
4
334354
252728
282014
23
Niue199020002010
100100100
–––
–––
000
000
100100100
–80
–
–20
–
000
000
100100100
–––
–––
000
000
0
Northern Mariana Islands199020002010
989898
–––
–––
222
–––
1009797
–––
–––
033
0--
989898
–––
–––
222
–––
7
Norway199020002010
100100100
100100100
000
000
000
100100100
100100100
000
000
000
100100100
100100100
000
000
000
11
Occupied Palestinian Territory199020002010
1009586
–8778
–88
04
14
01–
–8681
–6467
–2214
–1119
–3–
–9285
–8175
–1110
–6
15
–2–
22
Oman199020002010
848793
274982
573811
1297
44–
727478
41531
685947
181622
1010
–
808389
193968
614421
141111
66–
24
Pakistan199020002010
959696
565758
393938
444
100
818589
81523
737066
876
1185
858992
232936
626056
765
853
28
Palau199020002010
737883
384043
353840
272217
–––
969696
404040
565656
444
–––
808385
394043
414342
201715
–––
15
Panama199020002010
999797
9795
–
22–
133
00–
6677
–
6072
–
65–
2312
–
1111
–
8490
–
8087
–
43–
116–
54–
–
Papua New Guinea199020002010
898887
615957
282930
47
11
752
323233
433
282930
172022
514845
413940
131010
282930
151920
444240
12
Paraguay199020002010
819299
597585
221714
1881
100
255166
02135
253031
634230
1274
527486
295166
232320
412312
732
39
49
Pr
OG
rE
SS
ON
Dr
INK
ING
WA
TE
r A
ND
SA
NIT
AT
ION
> 2
012
UP
DA
TE
Cou
ntry
, Reg
iona
l and
Glo
bal E
stim
ates
on
Wat
er &
San
itatio
n
Country, Area or Territory Year Population (x 1,000)
use OF saniTaTiOn FaciliTies (percentage of population)
Urban Rural National
Proportion of the 2010 population
that gained access since 1995 (%)
Unimproved Unimproved Unimproved
Shar
ed
Shar
ed
Shar
ed
Impr
oved
Impr
oved
Impr
oved
Othe
rUn
impr
oved
Othe
rUn
impr
oved
Othe
rUn
impr
oved
Open
De
feca
tion
Open
De
feca
tion
Open
De
feca
tion
Perc
enta
ge
Urba
n Po
pula
tion
Peru199020002010
21,68625,86229,077
697377
717681
889
589
1681
172737
223
72032
745128
546371
668
61114
3420
723
Philippines199020002010
61,62977,31093,261
494849
697479
151617
841
863
455769
101316
2212
3
231812
576574
121416
1592
1612
828
Poland199020002010
38,05638,30238,277
616261
969696
–––
444
–––
–80
–
–––
–20
–
–––
–90
–
–––
–10
–
–––
–
Portugal199020002010
9,92510,33610,676
485461
9799
100
–––
310
––0
8797
100
–––
1330
––0
9298
100
–––
820
––0
10
Puerto Rico199020002010
3,5293,8143,749
729599
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–
Qatar199020002010
474591
1,759
929596
100100100
–––
000
000
100100100
–––
000
000
100100100
–––
000
000
71
Republic of Korea199020002010
42,98045,98848,184
748083
100100100
–––
000
000
100100100
–––
000
000
100100100
–––
000
000
7
Republic of Moldova199020002010
4,3644,1073,573
474547
–8789
–77
–64
–0–
–7282
–45
–2413
–0–
–7985
–56
–16
9
–0–
NA*
Réunion199020002010
612739846
819094
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–
Romania199020002010
23,20722,19221,486
535357
8888
–
33–
99–
–––
5254
–
11–
4745
–
–––
7172
–
22–
2726
–
–––
–
Russian Federation199020002010
148,244146,758142,958
737373
807774
161515
48
10
––1
585959
111111
313029
––1
747270
151414
111415
––1
NA*
Rwanda199020002010
7,1108,098
10,624
51419
696052
242118
41729
321
344556
456
554535
753
364755
578
524134
753
34
Saint Kitts and Nevis199020002010
414652
353332
969696
–––
444
–––
969696
–––
444
–––
969696
–––
444
–––
17
Saint Lucia199020002010
138157174
292828
676971
333
242017
689
545963
444
312725
1110
8
586265
444
282523
1098
15
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines199020002010
107108109
414549
–––
–––
–––
–––
969696
–––
444
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–
Samoa199020002010
161177183
212220
1009998
–––
012
000
999898
–––
122
––0
999898
–––
122
––0
7
San Marino199020002010
242732
909394
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–
Sao Tome and Principe199020002010
116141165
445362
–2730
–44
–4
17
–6549
–1519
–45
–3
12
–7864
–2126
–44
–4
15
–7155
10
Saudi Arabia199020002010
16,13920,04527,448
778082
100100100
–––
000
000
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–
Senegal199020002010
7,2429,506
12,434
394042
626670
171819
1211
9
952
223139
68
10
151923
574228
384552
101214
141617
382717
25
Serbia199020002010
9,56910,134
9,856
505356
969696
333
111
–00
–8888
–33
–99
–00
–9292
–33
–55
–00
–
Seychelles199020002010
717987
495155
–9498
–––
–52
-1-
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–
Sierra Leone199020002010
3,9824,1435,868
333638
222223
424445
353025
147
556
151616
554637
253341
111113
242627
484032
172328
5
Singapore199020002010
3,0173,9195,086
100100100
99100100
–––
100
–00
NANANA
NANANA
NANANA
NANANA
99100100
–––
100
–00
32
Slovakia199020002010
5,2705,4055,462
565655
100100100
000
000
000
100100
99
000
001
00–
100100100
000
000
000
1
Slovenia199020002010
1,9271,9852,030
505150
100100100
000
000
000
100100100
000
000
000
100100100
000
000
000
3
50
Country, R
egional and Global E
stimates on W
ater & S
anitationS
TAT
IST
ICA
L TAB
LE
Country, Area or Territory Year
use OF Drinking WaTer sOurces (percentage of population)
Urban Rural National
Proportion of the 2010 population
that gained access since 1995 (%)
Improved Unimproved Improved Unimproved Improved Unimproved
Tota
l Im
prov
ed
Tota
l Im
prov
ed
Pipe
d on
Pr
emis
es
Othe
r Im
prov
ed
Othe
r Im
prov
ed
Unim
prov
ed
Unim
prov
ed
Unim
prov
ed
Surfa
ce
Wat
er
Surfa
ce
Wat
er
Surfa
ce
Wat
er
Tota
l Im
prov
ed
Pipe
d on
Pr
emis
es
Othe
r Im
prov
ed
Pipe
d on
Pr
emis
es
Peru199020002010
889091
747883
1412
8
1198
111
455565
132946
322619
282319
272216
758185
556574
201611
161211
974
21
Philippines199020002010
939393
405061
534332
677
100
778592
91725
686867
2114
7
211
858992
243343
615649
1310
7
211
28
Poland199020002010
100100100
979999
311
000
000
–––
738996
–––
–––
–––
–––
889598
–––
–––
–––
–
Portugal199020002010
989999
959899
310
211
–––
9498
100
8095
100
1430
620
--0
969999
879799
920
411
–––
7
Puerto Rico199020002010
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–
Qatar199020002010
100100100
–––
–––
000
000
100100100
–––
–––
000
000
100100100
–––
–––
000
000
71
Republic of Korea199020002010
9798
100
969799
111
320
––0
–7588
–4664
–2924
–2512
–––
–9398
–8793
–65
–72
–––
14
Republic of Moldova199020002010
989999
–7784
–2215
211
–0–
–8993
02
16
–8777
–11
7
–0–
–9396
–3548
–5848
–74
–0–
NA*
Réunion199020002010
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–
Romania199020002010
939799
889092
577
731
–––
5570
–
132128
4249
–
4530
–
–––
7584
–
535865
2226
–
2516
–
–––
–
Russian Federation199020002010
989899
889091
1088
221
000
808692
374655
434037
1912
8
12–
939597
747881
191716
743
01–
NA*
Rwanda199020002010
958676
332313
626363
17
14
47
10
646363
001
646362
121721
242016
666665
233
646362
111620
231815
31
Saint Kitts and Nevis199020002010
999999
–72
–
–27
–
111
–––
999999
–72
–
–27
–
111
–––
999999
–72
–
–27
–
111
–––
19
Saint Lucia199020002010
969798
838485
131313
432
–––
939495
706867
232628
765
–––
949596
747272
202324
654
–––
17
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines199020002010
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–93
–
–73
–
–20
–
–7–
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–
Samoa199020002010
979696
858584
121112
343
––1
879196
727680
151516
1393
––1
899296
757881
141415
1183
––1
13
San Marino199020002010
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–
Sao Tome and Principe199020002010
–8689
–3132
–5557
–49
–10
2
–7088
–1418
–5670
–78
–23
4
–7989
–2327
–5662
–58
–16
331
Saudi Arabia199020002010
979797
979797
000
333
–––
63––
60––
3––
37––
–––
89––
88––
1––
11––
–––
–
Senegal199020002010
889093
466075
423018
1210
6
001
434956
38
13
404143
554942
222
616672
202939
413733
383326
112
29
Serbia199020002010
999999
979797
222
111
––0
989898
–6363
–3535
222
––0
999999
–8182
–1817
111
––0
NA*
Seychelles199020002010
–84
100
–84
100
–00
–00
–16
0
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–
Sierra Leone199020002010
637587
191919
445668
2918
7
876
263035
211
242934
292316
454749
384655
878
303947
292113
333332
27
Singapore199020002010
100100100
100100100
000
000
000
NANANA
NANANA
NANANA
NANANA
NANANA
100100100
100100100
000
000
000
32
Slovakia199020002010
100100100
10096
–
04–
000
000
100100100
8992
–
118–
000
000
100100100
9594
–
56–
000
000
2
Slovenia199020002010
100100100
100100100
000
000
000
999999
999999
000
111
–––
100100
99
100100
99
000
001
00–
3
51
Pr
OG
rE
SS
ON
Dr
INK
ING
WA
TE
r A
ND
SA
NIT
AT
ION
> 2
012
UP
DA
TE
Cou
ntry
, Reg
iona
l and
Glo
bal E
stim
ates
on
Wat
er &
San
itatio
n
Country, Area or Territory Year Population (x 1,000)
use OF saniTaTiOn FaciliTies (percentage of population)
Urban Rural National
Proportion of the 2010 population
that gained access since 1995 (%)
Unimproved Unimproved Unimproved
Shar
ed
Shar
ed
Shar
ed
Impr
oved
Impr
oved
Impr
oved
Othe
rUn
impr
oved
Othe
rUn
impr
oved
Othe
rUn
impr
oved
Open
De
feca
tion
Open
De
feca
tion
Open
De
feca
tion
Perc
enta
ge
Urba
n Po
pula
tion
52
Solomon Islands199020002010
310409538
141619
989898
–––
222
–––
–18
–
–––
–82
–
–––
–31
–
–––
–69
–
–––
–
Somalia199020002010
6,5997,3999,331
303337
–4552
–2630
–1615
–13
3
–10
6
–96
–95
–7283
–2223
–1515
–11
9
–5253
8
South Africa199020002010
36,79444,76050,133
525762
828486
889
863
222
606367
677
999
252117
717579
788
975
1310
819
Spain199020002010
38,88940,28846,077
757677
100100100
000
000
000
100100100
000
000
000
100100100
000
000
000
14
Sri Lanka199020002010
17,33718,74520,860
191614
858788
777
433
432
678193
233
1584
1680
708292
344
1374
1470
26
Sudan199020002010
26,49434,18843,552
273340
514844
121111
272625
101520
181614
554
292523
485459
272726
777
282524
384143
8
Suriname199020002010
407467525
606569
909090
999
111
–00
–6566
–1111
–23
–2220
–8183
–1010
–11
–86
16
Swaziland199020002010
8631,0641,186
232321
626364
292930
964
–22
444955
151618
4168
–2919
485257
181921
3467
–2315
17
Sweden199020002010
8,5598,8609,380
838485
100100100
000
000
000
100100100
000
000
000
100100100
000
000
000
6
Switzerland199020002010
6,6747,1687,664
737374
100100100
000
000
000
100100100
000
000
000
100100100
000
000
000
8
Syrian Arab Republic199020002010
12,32415,98920,411
495256
959596
444
110
000
758193
455
442
1710
0
858895
444
231
950
35
Tajikistan199020002010
5,3036,1736,879
322626
939395
444
321
–10
–8994
–33
–63
–20
–9094
–33
–53
–20
20
Thailand199020002010
57,07263,15569,122
293134
949595
555
000
100
809396
344
000
1730
849496
444
000
1220
19
The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia
199020002010
1,9092,0092,061
585959
929292
555
333
–00
–8282
–77
–1010
–11
–8888
–66
–66
–00
–
Timor-Leste199020002010
743830
1,124
212428
–5673
–9
11
–12
3
–2313
–3337
–44
–9
16
–5443
–3947
–56
–1012
–4635
19
Togo199020002010
3,6664,7946,028
303743
262626
444443
58
11
252220
853
1511
6
31017
747474
131313
242322
49
14
595551
4
Tokelau199020002010
221
000
NANANA
NANANA
NANANA
NANANA
416393
–––
5937
7
–––
416393
–––
5937
7
–––
0
Tonga199020002010
9598
104
232323
989898
–––
222
–––
969696
–––
444
–––
969696
–––
444
–––
8
Trinidad and Tobago199020002010
1,2151,2921,341
91114
939292
777
011
0––
939292
777
011
0––
939292
777
011
0––
5
Tunisia199020002010
8,2159,456
10,481
586367
959596
222
022
31–
4457
–
67–
17–
4929
–
7481
–
44–
04–
2211
––
Turkey199020002010
54,13063,62872,752
596570
969697
122
321
000
667175
233
272321
531
848790
122
1310
8
210
21
Turkmenistan199020002010
3,6684,5015,042
454650
999999
–––
111
–0–
979797
–––
323
–1–
989898
–––
212
–1–
17
Turks and Caicos Islands199020002010
121938
748593
989898
–––
222
–––
–94
–
–––
–6–
–––
–97
–
–––
–3–
–––
–
Tuvalu199020002010
99
10
414650
868788
–––
141310
––2
767981
–––
242112
––7
808385
–––
201711
––4
10
Uganda199020002010
17,70024,21333,425
111213
323334
484950
171615
321
263034
121415
404040
221611
273034
161820
373836
201410
16
Ukraine199020002010
51,64548,89245,448
676769
979796
222
112
–00
–9189
–44
–57
–00
–9594
–33
–23
–00
NA*
Country, R
egional and Global E
stimates on W
ater & S
anitationS
TAT
IST
ICA
L TAB
LE
Country, Area or Territory Year
use OF Drinking WaTer sOurces (percentage of population)
Urban Rural National
Proportion of the 2010 population
that gained access since 1995 (%)
Improved Unimproved Improved Unimproved Improved Unimproved
Tota
l Im
prov
ed
Tota
l Im
prov
ed
Pipe
d on
Pr
emis
es
Othe
r Im
prov
ed
Othe
r Im
prov
ed
Unim
prov
ed
Unim
prov
ed
Unim
prov
ed
Surfa
ce
Wat
er
Surfa
ce
Wat
er
Surfa
ce
Wat
er
Tota
l Im
prov
ed
Pipe
d on
Pr
emis
es
Othe
r Im
prov
ed
Pipe
d on
Pr
emis
es
53
Solomon Islands199020002010
–94
–
7676
–
–18
–
–6–
–––
–65
–
111
–64
–
–35
–
–––
–70
–
1113
–
–57
–
–30
–
–––
–
Somalia199020002010
–3566
01253
–2313
–5930
–64
–15
7
000
–15
7
–5652
–2941
–2229
04
20
–18
9
–5744
–2127
16
South Africa199020002010
989899
868789
121110
221
000
667179
232836
434343
78
11
272110
838691
566269
272422
455
1394
22
Spain199020002010
100100100
999999
111
000
000
100100100
100100100
000
000
000
100100100
999999
111
000
000
14
Sri Lanka199020002010
919599
375367
544232
951
000
627790
61523
566267
2918
8
952
678091
122129
555962
2616
7
742
27
Sudan199020002010
847667
766247
81420
132131
332
585552
191612
393940
323335
101213
656258
343126
313132
272933
899
14
Suriname199020002010
999897
–9178
–7
19
123
–00
–7381
–4945
–2436
–60
–2119
–8992
–7668
–1324
–42
–76
18
Swaziland199020002010
878891
677074
201817
566
863
254165
41325
212840
181817
574118
395271
182635
212636
151514
463315
36
Sweden199020002010
100100100
100100100
000
000
000
100100100
100100100
000
000
000
100100100
100100100
000
000
000
6
Switzerland199020002010
100100100
100100100
000
000
000
100100100
999999
111
000
000
100100100
100100100
000
000
000
8
Syrian Arab Republic199020002010
979593
949392
321
357
–00
757986
496077
2619
9
252013
–11
868790
717785
1510
5
141310
–00
30
Tajikistan199020002010
–9392
–7783
–16
9
–32
–46
–5054
–1825
–3229
–14
2
–3644
–6164
–3440
–2724
–11
2
–2834
12
Thailand199020002010
969797
747780
222017
433
000
829095
102231
726864
1695
210
869296
293948
575348
1374
110
19
The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia
199020002010
100100100
969696
444
000
000
999999
–8484
–1515
111
–––
100100100
–9191
–99
000
000
5
Timor-Leste199020002010
–6991
–2445
–4546
–28
9
–30
–4960
–1112
–3848
–4238
–92
–5469
–1421
–4048
–3830
–81
29
Togo199020002010
798489
141312
657177
201510
111
363840
001
363839
373330
272930
495561
456
455055
322622
191917
26
Tokelau199020002010
NANANA
NANANA
NANANA
NANANA
NANANA
909397
–––
–––
1073
–––
909397
–––
–––
1073
–––
0
Tonga199020002010
100100100
-72
-
-28
-
000
000
100100100
-76
-
-24
-
000
000
100100100
-75
-
-25
-
000
000
8
Trinidad and Tobago199020002010
929598
818588
111010
552
3––
889193
687174
202019
1097
2––
889194
697376
191818
1096
2––
9
Tunisia199020002010
959899
8992
–
66–
521
00–
6277
–
2233
–
4044
–
3621
–
22–
8190
–
6170
–
2020
–
189–
11–
–
Turkey199020002010
9497
100
919599
321
630
000
738599
517397
2212
2
2614
1
110
8593
100
758798
1062
1570
000
28
Turkmenistan199020002010
979797
–81
–
–16
–
323
–1–
–72
–
–29
–
–43
–
–8–
–20
–
–83
–
–53
–
–30
–
–6–
–11
––
Turks and Caicos Islands199020002010
100100100
–78
–
–22
–
000
000
100100100
–60
–
–40
–
000
000
100100100
–75
–
–25
–
000
000
63
Tuvalu199020002010
929598
929597
001
852
–––
899397
899397
000
1173
–––
909498
909497
001
1062
–––
10
Uganda199020002010
788695
81420
707275
1912
3
322
395468
011
395367
382818
231814
435872
134
425568
362616
211612
40
Ukraine199020002010
1009998
–9286
–7
12
012
000
–9298
–5022
–4276
–82
–00
–9798
–7866
–1932
–32
–00
NA*
Cou
ntry
, Reg
iona
l and
Glo
bal E
stim
ates
on
Wat
er &
San
itatio
n
Country, Area or Territory Year Population (x 1,000)
use OF saniTaTiOn FaciliTies (percentage of population)
Urban Rural National
Proportion of the 2010 population
that gained access since 1995 (%)
Unimproved Unimproved Unimproved
Shar
ed
Shar
ed
Shar
ed
Impr
oved
Impr
oved
Impr
oved
Othe
rUn
impr
oved
Othe
rUn
impr
oved
Othe
rUn
impr
oved
Open
De
feca
tion
Open
De
feca
tion
Open
De
feca
tion
Perc
enta
ge
Urba
n Po
pula
tion
Pr
OG
rE
SS
ON
Dr
INK
ING
WA
TE
r A
ND
SA
NIT
AT
ION
> 2
012
UP
DA
TE
United Arab Emirates199020002010
1,8093,0337,512
798084
989898
222
000
000
959595
555
000
000
979798
332
000
000
67
United Kingdom199020002010
57,21458,87462,036
787980
100100100
000
000
000
100100100
000
000
000
100100100
000
000
000
7
United Republic of Tanzania199020002010
25,47934,03844,841
192226
101520
101520
786858
222
677
444
807673
101316
79
10
568
807470
81112
5
United States199020002010
253,339282,496310,384
757982
100100100
–––
000
000
999999
–––
111
–––
100100100
–––
000
000
14
United States Virgin Islands199020002010
103109109
889395
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–
Uruguay199020002010
3,1093,3193,369
899192
9597
100
000
110
420
839099
111
110
1580
9496
100
000
110
530
10
Uzbekistan199020002010
20,51524,77627,445
403736
9597
100
–––
530
000
7687
100
–––
2413
0
000
8491
100
–––
1690
000
29
Vanuatu199020002010
147185240
192226
–5464
–2833
–18
3
–00
–3854
–1015
–5029
–22
–4157
–1420
–4322
–21
31
Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)199020002010
19,68524,34828,980
849093
8993
–
–––
72–
45–
4554
–
–––
146–
4140
–
8289
–
–––
82–
109–
–
Viet Nam199020002010
67,10278,75887,848
202430
637894
445
1081
2310
0
304968
234
252322
4325
6
375676
234
222016
3921
437
Western Sahara199020002010
221315531
868482
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–
Yemen199020002010
11,94817,72324,053
212632
708293
122
2312
3
642
122434
123
333232
544231
243953
123
312722
443222
33
Zambia199020002010
7,86010,20213,089
393536
615957
252424
121517
222
374043
788
161922
403327
464748
141414
151720
252218
16
Zimbabwe199020002010
10,46912,50912,571
293438
545352
454544
012
112
353432
181716
05
10
474442
414040
262627
056
332927
2
Sub-Saharan Africa199020002010
515,588669,118856,323
283337
434343
282931
191918
1098
192123
91012
262730
464235
262830
141619
242426
363225
12
Northern Africa199020002010
119,694141,978165,907
495154
919394
666
100
210
557285
456
850
3318
9
728390
566
520
1894
28
Eastern Asia199020002010
1,216,6651,347,6251,424,218
293849
536476
152024
2915
0
310
163657
49
14
715027
952
274766
71319
593714
731
33
Southern Asia199020002010
1,195,9851,460,2011,704,146
262932
576164
161718
358
241710
122030
356
289
836755
243241
68
10
378
675341
19
South-Eastern Asia199020002010
445,361523,831593,415
323842
687482
99
10
1071
1310
7
364960
57
10
2015
9
392921
465869
68
10
1712
6
312215
26
Western Asia199020002010
127,092161,478206,841
616467
969394
266
210
000
556067
245
242019
1916
9
808185
255
1087
863
30
Oceania199020002010
6,4598,0939,943
242423
858484
–––
121313
333
454446
–––
394038
161616
555455
–––
323332
131313
16
Latin American & the Caribbean199020002010
443,032521,429590,082
707580
808384
667
778
741
384960
356
141617
453017
687580
567
999
1810
421
Caucasus and Central Asia199020002010
66,62771,29477,358
484545
969396
354
120
000
868695
122
1211
3
110
919096
233
771
000
17
Developing regions199020002010
4,136,5024,905,0475,628,233
354045
656973
131517
1296
1074
213243
479
312417
443731
364756
71013
251812
322519
23
Developed regions199020002010
1,149,6371,195,7331,244,386
717375
979696
343
001
000
919193
333
664
000
959595
433
122
000
6
World199020002010
5,286,1396,100,7806,872,619
434651
767779
101113
875
653
293847
479
282216
393328
495663
69
11
201511
252015
20
54
Country, Area or Territory Year
use OF Drinking WaTer sOurces (percentage of population)
Urban Rural National
Proportion of the 2010 population
that gained access since 1995 (%)
Improved Unimproved Improved Unimproved Improved Unimproved
Tota
l Im
prov
ed
Tota
l Im
prov
ed
Pipe
d on
Pr
emis
es
Othe
r Im
prov
ed
Othe
r Im
prov
ed
Unim
prov
ed
Unim
prov
ed
Unim
prov
ed
Surfa
ce
Wat
er
Surfa
ce
Wat
er
Surfa
ce
Wat
er
Tota
l Im
prov
ed
Pipe
d on
Pr
emis
es
Othe
r Im
prov
ed
Pipe
d on
Pr
emis
es
STA
TIS
TIC
AL TA
BLE
Country, R
egional and Global E
stimates on W
ater & S
anitation
55
United Arab Emirates199020002010
100100100
–80
–
–20
–
000
000
100100100
–70
–
–30
–
000
000
100100100
–78
–
–22
–
000
000
69
United Kingdom199020002010
100100100
100100100
000
000
000
100100100
989898
222
000
000
100100100
100100100
000
000
000
7
United Republic of Tanzania199020002010
948679
352822
595857
31118
333
464544
123
454341
293236
252320
555453
788
484645
242731
211916
16
United States199020002010
100100100
979797
333
000
000
949494
464646
484848
666
–––
999999
848585
151414
111
–––
14
United States Virgin Islands199020002010
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–
Uruguay199020002010
9899
100
949698
432
210
–00
7988
100
5073
–
2915
–
2111
0
–10
9698
100
899498
74–
420
–00
8
Uzbekistan199020002010
979898
868685
111213
111
211
858381
373226
485155
81114
765
908987
575247
333740
579
544
12
Vanuatu199020002010
949698
796552
153146
642
–00
557187
272217
284970
4521
5
–88
627690
373126
254564
3818
4
–66
41
Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)199020002010
9394
–
8789
–
65–
75–
–1–
7174
–
4450
–
2724
–
2910
–
–16
–
9092
–
8085
–
107–
105–
–3–
–
Viet Nam199020002010
889499
445159
444340
521
740
497193
048
496785
3216
2
1913
5
577795
91623
486172
2612
2
1711
338
Western Sahara199020002010
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–
Yemen199020002010
968372
847771
1261
31627
111
595247
122026
473221
344147
776
676055
273540
402515
273541
654
15
Zambia199020002010
898887
494236
404651
101111
112
233646
111
223545
453732
322722
495461
201513
293948
312824
201815
26
Zimbabwe199020002010
999998
968982
31016
112
000
717069
864
636465
172022
1210
9
798080
343434
454646
121314
976
6
Sub-Saharan Africa199020002010
838283
433934
404349
141514
333
364249
445
323844
313232
332619
495561
151516
344045
272726
241813
26
Northern Africa199020002010
949495
868991
854
665
000
808489
325173
483316
1712
6
345
878992
587083
2919
9
1196
222
23
Eastern Asia199020002010
979898
929395
553
212
110
567085
122946
444139
342413
1062
688191
355370
332821
2515
8
741
24
Southern Asia199020002010
909396
535251
374145
974
100
667788
81113
586675
292010
532
728290
202325
525965
2415
9
431
31
South-Eastern Asia199020002010
919294
414653
504641
766
220
627283
51013
576270
291913
994
718088
162430
555658
2214
9
763
26
Western Asia199020002010
969696
929394
432
434
010
687276
435365
251911
292119
375
858789
727884
1395
1410
9
132
29
Oceania199020002010
939393
727271
212122
346
431
424442
111210
313232
141419
444239
555554
262624
292930
111215
343331
13
Latin American & the Caribbean199020002010
959698
879092
866
432
110
647381
375061
272320
151413
2113
6
859194
738086
1211
8
855
741
22
Caucasus and Central Asia199020002010
969797
858485
111312
322
111
807680
312928
494752
1412
9
61211
888587
565353
323234
986
377
11
Developing regions199020002010
939495
727273
212222
655
110
596979
111924
485055
292215
1296
707986
324046
383940
221511
863
26
Developed regions199020002010
100100100
979797
333
000
000
949597
697274
252323
653
000
989899
899092
987
221
000
6
World199020002010
959696
818080
141616
434
110
627281
182429
444852
282014
1085
768389
455054
313335
1812
8
653
23
‘NA’ represents data not applicable. A dash (-) represents data not available at the time of publication. * Shown as NA for countries with a declining population over the period 1990-2010† The drinking water estimates for Bangladesh have been adjusted for arsenic contamination levels based on national surveys conducted and approved by the government.
Pr
OG
rE
SS
ON
Dr
INK
ING
WA
TE
r A
ND
SA
NIT
AT
ION
> 2
012
UP
DA
TE
56
Annex: Trends in Urban and Rural Water & Sanitation Coverage by Developing Regions
Trends in urban drinking water coverage by developing regions, 1990-2010
Trends in rural drinking water coverage by developing regions, 1990-2010
Figure 40
Figure 41
Developing regions
Developing regions
Sub-Saharan Africa
Sub-Saharan Africa
Oceania
Oceania
South-Eastern Asia
South-Eastern Asia
Southern Asia
Southern Asia
Caucasus and Central Asia
Caucasus and Central Asia
Eastern Asia
Eastern Asia
Latin America & the Caribbean
Latin America & the Caribbean
Western Asia
Western Asia
Northern Africa
Northern Africa
World
World
1990
1990
1990
1990
1990
1990
1990
1990
1990
1990
1990
1990
1990
1990
1990
1990
1990
1990
1990
1990
1990
1990
2010
2010
2010
2010
2010
2010
2010
2010
2010
2010
2010
2010
2010
2010
2010
2010
2010
2010
2010
2010
2010
2010
■ PIPED ON PrEMISES ■ OTHEr IMPrOVED ■ UNIMPrOVED ■ SUrFACE WATEr
■ PIPED ON PrEMISES ■ OTHEr IMPrOVED ■ UNIMPrOVED ■ SUrFACE WATEr
43
4
72
11
92
12
44
92
43
72
11
81
18
34
5
71
10
95
46
39
94
65
73
24
80
29
52
40
32
21
31
5
34
4
25
21
48
14
44
28
49
44
22
32
3
13
2
10
22
55
16
14
4
5
14
3
44
14
2
10
4
29
6
29
12
14
32
6
19
39
2 4
20
5
5
15
6
33
1
3
43 4
10
19
53
8
51
13
37
58
45
75
9
29
5
4
10
1
2 2
8691
8 46 5
32
73
48
16
17
5
6
3
87
37
27
92
61
8
15
6
20
4
21
2
13
6
1 1 1
85 85
11 12
3 21 1
31 28
49 52
14
6
9
11
41
53
50
41
6
2
7
513
57
70
13
4
29
9
1
31
3Co
vera
ge (%
)Co
vera
ge (%
)
57
AN
NE
x
Trends in urban sanitation coverage by developing regions, 1990-2010
Trends in rural sanitation coverage by developing regions, 1990-2010
Figure 42
Figure 43
Developing regions
Developing regions
Southern Asia
Southern Asia
Sub-Saharan Africa
Sub-Saharan Africa
South-Eastern Asia
South-Eastern Asia
Oceania
Oceania
Latin America & the Caribbean
Latin America & the Caribbean
Northern Africa
Northern Africa
Western Asia
Western Asia
Eastern Asia
Eastern Asia
Caucasus and Central Asia
Caucasus and Central Asia
World
World
1990
1990
1990
1990
1990
1990
1990
1990
1990
1990
1990
1990
1990
1990
1990
1990
1990
1990
1990
1990
1990
1990
2010
2010
2010
2010
2010
2010
2010
2010
2010
2010
2010
2010
2010
2010
2010
2010
2010
2010
2010
2010
2010
2010
■ IMPrOVED ■ SHArED ■ UNIMPrOVED ■ OPEN DEFECATION
■ IMPrOVED ■ SHArED ■ UNIMPrOVED ■ OPEN DEFECATION
57
12
43
19
91
55
4
53
16
65
21
76
29
64
30
43
23
94
85
6
76
57
73
43
79
47
9
16
3
28
9
6
8
15
4
13
4
10
4
28
18
6
31
12
6
9
24
14
17
9
13
16
5
28
319
10
46
26
1
33
29
71
9
12
10
31
44
8
9
18
8
30
35 27
6
17
31
24
83
2 13
8
6
39
10
55
85 84
46
12
45
13
3839
16 16
9696
3 4
8695
1
2123
1
96
55
2
94
67
24
6
5
2
19
19
9
2 4 3
80 84
67
7
78
3 13
38
60
3
6
14
45
17
17
68
82
9
10
1
713
10
36
60
5
10
9
21
20
39
2
2
Cove
rage
(%)
Cove
rage
(%)
Pr
OG
rE
SS
ON
Dr
INK
ING
WA
TE
r A
ND
SA
NIT
AT
ION
> 2
012
UP
DA
TE
58
Millennium Development Goals: Regional Groupings
Developed regions Albania, Andorra, Australia, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bermuda, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Canada, Channel Islands, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Faeroe Islands, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Greenland, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Isle of Man, Israel, Italy, Japan, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Monaco, Montenegro, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of Moldova, Romania, Russian Federation, San Marino, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Ukraine, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, United States of America
Developing regions n NorTherN AFricA
Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia, Western Sahara
n SUb-SAhArAN AFricA
Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo, Côte d’Ivoire, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Djibouti, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mayotte, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Réunion, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Togo, Uganda, United Republic of Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe
n LATiN AMericA & The cAribbeAN
Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Aruba, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Bolivia (Plurinational State of), Brazil, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Falkland Islands (Malvinas), French Guiana, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Martinique, Mexico, Montserrat, Netherlands Antilles, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Puerto Rico, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Turks and Caicos Islands, United States Virgin Islands, Uruguay, Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)
■ NOrTHErN AFrICA
■ SUB-SAHArAN AFrICA
■ LATIN AMErICA & THE CArIBBEAN
■ EASTErN ASIA
■ SOUTHErN ASIA
■ SOUTH-EASTErN ASIA
■ WESTErN ASIA
■ OCEANIA
■ CAUCASUS AND CENTrAL ASIA
■ DEVELOPED COUNTrIES
■ NOT APPLICABLE
n cAUcASUS ANd ceNTrAL ASiA
Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan
n eASTerN ASiA
China, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, Mongolia, Republic of Korea
n SoUTherN ASiA
Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka
n SoUTh-eASTerN ASiA
Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Viet Nam
n WeSTerN ASiA
Bahrain, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Occupied Palestinian Territory, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syrian Arab Republic, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, Yemen
n oceANiA
American Samoa, Cook Islands, Fiji, French Polynesia, Guam, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Micronesia (Federated States of), Nauru, New Caledonia, Niue, Northern Mariana Islands, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tokelau, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu
n LeAST deveLoped coUNTrieS
Afghanistan, Angola, Bangladesh, Benin, Bhutan, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cambodia, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros,
Democratic Republic of the Congo, Djibouti, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Haiti, Kiribati, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mozambique, Myanmar, Nepal, Niger, Rwanda, Samoa, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Sudan, Timor-Leste, Togo, Tuvalu, Uganda, United Republic of Tanzania, Vanuatu, Yemen, Zambia
59
MILLE
NN
IUM
DE
VE
LOP
ME
NT
GO
ALS
: rE
GIO
NA
L Gr
OU
PIN
GS
UN-Water is the United Nations inter-agency coordination mechanism for all freshwater related issues. Established in 2003, UN-Water fosters greater cooperation and information sharing among UN entities and relevant stakeholders.
UN-Water monitors and reports on the state, utilization and management of the world’s freshwater resources and on the situation of sanitation through a series of interconnected and complementary publications that, together, provide a compre-hensive picture and, individually, provide a more in-depth analysis of specific issues or geographic areas.
PeriODic rePOrTs:
in The years 2012-2013 un-WaTer alsO PuBlishes:
More information on un-Water reports at www.unwater.org/documents.html
2012
2013
World Water Development Report (WWDR) is coordinated by the World Water Assessment Programme (WWAP) on behalf of UN-Water and published every three years. It provides a global strategic outlook on the state of freshwater resources, trends in use of the resource base in the various sectors (inter alia, agriculture, industry, energy) and management options in different settings and situation (inter alia, in the context of urbanization, natural disasters, and impacts of global climate change). It also includes regional assessments.
Global Analysis and Assessment of Sanitation and Drinking-Water (GLAAS) is produced every two years by the World Health Organization (WHO) on behalf of UN-Water. It provides a global update on the policy frameworks, institutional arrange-ments, human resource base, and international and national finance streams in support of sanitation and drinking water. It is a substantive input into the activities of Sanitation and Water for All (SWA).
The progress report of the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation (JMP) is produced every two years. The JMP is affili-ated with UN-Water and presents the results of the global monitoring of progress towards MDG 7 target C: to halve, by 2015, the proportion of the population without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation. Monitoring draws on the findings of household surveys and censuses usually supported by national statistics bureaus in accordance with international criteria.
✓ Strategic outlook✓ State, uses and management of water resources ✓ Global✓ Regional assessments✓ Triennial (4th edition)
✓ Strategic outlook✓ Water supply and sanitation✓ Global✓ Regional assessments✓ Biennial (since 2008)
✓ Status and trends✓ Water supply and sanitation✓ Global✓ Regional and national assessments ✓ Biennial (since 1990)
UN-Water Report on Integrated Approaches in the Development, Management and Use of Water Resources is pro-duced by UN-Water for the Rio+20 Summit (UNCSD 2012). A similar status report was produced in 2008 for UNCSD. The report assesses the status and progress of the management of water resources in UN Member States and reports on the outcomes and impacts of improved water resources management.
UN-Water Country Briefs pilot project. They provide a strategic outlook on the critical importance of investments in water for human and economic development at country level.
n Anestimated89percentoftheglobalpopulationnowuseimproveddrinkingwatersources.Despitethisenormousaccomplishment,780millionpeopleremainunserved.
n Fouroutof10peoplewithoutaccesstoimproveddrinkingwaterliveinsub-SaharanAfrica.Whilecoverageofimprovedwatersupplysourcesis90percentormoreinLatinAmericaandtheCaribbean,NorthernAfricaandlargepartsofAsia,itisonly61percentinsub-SaharanAfrica.
n Thenumberofpeopleinruralareasusingunimprovedwatersourcesisfivetimesgreaterthaninurbanareas.Eightoutof10peoplelivinginurbanareashavepipedwaterconnectionsontheirpremises,comparedtoonly3in10peopleinruralareas.
n Insub-SaharanAfrica,almost90percentofthepopulationintherichestquintileuseimproveddrinkingwatersources,com-paredtoonly35percentofpeopleinthepoorestquintile.
n Globally,63percentofthepopulationuseimprovedsanitationfacilities.Since1990,1.8billionpeoplehavegainedaccesstoimprovedsanitation.
n Anestimated2.5billionpeoplearestillwithoutimprovedsanitation;almostthreequartersofthemliveinruralareas.
n Inurbanareas,8outof10peopleuseanimprovedsanitationfacility,comparedtoonlyhalfoftheruralpopulation.However,thenumberofpeoplewithoutimprovedsanitationinurbanareashasgrownby183millionsince1990,duringatimeofrapidurbanization.
n Thenumberofpeopleresortingtoopendefecationgloballyhasdecreasedby271millionsince1990.Still,opendefectionispractisedby1.1billionpeople–15percentoftheglobalpopulation.
TheworldisunlikelytomeettheMDGsanitationtargetby2015.TheMDGdrinkingwatertargethasbeenreached.
UnitedNationsChildren’sFund3UNPlazaNewYork,NY10017USA
WorldHealthOrganizationAvenueAppia201211Geneva27,Switzerland