Opuscula Atheniensia 25-26, 2000-2001

PRODUCTION PLACES OF SOME

MYCENAEAN PICTORIAL VESSELS

THE CONTRIBUTION OF CHEMICAL POTTERY ANALYSIS

BY

HANS MOMMSEN and JOSEPH MARAN

Abstract

In the course of a project of determining the provenance of Aegean Bronze Age pottery with Neutron Activation Analysis 46 examples of Late Mycenaean pictorial pottery mainly deriving from the Pelo­ponnese and Eastem Central Greece, but also from Macedonia, Cyprus and Western Anatolia were sampled and analyzed. The new corpus of analyses is presented and discussed tagether with 20 pieces of such pottery already analyzed by Perlman and Asaro. The Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA) Ieads to the definition of 9 chemically different groups. In the samples from the Argolid two groups called Mycenae/Berbati and Tiryns/Asine, which are al­ready weil known from the analysis of regular Mycenaean decor­ated pottery, can be differentiated, and this is interpreted as the re­sult of the existence of two workshops producing pictorial pottery. One of these was presumably situated in Tiryns or its vicinity, which is corroborated by the fact that all newly analyzed pieces from this site belang to this group. In addition, the results show that pictorial pottery in the palatial and post-palatial period was pro­duced on a regional basis in different parts of the Greek Mainland. In the pictorial pottery found in other parts of the Eastern Mediter­ranean, however, of all these mainland Greek groups the group Mycenae/Berbati clearly predominates.

1. BASIC PRINCIPLES OF CHEMICAL

PROVENANCING

Since the pioneering work of Catling and coworkers in the early 1960s1 chemical analyses are known to be helpful in provenance determinations of pottery In the following years the number of applications in archaeometry has grown considerably The basic principles are still valid: The con­centration values in pottery depend mainly on the geo­chemical composition of the claybed(s) exploited. There­fore, groups of vessels having the same composition pattern originate from the same production place. An obvious as­sumption is that the raw clay was not traded. If now the eie­mental patterns of such groups can be assigned to a certain production place by comparison with reference material, provenance is determined. Such reference material gener­ally is selected on archaeological criteria as local.

Compared to the early investigations by chemical analy­sis considerable progress has been made concerning our knowledge about (a) the proper experimental and data evaluation procedures to be applied and (b) the definition of

the eiemental patterns which can be regarded as pointing to

the same origin.

lt is generally agreed today, that the number of eiemental

concentrations to be measured should be as !arge as possible

with a minimum of about 20 values for each sample and that

the measurement precision must be as high as a few percent

for most of these data. Methods in use fulfilling these condi­

tions are mainly Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA),

Wave-length Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (WD-XRF)

and, recently and still tested, Inductively Coupted Plasma Emission or Mass Spectroscopy (ICP-ES, -MS) with or without Iaser ablation.

During the data evaluation, comparing the concentration patterns to form groups of vessels of similar composition,

several facts have to be considered. Pottery is made from a

weil homogenized lump of clay Several samples taken from different parts of one vessel show generally a much

closer agreement in composition than samples from differ­ent vessels of the same workshop.2 The ancient potters puri­

fied, mixed and tempered the clays to produce a warkable paste to form and fire their vessels.3 Hankey wrote 'Potters,

however, are rather like cooks in choosing ingredients' to describe these pottery making practices refining the raw clays.4 All products made of a clay paste prepared by the

same 'recipe' will have the same eiemental concentration profile. It is the eiemental signature of this paste, which de­

fines provenance. A knowledge of the location of the clay­beds is only helpful, if the clay is found ready to be used

Acknowledgements: We are very grateful to all the Greek colleagues who contributed to our project and offered their help. We would like to thank Dr. W Güntner for his valuabJe advice and for reading the manuscript. The help of the staff of the reactor in Geesthacht irradiating the samples is thankfully acknowledged. The work was funded partly by the German Federal Minister of Education, Research, Science and Technology (BMBF) under contract No 03P09BON.

1 Catling et al. 1961, idem & Millett 1965, 2 12-224. 2 Perlman & Asaro 1969, 30. 3 Arnold et al. 1991, 71. 4 Hankey 1 979, 144.

96 Hans Mommsen and Joseph Maran

which, according to our experience, is rarely the case. Therefore, analysis of raw clays, as proposed oft:en in older work, to link workshops to sites is not recommended, if only provenance is wanted. Also bricks or Ioom weights etc. are found in most cases to have a different composition than pottery vessels.

Since the ancient potters certainly did not follow always very strict rules in preparing different lumps of clay, the quantity of non plastic additions in the paste will vary in some range. Therefore, when comparing pattems eiemental ratios should be used or, which is the same, dilutions should be considered performing a best relative fit. Then these varying parts will disappear and the sharpness of patterns is further increased. Normally, it is the clay part of the paste which determines chemical provenance. Also changes due to alteration and contamination during burial, if present,

will vanish by such a fit. Such changes have been reported for the elements P, Ca and Ba.5 Also usually Na is found to scatter widely 6 For these elements and also for As we gen­erally have an enlarged variation of concentrations in ves­sels produced with certainty at one place. Therefore, these elements should be considered with care during the group

formation.

If the ancient potters introduced !arger changes in the recipe employed for producing the paste, especially if clay mixtures were used, then different eiemental pattems might be detected in material from the same workshop. So, even single production series in a workshop can be distin­guished.7 What is seen by a chemical analysis is the produc­tion series at a certain place, not only the place.

Considering these directions in forming groups of similar composition, well-defined compositional patterns should be obtained, which have a high probability of being specific for each production series. Although a priori no knowledge ex­ists about the scatter of concentrations in a clay paste, vary­ing eiemental compositions with a spread (root mean square deviation) of more than 5-10 % for several elements in a pattern are not expected and might indicate a wrang addi­tion of sherds from different production series or even a mixing of local with imported pieces in the group. Espe­cially for the pottery of Late Bronze Age (LBA) Greece pre­cise patterns are needed, since our NAA data show, that for most of the about 30 elements analysed in Bonn the total eiemental concentration ranges encountered are on the aver­age only about a factor of 4-5 !arger than the ranges usually measured in samples from one production series only 8

2. SAMPLES FROM PICTORIAL VESSELS

During the interdisciplinary project 'Pottery production and distribution in Bronze Age Greece and the Aegean by neu­tron activation analysis (NAA)', more than 2000 sherds from Greek museums and magazines could be sampled. A !arge part of these samples is now processed and the results are available and added to our Greek data bank holding now about 3300 samples. This sample set includes also 46 samples from Mycenaean pictorial vessels, most of them

from sites in different parts of Mainland Greece, but also one sample from Asia Minor and two from Cyprus. These samples are listed and described, if already published, in Table 1

In the Iiterature NAA concentration data of 20 additional sherds of pictorial wares were given. These chemical data are taken from the publications or are available to us as part of a data bank assembled by Perlman. It was given to E. French9 and the Manchester archaeometry group (V Robin­son and A. Hoffmann), who handed them over to us in Bonn. These data are added to our investigation, since they all have been measured by the archaeometry group at Ber keley and can be compared directly to our values. These samples and the references, in which they are described, are given at the end of Table I

A number of further archaeometric investigations of pic­torial pottery vessels exists. Felts performed a few petro­graphical analyses of sherds from Ras Shamra.1° Catling, Millett and Jones, and Anson using Optical Emission Spec­troscopy (OES) analysed some 40 pictorial sherds11 which are reviewed by Jones and CatlingY These old data give only 9 eiemental values per sample (including the 'bad' ele­ments Ca and Na which are known to vary, see above) and cannot be compared to our measurements. They will not be considered here. The results are mentioned to have 'short­comings' and the careful conclusions, if possible, are sum­marized by Jones and Catling.13

3. NAA METHOD AND GROUP FORMING

PROCEDURE

The experimental procedure of the NAA in Bonn is a modi­fied version ofthat given by Perlman and Asaro. 14 It is de­scribed at length by Mommsen et alY We analyse, if present above the detection Iimits, up to 30 minor and trace elements in pottery samples of a size of about 80 mg. Quan­titative concentration values are obtained by comparison with our own pottery standard which is calibrated against the well-known Berkeley pottery standard.16 Therefore, our results can be directly compared to the data of the Berkeley group and also to the databanks of other laboratories apply­ing the same calibration like Jerusalem or Manchester. This made the addition of pictorial vessels measured at Berkeley possible.

In statistical analyses of compositional data each sample

5 Buxeda i Garrig6s 1999 (P, Ca, Ba), 306; Picon 1 985 (Ba). 6 Karageorghis et al. 1972, 193. 7 Compare Mommsen et al. 1994, 287 ' Hein et al. 1999, 1058. 9 French 1993, 3-6. 10 Immerwahr 1945, 555, n. 77 11 Cat1ing & Millett 1965, 21 5-224; Catling et al. 1978, 75-82; An­son 1980, 109- 1 18. 12 Jones & Catling 1986, 544-560. 13 Jones & Catling 1986, 545. 14 Perlman & Asaro 1969. 15 Mommsen et al. 1991. 16 Perlman & Asaro 1969, 29.

Production places of some Mycenaean pictorial vessels 97

is commonly represented by a point in multidimensional

space, also termed hyperspace. Each dimension of this space corresponds to the concentration values of one chemi­

cal element. Sampies having not very much different com­

positions will be represented by points not far apart in hy­

perspace and form a cloud of points. Therefore, to locate

such samples of similar composition, distances in this hy­

perspace like the Mahalanobis distance are used as similar­

ity measures. Using a squared modified Mahalanobis dis­

tance d2 the concentration data are sorted and grouped by a

filter procedure developed in Bonn and described by Beier

and MommsenY Generally speaking filter methods are used to test the hypothesis that a sample belongs to a group,

and this hypothesis is by statistical methods either accepted

or rejected. The group definition follows the directions given above. The experimental errors and also a possible

constant shift of the data due to a dilution of the clays are

taken into account performing a best relative fit to the group

mean values. Elements often found to vary are not con­

sidered at first in the group forming process. This filter con­

cept tests each sample separately and avoids the problems

of other classification procedures like Principal Component

Analysis (PCA) or Cluster Analysis (CA), 18 where a whole

set of data has to be standardized and investigated at once.

Furthermore, since the d2 is normalized according to statisti­

cal criteria, it obeys in the ideal case a x2 distribution very

closely and can easily be converted into a probability of

group membership. Normally, a cut off distance corre­

sponding to the 95 % confidence Ievel for group member­

ship is chosen and the different group members of each

cloud of points can easily be found.

During the group formation, adding weil fitting samples to the group and removing outliers, special attention is

given to the 'sharpness' of the group pattems as mentioned

above. lf a !arger scatter in some of the concentrations in a

group is detected, a search for possible subgroups is done to

investigate the structure of the cloud of points more closely

This avoids the wrong addition of samples, which are lo­

cated in different, but closely neighbouring groups at only a

small distance in hyperspace. In such rare cases possible

'core' groups can be considered by our filter procedure,

which are formed by choosing a smaller cut off distance d2,

which means 'choosing a more closely meshed net' for the

filter. This corresponds to a lower confidence Ievel (e. g. the

68 % Ievel) at the cost of a higher error probability when re­

jecting samples as core group members. lf the core group

search is successful, the !arge cloud of points is broken up

into two smaller, adhering clouds (core groups) located very

close to each other in hyperspace. Most of the samples can be assigned with high probability to one of the core groups.

Only for these samples, which are located in the middle re­

gion between the two core group centres, a membership to

both groups with different, non vanishing probabilities is obtained. The group search is done without any beforehand

knowledge about the nature or the find sites of the samples.

Only after the forrnation of the groups or core groups, re­

spectively, the Iist of group members is inspected.

4. NAA RESULTS

The filter method applied in Bonn and dec .. · ·ibed above per­

mits to find groups of samples of similar composition out of

our own !arge databank. Also the second databank contain­

ing data selected from the Iiterature and the data measured

by the Berkeley group was evaluated and the samples were

classified according to their eiemental composition. After

'sharp' compositional group pattems (mean values with

small concentration spreads) were established, the group

memberships are inspected. Of special interest is here the

classification of the 46 samples taken by us from pictorial

vases and analysed in Bonn and of the 20 additional

samples from similar vases taken from the second data

bank. This investigation revealed, that the 66 samples are

distributed to 9 chemically different groups. The group

membership is marked in Table I, last column. The average

concentration values (grouping values) of the 9 groups are

shown in Tables 2 and 3 The total number of group mem­

bers also given in the tables was used to calculate these pat­

tems.

Six samples of pictorial vessels are chemical singles and

do not belong to any known group. They might represent

the first member of a still unknown production series (or

site) or they simply might have been contaminated by the

ancient potters or by us. Nothing can be said about these

singles. Their composition is recorded in Tables 4 (Berkeley

data) and 5 (our own data).

Three of the groups of Table 2 named Myc/Ber, Ach-a

and Ach-b are very similar in composition and overlap

partly, if the !arger distance corresponding to a 95 % confi­

dence Ievel is chosen as cut off in the filter procedure. They

have been only detectable and separable by exploring the

structure of the data carefully using a core group evaluation

as described above. However, the samples of pictorial ves­

sels of interest here are clearly assignable to the groups formed and not located in the overlapping zones.

The result of a discriminant analysis (DA) assuming 9 groups is depicted in Fig. 1 a. It is a projection of the differ

ent clouds of points in hyperspace into a two-dimensional

plane in such a way, that the inbetween group differences

are largest. As can be seen, the two groups Theb-c and

Mile-2 are well separated from the other 7 groups, which

are considered separately in a second DA in Fig. 1 b. The

overlaps of the groups in this figure are resolved in further

projections not shown except for the overlap of the groups

Myc/Ber and Ach-a, which is real as already detected by our

filter analysis.

Since for each of the groups most of the concentrations of

the different elements are weil defined and do not have

!arge relative spreads, the single composition data of each of the 66 sherds are not reported, but can be obtained from the

authors upon request.

17 Beier & Mommsen 1994a and b. 18 Baxter 1994.

98 Hans Mommsen andloseph Maran

Table I. List of Mycenaean pictorial pottery sherds analysed by NAA in Bonn and in Berkeley and compositional group memberships. The fit factor given COITects for constant shifts (dilutions) of the individual data to the group mean values.

Fit Bonn Site Label Inv.No. Date LH Description Ref.1 factor group

Cyprus Maroni N Y ! 74.51.964 IliA krater, chariot, Ver 82:ill. l 6 Ver 82 1 .08 Myc(Ber Nicosia N Y 2 74.5 1 .966 lilA krater, chariot. Ver 82:V.2 Ver 82 1 . 0 1 Myc(Ber

(Metr. Mus. New York Nos.)

Mainland Greece Midea Mid 3 M91,2,834 IIIB, prob. 82 krater, rim, chariot Dem 94 0.91 Tir/As

(Argo1id) Mid 8 M91,3,83\ ITTB jug Dem 94 1 .02 Myc/Ber Mid 1 5 M89,2,723 1118, prob. 82 krater, stag Dem 96 1 .02 Tir/As Midw 3 M90, M97-l8\A IIIC krater, rim, chariot McM 98 0.96 Tir/As Midw 20 no No. IIIB stirrup jar, body sh. McMG 98 1.05 Myc/Ber Midw 22 M94,Mh NE comer IllB Marsh Bird krater Wal 0.92 Tir/As

Tiryns Tiry 217 LXIII 42/31 lila IIIC dev krater, body sh., chariot Gün 00 1.06 Tir/As (Argolid) Tiry 218 LXI 40/12-13 VIlla IIIB fin. krater?, body sh., chariot + bull GünOO 0.96 Tir/As

Tiry 2 1 9 LXIV 44/49 II IIIB2 krater?, rim, bull + bird GünOO 0.98 Tir/As Tiry 220 LXI 40/84 IVa IIIB2 krater?, body sh., bull GünOO 1 .02 Tir/As Tiry 221 LXI 35/98 VIII IIIB fin. krater, rim, bull GünOO 0.97 Tir/As Tiry 222 LXI 4!/53 XI IIIB fin. krater?, bu II GünOO 0.95 Tir/As Tiry 223 LXII 43/15 X IIIB fin. open vesse1 (krater?), body sh., GünOO 0.95 Tir/As

animal Tiry 224 14336 IUC ear1y krater, rim, 2 chariots S1e 74 0.95 Tir/As Tiry 225 LXVI 44/52 VIlla IIIC dev krater, rim, horse and chariot Gün 00 0.98 Tir/As Tiry 226 LXIV 45/42 I! illC dev krater, body sh., chariot, head GünOO 1.00 Tir/As

of man, same vess. as 225? Voudeni- Voud 36 tomb 9 all krater, chariot all 0.94 Ach-b Amygdalia Voud 37 tomb 9 IIIC krater, horse, same vess. as 36? Ko1 0.94 Ach-b (Achaia) Voud 38 tomb 11 krater, horse + wo! fs 0.90 Ach-b

Voud 39 tomb II krater, horse, same vess. as 38? 0.89 Ach-b Voud 40 tomb 2 1 krater, ship 0.92 Ach-b Voud 41 tomb 2 krater, fishes 0.87 Ach-b Voud 42 tomb 36 krater, feet of animal single Voud 43 tornb 5, drornos krater?, feet of man 0.93 Ach-b Voud 45 206 krater, dogs 0.90 Ach-a

Thebes Theb 26 29542 all krater, feet of horse Ara 1.03 Theb-b (Boeotia) Theb 27 29536 UIB krater, face Ara 0.99 Theb-b

Theb 28 29538 krater Ara 1 .02 Theb-b Theb 29 29541 krater, octopus Ara sing1e Theb 60 27003 krater, horse And 1 .04 Theb-b Theb 61 26996 krater, sphinges And 1 .01 Theb-c

Livanates Liva 20 0 10142 all krater, ship Dak 90 0.98 Liva-1 (Locris) Liva 47 IIIC krater, ship Dak 90 0.96 Liva-1

Liva 48 cut E krater, ship Dak 91 1 .01 Liva- 1 Liva 49 krater, ship Dak 0.98 Liva- 1 Liva 50 Teichos OM7044 krater, ship Dak 0.97 Liva- 1 Liva 5 1 krater, ship Dak 0.99 Liva-1 Liva 52 cut Al7, OM8104 krater, ship Dak 0.98 Liva-1 Liva 53 cut AI7,0M7037 krater, man in water Dak 1.00 Liva-1 Liva 54 cut A 1 7, OM8104 krater, ship Dak 0.97 Liva- 1 Liva 55 cut A 1 2, OM6027 krater, ship Dak 0.99 Liva- 1 Liva 56 profile H-F, OM2624 krater, ship Dak 1.01 Liva-1

Macedonia Kastanas Kas 89 77/3230 IIIC krater, ship, FT 28 1/282, Jun fmth 0.97 Maced

rim diam. 32 cm (Kas 88) 79/40271 IIIC prob. base of above, diam. Jun forth 0.94 Maced

1 2 cm

Asia Minor Miletus Mile 34 70-S-29 IIIC closed vess .. boar Voi 86 0.86 Mile-2

Foreign data: Cyprus Enkomi ENK42 ? IIIA krater, chariot Asa 73 single

ENK 52 MM E3.46 lilA krater, chariot and sing1e ENK 276 ") IIIA krater, chariot Gun 92 single

Kouklia PPAP 120 IIIA krater, 'Minoan Lady ', Kar 72: sing le VK 82:III. 1 1 1oca1

Production places of some Mycenaean pictorial vessels 99

Fit Bann Site Label Inv.No. Date L H Description Ref.' factor group

Levant Tell Dan Dan 17 ? IIIA2/B1 krater, chariot Gun 92, 1.13 Myc/Ber

Yel 92 Tell Abu HWM 6 Museum all see Hof 93 all 1.01 Myc/Ber Hawam HWM 7 Nos. IIIB

HWM 14 given HWM 34 in HWM 38 ref. HWM 39 Hof 93 HWM 40 HWM 41 HWM 42 HWM 43 HWM 44 HWM 47 HWM 65 HWM 67 HWM 69

1 Explanation of abbreviations for references or researchers: And: Andrikou, all unpubl. , for the context Theb 60-61 (Pneumatiko Kentro): Andrikou 1995; Ara: Aravantinos, all unpubl.; for the con­text Theb 26-29 (Odos Pelopidou): Aravantinos 1996, Aravantinos 1999; Asa 73: Asaro & Perlman 1973; Dak 90: Dakoronia 1990, figs. 1-2; Dak 91 . Dakoronia 1991, pl. 83&; Dak: Dakoronia, un­publ., Dem 94: Demakopoulou et al. 1994, figs. 28, 30; Dem 96: Demakopoulou et al. 1996, fig. 30; Gün 00: Güntner 2000, pls. 7:1

(217), 26:1 (218), 20:8 (219), 21:3 (220), 25:6 (221), 4:1 (222),

Hof 93 1.15 Myc/Ber 1.01 Myc/Ber 1.08 Myc/Ber 1.07 Myc/Ber 1.12 Myc/Ber 0.99 Myc/Ber 0.99 Myc/Ber 1.01 Myc/Ber 0.98 Tir/As 1.01 Myc/Ber 1.04 Myc/Ber 1.01 Myc/Ber 1.05 Myc/Ber 1.02 Myc/Ber

25:8 (223), 8:1 (225-226); Gun 92: Gunneweg et al. 1992; Hof 93: Hoffmann & Robinson 1993; Jun forth: Jung forthcoming; Kar 72: Karageorghis et al. 1972, fig. 1, Kol: Kolonas, all unpubl. , für the context Voud 36-39: Kolonas 1989, Voud 41: Kolonas 1988, Voud 43: Kolonas 1989; McM 98: McMullen Fischer 1998, 103f., pls. 67:135, 135; McM G 98: McMullen Fischer & Giering 1998; Sie 74: Slenczka 1974, 52-54, pl. 2:1; Wal: Walberg, unpubl. , Midea 1994; Ver 82: Vermeule & Karageorghis 1982; Voi 86: Voigt­länder 1986, fig. 10, B; Ye1 92: Yellin & Maeir 1992.

Table 2. Average element concentrations M of 4 groups given in 11gl g (ppm), if not indicated otherwise, and their spreads CJ in % of M after a best relative fit using all elements except As, Ba, Ca and Na. Each of the groups can be assigned to the northern Peloponnese and contains members of pictorial vessels.

Myc/Ber Ach-a Ach-b Tir/As 217 samples 156 samples 75 samples 116 samp1es 19 pic. ves. 1 pic. ves. 7 pic. ves. 15 pic. ves. M(G(%)) M (G(%)) M (G(%)) M(G(%))

As 5.54 46. 6.68 69. 6.35 47 Ba 398. 21. 450. 25. 492. 41. 480. 21. Ca% 9.75 21. 5.05 41. 5.26 37 8.96 19. Ce 62.9 2.4 65.8 3.5 67.9 3.7 66.7 2.0 Co 28.6 6.5 28.4 8.1 30.0 6.8 23.2 5.3 Cr 255. 12. 264. 9.7 287 8.8 203. 8.2 Cs 8.67 9.4 7.16 7 . 7 3.55 46. 4.69 8.8 Eu 1.15 4.6 1.22 5.1 1.25 5.9 1.30 3.7 Fe% 5.20 3.7 5.26 5.1 5.77 6.2 5.02 3.0 Ga 20.9 21. 22.1 22. 23.3 19. 18.3 26.

Hf 3.61 10. 3.94 15. 4.41 15. 4.43 7.8 K% 2.60 10. 2.54 6.2 1.98 14. 2.14 15. La 31.5 2.6 31.1 4.5 31.8 4.4 30.8 2.1 Lu 0.42 5.5 0.50 21. 0.53 30. 0.43 4.8 Na% 0.53 32. 0.90 21. 0.75 31. 1.35 18. Nd 26.4 5.5 27.8 10. 28.3 10. 28.3 6.1 Ni 220. 13. 212. 1 1. 232. 10. 174. 9.2 Rb 150. 7.9 145. 6.4 85.4 29. 107 9.7 Sb 0.57 14. 0.58 19. 0.54 20. 0.64 18. Sc 21.5 4.1 22.2 4.4 22.6 7.3 19.8 3.2 Sm 4.86 4.3 5.20 6.0 5.38 8.3 5.50 3.6 Ta 0.81 6.7 0.86 5.1 0.94 3.7 0.88 6.5 Tb 0.67 7.1 0.75 8.3 0.75 8.9 0.76 6.4 Th 11.0 2.9 11.6 2.9 12.5 3.4 11.1 3.2 Ti% 0.43 21. 0.46 9.0 0.50 8.4 0.46 21. u 2.27 6.4 2.44 9.8 2.31 10. 2.05 7.2 w 2.17 1 4. 2.19 15. 2.19 16. 2.15 21. Yb 2.61 3.3 2.77 4.9 2.87 3.3 2.73 4.0 Zn 113. 11. 120. 17 113. 12. 89.1 11. Zr 160. 2 1. 190. 19. 204. 16. 186. 17

100

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-35

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25

b

Hans Mommsen and Joseph Maran

/� t_; I "/ ti

Theb-c

Mile-2

-120

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85 90

Theb-b

(theb60,Cr off)

-100 -80 W 1 (62.14 °/o)

Myc/Ber o Ach-a

h-b

95 100 105 W1 (52.10o/o)

Fig. I. Discriminant analysis of (a) 694 samples of Mycenaean sherds including 44 pictorial vessels measured in Bonn assuming 9 groups (compare Table 2) and (b) of the 564 samples assuming 7 groups (without the samples from group Theb-c and Mile-2). Plot­ted are the discriminant functions W l and W2(W3) which cover 62.1% (52.1 %) and 10.4% (15.8%) of the between group variance. The ellipses drawn are the 2a boundaries of the groups.

Production places of some Mycenaean pictorial vessels 10 1

Table 3. Average element concentrations M of 5 groups given in {.lglg (ppm), if not indicated otherwise, and their spreads a in % of M after a best relative fit using all e1ements except As. Ba, Ca and Na. Each of the groups can be assigned with high probability to definite production places and contains members of pictoria1 vessels.

Liva-1 Theb-b Theb-c Maced Mile-2 44 samples 29 samples 21 samples 27 samp1es 9 samples 11 pic. ves. 4 pic. ves. I pic. ves. 1 pic. ves. I pic. ves. M(a(%)) M (a(%)) \1 (a(%)) M (a(%)) M(a(%))

As 6.62 59. 7.90 40. 19.2 39. 10.2 45. 21.9 23. Ba 384. 22. 372. 25. 693. 10. 500. 42. 647 17 Ca% 6.89 32. 6.65 28. 3.87 30. 7.32 13. 9.18 29. Ce 57.5 4.7 58.0 4.3 77.8 2.2 49.1 4.8 91.8 6.9 Co 28.9 10. 34.7 7.7 22.5 4.6 37.2 6.3 27.6 9.5 Cr 380. 10. 437 11. 168. 4.6 503. 9.7 245. 13. Cs I 1.7 24. 5.91 13. 9.52 6.8 4.41 6.5 10.7 8.8 Eu 1.09 5.5 1.03 5.0 1.36 2.8 0.93 5.3 1.37 6.9 Fe% 5.22 5.5 5.25 3.1 5.20 4.2 5.73 3.8 4.96 2.7 Ga 20.1 13. 59.6 78. 39.2 72. 13.2 34. 17.1 32. Hf 4.39 7.8 3.39 8.5 4.48 6.8 3.65 8.3 4.96 9.9 K% 2.15 7 7 2.61 10. 3.25 7.1 2.27 10. 2.70 20. La 25.4 5.7 26.9 4.6 36.7 2.2 21.9 5.4 43.6 6.0 Lu 0.44 8.6 0.41 22. 0.54 19. 0.40 7.2 0.48 4.9 Na% 1.03 16. 0.63 14. 1.10 21. 0.85 12. 0.96 33. Nd 22.2 10. 21.8 17 32.7 8.9 20.5 8.2 35.6 9.0 Ni 311. 9.3 467 21. 159. 33. 426. 13. 318. 13. Rb 115. 5.4 130. 7.7 166. 5.0 104. 3.0 162. 16. Sb 0.53 17 0.60 17 2.33 8.8 0.70 12. 1.77 7 4 Sc 22.3 4.5 20.3 4.0 21.6 3.9 23.2 4.0 16.2 3.4 Sm 4.43 77 4.20 6.1 6.12 3.1 4.01 3.6 7.04 I I. Ta 0.84 4.5 0.77 6.8 1.03 6.8 0.65 8.0 1.31 5.3 Tb 0.64 9.9 0.63 8.4 0.84 14. 0.58 8.6 1.00 7.3 Th 9.82 3.6 9.57 2.6 14.0 3.0 9.22 4.4 20.4 8.3 Ti% 0.42 15. 0.55 46. 0.50 20. 0.43 12. 0.46 21. u 2.25 10. 2.12 12. 2.35 4.8 1.62 8.2 3.81 9.4 w 1.76 II. 1.89 15. 3.51 II. 2.36 31. 2.97 13. Yb 2.53 3.9 2.29 4.9 2.95 4.3 2.29 3.3 3.36 5.7 Zn 98.3 II. 96.7 7.7 II I. 6.4 116. 16. 88.5 14. Zr 194. 14. 165. 19. 230. 20. 167 15. 224. 18.

Table 4. Element concentrations M of 3 pictorial vesscls from Enkomi, which are chemical singles, and of the vessel 'Minoan Lady' (multiplied with the best relative fit factor to the group) compared to a group of 19 samples from Kouklia. The values are given in {.lglg (ppm), if not indi-cated otherwise. 8 is the experimental error and a the spread of the Kouklia group, both in % of M (samples ENK from Gunneweg et al. 1992, sample PPAP 120 and group Kouklia from Kara-georghis et al. 1972).

ENK 42 ENK 276 ENK 52 PPAP 120 Kouklia I sample I sample I sample Min. Lady 19 samples

factor 0.98 Myc IIICI M M M M(8(%)) M(a(%))

Al% - 5.66 2.4 5.58 7.5 Ca% 3.66 6.66 6.43 7 45 0.5 7.30 22. Ce 56.8 54.8 58.2 Co 15.9 21.0 19.9 22.7 1.4 20.2 8.2 Cr 217 332. 222. 116. 2.5 97.0 II. Cs 4.80 8.60 6.40 3.68 5.3 3.79 II. Fe% 4.71 5.06 4.92 3.99 1.5 3.92 6.4 Hf 3.14 3.36 3.15 3.15 2.8 3.13 7.0 La 28.5 27.1 31.3 26.5 2.6 27.6 8.3 Lu 0.33 0.32 0.37 0.28 5.7 0.30 6.6 Mn 1036. 1.5 962. 16. Na% 0.95 0.63 0.83 0.35 2.5 0.35 24. Ni 152. 199. 156. 132. II. 92.0 18. Rb 101. 154. 114. 79.4 16. 74.0 14. Sc 18.4 20.8 18.6 13.2 0.4 14.2 7.1 Ta 0.67 0.83 0.87 1.32 0.6 1.07 7.2 Th 9.84 10.2 9.99 6.35 1.7 7.35 7.2 Ti 0.48 0.40 0.47 0.35 5.3 0.42 5.7 u 7.59 4.08 3.93 1.19 2.5 1.52 14.

102 Hans Mommsen and Joseph Maran

Table 5. Element concentrations M of 2 pictorial vessels found at Thebes and Voudeni, which are chemical singles, in j.lglg (ppm), if not indicated otherwise, and experimental errors 8 in % of M, meas-ured in Bann.

Theb 29 Voud 42 I sample 1 sample M(8(%)) M(8(%))

As 4.18 2.1 22.3 0.4 Ba 463. 9.2 773. 8.7 Ca% 8.11 16. 4.75 5.2 Ce 61.5 1.3 79.3 0.7 Co 31.7 0.4 36.5 0.5 Cr 328. 0.9 512. 0.4 Cs 19.1 0.6 1.71 4.5 Eu 1.04 2.0 1.52 1.9 Fe% 5.05 0.5 6.26 0.3 Ga 33.1 9.6 26.6 5.6 Hf 3.48 2.7 6.38 1.2 K% 3.17 1.2 1.76 1.0 La 27.3 0.3 42.8 0.2 Lu 0.86 14. 67.5 1.1 Na% 0.30 1.2 0.73 0.5 Nd 24.8 10. 46.0 9.5 Ni 339. 3.2 253. 4.1 Rb 174. 4.8 58.6 3.1 Sb 0.63 11. 0.69 8.4 Sc 20.9 0.1 25.6 0.1 Sm 4.11 0.7 14.6 0.3 Ta 0.90 3.2 1.04 2.8 Tb 0.59 8.3 1.87 3.6 Th 10.5 1.1 14.6 0.5 Ti% 0.46 20. 0.55 3.6 u 2.39 4.1 2.87 4.2 w 2.34 6.7 2.83 4.2 Yb 2.38 1.8 3.45 1.7 Zn 68.5 2.8 140. 1.7 Zr 222. 14. 239. 12.

5. DISCUSSION

In Table 6 an overview of the group membership of all the 66 pictorial sherds from the different sites is given ordered according to their dating.

Conceming LH IIIA, the incipient phase of Mycenaen pictorial pottery, NAA data of only six vessels exist. All six pieces have been found on Cyprus. Two samples from kraters founcl at Maroni and Nicosia and stored in the Metropolitan Museum New York have been measured in Bonn. They show the well-known pattern named Mycenae/ Berbati (Myc/Ber) except for a small, not significant devia­tion in Sm for the Maroni sample. The pattern Myc/Ber was previously assigned to a workshop somewhere in the region of these sites.19 Since one waster of the pottery workshop at Berbati included in the Berkeley data bank of Mycenaean pottery matches this pattern, this assignment is now further strengthened.

Four vessels, three vases from Enkomi20 ancl also a sherd from Kouklia depicting the 'Minoan Lady',21 have been measured in Berkeley According to our evaluation they are all chemically different from each other and, therefore, be­long to different production series of one or several work­shops. Although we now have more than 100 chemical pat­tems from different regions of Mycenaean Greece in our data bank of patterns, no match could be found. The three Enkomi pieces were assigned by Asaro and Perlman to a

probable Mainland Greek ongm because of a ·general Greek composition' ,22 a1though it was mentioned, too, that no good match with any known Greek group was seen. Compared to the Cypriot pattern from Kouklia the Argive patterns like Myc/Ber have on the average about 20 % higher eiemental concentrations which are found also in the three Enkomi sherds. This might have been the reason of their general assignment to Mainland Greece. For the Enkomi samples a definite provenance cannot be stated.

The sherd PPAP 120 with the 'Minoan Lady' was as­signed by Karageorghis et al. to a presumably local produe­tion in KoukliaY Using the pub1ished clata and our filter procedure including possible dilutions, also a close agree­ment with the local group of 19 sherds from Kouklia could be ascertained except for a small deviation of the element Ta, compare Table 4 This sherd is certainly associated to the Kouklia group. However, the clata of a Rude Style sherd (PPAP 119) also given in the work citecl match this local Kouklia group in all elements very closely after adjustment with a best relative fit factor of 0.96, except for Na known to vary

A sample of a krater from Tell Dan dated to thc LH IIIA2/B 1 period24 was measured also in Berkeley and is a good member of the Myc/Ber group. It can be considered as a probable import from the Argolid to the Levant.

The period LH IIIB is represented by 32 pictorial samples, 15 from Tell Abu Hawam, six from Tiryns, five from Midea and six from Thebes.

For the pieces of Tell Abu Hawam again the pattern Myc/ Ber prevails, 14 of the 15 vessels can be regarcled as imports from the workshop in the Argolid using this paste. Only two sherds (HWM 34 and 39) show a small deviation in the ele­ments Yb and Hf, respectively Turning to the Argolid, a stirrup jar decorated with horns of consecration and birds (Midw 20) as weil as a jug depicting birds with long bent necks (Mid 8) from Midea also match the pattern Myc/Ber. A different composition namecl Tir/As is found in only one sample from Tell Abu Hawam (HWM 43). This pattern is also already weil known25 and has been assignecl to a work­shop presumably somewhere in the region of Tiryns/Asine, because several wasters and sherds from Tiryns and many sherds from Asine belong to it.26 The membership of HWM 43 to the group Tir/As and also the Myc/Ber pattern in the other sherds from Tell Abu Hawam was already mentioned by Asaro and Perlman and by Hoffmann and RobinsonY In the latter study our group Myc/Ber has been subdivided into three different, but among one another very similar sub­groups, which have been assigned to the production places Berbati, Mycenae and Zygouries. This Subdivision could

19 Mommsen et a/. 1988, 169. 20 Asaro & Perlman 1973, 221, Gunneweg et al. 1992, 58f. 21 Karageorghis et a/. 1972, 189, fig. 1. " Asaro & Perlman l 973, 221. 23 Karageorghis et a!. 1972, 188-197 24 Gunneweg et al. 1992, 54f.; Yellin & Maeir 1992. 25 Asaro & Perlman 1973, 215f.; Hoffmann & Robinson 1993, 7f. 26 Mommsen et a!. 1988. 27 Asaro & Perlman 1973, 215f., 222f., Hoffmann & Robinson 1993, 8.

Production places of some Mycenaean pictorial vessels 103

Table 6. Provenance of Mycenaean pictorial pottery determined by NAA.

Sire/ Period ;'\IAA group name region LH Myc/Ber Ti.r/As Theb-b Theb-c Ach-a

Cyprus lilA 2 Tell Dan IIIA2/BI I Tell Abu IllB 14 Ha warn Midea IIlB 2 3 Tiryns IIIB 6 Thebes IIIB 4 Midea IIIC I Tiryns IIIC 4 Voudeni IIIC Livanates IIIC Kastanas IIIC Miletus IIIC

Sums 19 15 4

not be reproduced using our group forrning procedure in­cluding possible element correlations. 2x

Two samples from Midea show again the pattem Tir/As. The sherd of a krater with a chariot scene (Mid 3) and a piece showing stags (Mid 15) are according to K. Demako­poulou (private communication) of LH IIIB, probably IIIB2 date. The first was connected by Demakopoulou with the 'Painter of the Shield Bearers' ,2Y while the second was com­pa.red with the Stag krater from Enkomi.30 A third sample, taken from a sherd of a Marsh Bird k.rater of LH IIIB date (Midw 22) is very close in composition to the Til·/As group and certainly associated to this workshop, only the Rb and K values deviate slightly

In addition to these fragments of vessels from Midea, the pattem Tir/As was also detected in six samples from Tiryns which were assigned by W Güntner to the LH IIIB2 and IIIB Final periods. Three of the IIIB Final pieces are, ac­cording to Güntner, works of his 'Painter of the Tirynthian Sphinx' (Tiry 2 18, 222, 223), among these is also the epo­nym vessel (Tiry 222).31 One of the bull kraters of LH IIIB2 clate, on the other hand, was identifiecl by Güntner as a work of the 'Painter of the Shield-Bearers' (Tiry 2 19).32

These samplecl vessels from Tiryns and Midea of the pa­Iatial period not only support the notion of a second Argive workshop proclucing pictorial pottery, but also point to an attribution of the 'Painter of the Shield-Bearers' as weil as the newly defined 'Painter of the Tirynthian Sphinx' to this workshop.

The sample set taken from sites in Boeotia was described by Mommsen et al." The six samples from Thebes dating also to the palatial period are chemically different from the Argive patterns. One (Theb 29) is a chemical single. The pattern Theb-b is found in four pictorial samples (sample Theb-60 has an outlying Cr value). This group has a mixed set of members from the Boeotian sites Thebes and Or­chomenos and includes also a sample from a roof-tile. It can be consiclered with high probability as a local Boeotian pat­tern. Although the group is very near in composition to a Cretan pattern, the four pictorial vessels are distinct mem­bers of the group Theb-b.

Un-Ach-b Liva-1 \1aced \1ile-2 known Sum

4 6

15

4 6 6 I 4

7 9 II II

I I

7 11 6 66

One sample (Theb 61) belongs to a pattern named Theb­c, which is chemically weil separable from the other Myce­

naean patterns. lt contains samples from several sites in

Boeotia, among them also several Grey Minyan sherds of

high quality Thus, the same clay paste as for the Grey

Minyan ware was used for the production of this piece. A

local production of the wares with this pattern in Boeotia

seems also very probable.

In the Argolid, the post-palatial period LH IIIC is repre­

sented by one pictorial sample from Midea and four from

Tiryns, of which, however, accorcling to Güntner, two prob­

ably stem from the same vessel (Tiry 225, 226).34 The ex­

amples from Tiryns were classified according to Güntner as

LH IIIC Early and Developecl, respectively All analysed

samples show again the presumably local pattern Tir/As.

The pieces from Tiryns derive from kraters with depictions

of chariots. Among these is the farnaus krater assigned by

E. Slenczka to his group XII,35 the fragments of which were mostly found in the early sixties in the syringes of the lower

acropolis (Tiry 224). Güntner argued, that the two resp.

tluee kraters Tiry 217 and Tiry 225/226 tagether with many

other pieces of the Middle LH IIIC period should be attri­

buted to a workshop close to the 'Rosette Painter' One

fragrnent of krater Tiry 225/226 is already published by

Slenczka and assigned by him to his group XIV 36

The LH IIIC period is further represented by 9 pictorial

samples from Voudeni in Achaia17 and also by 1 1 samples

" Mommsen et al., forthcoming, 9. ''' Demakopou1ou et al. 1 994, 31, fig. 30. 30 Demakopou1ou et al. 1994, 3 1, fig. 29; Demakopoulou et al. 1996, 21, fig. 30. 31 Güntner 2000, 357f., pls. 26: I, 4:1 a.nd 25:8. 12 Güntner 2000, 354-356, pl. 20:8. 33 Mommsen etal. 1998. 34 Güntner 2000, 25f., 197, pl. 8:1. 11 Slenczka 1974, 52-54, pl. 2:1; Gü.ntner 2000, 23. 1" Güntner 2000, 359f., Slenczka 1974, cat. no. 46. 17 Kolonas 1988, 168 (Voud 41 ); idem 1989, 129-13 1 (Voud 36-39, 43); Mommsen et al. 1997

104 Hans Mommsen andloseph Maran

from Kynos near L ivanatcs in eastern Locris.3x For all these samples, again a regional, local production can be presumed with high probability

One of the Voudeni samples (Voud 45) shows the main pattern Ach-a established for Achaia. This pattern is very close in composition to the Argive pattern Myc/Ber, but can be separated mainly on the ground of the lower Ca and Cs abundances, which could be detected using the core group search. The sample Voud 45 with Ca and Cs abundances of 3.2 % and 6.8 ppm, respectively, belongs clearly to pattern Ach-a and is not located in the overlapping zone. Except for one chemical single (Voud 42) the remaining sherds match the pattern Ach-b separated from Ach-a again mainly by the lower Cs and Rb concentrations. The composition of the two patterns Ach-a and -b is present in many samples from different sites in Achaia and can be assumed to be local to this region.

In addition, for the group of 1 1 pictorial vessels from Kynos with the depictions of ships a local production is to be presumed, since all these samples belong to a chemical group named Liva-1, which can be assigned to a pottery workshop excavated at Kynos.39 Several misfired pieces from the area of this workshop have the composition of Liva-1.

Two further samples from pictorial vases are in our data­bank, one of a krater found in Kastanas Toumba in Macedonia40 and one of a closed vessel from Miletus.41 Again the compositions match chemical patterns which are assignablc to local productions. The krater from Kastanas dates to the period LH IIIC and has a composition identical to a group of sherds from there named 'G I ' 42 This pattern was at that time still unlocated. Meanwhile it has grown to a number of 27 members and includes also sherds from Mesi­meri and Saloniki. A regional, local Macedonian prove­nance of the related workshop seems now very probable. The second sample found in Miletus also shows a composi­tion which was published previously as of unknown prove­nance.41 This group has now been assigned with high proba­bility also to a Milesian workshop.44

6. CONCLUSION

All the pictorial vases measured in Berkeley are dated to the LH lilA and B periods and were found on Cyprus or in Palestine. In our set of data, however, measurements of such vessels from the LH ITIC period and excavated at different sites in Greece predominate. The conclusions which can be drawn from only 66 samples distributed over the whole eastem Mediterranean must be necessarily preliminary However, some points can be stated.

The eiemental pattems of nearly all the pictorial vessels considered here can be matched to compositions already known from other Greek material and stored in the Bonn data bank of pattems. Exceptions are five chemical singles, a sample from Thebes, one from Voudeni and 3 vessels from Enkomi, the latter measured in Berkeley A definite provenance of these vases could not be determined. A sixth

vessel from Kouklia ( 'Minoan Lady') was matched by Karageorghis et al. to a Jocal Cypriot pattern which is un­known to us.45 All other pictorial pieces analysed from the eastern Mediterranean (Cyprus, Tell Dan, Tell Abu Ha­warn) belong to two chemical groups and are very probable importations from the Argolid. The group Myc/Ber by far outweighs the second group Tir/As in this far ranging trade.

A few pictorial vessels from the palatial period found in Tiryns and Midea in the Argolid match these chemical Ar­give patterns and, therefore, can be presumed to be locally produced. The group �yc/Ber originates in al! probability from the workshop excavated in Berbati. The second pattern Tir/As is not very different in composition and presumably points to a second workshop in the southern part of the Ar­give plain because of thc distribution of its members, which are found predominantly in Tiryns up to the post-palatial period.

Pictorial vessels havc also been produced in other parts of Mainland Greece. During the palatial period again two dif­ferent production series can be evidenced in Boeotia. Dm­ing the post-palatial period. Jocal schools of vase painting seem to have existecl at every site included in our research of pictorial vessels, in the Argolid, Achaia, eastem Locris and even in Macedonia and in Miletus in Asia Minor. In this period production of Mycenaean wares of all types is ac­companied by the development of regional styles and sev­eral stylistic peculiarities46 and local production can be gen­erally observed for Mycenaean Greece. Generally, in Main­land Greece, a production of pictorial vessels in the vicinity of their find-spots can be observed.

Hans Mommsen Institut für Strahlen- und Kernphysik

Joseph Maran Institut für Ur- und Frühgeschichte University of Heidelberg Marstal lhof 4

University of Bonn Nussallee 14-16 DE-53115 BONN email:

DE-69117 HEIDELBERG email:

mommsen@ iskp.uni-bonn.de m 17@ix.urz.uni-heidelberg.de

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Settlements in Central Greece obtained by neutron activation analysis' , in Proceed­ings of" the 3rd Symposium on Arclweo­metry, Athens, in press (preprint available via our homepage). H. Mommsen, A. Hein, D. Ittameier, L. Kolonas & J. Maran, ' New reference pat­terns of Mycenaean pottery from Achaia, Western Peloponnese, by neutron activa­tion analysi s ' , Ahsrracts Conferencr Ce­ramie Techno!ogy and Production. Lon­don, and to be published. H. Mommsen, E. Andrikou, V Arava.nti­nos & J. Maran. ' Neutron activation anaJ ysis results of Bronze Age pottery from Boeotia including ten Linear B in­scribed jars of Thebes' , Int. Symposium on Archaeometry, Buclapest, in press (pre­print avail able via our homepage). H. Mommsen., T Beier & A. Hein, ' A complete chemicaJ grouping o f the Bcrke­ley neutron activation analysis data on \1ycenaean pottery' (preprint available via our homepage, 1 -49). P Mountjoy, 'Regional Mycenaean pot­tery· , BSA 85, 1 990, 245-270. I. Perlman & F Asaro, ' Pottery analysis by neutron activation' , Archaeometry I I , 1 969, 2 1 -52. M. Picon, 'Un example de pollution aux dimensions k ilometriques: Ia fixation du Baryum par I es ceramiques' , Revue d' Arclu'ometrie 9, 1 985, 27-29. E. Slenczka, Tiryns VII. Figürlich hema!re mykenische Keramik aus Tiryns, Mai.nz 1 974. E. Vermeule & V Karageorghis, J\llyce­noean pictoria! vase paiming, Cambridge, Mass. 1 982. W Voigtländer, ' Milets Beziehungen zur Argol is in späthelladischer Zeit ' , in Mi/er !899-19RO. Ergebnisse, Probleme und Perspektiven einer Ausgrabung. Kollo­quium Frankf"urt am Main 1980 (lstMitt­BH, 3 1 ) , ed. W Müller-Wiener, Tübingen 1 986, 1 7-34. J. Yellin & A. Maeir, 'The origin of the pictorial krater from the '·Mycenaean" tornb at Tel Dan ' . Archarometry 34, 1 992, 3 1 -36.