PRNFC SAFETY STANDDOWNPRNFC SAFETY STANDDOWN

Navy Flying Club Safety Brief

May 10, 2005

SAFETY BRIEF SCHEDULESAFETY BRIEF SCHEDULE

July 2004: Communications Failure August 2004: In-Flight Emergencies September 2004: Bird-Strike Hazards October 2004: Cold Weather Operations November 2004: Fall Safety Stand-Down December 2004: ADIZ Procedures January 2005: No Briefing February 2005: FAA Safety Seminar/Briefing March 2005: Aviation Physiology April 2005: No Briefing May 2005: Spring Safety Stand-Down June 2005:

Airspace ClassesAirspace Classes

CLASS B(Big apt) CLASS C

(mode C) CLASS D(Dashed line)

CLASS E (Everything Else)

18,000 MSL

FL 600CLASS A

(Above 18,000’)

CLASS G(near Ground)

1200’ AGL700’ AGL

CLASS G CLASS G

Airspace - VFR RequirementsAirspace - VFR Requirements

CLASS B3 mi, clearof clouds

CLASS C3-152’s CLASS D

3-152’s

CLASS E (Below 10,000’)

3-152’s

18,000 MSL

FL 600

CLASS A (Above 18,000’)

CLASS G1200’ AGL

700’ AGL

CLASS G

IFR only

CLASS E (Above 10,000’)

F-111

Five statute miles1000’ Above1000’ Below1 mi. Horizontal

3 statute miles1000’ Above500’ Below2000’ Horizontal

10,000 MSL

Night: 3-152’sDay: 1 mi,clear of clouds

CLASS G

ClassClass A AirspaceA Airspace

Begins at 18,000 feet MSL up to FL600Instrument Flight Plan, Mode C

Transponder and IFR Clearance RequiredVFR Weather Minimums

– not applicable

Class B AirspaceClass B Airspace

Clearance required to enterRequired Equipment

– 2-way radio – Mode C Transponder– VOR or TACAN (IFR only)

VFR Weather Minimums– 3 statute miles, clear of clouds

Class C AirspaceClass C Airspace

Establish 2-way radio communication before entering

Required Equipment– 2-way radio– Mode C Transponder

VFR Weather Minimums: 3-152’s– 3 s.m., 500’ below, 1000’ above, 2000’

Horizontal

Class D AirspaceClass D Airspace

Need operating control tower to be in effect2-way radio comm. required before enteringExtends 4.4 nm (5 sm) radius from airportExtends up to, not including 2,500’ AGL

– other altitudes may applyVFR Weather Minimums: 3-152’s

– 3 s.m., 500’ below, 1000’ above, 2000’ Horizontal

Class E AirspaceClass E AirspaceEverything except A, B, C, D and G airspaceNormally extends from 1200’ to 18,000’

– magenta bar indicates floor of 700’– magenta dashed line indicates floor to surface

VFR Minimums (below 10,000’): 3-152’s– 3 s.m., 500’ below, 1000’ above, 2000’

HorizontalVFR Minimums (above 10,000’): F-111

– 5 s.m., 1000’ below, 1000’ above, 1 s.m. Horizontal

Class G AirspaceClass G AirspaceVFR Weather Minimums (day)

– 1 statute mile, clear of clouds

VFR Weather Minimums (night): 3-152’s– 3 s.m., 500’ below, 1000’ above, 2000’ Horizontal

Other VFR min. apply above 1200’ AGL

VFR Weather MinimumsVFR Weather Minimums

Usually 3-152’s– 3 s.m., 500’ below, 1000’ above, 2000’

HorizontalVFR Weather Min. other than 3-152’s

– Class A: IFR only– Class B: 3 statute miles, clear of clouds– Class E (above 10,000’): F-111– Class G (day): 1 statute mile, clear of clouds– Special VFR: 1 s.m., clear of clouds

Mode C Transponder Mode C Transponder RequiredRequired

Class A, B, and CWithin 30 n.m. of Class B (mode C veil)Above Class B, Above Class CAbove 10,000’ MSL and above 2500’ AGLInto or Across U.S. ADIZ10nm apt in FAR Part 91, Apndx D Sect 2In all controlled airspace if equipped

Prohibited AreaProhibited Area

Permission Required to EnterAlways Active

Restricted AreaRestricted Area

Activities– Artillery– Aerial Gunnery– Guided Missiles

If active, permission from controlling agency required to enter

Warning AreaWarning Area

Activities– Artillery– Aerial Gunnery– Guided Missiles

Located outside 3 mi. limit, over international water

Permission not required to enter, but Exercise Extreme Caution

Military Operating AreaMilitary Operating Area

Aerobatic flying and abrupt maneuversPurpose: Separate IFR and military trafficFSS within 100 nm can provide info.Permission is not required to enter MOA

Alert AreaAlert Area

Activities– High volume of pilot training– Unusual aerial activity

Exercise caution when operating in an Alert Area

Permission is not required to enter an Alert Area

FAR’s - Speed RestrictionsFAR’s - Speed Restrictions

Aircraft may not exceed 250 knots below 10,000 feet MSL (unless authorized by the FAA Administrator)

Aircraft may not exceed 200 knots below a Class B Airspace (Terminal Control Area)

Unless authorized or required by ATC, aircraft may not exceed 200 knots within an Class D Airspace (Airport Traffic Area)

FAR’s - Seat BeltsFAR’s - Seat Belts

Pilot must wear seat belt and shoulder harness (if equipped) while at duty station– pilot may remove shoulder harness if unable to

perform required duties

All passengers must wear seat belt and shoulder harness (if equipped) during takeoff and landing

FAR’s - Aircraft DocumentsFAR’s - Aircraft DocumentsA = Airworthiness Certificate

R = Registration Certificate

R = Radio Operating License(no longer required in USA, Canada)

O = Operating Limitations

W = Weight and Balance

These documents must be on board the aircraft during all periods of operation.

Emergency Locator Emergency Locator Transmitter (ELT)Transmitter (ELT)

ELT’s transmit on 121.5 and 243.0 MhzTest/inspection required every 12 months

– Only during the first 5 minutes of every hour – Limited to 3 audio sweeps

Battery – Must be marked with an expiration date– Must be replaced after 1 hour cumulative use or

after 1/2 battery life has expired

Oxygen RequirementsOxygen RequirementsNon-Pressurized AircraftNon-Pressurized Aircraft

12,500 - 14,000 feet MSL– Flight crew must use oxygen for all portions of

flight over 30 minutes between these altitudes

Above 14,000 feet MSL– Flight crew must use oxygen at all times

Above 15,000 feet MSL– All passengers must be provided with oxygen

Medical CertificatesMedical CertificatesMedical certificates expire the last day of

the month of expirationPrivileges

ATP

Commercial

Private Pilot

Student Pilot

1st Class

6 months

6 months

6 months

6 months

2nd Class

N/A

12 months

12 months

12 months

3rd Class

N/A

N/A

24/36 months

24/36 months

Private/Student certificates good for 36 months if pilot < 40 on exam date.

Aerobatic FlightAerobatic Flight

Not allowed– Below 1,500 feet AGL– Flight visibility less than 3 statute miles– Within Class B, C or D Airspace– Within Class E Airspace designated for an apt.– On federal airways– Over congested areas– Over open assemblies of people

Pilot Currency Required for Pilot Currency Required for Passenger TransportationPassenger Transportation

Within the past 90 daysSame category and classDaytime

– Three takeoffs and landingsConventional Landing Gear (Taildragger)

– Three takeoffs and landings to full stopNighttime

– Three takeoffs and landings to full stop

Night FlightNight Flight

Night - Definition:– the time between the end of evening civil

twilight and the beginning of morning civil twilight, as published in the American Air Almanac, converted to local time

Twilight ends/begins when the center of the sun’s disk is 6 degrees below the horizon– In Florida, 23-27 min after/before sunset/rise– In Maine, 29-35 min after/before sunset/rise

Night FlightNight Flight

Position lights required from sunset to sunrise Currency requirements for passenger

transportation at night– During the period from 1 hour after sunset to 1 hour

before sunrise– Within preceding 90 days– Three takeoffs, three landings to a full stop– Same category and class aircraft

Special VFRSpecial VFR

Class D & E Airspace, some Class B & C– Ceiling Below 1,000’ AGL– Visibility Less then 3 miles

Required for SVFR– 1 statute mile visibility, clear of clouds

Required for SVFR at night– Pilot must be instrument rated– Aircraft must be instrument equipped

Transponder CodesTransponder Codes

7700 = Emergency7600 = Lost communications7500 = Hijack1200 = Standard VFR7777 = Military interceptor operations4000 = Military in restricted/warning areas0000 = Target drones

MaintenanceMaintenance

All aircraft must have an Annual InspectionCommercial aircraft must have 100 hr insp.Transponder check every two yearsPitot/Static check every two years (IFR)ELT Battery replacement every two yearsELT Inspection every 12 calendar monthsAD compliance mandatory

Required Equipment (VFR)Required Equipment (VFR)

T = Tachometer O = Oil Pressure Gauge M = Magnetic Compass A = Altimeter T = Temp. Gauge (if liquid cooled) O = Oil Temperature Gauge

Required Equipment (VFR)Required Equipment (VFR)

F = Fuel Gauge For Each Tank L = Landing Gear Position Indicator A = Airspeed Indicator M = Manifold Pressure Indicator E = Emergency Locator Transmitter S = Seat Belts (>=2 years old)

Required Equipment Required Equipment (Night VFR)(Night VFR)

F = Fuses (Spare Set or 3 of Each Type) L = Landing Light (Commercial Ops.) A = Anti-Collision Light P = Position Lights S = Source of Electrical Power

ATC Light SignalsATC Light SignalsColor/Type On the Ground In the Air

Steady Green Cleared for take-off Cleared to land

Flashing Green Cleared to taxi Return for landing

Steady Red STOP Continue circling

Flashing Red Taxi clear of runway in use

Airport Unsafe - Do Not Land

Flashing White Return to starting point on airport

Not used

Alternating Green and Red

Extreme Caution Extreme Caution

Minimum AltitudesMinimum Altitudes

1,000’ above, 2,000’ horizontal from any object over congested area

500’ above non-congested areaSparsely populated area, 500’ from any

– person– vessel– property

VFR Cruising AltitudesVFR Cruising Altitudes

Based upon magnetic course, not magnetic heading

Starts at 3,000 feet AGL0°-179°

– maintain odd thousands plus 500’ MSL180°-359°

– maintain even thousands plus 500’ MSLRemember “Odd Geese Fly East”

Right of WayRight of Way

Aircraft in distress has ROW over all othersBalloon has ROW over any aircraftGlider has ROW over airships, airplanes

and rotorcraftAirship has ROW over airplanes, rotorcraft

Right of WayRight of Way

When two aircraft are approaching head on, both should turn to the right

When two aircraft (same category) are converging, the one on the others right has the ROW

An aircraft being overtaken has the ROWWhile landing, the lowest aircraft has ROW

Pre-Flight ActionPre-Flight Action

Pilot must be free from alcoholic beverages for eight hours prior to flight– “Eight hours from bottle to throttle”

Pilot must acquire current and forecast weather

Pilot must check runway lengths of the destination airport

Pre-Flight ActionPre-Flight Action

Pilot must have alternate course of action if flight can not be completed to destination

Pilot must check if there are ATC delaysPilot must concern herself with all available

information regarding the flight

Fuel RequirementsFuel Requirements

VFR Daytime– Fuel to destination – plus 30 minutes

VFR Nighttime– Fuel to destination – plus 45 minutes

IFR– Fuel to destination or alternate apt. if required – plus 45 minutes

IFR Alternate Airport not required if, 1 hour before/after, more than 2000’ and 3 sm visibility

HyperventilationHyperventilation

Hyperventilation: an excessive increase in breathing rate or depth

Occurs as a result of – Emotional tension– Anxiety– Apprehension

HyperventilationHyperventilation

Symptoms– Sensation of being warm– Nausea– Tingling of fingers and toes– Muscle spasms

Can lead to unconsciousness

HyperventilationHyperventilation

Treatment– Try to get the person to breathe slowly– Breathe into a paper bag

Try to re-establish proper amount of carbon dioxide in the blood

VertigoVertigo

Caused by loss of visual referencesLeads to spatial disorientationOvercome vertigo by relying on the flight

instruments

HypoxiaHypoxia

Occurs when an insufficient quantity of oxygen is available in the blood

Symptoms occur at approx. 10,000 feetSymptoms at lower altitudes for

– Heavy smokers– People in poor physical condition

Hypoxia can lead to unconsciousness

HypoxiaHypoxia

The most dangerous symptom is a feeling of well being

Treatment– Provide supplemental oxygen– Descend to a lower altitude

METAR/TAFMETAR/TAF

METAR– Aviation Routine Weather Report– replaces Surface Aviation Observation (SA)

TAF– Aerodrome Forecast– replaces Terminal Forecast (FT)

SigmetSigmet

Significant Meteorology– Severe/Extreme turbulence– Severe Icing– Widespread dust and sandstorms with visibility

less than three miles

Available from FAA and HIWAS stations

Convective SigmetConvective Sigmet

TornadoesLines of thunderstormsEmbedded thunderstormsIntense thunderstorms

– affecting 40% or more of area– of at least 3,000 square feet

Hail 3/4 of and inch or greater in diameter

AirmetAirmet

Concerns small aircraft and aircraft with lack of instruments or equipment

Airmet covers– Moderate icing & severe turbulence over an

extensive area– Extensive area of visibility less then 3 miles

and/or ceilings lower then 1,000’– Winds 30 kts or more within 2,000’ of surface

Surface Analysis ChartSurface Analysis Chart

Issued every three hoursProvides a general picture of atmospheric

pressure patterns by showing highs, lows and fronts

Surface Forecast ChartSurface Forecast Chart

Issued four times a dayForecast of Surface Analysis ChartProvides a general picture of atmospheric

pressure patterns by showing highs, lows and fronts

Weather Depiction ChartWeather Depiction Chart

Issued every three hoursProvides a picture of areas with

– IFR– MVFR– VFR

Radar Summary ChartRadar Summary Chart

Normally issued every hourProvides location and movement of

thunderstorms, tornadoes, hurricanes and their intensity

Shows weather associated with rain, hail, icing and turbulence

Satellite Weather ViewsSatellite Weather Views

Issued every hourAvailable on DUATSInfrared available 24 hours/dayVisual available during daylight hours

Low Level WeatherLow Level Weather

Issued every six hoursProvides

– freezing levels– areas and levels of turbulence– locations of fronts– pressure systems– areas of precipitation– VFR/MVFR/IFR areas

QUESTIONS?QUESTIONS?