private urban governance research gated...

RE GATED COMMUNITIES

PRIVATE URBAN GOVERNANCE

RESEARCH

CONFERENCE HANDBOOK

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26-28 JUNE 2013BRIGHTON, UK

CONFERENCE

GATED COMMUNITIESPRIVATE URBAN GOVERNANCE

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INTRODUCTION

The University of Brighton is a community of over 23,000 students and 2,600 staff based on five campuses in Brighton, Eastbourne and Hastings. We can trace our origins back to the mid-19th century in Brighton and the mid-20th century in Eastbourne. The last Research Assessment Exercise (RAE) found more Brighton academics working at international standards of excellence that any other post-1992 university. All these are factors which contribute to our reputation as a leading post-1992 university in the United Kingdom.

The School of Environment and Technology, home of the Brighton Planning School, is a research active school. In RAE2008, 43% of the research submitted by the School was rated as internationally significant and 90% at 2* or above. Research at the School of Environment and Technology includes brownfield site remediation, characterisation and management of major river systems, sustainable environmental treatment and re-use of marine sediments, and Water-related recreation.

The University of Brighton Planning School delivers socially purposeful higher education that serves and strengthens society and underpins the economy, contributes critically to the public good, enriches those who participate, and equips our graduates to contribute effectively as citizens to the profession and to their communities, locally, nationally and internationally. We are fully accredited for town planning education by the Royal Town Planning Institute and the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors. In addition to commendations for best practice within the University of Brighton, in February 2012, we made the final shortlist of the Excellence in Teaching and Learning category at the RTPI Planning Awards. We are also a research active School. Our current projects include the INTERREG IVA 2 Seas 21st Century Parks, the INTERREG IVA 2 Seas GIFS (Geography of Inshore Fishing and Sustainability €4.6m), the project LIVING TOMORROW with the Brighton School of Architecture funded under the EU-program CULTURE (2007-2013), in addition to the INTERREG IVC SolidarCity, looking at the role and involvement of local and regional authorities and civic society in employment generation opportunities.

We welcome you to Brighton and to the University and wish you a very enjoyable and productive conference.

Dr. Samer BagaeenOn behalf of the Conference Organising Committee

CONFERENCE


DAY 1 - WEDNESDAY 26 JUNE 2013

PROGRAMME

13:00

Registration Desk Opens Huxley Building Reception (lunch, tea/coffee served)

15:00-17:00

Opening, Welcome and Keynote (Huxley Lecture Theatre) 15:00 Welcome from the organisers, Dr. Samer Bagaeen 15:10 Welcome to the University of Brighton, tbc 15:15 Keynote Address: Professor Saskia Sassen 16:00 Discussion & Audience Q & A

19:00 for 19:30

Conference Dinner The Hove Club 28 Fourth Avenue, Hove, BN3 2PJ www.thehoveclub.com After dinner Keynote: TBC


DAY 2 - THURSDAY 27 JUNE 2013

08:30 Coffee & Tea served (HU407)

09:00-10:30

Track Sessions

HU400/401

A16, Samer Bagaeen, The production of urban inequality: Urban gating, soft boundaries and networks of influence and affluence A01, Gulcin Pulat Gokmen, Ataol Ozlemnur, Ozsoy, Ahsen, Boundaries and Changing Urban Life in Istanbul A02, P. Stuart Robinson, Contemporary Urban Geopolitics: The Case of ‘Occupy London’

HU406 A12, Nicole Johnston, Transitioning residential multi-owned developments: conflicts of Interest arising A14, Veeramon Suwannasang, Quality of life & City resilience: The effects of physical boundary of gated communities on sense of community and fear of crime in the United Kingdom A08, Therese Kenna, Denis Linehan, Will Brady, Jonathan Hall and Matthew Williams, Gating the city: the extinguishment of public rights of way in urban Ireland

10:30-11:00 Break and Networking, Coffee & Tea served (HU407)

11:00-12:30

Track Sessions

HU400/401

A03, Federica Duca, A comparative approach to the study of gated settlements: digging inside the social and political systems of a golf estate and an open suburb in Johannesburg A04, Darren Nel and Karina Landman, A gated community is a tree; a city is not A06, Manfred Spocter, Planning and environmental agents in the non-metropolitan gated development chain in the Western Cape, South Africa

HU406 A10, Hee-Seok Kim, Emergence of Club Economy in Private Neighbourhoods and Their Enclosure - Analysis of Private Neighbourhoods in a Seoul Suburb, South Korea A05, Martina Orsini, Privatization of public space and city form A15, Tingting Lu, Everyday life and community governance of masterplanned estates: the case study of Wenzhou, China

12:30-13:00 Lunch (HU407)

14.30-18.00

Excursion to London Walkabout in More London, the Paddington Basin and Broadgate (depart on the 13:34 from Brighton Station arriving at 14:30 into London Bridge)

PROGRAMME


DAY 3 - FRIDAY 28 JUNE 2013

08:30

Coffee & Tea served (HU407)

9:00-11:00

Track Sessions

HU400/401 A13, Chris Guilding, Preparing strata & community title buildings for climate change A11, Guy Fayel, Gating in the Gated Community: Home Fortification Practices on Israeli Kibbutzim and Moshavim A17, Ignacio Acosta, Miss Chuquicamata, the slag: disputed mining settlement between foreign capital and national identity A07, Magda Metwally, Major Trends of the Gated Communities Development in Egypt: An Approach to urban sustainability

11:00-11:30

Break and Networking, Coffee & Tea served (HU407)

11:30-12:15

HU400/401

Closing Plenary (followed by lunch in HU406)

PROGRAMME


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Gulcin Pulat Gokmen, Ataol Ozlemnur, Ozsoy, Ahsen; Istanbul Technical University, Boundaries and Changing Urban Life in Istanbul

A01

P. Stuart Robinson; University of Tromsø, Norway, Contemporary Urban Geopolitics: The Case of ‘Occupy London’

A02

Federica Duca; Public Affairs Research Institute (PARI), University of Trento, A comparative approach to the study of gated settlements: digging inside the social and political systems of a golf estate and an open suburb in Johannesburg.

A03

Darren Nel and Karina Landman; University of Pretoria, South Africa, A gated community is a tree; a city is not

A04

Martina Orsini, Faculty of Architecture; Polytechnic of Milan, Privatization of public space

and city form

A05

Manfred Spocter; Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, Stellenbosch University, Planning and environmental agents in the non-metropolitan gated development chain in the Western Cape, South Africa

A06

Magda Metwally; Housing and Building National Research Centre, Egypt, Major Trends of the Gated Communities Development in Egypt: An Approach to urban sustainability

A07

Therese Kenna, Denis Linehan, Will Brady, Jonathan Hall and Matthew Williams; University College Cork, Gating the city: the extinguishment of public rights of way in urban Ireland

A08

Gillad Rosen, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and Alan R. Walks, University of

Toronto, Trends and Driving Forces in Toronto’s Condominium Development

A09

Hee-Seok Kim; Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Seoul National University, South Korea, Emergence of Club Economy in Private Neighbourhoods and Their Enclosure - Analysis of Private Neighbourhoods in a Seoul Suburb, South Korea

A10

Guy Fayel; University of Haifa, Gating in the Gated Community: Home Fortification Practices on Israeli Kibbutzim and Moshavim

A11

Nicole Johnston; Griffith University, Transitioning residential multi-owned developments: conflicts of Interest arising

A12

Chris Guilding; Griffith University, Preparing strata & community title buildings for climate change

A13

Veeramon Suwannasang; University College London, Quality of life & City resilience: The effects of physical boundary of gated communities on sense of community and fear of crime in the United Kingdom

A14

Tingting Lu; University College London, Everyday life and community governance of master planned estates: the case study of Wenzhou, China

A15

Samer Bagaeen; University of Brighton, The production of urban inequality: Urban gating, soft boundaries and networks of influence and affluence

A16

Ignacio Acosta; University of Brighton, Miss Chuquicamata, the slag: disputed mining settlement between foreign capital and national identity

A17

LIST OF PAPERS


AUTHORS AND ABSTRACTS


A01 Gulcin Pulat Gokmen Istanbul Technical University [email protected] Ataol Ozlemnur, Pulat Gokmen, Gulcin, Ozsoy, Ahsen, Istanbul Technical University [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

Boundaries and Changing Urban Life in Istanbul

Forming boundaries is a spatial function which has social conclusions. It begins

with the power of creating space and the need for shelter, and transforms with the

effects of a social phenomenon, attaining different dimensions. The concept of

borders should be examined on a broad spectrum from person to society and to the

city as space, with its multiple actors and a multi-dimensional structure.

While appearing only outside the city in ancient times, boundaries today have shifted

to deeper inside the city. Borders are now not only against threats from the outside

but also against those inside. The forming of borders stems from multiple socio-

economic and spatial factors.

Having control of communications, the boundaries generally become an urban

reality through that control. Since ancient times with their functions of defense,

spatial definition, the creation or obstruction of communications along with the

protection of order, boundaries have transformed urban space; therefore, public and

private space.

The aim of the paper: while answering the reasons and functions of boundaries, to

follow the reflection of these boundaries on physical space. In other words, to get

to the root of this social reality which extends into space, and to research its

extensions to space from an architectural perspective.

In this paper, the spatial and social functions of boundaries, along with their

concepts and types and reflections on the cities, will be examined. Also, the factors

that are involved in the transformation of boundaries, which are reflections of the

social phenomenon, will be examined. This observation will be conducted on

housing settlements


A01 - continued Gulcin Pulat Gokmen Istanbul Technical University [email protected] Ataol Ozlemnur, Pulat Gokmen, Gulcin, Ozsoy, Ahsen, Istanbul Technical University [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Boundaries and Changing Urban Life in Istanbul - continued

The main reason why boundaries are analyzed through housing is that it is the most

familiar form of boundaries for architects. The observation will take place in Istinye,

Istanbul, which has experienced intense spatial transformation, giving proper spatial

examples for boundary examination. Boundaries are fed by socio-economic issues

and appear in different forms throughout the city. The district of Istinye, the location of

the paper's field study, was chosen because of its structure with multiple actors,

including gated communities and squatters, and different types, scales and functions

of boundaries. At the chosen location, boundary analysis will be conducted via map

reading and photography so as to better understand spatial configurations and social

patterns.


A02

P. Stuart Robinson

University of Tromsø, Norway

[email protected]

Contemporary Urban Geopolitics:

The Case of ‘Occupy London’

The Occupy movement is examined in relation to geographically broader and

historically deeper urban trends. The case is made for interpreting Occupy as an

initiative building upon and reacting to continuing (if not continuous) contention over

the authoritative construction and regulation of social space. This might usefully be

conceived as reflecting and engaging a deep-rooted historical struggle over the

social construction and normative architecture of putative public and private

realms. The argument is made that careful historical contextualisation of Occupy

throws into clearer relief its more novel – if not unique – attributes, that is, its

expression of a kind of new urban geopolitics. This is argued to represent a

fundamental reconfiguration of the sovereign praxis and terms of political association

of the modern nation-state.

The paper is based on comparative research into the recent development of private

securitised residential developments in the UK, a variety of countercultural social

movements of the 1990s, and the recent Occupy London movement.


A03

Federica Duca

Public Affairs Research Institute (PARI), University of Trento

[email protected]

A comparative approach to the study of gated settlements: digging inside the social and political systems of a golf estate and an open suburb in Johannesburg

Gating is a widespread practice in many countries. In South Africa it is highly multifaceted and internally differentiated. Many citizens aspire to live in either townhouse complexes or in luxury estates depending on the financial possibilities. One way to understand what “difference” does it make to live in such spaces is to look at them in a comparative way. What ought to be explored would then be the differences between an open suburb and a structurally gated settlement (understood as suburb). These two different spaces should not be seen as separate entities, rather it is quite important to read them in a relational and interactive way and should be used to explore the social and the political systems that put into place.

This paper is based on ethnographic fieldwork, over a period of two years in two

suburbs of the city of Johannesburg (South Africa), namely a Golf Estate and an

open suburb. The study informs on the relevance of the comparative work in

order to grapple the main features of the gated settlements. The comparison

shows that the Golf Estate is considered to be a “new and neutral space” where a

reshuffling of identities takes place. In order to be informed on the specificity of

the gated settlement the aspects that need to be explored in order to understand

the gated system are a)the notion of community; b)the role of governing bodies

and the relationship with the state; c)the relationship between the open and the

gated suburb and the mutual perception of residents.

It will be argued that, through the direct action of a governing body (HOA) there is

a formalization and institutionalization of a culture of disengagement and that what

can be seen is a different scale of governance: on the one side an individual

private (in the open suburb where there is no structured collective organization)

and, on the other side the collective private (through the action of the HOA and

other private agencies). Yet both rely on the system of wall (be it individual or

collective) for the purpose of the well-being of the neighbourhood.


A04

Darren Nel and Karina Landman

University of Pretoria, South Africa

[email protected]

[email protected]

A gated community is a tree; a city is not

This paper builds on the seminal work of Christopher Alexander, “A city is not a

tree” and more recent work by the French architect/economist Serge Salat on

urban morphology and urban resilience. The paper will explore the urban form and

structure of a number of gated communities in the eastern part of Pretoria and

northern parts of Johannesburg in order to determine their impact on sustainable

urbanism and in particular urban resilience. The aim is to identify whether gated

communities typically resemble a tree-like structure (lattice) or leaf-like structure

(semi-lattice), with the latter being more resilient over time according to recent

studies. However, there may be additional factors influencing the transformation of

urban form and structure over time and its impact on urban resilience. These

include the nature of urban gating, the types of transitional spaces inside and

outside these developments and the activities that take place within and in the

surrounding areas. Given this, the gated neighbourhoods will be analysed

according to a number of indicators for resilience, including connectivity,

complexity, diversity, intensity and proximity. In conclusion the paper will then

consider the relationship between gated communities and urban resilience in

South Africa and reconsider the statement that a gated community is a tree while

a city is not.


A05

Martina Orsini

Faculty of Architecture, Polytechnic of Milan, Milan (Italy)

[email protected]

Privatization of public space and city form

The conflict between objectives and goals at the origin of many contemporary political

and economical policies of renewal and evolution of settlements lead to a progressive

erosion of the values inherent the public space. Researches and debates define a strong

awareness and critical distance about these dynamics but with surprisingly little impact

over the design activity

Objectives

Within the conflicting and unstable relationship between public and private that has

characterized the contemporary city during its definition, design found on several

occasions ideas and references from which to experience new compositions and

relations between its constituent materials, shaping the changes of the society and its

repositioning, the new and possible welfare.

In recent decades, much of the design shows an insufficient critical distance from the

increasingly pervasive dynamics of privatization of the public space able to deform, or

even remove - at all scales - the indisputable structuring values it contains.

A waiver that materializes in the immediacy of typical unstructured global spaces of which

we experience daily in our contemporary cities and territories. When this involves a public

space, it reveals not only the generalized inability to express and represent the complexity

and the variability of the contemporary society it addresses but, more critically,

contributes to the dissolution of the form of the city.

In addition, the reversal of the private sphere in the context of the public - and its opposite

- as the dominant behavior of contemporary society increases a loss of meaning in which

a certain market of collective spaces triggers deep and mutual impoverishments. In gated

communities, more than in any other form of settlement, the effects of this assumes

proportions whose consequences extend far beyond the individual urban fact. At the

physical, social and political autism of the contemporary public space overlaps a

homogeneous, repetitive and strongly defensive lifestyle able to freeze the city and the

territory into a huge lifeless collage.

Implications

It is proposed a reflection about some of the potentialities of contemporary public space

in terms of innovative coagulation and structuring powers as to be opposed the

privatization dynamics that, more than being linked to economical interests, now appear

to have become mostly cultural.


A06

Manfred Spocter

Department of Geography and Environmental Studies,

Stellenbosch University

[email protected]

Planning and environmental agents in the non-metropolitan

gated development chain in the Western Cape, South Africa

Gated developments have become a feature of urban living throughout the world and

have been the subject of intensive research. Gated developments are a ubiquitous

feature of the post-apartheid urban landscape with many new developments in the

form of secure estates or fortified townhouse complexes. Gated developments are not

only present in metropolitan locales, but have been increasing its presence in non-

metropolitan locales – in small towns and rural areas. The spread of non-metropolitan

gated developments in the Western Cape province have been facilitated by various

agents in the gating process. Agents include developers, local authorities, provincial

authorities, civil society, and environmental assessment practitioners. These agents

operate on various spatial scales whilst directing the gating process from various

locales. This paper investigates the roles of agents and their impacts on broader

planning processes within the non-metropolitan sphere. In the absence of an effective

regulatory environment, the potential exists for small towns and rural areas to become

new spaces of post-apartheid fortification.


A07

Magda Metwally

Housing and Building National Research Centre, Egypt

[email protected]

Major Trends of the Gated Communities Development in

Egypt: An Approach to urban sustainability

The phenomenon of GCs as urban residential developments is spreading all over the

world. This old/ new pattern of development was a response to the fear of crime in

urban areas in many countries, but in Egypt the moves to GCs was mainly for

enjoying a better quality of life and not for safety concern. The first instances of

exclusive communities in Egypt appeared in the late 1970s as holiday villages for elite

classes along the Mediterranean and Red Sea Coasts.

GCs in the contemporary form emerged in Egypt since the mid-1990s in the new

cities and satellites around the Greater Cairo Region (GCR) .They started to attract

the rich and upper classes to live into luxurious lifestyle communities with leisure

activities and amenities, and surrounded by gates and high walls.

New cities surrounding Cairo emerged as a perfect location for luxury communities,

situated at a special and social distance to the city .First luxurious GCs were

restricted to villas providing "new standard of residential living". Later comparatively

modest communities offered just greener, healthier and less dense environment.

A study conducted in HBRC documented the real situation of the GCs in new cities

focusing on the urban, economic and social issues. The objectives are to monitor and

evaluate the local and international experience, aiming to identify the growing trends

and transformation scenarios of GCs in Egypt. The main goal is to clarify the future

vision for decision makers in order to achieve sustainable urban policies and

development for GCs. The paper will present some results of the study with special

reference to Elsheikh Zayed new city which was planned to accommodate the low

and low-middle classes. Today GCs for upper classes are spreading very fast all over

the city, and dramatically affected the urban as well as the socio-economic

development.


A08

Therese Kenna

University College Cork, Ireland

[email protected]

Therese Kenna*, Denis Linehan*, Will Brady**, Jonathan Hall** and Matthew

Williams*

* Department of Geography, University College Cork

** Programme in Planning and Sustainable Development, University College

Cork

Gating the city: the extinguishment of public rights of way in

urban Ireland

The enclosure and privatization of urban space has been a growing phenomenon

internationally. In many instances, this has involved sensational and overt means of

privatisation such as the development of large-scale gated communities, or the

installation of CCTV cameras for example. Some of the less obvious gating of urban

space can go unnoticed and unchecked. The progressive gating of laneways in Irish

cities over a ten year period is the subject of this paper. In this paper we detail the

extinguishment of public rights of way in urban centres, which in the majority of

instances, has involved the closure and often gating of laneways throughout the city.

No national record exists of the extinguishment of rights of way in urban Ireland, in

spite of the very significant consequences this phenomena has had on the social

sustainability of neighbourhoods and the implications it may have in reducing the

mobility of people in local communities. This paper is based on collection and analysis

of almost 600 closures across urban Ireland in the last decade, seventy percent of

which were extinguished for reasons of ‘anti-social behaviour’. This unjust process

denies people the right to use urban laneways and thus we argue that there is a need

for planning and policy attention towards this trend.


A09

Gillad Rosen

The Hebrew University of Jerusalem

[email protected]

Alan R. Walks

University of Toronto

Trends and Driving Forces in Toronto’s Condominium

Development

The massive building efforts in Toronto Canada’s largest housing market provide an

opportunity to examine the spatial dynamics of condominium tenure and construction

over the last 40 years. This paper probes the most influential policies that fostered and

regulated condominium growth in Toronto, and explores the implications for the

continued restructuring of the city. In the context of Federal and Provincial government

withdrawal from the rental housing field and extensive funding cuts to reduce public

spending, it might seem that planning policies would have limited influence in a

context of deepening neo-liberalism. However, these seemingly weakened

governments have had a decisive role in fostering condo-development, redirecting

growth to the urban core, channelling capital investments and promoting

gentrification.


A10

Hee-Seok Kim

Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Seoul National University,

South Korea

[email protected]

Emergence of Club Economy in Private Neighbourhoods and Their Enclosure – Analysis of Private Neighbourhoods in a Seoul Suburb, South Korea

Ubiquity of large scale apartment complexes and their undying popularity for

housing consumers are a unique urban phenomenon to South Korea. The

success of this particular residential model partly owes to private ownership of

apartments and in-complex public space including roads as the residents were

keen to better maintain apartment complexes for higher monetary value of their

properties. At the same time the private ownership of apartment complexes and

their design features such as cul-de-sac roads and walls have offered an ideal

opportunity of gating for apartment residents. The gating of Korean apartment

complexes is expressed in two major ways: introduction of exclusive amenities

and reinforced control of foot access as well as vehicular access. Despite the

ongoing gating, Korean gated community is still in its infancy because master

planned gated communities and people who actively seek to live in gated

communities are limited. However, the privatization trend of apartment complexes

will have a great impact in Korean cities due to the vast space occupied by large

scale apartment complexes. Recognition of the phenomenon and understanding

the actors behind gating are important to cope with its impact on walkability and

right to the city.

Construction and maintenance of apartment complexes involve three actors: the

State, home builders and apartment residents. They all have played different roles

in transforming apartment complexes to gated communities. The state laid out

basic conditions for the privatization of public space in apartment complexes by

creating an apartment complex system based on private ownership and

governance. The state has indirectly encouraged gating by replacing public roads

to in-complex private roads through urban renewal and maintaining laissez-faire

attitude on the internal management of apartment complexes. Home builders have

executed apartment construction drive of the State and accommodated gating

desire of housing consumers through design innovation of apartment complexes.

Since 2000’s they have offered diversified in-complex amenities reserved

exclusively for the residents to appeal for potential buyers.


A11

Guy Fayel

University of Haifa

[email protected]

Gating in the Gated Community: Home Fortification

Practices on Israeli Kibbutzim and Moshavim

The last few years have witnessed a rise in private home fortification practices in

moshav and kibbutz settlements in Israel. These often include enclosing the house

with tall walls and fences, installing intercom and alarm systems and CCTV

cameras, as well as posting threatening warning signs. Exclusion practices and

strategies, which constitute the most prominent characteristic of the gated

community and serve to separate members of the community from those deemed

as 'the other', are manifested not only at the level of the neighbourhood or

community but at the level of the private home. Based on ethnographic research

carried out in moshav and kibbutz settlements in Israel, I will argue that these

practices reproduce the cosmological order of the (gated) community at home and

serve to transform each house into a form of an autonomous gated community of

its own.

By examining home fortification processes as an expression of ongoing

negotiations of the boundaries of public and private space in the community, I will

attempt to discuss the agency of the built environment and the symbolic struggle

and negotiations for its character and image as a major factor influencing spatial

distribution practices and use of space, as well as cultural conceptions regarding

topics such as privacy and security. Lastly, I will argue that these processes lead to

the formation of a unique, local version of the gated community – of gating within

the gated community.


A12

Nicole Johnston

Griffith University

[email protected]

Transitioning residential multi-owned developments:

conflicts of interest arising

This paper aims to identify conflicts of interest arising from decisions made by

developers in the transition phase of residential multi-owned developments

(RMODs) and the consequences these conflicts have on lot owners post

transition. Although there has been research on the psychology of conflicts of

interest, there has been a paucity of research focusing on conflicts of interest in

property stakeholder relationships or on issues arising in the transition phase of

RMODs. Blandy et al (2006) explored power imbalances which exist between key

stakeholders including developers within RMODs and found that the power

exercised by developers in overseeing governance can have long-term negative

impacts on lot owners. Utilising a governance responsibilities framework, this paper

identifies, within the Australian context, developer led situations in which conflicts of

interest arise and the consequences that flow from those situations.

Thirty semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with key industry

stakeholders including developers, managers, lawyers and lot owners. A review of

court and tribunal decisions was also undertaken in order to identify the types of

conflict of interest situations that arise in legal disputes. The study has found that a

number of conflicts of interest situations arise within the RMOD context which

negatively impact upon the viability and functionality of RMODs post transition. A

common practice signifying a conflict of interest situation arises with the

engagement of an association manager by the developer pre-scheme registration.

Although legal duties are owed by the association manager to the association, the

contractual relationship caused to be entered into by the developer is compromised

when the manager is seeking future work from the developer. Negative

consequences are experienced by the association post registration as a result of

the manager’s dual relationships.

There appears to be no scholarly research which identifies the range of conflict of

interest scenarios arising in the RMOD context and the consequences that result.

This study can alert policy-makers of the consequences that can manifest when the

law is deficient with respect to preventing conflicts of interest situations arising.


A13

Chris Guilding

Griffith University

[email protected]

Preparing strata and community title buildings for climate

change

The findings of a 2012 Australian study that sought to inform policy making

concerned with preparing strata titled communities to deal with challenges that are

expected to result from climate change are reported. The study developed 24

recommendations designed to advance the capacity of strata titled communities to

cope with climate change.

The study’s first empirical phase involved a meeting with an eleven person industry

reference group. This group met on two subsequent occasions and represented a

valuable sounding board that informed the study’s evolution. Next, eighteen

interviews were conducted with individuals representing a range of strata title

stakeholder groups. The study’s final empirical phase involved the conduct of an

on-line questionnaire survey. This survey was designed to investigate the current

climate change preparedness of strata title communities and also to gauge the

relative merit of sixteen recommendations developed during the interview phase.

The survey was also used as an opportunity to generate further

recommendations. Following an analysis and distillation of feedback provided by

450 questionnaire respondents, eight further recommendations were developed.

The 24 recommendations advanced in the report cover a wide range of facets

relating to strata title building, living and management. The range of issues

addressed in the recommendations include factors relating to building construction

and resilience rating, improved climate change education of strata title

stakeholders, insurance, emergency management, building decision making

issues, and bank lending. The breadth of the recommendations is also evident from

the fact that they are directed to a broad range of strata title stakeholders that

include unit owners, strata managers, resident managers, state and federal

governments, insurance companies, sinking fund forecasters and banks.


A14

Veeramon Suwannasang

University College London

[email protected]

[email protected]

Quality of life and City resilience: The effects of physical boundary of gated communities on sense of community and fear of crime in the United Kingdom Quality of life is the concept that has gained a wide range of interests in recent decades.

Within this concept, sense of community (SoC hereafter) and fear of crime (FOC hereafter)

are two of the issues that highly associated with quality of life in cities, especially in terms

of their consequences and impacts. Accordingly, it is not surprising that SoC and FOC

have now captured social scientists’ attentions in many disciplines, ranging from built

environment, criminology, to psychology. Much research has endeavoured to discover

what the relationship of SoC, FOC, and built environment are; why different types of built

environment present different levels of FOC and SoC; how built environment can help

reducing FOC and increasing SoC, so that quality of life in cities be able to achieve and

cities themselves have resilience for social illness which commonly found in big

economic-driven cities.

Although much research is available on social aspect of different type of built

environment, very little information is available on the effects of physical boundary of

gated communities (hereafter GCs) and non-gated communities on SoC and FOC in the

United Kingdom. While GCs has become more obvious in British land since the last

decade of the 20th century, it has not received much attention in the United Kingdom to

the point that there is a lack of research in the effects of GCs on crime rates and GC

residents. This current research, therefore, aims to filling the void by examining the

differing effects of physical boundary on SoC and FOC between gated and non-gated

communities. In addition, the research also aims to discover the differences of SoC and

FOC in different socio-economic status (SES hereafter) communities whether SES play a

part in differing level of SoC and FOC, and in what direction.

This research adopts a group comparison, cross sectional study comparing four

community categories (high SES GCs, low SES GCs, high SES non-GCs, low SES non-

GCs) under difference socio-economic status (SES) in the South East of the United

Kingdom where a large majority of gated communities are located. Questionnaires will be

sent out to a group of random sample of each community’s participants through mail. A

brief sense of community (BSCS), actual crime rate, and perceived safety and fear of

crime are the three measures which will employ for this research.


A14 - continued

Veeramon Suwannasang


[email protected]

[email protected]

Quality of life and City resilience: The effects of physical boundary of gated communities on sense of community and fear of crime in the United Kingdom

The structure of paper will begin with Introduction, following by Literature Review,

Mythology, Case Studies, Discussions, and Conclusions. The justifications of this

current research are hoped to broaden the understanding of the effects of physical

boundary of gated and non-gated communities (in difference SES) on SoC and FOC

in the British context, and are hoped to help assisting the planning solutions for

communities in fostering SoC and reducing FOC in a national context in order to

increase quality of life of people and resilience of cities. The result of this research

can also be used as a comparative study with other countries with the hope that it

can enlighten knowledge within this field.


A15

Tingting Lu


[email protected]

Everyday life and community governance of master

planned estates: the case study of Wenzhou, China

Chinese suburban residential enclaves have been seen taking the form of

master planned estates, most of which are exclusively gated. From the

practice of gated communities in the Western context, the disclosure of fear,

the privatization of community, and the aesthetical consumption, constitutes

the driving forces for the development of gated communities. However, little

has been known about the development and governance of gated

communities in post-reform China. Under the processes of suburbanization,

private governance has been wildly employed in master planned estates to

maintain the inclusive social order. Based on a large-scale questionnaire

survey in Wenzhou, China, this article seeks to find the relationship between

community spatial factors, residential preferences, and attitudes toward

privatization of community governance. This article tries to argue residents

with different socio-economic status do not have same attitudes towards the

privatization of community governance. The spatial factors and the social

services provided in master planned estates significantly impact residents’

everyday life.


A16

Samer Bagaeen

University of Brighton

[email protected]

The production of urban inequality: Urban gating, soft

boundaries and networks of influence and affluence

Unlike political science and sociology, what the field of planning research still lacks is a regular body of literature which place power relations at its core in spite of the clear links between planning and power. According to Hayward and Swanstrom, (2011), injustice is only one manifestation of power dynamics in our cities. A parallel dynamic is outlined by Sassen in the Fourth Edition of Cities in a world economy (2012). This involves “new forms of inequality constituted into new social forms” and links with ideas of social justice and public interest, public concerns and the dominance of private interests. This paper sets out a road map to reconceptualise our understanding of these new forms and what has come to be known in the academic literature as ‘gated communities’. I lay out a template designed to explore the notion of the gated community as an identifiable transnational connector space in the same way the Ritz Hotel is a sign of privilege for global travellers.



A17

Ignacio Acosta

[email protected]

University of Brighton

Miss Chuquicamata, the slag: disputed mining settlement between foreign capital and national identity. Miss Chuquicamata is part of a larger investigation into the material legacy of the Chilean copper mining industry and its historical relationship with Britain. I use photography to document both architectural configurations and altered landscapes that are the result of the production, trade and transport of copper, mapping their circuits of exchange and post-imperial networks. I investigate the commodity as material and immaterial form, exploring the geographies of copper as scenarios for mining activity. Mining is a core activity of civilization. Local economies rely upon metal production. Chile –an extensive and narrow land emerging on the fringes of Latin America– has been the leading producer of copper since the mid nineteenth century and currently accounts for over a third of the world’s production. The paper discusses the repercussions of multinational corporations on Chilean urban design, as well as their impact in shaping the modern world economy. Chuquicamata in northern Chile was once the world’s largest known deposit of copper. The mining settlement was planned in the New York offices of the Guggenheim brothers in 1912 following patterns of other corporate towns in the U.S. Chuquicamata was the centre of a dispute over the extent of foreign ownership and capitalist control, which concluded with the nationalisation of the ‘Gran Mineria’ by Salvador Allende in 1973. High Levels of pollution forced an end to the settlement in 2007. Today, the gated town is abandoned and disappearing under the residues of the expanding mine. The architecture can be seen as enduring legacy of past colonial interventions. Through photography, I interpret the design typologies of an imported architecture as reflection of a troubled historical past. These designs carried ideas of modernisation and progress; the ruins stand as symbol for their disintegration.

sbrighton.ac.uk

BRIGHTON, UK26-28 JUNE 2013CONFERENCE


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