primary pd lead support programme
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Primary PD Lead Support Programme. Introduction to: The focus and demands of the new c urriculum. The Aims of The New Curriculum. The National Curriculum for mathematics aims to ensure all pupils: - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Primary PD Lead Support Programme
Introduction to: The focus and demands of the new curriculum
The Aims of The New Curriculum
The National Curriculum for mathematics aims to ensure all pupils:
become fluent in the fundamentals of mathematics so that they are efficient in using and selecting the appropriate written algorithms and mental methods, underpinned by mathematical concepts
can solve problems by applying their mathematics to a variety of problems with increasing sophistication, including in unfamiliar contexts and to model real-life scenarios
can reason mathematically by following a line of enquiry and develop and present a justification, argument or proof using mathematical language.
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The focus and demands of the new curriculum
The new National Curriculum is likely to have • An increased focus on arithmetic proficiency• A greater emphasis on learning number facts• Higher expectations in fractions, decimals and percentages• Less emphasis on data handling
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Mathematical Proficiency
• Mathematical proficiency requires a focus on core knowledge and procedural fluency so that pupils can carry out mathematical procedures flexibly, accurately, consistently, efficiently, and appropriately. Procedures and understanding are developed in tandem.
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Arithmetic Proficiency: achieving fluency in calculating with understanding
... an appreciation of number and number operations, which enables mental calculations and written procedures to be performed efficiently, fluently and accurately.
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BALANCE
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Procedural Fluency
Conceptual Understanding
INTEGRATION
Is this image preferable?
Procedural Fluency
Conceptual Understanding
Developing conceptual understanding
The teacher’s job is to organise and provide the sorts of experiences which enable pupils to construct and develop their own understanding of mathematics, rather than simply communicate the ways in which they themselves understand the subject.(1989 National Curriculum, Non- Statutory Guidance, page C2)
Is this how teachers see their role?
Ofsted: Made to Measure“Schools should:
• tackle in-school inconsistency of teaching• increase the emphasis on problem solving across the
mathematics curriculum • develop the expertise of staff:
• in choosing teaching approaches and activities that foster pupils’ deeper understanding,
• in checking and probing pupils’ understanding during the lesson,
• in understanding the progression in strands of mathematics over time, so that they know the key knowledge and skills that underpin each stage of learning
• ensuring policies and guidance are backed up by professional development for staff “
(Source Ofsted 2012 - Mathematics: made to measure)
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Flexibility
● 25 + 42
● 25 + 27
● 25 + 49
● 1462 + 2567
● 24 50
● 24 4
● 24 17
● 1424 x 17
● 123 3
● 325 25
● 408 17
● 67 - 45
● 67 - 59
● 3241 - 2167
● 672 - 364
What aspects of conceptual understanding and procedural fluency are required for each of these calculations?
Improving children’s Arithmetic Proficiency
Findings from Ofsted 2011:• Practical, hands-on experiences of using, comparing and
calculating with numbers and quantities … are of crucial importance in establishing the best mathematical start …
• Understanding of place value, fluency in mental methods, and good recall of number facts … are considered by the schools to be essential precursors for learning traditional vertical algorithms (methods)
• Subtraction is generally introduced alongside its inverse operation, addition, and division alongside its inverse, multiplication
• High-quality teaching secures pupils’ understanding of structure and relationships in number …
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Other findings:• Skills in calculation are strengthened through solving
a wide range of problems.• Schools recognised the importance of moving
towards more efficient methods• Schools in the good practice survey had clear,
coherent calculation policies• Schools recognise the importance of good subject
knowledge and subject-specific teaching skills and seek to enhance these aspects of subject expertise.
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Improving children’s Arithmetic Proficiency
(Source Ofsted 2011 - Good Practice in Primary Mathematics)
Primary PD Lead Support Programme
What can we learn from other countries?
Problem solving, reasoning and procedural fluency’
“...there is a wider consensus amongst mathematics educators that conceptual understanding, procedural and factual fluency and the ability to apply knowledge to solve problems are all important and mutually reinforce each other.”
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DfE RR178, 2011
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Singapore mathematics framework
Procedural fluency and conceptual understanding
• Singapore Maths does not rely on rote learning of facts and procedures without the underlying understanding required to use them effectively. The Ministry of Education (2006) explicitly states: “Although students should become competent in the various mathematical skills, over-emphasising procedural skills without understanding the underlying mathematical principles should be avoided”;
• Improving pupils’ attitudes is likely to raise achievement – links between success, confidence, enjoyment;
• High expectations;• Concrete, pictorial, abstract (CPA);• Visual problem solving strategies;• Focus on number and calculation from the beginning.
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TIMSS
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HIGHER performance compared with EnglandParticipants performing at a significantly higher level than in England
SIMILAR performance compared with EnglandParticipants performing at a similar level to England (not statistically different)
LOWER performance compared with EnglandParticipants performing at a significantly lower level than England
6 countries [and 1 benchmarking participant], with their scale scores
6 other countries [and 1 benchmarking participant], with their scale scores
37 countries [and 5 benchmarking participants] including…With their scale scores
Singapore KoreaHong KongChinese Taipei JapanNorthern Ireland[North Carolina, US]
606605602591585562[554]
Belgium (Flemish)Finland[Florida, US]ENGLANDRussian FederationUnited StatesNetherlandsDenmark
549545[545]542542541540537
[Quebec, Canada]PortugalGermanyIreland, Rep of[Ontario, Canada]AustraliaAustriaItaly[Alberta, Canada]SwedenKazakhstanNorwayNew ZealandSpain
533532528527[518]516508508[507]504501495486482
Table 1.1 TIMSS 2011 performance groups: mathematics at ages 9-10Source: Exhibit 1.3 international mathematics report
Primary PD Lead Support Programme
Towards written algorithms: Addition and subtraction
“Dependence on facts and procedures alone cannot ensure competence with arithmetic at the required level; competence also depends on identifying, understanding and acting on the underlying relations, equating and estimating quantities.”
ACME Report on Primary Arithmetic, Dec. 2010
Now what was the next step?
3 5+ 4 7 9 1
2
4 5- 3 7 1 2
3 5 3
915
248 251240 496
Pupil forgot to ‘put a nought’ here because there already was one here.
1 82162
The need for algorithms
“Civilization advances by extending the number of important operations we can perform without thinking.”
Alfred North Whitehead
A sledgehammer to crack a nut
1 0 0 0- 7 9 9 3
10 1199
16- 9
7
0 1 97x 100
00000
97009700
7 5 65
0 80
See NCETM Mathemapedia – for example Counting and calculating in the Early Years
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Addition
5 7
Models for additionCombining two sets of objects (aggregation)
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12
Context:• Combined price of
items
Adding on to a set (augmentation)
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Context:• Increase in price• Increase in temperature• Age in x years
More than single digits?
25
25 + 47
26
27
Compacted
leading to
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Compacted
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5
7
2
4 leading to
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Subtraction
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Models for subtractionRemoving items from a set (reduction or take-away)
- 1- 2- 3- 4- 5 = 7Issue:Relies on ‘counting all’, again.
Comparing two sets (comparison or difference)Issue:Useful when two numbers are ‘close together’, where ‘take-away’ image can be cumbersome
Seeing one set as partitioned
Seeing 12 as made up of 5 and 7
Issue:Helps to see the related calculations; 5+7=12, 7+5=12, 12-7 = 5 and 12-5=7 as all in the same diagram
N.B.When this is done on a bead bar, there are links with both counting back and difference on a number line
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Models for subtraction
Counting back on a number line
Finding the difference on a number line
12 0
- 5
7
Issue:Number line helps to stop ‘counting all’.
Also:Knowledge of place value and number bonds can support more efficient calculating
12 0 5
7 Issue:Useful when two numbers are ‘close together’, use of number bonds and place value can help.
5 2 10
10 -2-3
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72 - 47
More than single digits?
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This is now “Sixty-twelve”
7 126
Compacted
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2
7
7
4
7 2
4 7leading to
Task
Explore some subtraction calculations using the different manipulatives.
• How well do the manipulatives help you to solve the calculation problems?
• How well do the manipulatives help to move pupils towards written methods?
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Primary PD Lead Support ProgrammeTowards written algorithms: Multiplication and division
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Multiplication
Models for multiplication
Bead Bar
Number Line
Fingers“6” “9” “12”“3”
0 3 6 9 12
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Lots of the ‘same thing’
Models for multiplication
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Scaling
3 timesas tall
Models for multiplication
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3 4 4 3
An image for 7 8 = 56
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An image for 7 8 = 56
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More than single digits? 18 x13
18
13
1810 8
13
3
10100 80
243043
Progressing towards the standard algorithm
1 0 8
1 0
3
1 0 0 8 0
3 0 2 4
44
10 8
10
3
100 80
30 24
1 8
1 3
5 4
1 8 0
2 3 4
?
When?
Whether?
How?
Division
An image for 56 7
Either:• How many 7s can
I see? (grouping)
Or:• If I put these into
7 groups how many in each group? (sharing)
The array is an image for division too
5 67
8
An image for 56 7
How many 7s
can I see?
5 67
8
How many 7s
can I see?
5 67
8
How many 7s
can I see?
5 67
8
How many 7s
can I see?
5 678
120 3
52
40
1203
The power of the place value:counters for larger numbers
1200 3
.. and for 100s
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400
12003
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Now try one yourself
138 divided by 6
Use the counters
2 01 3 8
Hundreds Tens Ones
610
55
31
1386
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Task
Explore some division calculations using the different manipulatives.
• How well do the manipulatives help you to solve the calculation problems?
• How well do the manipulatives help to move pupils towards written methods?
• Reflect on your own practice about how a written method for division can be taught.
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