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Product Guide

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Mission

The world’s infrastructure is aging. Millions of kilometersof water and sewer pipe need rehabilitation.

This dilemma is a worldwide problem. And where an aging infrastructure is not a problem, it’s generallybecause there is no infrastructure – it remains to beconstructed in many developing countries. However,these nations, too, are faced with difficult decisionsabout how to build and what materials to use in order to avoid what’s happened in the developed countries.

Who’s the culprit? For the most part, corrosion isresponsible for this problem.• Internally unprotected concrete sewer pipes arerapidly deteriorated by the presence of sulfuric acid in a sanitary sewer system, which is generated throughthe hydrogen sulfide cycle.• Externally, soil conditions and stray electrical currentswill deteriorate underground pipes. Metallic pipes cancorrode when placed in poorly aerated, poorly drainedsoils of low resistivity. The presence of sulfate-reducingbacteria will accelerate this corrosion.

Table of Contents

Mission ......................................................... IFC

Leadership Role............................................... 2

Product Benefits ............................................. 3

Performance Standards ................................. 4

Control Testing ................................................ 5

Qualification Testing ................................... 5-6

Materials ...................................................... 7-11

Product Scope – Technical Data ................. 8

Pipe Classification Selection ...................... 12

General Installation ................................. 13-15

Trenchless Technology................................. 16

Pipe Dimensions ........................................... 17

Couplings ....................................................... 18

Pipe Joining .................................................... 19

Surge and Water Hammer............................ 20

Environmental Guide for FLOWTITE® Pipe ................................. 21-22

Fittings ............................................................ 23

Accessories .................................................... 24

Cleaning of FLOWTITE Sewer Pipe .......... 25


These problems can be significantly reduced, if not eliminated, by the careful selection of materialsresistant to corrosion, or the incorporation of corrosionprotection systems into the pipeline design. Unfortu-nately, in hopes of saving money, agencies will oftenforego the necessary corrosion protection, only to learn a few years later of the consequences. And corrosion is not a reversible process!

The remedy to this situation is very simple – FLOWTITE® pipe.

Engineered Pipe Systems (EPS), Inc. began manu-facturing glass-reinforced plastic (GRP) pipe in 1971.EPS has two major entities based in Sandefjord, Norway.These include Flowtite A/S, the shareholder of all pipemanufacturing interests around the world, and FlowtiteTechnology A/S, the creator and owner of GRP pipetechnology.

Over a quarter century of materials technology and design experience in fluid handling systems isrepresented in the performance, reliability and safetyfound in FLOWTITE pipe.

Success in the global pipe market comes primarilythrough the managed operations and joint ventures inwhich Flowtite A/S has management interests. FlowtiteA/S currently manages wholly owned operations inFrance and Norway, and has joint ventures in Argentina,Botswana, Colombia, Germany, South Africa, Spain andTurkey. In addition, the company maintains affiliates inSaudi Arabia, Egypt and India; and holds technologylicensing agreements in five other countries.

Technologies Yield Higher Performance at Lower Cost

Lightweight, corrosion resistant and manufacturedunder strict quality standards, FLOWTITE pipe isavailable in over six pressure classes and three stiffnessclasses. Diameters from 100 mm to 3700 mm can besupplied and lengths up to 18 meters.*

Growing awareness of the operational cost savingsand superior corrosion resistance offered by glass-reinforced plastic pipe by Flowtite operations has resultedin its widespread application for the following:• Water transmission and distribution

(potable and raw water)• Sanitary sewerage collection systems and outfalls• Storm sewers• Hydroelectric penstock lines• Sea water intake and outfalls• Circulating cooling water, make-up and blowdown

lines for power plants• Industrial applications

In replacing other materials FLOWTITE pipe deliverslong, effective service life with low operating andmaintenance costs. And, FLOWTITE pipe is usually the lowest cost option upfront too!

Mission (continued)

1

* Diameter availability is dependent on manufacturingequipment. Check with the factory in your regionfor local diameter range.


Leadership Role

Flowtite Technology is committed to a leadership rolewhen it comes to process and product improvements.We carry out basic “materials” research which has led to significant improvements.

We are also taking the leadership in GRP pipespecification development. Flowtite Technologypersonnel are in leadership positions for all significantglobal standardization organizations. This includesInternational Organization for Standardization (ISO),American Society For Testing Materials (ASTM),American Water Works Association (AWWA), and theCommittee for European Normalization (CEN). In fact,it was Flowtite Technology personnel that carried outthe basic research and chaired the ASTM committeesresponsible for revising the water and sewer pipestandards that exist today. Similar roles have beenassumed in Europe for pipe.

Guide Specification

Occasionally, circumstances exist whereby the precedingstandards cannot be used and/or preference is given tothe development of a project specification. To assist withthis, Flowtite Technology has available on CD for use inthe Microsoft Windows® operating environment a program,called SpecsOnDisk.™ SpecsOnDisk will generate a com-prehensive GRP pipe project specification, that can beexported as a Word file, based on the unique require-ments of a project.

Installation Cost Estimator

In order to help save time and money in calculatinginstallation cost on pipe projects, we have developed the Global Pipe Installation Cost Estimator software.With this software, you can identify and compare costsof different pipe types, installation methods, corrosionprotection methods and test requirements, and vary the input data based on your specific application.Engineering cost calculations that used to take days can now be done in minutes.

Flow and Head Loss Calculations

Continued emphasis on energy conservation andresulting low operating costs associated with superiorflow characteristics can be demonstrated whenperforming head loss and flow calculations on pipe-lines using FLOWTITE pipe. Specially designed softwarewhich incorporates the flow characteristics of FLOWTITEpipe is available to facilitate this type of analysis.

2 Microsoft Windows® is a registered trademark of Microsoft Corporation.

All of the above software programs are complimentary to qualified consultants, contractors and end users.


Flowtite Technology has been able to bring a product to marketthat can provide the low cost, long-term piping solution tocustomers around the world. The long list of features andbenefits add up to provide the optimum installed and life cyclecost system.

Features Benefits

Corrosion-resistant • Long, effective service lifematerials • No need for linings, coatings,

cathodic protection, wraps or other forms of corrosion protection

• Low maintenance costs• Hydraulic characteristics

essentially constant over time

Light weight • Low transport costs (nestable)(1/4 weight of ductile iron • Eliminates need for expensive1/10 weight of concrete) pipe handling equipment

Long standard lengths • Fewer joints reduce (6, 12 and 18 meters) installation time

• More pipe per transport vehiclemeans lower delivered cost

Extremely smooth bore • Low friction loss means less pumping energy neededand lower operating costs

• Minimum slime build-up canhelp lower cleaning costs.

Precision FLOWTITE • Tight, efficient joints designedcoupling with to eliminate infiltration andelastomeric exfiltrationREKA gaskets • Ease of joining, reducing

installation time• Accommodates small changes

in line direction without fittingsor differential settlement

Flexible manufacturing • Custom diameters can be process manufactured to provide

maximum flow volumes with ease of installation forrehabilitation lining projects

High technology • Lower wave celerity than pipe design other piping materials can mean

less cost when designing forsurge and water hammerpressures

High technology pipe • High and consistent productmanufacturing system quality worldwide which producing pipe that ensures reliable productcomplies to stringent performanceperformance standards(AWWA, ASTM, DIN, etc.)

Product Benefits

3


Performance Standards

Standards developed by ASTM and AWWA are appliedto a variety of fiberglass pipe applications includingconveyance of sanitary sewage, water and industrialwaste. A thread common to all of the product standardsis that they are all performance based documents. Thismeans that the required performance and testing of thepipe is specified.

ASTM

Currently, there are several ASTM Product Standards inuse which apply to a variety of fiberglass pipe applications.

All product standards apply to pipe with diameterranges of 200mm to 3600mm and require the flexiblejoints to withstand hydrostatic testing in configurations(per ASTM D4161) that simulate exaggerated in-useconditions. These standards include many tough quali-fication and quality control tests. FLOWTITE pipe isdesigned to meet all of these ASTM standards.

ASTM D3262 Gravity Sewer

ASTM D3517 Pressure Pipe

ASTM D3754 Pressure Sewer

AWWA

AWWA C950 is one of the most comprehensive productstandards in existence for fiberglass pipe. This standardfor pressure water applications has extensive require-ments for pipe and joints, concentrating on quality controland prototype qualification testing. Like ASTM standards,this is a product performance standard. FLOWTITE pipeis designed to meet the performance requirements ofthis standard. AWWA has recently issued a new standardsmanual, M-45, which includes several chapters on the design of GRP pipe for buried and abovegroundinstallations.

AWWA C950 Fiberglass Pressure Pipe

AWWA M-45 Fiberglass Pipe Design Manual

Other

Other standardization organizations such as BSI andDIN have also published performance specifications for GRP pipes. FLOWTITE pipe conforms to thesestandards’ performance requirements too, when not in conflict with AWWA C950.

DIN 16868 Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polyester Resin Pipes

BS 5480 Pipes and Fittings for Water and Sewage

ISO and EN Standards

The International Standards Organization (ISO) and theCommittee for European Normalization (CEN) areactively drafting product standards and corresponding test methods. Flowtite Technology is participating in the development of these standards, thereby ensuringperformance requirements will result in reliable products.

4


Control Testing Qualification Testing

Raw Materials

Raw materials are delivered with vendor certificationdemonstrating their compliance with Flowtite qualityrequirements. In addition, all raw materials are sampletested prior to their use. These tests ensure that thepipe materials comply with the specifications as stated.

Physical Properties

The manufactured pipe’s hoop and axial load capacitiesare verified on a routine basis. In addition, pipe construc-tion and composition are confirmed.

Finished Pipe

All pipes are subjected to the following control checks:• Visual inspection• Barcol hardness• Wall thickness• Section length• Diameter• Hydrostatic leak tightness test to twice

rated pressure (only PN6 and above)

On a sampling basis, the following control checks are performed:• Pipe stiffness• Deflection without damage or structural failure• Axial and circumferential tensile load capacity

5

A common element shared by all standards is the need fora pipe manufacturer to demonstrate compliance withthe standards’ minimum performance requirements. In the case of GRP pipe, these minimum performancerequirements fall into both short-term and long-termrequirements. The most important of these, and generallyspecified at the same level of performance in all the pre-viously defined standards is joint, initial ring deflection,long-term ring bending, long-term pressure and straincorrosion capability. FLOWTITE pipe has been rigorouslytested to verify conformance to the ASTM D3262, ASTM D3517, AWWA C950 and DIN 16868 requirements.

Strain Corrosion Testing

A unique and important performance requirement for GRP gravity pipe used in sewer applications is thechemical testing of the pipe in a deflected or strainedcondition. This strain corrosion testing is carried out inaccordance with ASTM D3681, and requires a minimumof 18 ring samples of the pipe to be deflected to variouslevels and held constant. These strained rings are thenexposed at the invert of the interior surface to 1.0N (5% by weight) sulphuric acid (see Figure 1). This isintended to simulate a buried septic sewer condition.This has been shown to be representative of the worstsewer conditions including those found in the MiddleEast, where many FLOWTITE pipes have been success-fully installed.

The time to failure (leakage) for each test sample ismeasured. The minimum extrapolated failure strain at50 years, using a least squares regression analysis of the failure data, must equal the values shown for eachstiffness class. The value achieved is then relatable tothe pipe design to enable prediction of safe installationlimitations for GRP pipe used for this type of service.Typically this is 5% in-ground long-term deflection.

Stiffness Class Scv. Strain, %

SN25000 .49 (t/d)

SN50000 .41 (t/d)

SN10000 .34 (t/d)

Figure 1Strain Corrosion Test Apparatus

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��Test Solution

Resin Bondand Seal

Threaded Rod

Steel Channel

1/4" Rubber Pad

Test Specimen

Flexible Dam

1/4" Rubber Pad


Qualification Testing (continued)

Hydrostatic Design Basis – HDB

Another important qualification test is the establishmentof the Hydrostatic Design Basis – HDB. This test is carriedout in accordance with ASTM D2992 Procedure B andrequires hydrostatic pressure testing to failure (leakage)of many pipe samples at a variety of very high constantpressure levels. As in the previously described straincorrosion test, the resulting data is evaluated on a log-log basis for pressure (or hoop tensile strain) vs.time to failure and then extrapolated to 50 years. Theextrapolated failure pressure (strain) at 50 years, referredto as the hydrostatic design basis (strain) or HDB, mustbe at least 1.8 times the rated pressure class (strain atthe rated pressure) (see Figure 2).

In other words, the design criteria requires that theaverage pipe be capable of withstanding a constantpressure of 1.8 times the maximum operating conditionfor 50 years. Due to combined loading considerations,that is the interaction of internal pressure and externalsoil loads; the actual long-term factor of safety againstpressure failure alone is higher than 1.8. This qualifi-cation test helps assure the long-term performance ofthe pipe in pressure service.

Joint Testing

This important qualification test is conducted on jointprototypes for elastomeric gasket sealed couplings. Thisis a severe test carried out in accordance with ASTMD4161. It incorporates some of the most stringent jointperformance requirements in the piping industry forpipe of any material within the pressure and size rangesof FLOWTITE pipe. ASTM D4161 requires these flexiblejoints to withstand hydrostatic testing in configurationsthat simulate very severe in-use conditions. Pressuresused are twice those rated and 100kPa (1 bar) is usedfor gravity flow pipe. Joint configurations includestraight alignment, maximum angular rotation anddifferential shear loading. A partial vacuum test andsome cyclical pressure tests are also included.

Initial Ring Deflection

All pipes must meet the initial ring deflection levels of no visual evidence of cracking or crazing (Level A)and no structural damage to the pipe wall (Level B)when vertically deflected between two parallel flatplates or rods.

Deflection Stiffness ClassLevel* SN

2500 5000 10000

A 15% 12% 19%

B 25% 20% 15%*Laboratory Test

Long-Term Ring Bending

A GRP pipe’s long-term (50 year) ring deflection or ringbending (strain) capability, when exposed to an aqueousenvironment and under a constant load, must meet the Level A deflection level specified in the initial ringdeflection test. This expression of the requirement onlyexists in the proposed ISO and EN standards. AWWAC950 requires the test to be carried out, with the result-ing 50-year predicted value used in the pipes’ design.FLOWTITE pipe is tested using the guidelines of ASTMD5365 “Long-Term Ring Bending Strain of FiberglassPipe” and meets both requirements.

Potable Water Approvals

FLOWTITE pipe has been tested and approved for theconveyance of potable water meeting many of the world’sleading authorities’ and testing institutes’ criteria,including:• NSF (Standard No. 61) – United States• DVGW – Germany• Lyonnaise des Eaux• Water Byelaws Scheme (WBS) – United Kingdom• Russia (Cert. No. 07700̈ 03515I04521A8)• Oficina Técnia De Estudios Y Controles – Spain• Pánstwowy Zaklad Higieny (National Institute of

Hygiene) – Poland• OVGW – Austria• NBN.S. 29001 –

Belgium

6

100 101 102 103 104 105 50 Years

Rated Pressure Class

Extrapolation

Test Results

LogPressure(strain)

HDB

PN

Log Time

Figure 2Test Results Evaluation – ASTM Test Procedure B

All copies of Flowtite Technology qualification test reports are availableon our web site.


7

Materials

The majority of FLOWTITE pipe is manufactured usingthe continuous advancing mandrel process whichrepresents the state of the art in GRP pipe production.

This process allows the use of continuous glass fiberreinforcements in the circumferential direction. For a pressure pipe or buried conduit the principle stress is in the circumferential direction, thus incorporatingcontinuous reinforcements in this direction and not justchopped discontinuous roving such as in a centrifugalcasting process, yields a higher performing product atlower cost.

Using technology developed by material specialists, a very dense laminate is created that maximizes thecontribution from three basic raw materials. Bothcontinuous glass fiber rovings and choppable roving are incorporated for high hoop strength and axialreinforcement. A sand fortifier is used to provideincreased stiffness with placement near the neutral axis in the core. With the Flowtite dual resin deliverysystem, the equipment has the capability of applying a special inner resin liner for severe corrosiveapplications while utilizing a less costly resin for thestructural and outer portion of the laminate. (Seesection on Environments for special resin applications.)

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Barrier Layer

Inner Structural Layer

Outer Structural Layer

Interior Liner

Exterior Surface

Core


Product Scope – Technical Data

Diameters

FLOWTITE pipe can be supplied in the following nominaldiameters (mm). Larger and other diameters up to3700mm are available on request.• 100 • 300 • 500 • 900 • 1600• 150 • 350 • 600 • 1000 • 1800• 200 • 400 • 700 • 1200 • 2000• 250 • 450 • 800 • 1400 • 2400

Lengths

The standard length of FLOWTITE pipe is 12 meters fordiameters over 300mm. Lengths of 6 and 18 meters arealso available. Smaller diameters (DN ≤ 250) are onlyavailable in 6-meter standard lengths. FLOWTITE pipecan also be supplied in other lengths for special orders.

Load Capacity Values

For design purposes the following values can be usedfor hoop tensile and axial tensile load capacity.

Hoop Tensile Load Capacity

Minimum initial hoop (circumferential) load, N permm of length.

DN PN1 PN6 PN10 PN16 PN20 PN25 PN32

300 60 360 600 960 1200 1500 1820350 70 420 700 1120 1400 1750 2240400 80 480 800 1280 1600 2000 2560450 90 540 900 1440 1800 2250 2880500 100 600 1000 1600 2000 2500 3200600 120 720 1200 1920 2400 3000 3840700 140 840 1400 2240 2800 3500 4480800 160 960 1600 2560 3200 4000 5120900 180 1080 1800 2880 3600 4500 5760

1000 200 1200 2000 3200 4000 5000 64001200 240 1440 2400 3840 4800 6000 76801400 280 1680 2800 4480 5600 7000 89601600 320 1920 3200 5120 NA NA NA1800 360 2160 3600 5760 NA NA NA2000 400 2400 4000 6400 NA NA NA2400 480 2880 4800 7680 NA NA NA

Fittings and Accessories

All commonly used fittings or accessories can be suppliedsuch as bends, tees, wyes (gravity only) and reducers.

Stiffness Classes

FLOWTITE pipe can be supplied to the followingspecific initial stiffnesses (EI/D3).

Stiffness ClassSN N/m2

12500 12500

15000 15000

10000 10000

Custom-designed pipe with stiffness tailored to theneeds of the project are also available from Flowtite.

Axial Tensile Load Capacity

Minimum initial axial (longitudinal) load, N per mm of circumference.

DN PN1 PN6 PN10 PN16 PN20 PN25 PN32

300 95 115 140 150 170 190 220350 100 125 150 165 190 215 240400 105 130 160 185 210 240 270450 110 140 175 205 235 265 295500 115 150 190 220 250 290 330600 125 165 220 255 295 345 380700 135 180 250 290 340 395 450800 150 200 280 325 380 450 520900 165 215 310 355 420 505 590

1000 185 230 340 390 465 560 6601200 205 260 380 460 560 660 7601400 225 290 420 530 630 760 9901600 250 320 460 600 NA NA NA1800 275 350 500 670 NA NA NA2000 300 380 540 740 NA NA NA2400 350 440 620 880 NA NA NA

8


Pressure

Pressure classes of FLOWTITE pipe shall be selectedfrom the series listed below. Not all pressure classes areavailable in all diameters and stiffnesses.

Pressure Class Pressure Rating Upper DiameterPN Bar Limit, mm

1 (gravity) 1 2400

6 6 2400

10 10 2400

16 16 2000

20 20 1400

25 25 1400

32 32 1400

The pipe’s pressure ratings have been established inaccordance with the design approach outlined in AWWAM-45, Fiberglass Pipe Design Manual. Pipes are pressurerated at full operating pressure even when buried to themaximum depth recommended.

To insure the long service life for which FLOWTITEpipe is designed, the following capabilities should benoted and observed in service.

Hydrotesting

Maximum Factory (AWWA C950 & ASTM D3517)Test Pressure 2.0 x PN (Pressure Class)

Maximum FieldTest Pressure 1.5 x PN (Pressure Class)*

Surge

MaximumPressure 1.4 x PN (Pressure Class)

Flow Velocity

Maximum recommended flow velocity is 3.0m/sec.Velocities of up to 4.0m/sec can be used if the water is clean and contains no abrasive material.

UV Resistance

There is no evidence to suggest that ultraviolet degra-dation is a factor that affects the long-term service lifeof FLOWTITE pipes. The outermost surface will beaffected with discoloring of the surface observed. If sodesired, the installing contractor may paint the exteriorsurface of FLOWTITE pipe with a two-part urethane paintcompatible with GRP. However, this will then become anitem requiring future maintenance.

Poisson’s Ratio

Poisson’s ratio is influenced by the pipe construction. ForFLOWTITE pipe, the ratio for hoop (circumferential)loads and axial response ranges from 0.22 to 0.29. Foraxial loading and circumferential response Poisson’s ratiowill be slightly less.

Temperature

35°C and BelowFor uses in accordance to the FLOWTITE environmentlist, no pressure rerating is required. Resin selectionshould be in accordance to the environment list. Pleasenote that depending on the environment further limita-tions on temperature may apply. See the environmentlist on page 21 and 22 for details.

36°C to 50°CFor uses in accordance to the FLOWTITE environmentlist, the following chart quantifies the magnitude ofpressure derating to be applied:Temp., °C Derating, %36 to 40 3041 to 45 4046 to 50 50It is recommended that the next higher standard pressureclass (PN) be used, after applying the derating to thesystem’s design or operating pressure. For example, apipeline intended to operate at 18 bar pressure, with acontinuous operating temperature of 42°C, would resultin a rerating of 30 bar [18/(1-.4)]. The next higher standardpressure class to select would be PN32.

51°C to 70°CFor operating temperatures in this range the designpressure of the pipe must be derated a minimum of 50%,and the entire pipe made with a vinylester resin. Forfurther temperature limitations, depending on the environ-ment, please see the guide on pages 21 and 22.

A further limitation is placed on the maximum operatingpressure that FLOWTITE pipe can be used, dependenton the continuous operating temperature of the system,as shown in this chart:Temp., °C Max. Operating Pressure, bars36 to 40 2541 to 45 2046 to 50 16

Thermal Coefficient

The thermal coefficient of axial expansion and contrac-tion for FLOWTITE pipe is 24 to 30 x 10-6 cm/cm/ C̊.

9

Product Scope – Technical Data (continued)

*Other structures must be designed to handle test pressures above PN.



10

Table 3.1Angular Deflection at FLOWTITE Coupling Joint

Nom. Max. Max. Min. RadiusPipe Angle of Offset (mm) of Curvature (m)

Diameter Deflection Pipe Length Pipe Length

(mm) (deg) 3m 6m 12m 3m 6m 12m

DN ≤ 500 3 157 314 628 57 115 229

500 < DN ≤ 900 2 105 209 419 86 172 344

900 < DN ≤ 1800 1 52 105 209 172 344 688

1800 > DN 0.5 26 52 78 344 688 1376

Table 3.2High Pressure (>16 bar)

Nom. Pipe Diameter Max. Angle of Deflection(mm) (deg)

20 bar 25 bar 32 bar

DN ≤ 500 2.5 2.0 1.5

500 < DN ≤ 900 1.5 1.3 1.0

900 < DN ≤ 1800 0.8 0.5 0.5

Flow Coefficients

Based on tests carried out over a 3-year period onFLOWTITE pipe, the Colebrook-White coefficient may be taken as 0.029 mm. This corresponds to a Hazen-Williams flow coefficient of approximately C=150.

To assist the designer with estimating the head-lossassociated with using FLOWTITE pipe, Figures 3.11 and3.12 have been provided. When using these charts toestimate the head loss for pipes not specifically notedon the charts (due to slight inside diameter variances),the error will be less than 7% for flow velocities between1 and 3 meters per second. Contact your pipe supplierfor more detailed information if needed.

Abrasion Resistance

Abrasion resistance can be related to the effects thatsand or other similar material may have on the interiorsurface of the pipe. While there is no widely standard-ized testing procedure or ranking method, FLOWTITEpipe has been evaluated by using the Darmstadt Rockermethod. Results will be highly influenced by the type of abrasive material used in the test. Using gravel whichwas obtained from the same source as that used atDarmstadt University, the average abrasion loss ofFLOWTITE pipe is 0.34 mm at 100.000 cycles.

Joint Angular Deflection

The joint is extensively tested and qualified in accordancewith ASTM D4161 and ISO DIS8639.

Maximum angular deflection (turn) at each couplingjoint, considering both combined vertical and horizontal,measured as the change in adjacent pipe center lines,must not exceed the amounts given in Table 3.1. Thepipes must be joined in straight alignment, but not allthe way to the home line, and thereafter deflectedangularly as required (Figure 3.9).

When the FLOWTITE pipe system will be operated atpressures exceeding 16 bar, the allowable angular jointdeflection must be reduced to the levels noted in Table 3.2.

Pipe

Coupling

Radius ofcurvature Deflection

angle

Offset

Figure 3.9Double bell coupling, angular joint deflection



11

Figure 3.11

Figure 3.12

FLOWTITE GRP pipeSmall Diameter PipeWater temperature 10°CAbsolute roughness 0.029 mm

1000

100

10

1

0,10,001 0,01 0.1 1 10

Flow Volume [m3/ s]

Hea

d L

oss

[m

eter

s per

1000 m

]

100

200250

300

150

Nominaldiameter

0.3

0.4

0.50.6

0.8

1.0

1.5

2.0

3.04.0

Velocity

[meter per sec]

FLOWTITE GRP pipePN10 SN 5000Water temperature 10°CAbsolute roughness 0.029mm

100

10

1

0,1

0,010,01 0,1 1 10 100

Flow Volume [m3/ s]

Hea

d L

oss

[met

ers

per

1000 m

]

300350

400450500

600700

8009001000

12001400

16001800

24002000

4.0

3.0

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

Velocity[meter per sec]

Nominal diameter [mm]


12

Pipe Classification Selection

The selection of FLOWTITE pipe is based on stiffnessand pressure class requirements.

Stiffness

The stiffness of FLOWTITE pipe is selected from one of the three stiffness classes listed below. The stiffnessclass represents the pipe’s minimum initial specificstiffness (EI/D3) in N/m2.

Stiffness ClassSN N/m2

2500 2500

5000 5000

10000 10000

Stiffness is selected according to two parameters.These are: (1) burial conditions, which include nativesoil, type of backfill and cover depth and (2) negativepressure, if it exists.

The native soil characteristics are rated according toASTM D1586 Standard Penetration Test. Some typicalsoil blow count values relative to soil types and densityare given in Table 4.1.

A wide range of backfill soil types are offered in Table 4.2 to allow each installation to be customizedproviding the most economical installation. In manyinstances, the native trench soils can be used as pipezone backfill.

Assuming standard trench construction, and anallowable long-term deflection of 5% for pipe diameters300 mm and larger, and 4% for smaller diameters, the

maximum allowable cover depths, with consideration fortraffic loads, for the three different stiffness classes inthe six native soil groups are given in Table 4.4.

The correlation between the backfill soil modulus anddifferent backfill soil types at four different levels ofrelative compaction may be found in Table 4.5.

The second parameter for pipe stiffness classselection is negative pressure, if it exists. Table 4.7 onpage 15 of this brochure shows which stiffness to selectfor various amounts of negative pressure and burialdepths for average native and backfill soil conditions.

The stiffness selected should be the higher of thatdetermined to suit negative pressure and burial conditions.

Installation Types

The illustrations on page 15 show two standard installationtypes commonly used with FLOWTITE pipe.

Alternate installations to accommodate a specific field condition include wider trenches, sheet piles, soilstabilization, geotextiles, etc. The FLOWTITE PipeInstallation Instructions For Buried Pipe (Pub. No. 15-PS-19596-B) should be consulted for additional details.

FLOWTITE pipe can be installed in a number ofdifferent situations including above ground, sub-aqueous, trenchless and sloped applications. Theseapplications can require more initial planning and morecare than the standard buried pipe installation andtherefore Flowtite Technology has developed specificinstructions for these methods. Please contact yourlocal supplier for these detailed instructions.

Table 4.1: Native Soil Group Classification

Non-Cohesive Soils Cohesive Soils

Native Soil Blow E1n value Description Friction Angle Description Unconfined Comp.Group Counts (MPa) (degrees) Strength (kPa)

1 > 15 34.5 compact 33 very stiff 192 – 384

2 8 – 15 20.7 slightly compact 30 stiff 96 – 192

3 4 – 8 10.3 loose 29 medium 48 – 96

4 2 – 4 4.8 very loose 28 soft 24 – 48

5 1 – 2 1.4 very loose 27 very soft 12 – 24

6 0 – 1 0.34 very, very loose 26 very, very soft 0 – 12


13

General Installation

Long life and the good performance characteristics ofFLOWTITE pipe can only be achieved by proper handlingand installation of the pipe. It is important for the owner,engineer and contractor to understand that glass-reinforcedplastic (GRP) pipe is designed to utilize the bedding andpipe zone backfill support that will result from recom-mended installation procedures. Engineers have foundthrough considerable experience that properly compactedgranular materials are ideal for backfilling GRP pipe.Together, the pipe and embedment material form a high-performance “pipe-soil system.” For complete installationinstructions, consult the FLOWTITE Pipe InstallationInstructions for Buried Pipe (Pub. No. 15-PS-19596-B).

The following information is a partial review ofinstallation procedures; it is not intended to replace the installation instructions which must be followed for any project.

Trenching

Details of a standard trench installation are shown tothe right. The trench must always be wide enough topermit placement and compaction of the pipe zonebackfill materials and provide proper pipe support. Thedepth of cover charts presented in this brochure arebased on an assumed trench width 1.75 times the pipe’snominal diameter. Widths down to 1.5 times DN may be achievable, however the burial limits will be affected.Consult the FLOWTITE pipe manufacturer if yourconditions will vary from these assumptions.

Bedding

The trench bed, of suitable material, should provideuniform and continuous support for the pipe.

Backfill Materials

To ensure a satisfactory pipe-soil system, correct backfillmaterial must be used. Most coarse grained soils (asclassified by the Unified Soils Classification System) are acceptable bedding and pipe zone backfill material.Where the instructions permit the use of native soil asbackfill, care should be taken to ensure that the materialdoes not include rocks, soil clumps, debris, frozen or organicmaterial. Table 4.2 identifies acceptable backfill soils.

Standard Trench Details

Minimum Width Trench

Dimension “A” is a minimum of .75 * DN2

1. Where rock, hard pan, soft, loose, unstable or highly expansive soils are encountered in the trench bottom, it may be necessary to increase the depth of the bedding layer to achieve adequatelongitudinal support.

2. Dimension “A” must allow for adequate space to operate compactionequipment and ensure proper placement of backfill in the haunchregion. This may require a wider trench than the minimum specifiedabove, particularly for smaller diameters.

Checking the Installed Pipe

After installation of each pipe, the maximum diametricalvertical deflection must be checked. With FLOWTITEpipe this procedure is fast and easy.

Installed Diametrical Deflection

The maximum allowable initial diametrical deflection(typically vertical) shall be as follows:

Maximum Initial DeflectionDN ≥ 300 DN ≤ 250

3% 2.5%

The maximum allowable long-term diametricaldeflection shall be 5% for diameters 300 mm and larger,and 4% for smaller diameters. These values will apply to all stiffness classes.

Bulges, flat areas or other abrupt changes of pipe wall curvature are not permitted. Pipe installed outside of these limitations may not perform as intended.

Foundation

Bed1 = DN/4, maximum 150 mm

PipeZone

A 300 mm

Haunch

Bed

Table 4.2: Backfill Soil Type Classification

Backfill Soil Description Unified Soil ClassificationType Designation, ASTM D2487

A Crushed stone and gravel, < 12% fines GW, GP, GW – GM, GP – GM

B Gravel with sand, sand, < 12% fines GW – GC, GP – GC, SW, SP, SW – SM, SP – SM, SW – SC, SP – SC

C Silty gravel and sand, 12 – 35% fines, LL < 40% GM, GC, GM – GC, SM, SC, SM – SC

D Silty, clayey sand, 35 – 50% fines, LL < 40% GM, GC, GM – GC, SM, SC, SM – SC

E Sandy, clayey silt, 50 – 70% fines, LL < 40% CL, ML, CL – ML

F Low plasticity fine-grained soils, LL < 40% CL, ML, CL – ML


14

General Installation (continued)

Table 4.4Standard Trench – Type 1 Installation Maximum Burial Depth – MetersWith Traffic Load (AASHTO H20)

E’b Native Soil GroupMPa 1 2 3 4 5 6

2500 STIS

20.7 23.0 18.0 11.0 7.0 NA NA13.8 18.0 15.0 10.0 6.0 NA NA10.3 15.0 13.0 9.0 5.5 NA NA6.9 11.0 10.0 7.5 5.0 NA NA4.8 8.5 7.5 6.0 4.0 NA NA3.4 6.0 5.5 5.0 3.5 NA NA2.1 3.5 3.5 3.0 NA NA NA1.4 NA NA NA NA NA NA

5000 STIS

20.7 23.0 18.0 12.0 7.0 3.0 NA13.8 18.0 15.0 10.0 6.5 2.4 NA10.3 15.0 13.0 9.0 6.0 2.4 NA6.9 11.0 10.0 8.0 5.0 NA NA4.8 8.5 7.5 6.5 4.5 NA NA3.4 6.0 6.0 5.0 4.0 NA NA2.1 4.0 4.0 3.5 3.5 NA NA1.4 2.4 2.4 2.2 NA NA NA

10000 STIS

20.7 24.0 19.0 12.0 8.0 3.5 NA13.8 19.0 16.0 11.0 7.0 3.5 NA10.3 15.0 13.0 10.0 6.5 3.0 NA6.9 12.0 10.0 8.5 5.5 3.0 NA4.8 9.5 8.5 7.0 5.0 2.5 NA3.4 7.0 6.5 5.5 4.5 NA NA2.1 4.5 4.5 4.0 3.5 NA NA1.4 3.0 3.0 3.0 2.8 NA NA

Table 4.5Backfill Modulus of Passive Resistance (Non-Saturated)

Backfill E’b Values (MPa) at Relative Compaction1

Type 80% 85% 90% 95%

A 16 18 20 22

B 7 11 16 19

C 6 9 14 17

D 3 6 9 102

E 3 6 9 102

F 3 6 92 102

1. 100% relative compaction defined as maximum Standard ProctorDensity at optimum moisture content.

2. Values typically difficult to achieve, included as reference.

Backfill Modulus of Passive Resistance (Saturated)

Backfill E’b Values (MPa) at Relative Compaction1

Type 80% 85% 90% 95%

A 12 13 14 15

B 5 7 10 12

C 2 3 4 4

D 1.7 2.4 2.8 3.12

E NA3 1.7 2.1 2.42

F NA3 1.4 1.72 2.12

1. 100% relative compaction defined as maximum Standard ProctorDensity at optimum moisture content.

2. Values typically difficult to achieve, included as reference.3. Not recommended for use.


15

Installation Type 1

• Carefully constructed bed• Backfill the pipe zone to

300mm over the pipecrown with the specifiedbackfill material compactedto the required relativecompaction level.

Note: For low pressure (PN ≤ 10 bar) applications therequirement to compact the 300 mm over the pipe crown may be waived. Vacuum limitations will be thesame as a Type 2 installation.

Installation Type 2

• Backfill to a level of 60% of pipe diameter with thespecified backfill material compacted to the requiredrelative compaction level.

• Backfill from 60% ofdiameter to 300mm over

the pipe crown with a relative compaction necessary to achieve a minimum soil modulus of 1.4MPa.

Traffic

All backfill to grade should be compacted whencontinuous traffic loads are present. Minimum coverrestrictions may be reduced with special installationssuch as concrete encasement, concrete cover slabs,casings, etc. (See Table 4.6).

Table 4.6 Surface Loads

Traffic (1)Minimum(1)

(Wheel) BurialLoad Depth

Load lbs.Type KN Force meters

AASHTO HS20 (C) 172 16,000 1.0

BS 153 HA (C) 190 20,000 1.0

ATV LKW 12 (C) 140 9,000 0.6

ATV SLW 30 (C) 150 11,000 0.6

ATV SLW 60 (C) 1100 22,000 1.0

Cooper E80 Railroad 3.0(1) based on a minimum pipe zone backfill soil modulus of 6.9 MPa.

Negative Pressure

Allowable negative pressure is a function of pipe stiff-ness, burial depth, native soil and type of installation. In Table 4.7 are given maximum burial depths for fourlevels of negative vacuum, based on average native soiland backfill soil conditions.

Please refer to the FLOWTITE Pipe InstallationInstructions For Buried Pipe (Pub. No. 15-PS-19596-B)if your conditions vary from those assumed below.

Table 4.7 Negative Pressure

Native Soil Group 3 (E’n = 10.3 MPa)Backfill Type C at 90% SPD (E’b = 14 MPa)Water Table Below PipeStandard Trench Installation

Depth Limits (m) (Dry Conditions)Vac (bars) SN2500 SN5000 SN10000

-0.25 10.0 10.0 11.0

-0.50 8.5 10.0 11.0

-0.75 6.5 10.0 11.0

-1.00 4.0 10.0 11.0

Native Soil Group 3 (E’n = 10.3 MPa)Backfill Type C at 90% SPD (E’b = 4 MPa)Water Table at GradeStandard Trench Installation

Depth Limits (m) (Wet Conditions)Vac (bars) SN2500 SN5000 SN10000

-0.25 5.5 5.5 6.0

-0.50 4.0 5.5 6.0

-0.75 1.8 5.5 6.0

-1.00 NA 4.0 6.0

High Pressure

High pressure (>16 bar) may require deeper bury toprevent uplift and movement. Pipes DN300 and largershould have a minimum burial of 1.2 meters, and 0.8 meters for smaller diameters. Consult the pipesupplier for further details.

High Water Table

A minimum of 0.75 diameter of earth cover (minimum drysoil bulk density of 1900kg/m3) is required to prevent anempty submerged pipe from floating.

Alternatively, the installation may proceed by anchoringthe pipes. If anchoring is proposed, restraining strapsmust be a flat material, minimum 25mm wide, placed at maximum 4.0 meter intervals. Consult the manufac-turer for details on anchoring and minimum cover depthwith anchors.

General Installation (continued)

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Trenchless Technology

Today’s growing urban areas may make it impractical tomake open trench excavations and disrupt the surfaceconditions in order to install, replace or renovate under-ground piping systems. “Trenchless technology” includesthe lining of existing pipes, called “sliplining,” where anew pipe is installed inside the existing deterioratingpipe. It can also include the microtunneling process ofboring a hole and pushing or “jacking” the new pipe intothe created excavation. Flowtite Technology hasproducts/technology to meet these new application needs.

Sliplining Capability

The Flowtite manufacturing process is unique in that iteasily permits a custom product to be made to meet thespecific project requirements. With the ability to makecustom diameters, Flowtite can create the optimumpipe size to match the inside diameter of the existingpipeline. This will provide the maximum flow capabilitieswhile still permitting ease of installation.

Standard FLOWTITE pipe can be assembled outsidethe deteriorated pipe and then pushed into place. Thiscan be done even with low flows (less than 1/3 full). For pushing long distances, thrust rings can be builtonto the spigot ends of the pipe, allowing the transfer of up to 40 tons per meter of circumference through the joint without effecting the sealing capability. This is especially important for rehabilitating pressure lines.For very large diameters (over 1600mm) the pipe caneasily be carried using a light weight frame cart andassembled at it’s final position.

The ability to manufacture variable lengths (standardlength 6, 12 or 18 meters) can further help reduceinstallation time. Reduced installation time means lowerinstalled costs and less “down-time” for the pipeline thatis being rehabilitated.

Features Benefits

Custom diameter • Minimizes the loss ofcapabilities interior dimension of the

existing pipe, maximizesflow capabilities

Custom lengths • Easier, faster installation,less pipe line service down-time

Microtunneling/Jacking Capability

The FLOWTITE pipe designed for microtunneling andjacking is a GRP and concrete composite which takes advantage of the attributes of both materials. The GRPportion of the pipe provides a corrosion resistant pipewhich is pressure rated while using the concrete outerlayer of the composite to withstand the very high forcesneeded for “jacking” the pipe. Since FLOWTITE jackingpipe is pressure rated, it is now possible to install pressurewater and sewage systems using trenchless technology.

Features Benefits

Corrosion-resistant • All the benefits of material standard FLOWTITE pipe

Flowtite coupling • Pressure ratings same astechnology standard FLOWTITE pipe

Concrete outer layer • Permits pipe to be “jacked”in same manner as non-GRP pipes

16

Jacking Pipe Joint Detail


Pipe Dimensions

SN2500 STIS SN5000 STIS

Wall Thickness (e) min Wall Thickness (e) minWeight* Weight*

DN CL DOS max DOS min PN1 PN6 PN10 PN16 PN20 PN25 PN32 kg/meter DOS max DOS min PN1 PN6 PN10 PN16 PN20 PN25 PN32 kg/meter

2300 159 0324.5 0323.4 4.1 4.1 3.9 3.8 3.8 NA NA 8 0324.5 0323.4 15.0 15.0 14.9 14.6 14.6 14.6 NA 10

2350 161 0376.4 0375.4 4.8 4.8 4.4 4.3 4.3 NA NA 11 0376.4 0375.4 15.8 15.8 15.6 15.3 15.2 15.2 NA 14

2400 162 0427.3 0426.3 5.3 5.3 4.9 4.8 4.8 NA NA 15 0427.3 0426.3 16.5 16.5 16.2 15.9 15.8 15.8 NA 18

2450 162 0478.2 0477.2 5.9 5.9 5.4 5.2 5.2 NA NA 19 0478.2 0477.2 17.4 17.4 16.9 16.5 16.4 16.4 NA 23

2500 166 0530.1 0529.1 6.5 6.5 5.9 5.7 5.7 NA NA 23 0530.1 0529.1 18.1 18.1 17.6 17.1 17.0 17.0 NA 28

2600 170 0617.0 0616.0 7.5 7.5 6.8 6.5 6.5 NA NA 31 0617.0 0616.0 19.3 19.3 18.7 18.1 18.0 18.0 NA 39

2700 172 0719.0 0718.0 8.6 8.6 7.8 7.5 7.4 NA NA 42 0719.0 0718.0 10.7 10.7 10.0 19.4 19.2 19.1 NA 53

2800 172 0821.0 0820.0 9.7 9.7 8.8 8.4 8.4 NA NA 55 0821.0 0820.0 12.2 12.2 11.4 10.6 10.4 10.3 NA 68

2900 172 1924.0 1923.0 10.9 10.9 9.8 9.4 9.3 NA NA 69 1924.0 1923.0 13.6 13.6 12.7 11.8 11.6 11.5 NA 87

1000 172 1025.0 1024.0 12.1 12.1 10.8 10.3 10.2 NA NA 85 1025.0 1024.0 15.1 15.1 14.1 13.0 12.8 12.7 NA 107

1200 172 1229.0 1228.0 14.4 14.4 12.8 12.2 12.1 NA NA 122 1229.0 1228.0 17.9 17.9 16.7 15.4 15.1 15.0 NA 152

1400 172 1433.0 1432.0 16.7 16.7 14.8 14.1 14.0 NA NA 166 1433.0 1432.0 20.8 20.8 19.4 17.9 17.5 17.3 NA 207

1600 172 1637.0 1636.0 19.0 19.0 16.8 15.9 NA NA NA 215 1637.0 1636.0 23.7 23.7 22.1 20.3 NA NA NA 269

1800 172 1841.0 1840.0 21.2 21.2 18.8 17.8 NA NA NA 272 1841.0 1840.0 26.5 26.5 24.8 22.7 NA NA NA 340

2000 172 2045.0 2044.0 23.5 23.5 20.9 19.7 NA NA NA 335 2045.0 2044.0 29.4 29.4 27.4 25.1 NA NA NA 418

2400 172 2453.0 2452.0 28.0 28.0 24.8 23.4 NA NA NA 481 2453.0 2452.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 498

SN10000 STIS

Wall Thickness (e) minWeight*

DN CL DOS max DOS min PN1 PN6 PN10 PN16 PN20 PN25 PN32 kg/meter

2100 107 116.0 115.5 NA NA 12.9 12.9 NA NA NA 12.5

2150 107 168.0 167.5 NA NA 14.1 14.1 NA NA NA 14.9

2200 109 220.5 220.0 NA NA 15.3 15.3 NA NA NA 17.2

2250 109 272.1 271.6 NA NA 16.4 16.4 NA NA NA 10.8

2300 159 324.5 324.0 16.1 16.1 16.1 15.8 15.7 15.6 15.5 13.5

2350 161 376.4 375.4 17.1 17.1 17.1 16.6 16.4 16.3 16.3 18.5

2400 162 427.3 426.3 18.1 18.1 18.0 17.4 17.2 17.1 17.0 23.5

2450 162 478.2 477.2 9.1 19.1 19.0 18.2 18.0 17.9 17.8 29.5

2500 166 530.1 529.1 10.0 10.0 9.8 19.0 18.8 18.6 18.5 36.5

2600 170 617.0 616.0 11.5 11.5 11.4 10.4 10.1 9.9 9.8 48.5

2700 172 719.0 718.0 13.3 13.3 13.2 12.0 11.6 11.4 11.2 66.5

2800 172 821.0 820.0 15.1 15.1 15.0 13.6 13.1 12.9 12.7 85.5

2900 172 924.0 923.0 17.0 17.0 16.8 15.2 14.7 14.4 14.2 107.5

1000 172 1025.0 1024.0 18.7 18.7 18.7 16.8 16.2 15.9 15.7 132.5

1200 172 1229.0 1228.0 22.3 22.3 22.3 20.0 19.3 18.9 18.6 190.5

1400 172 1433.0 1432.0 25.9 25.9 25.9 23.2 22.4 21.9 21.5 258.5

1600 172 1637.0 1636.0 29.5 29.5 29.5 26.3 NA NA NA 336.5

1800 172 1841.0 1840.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 424.5

2000 172 2045.0 2044.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 460.5

2400 172 2453.0 2452.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

17

Measurements in mm unless otherwise noted.*Pipe weights are based primarily on Class PN6, which is the heaviest product.

Pipe dimensions may vary from these values in some countries, dependent on local standards and practices.

CL CL

DOS

e


Measurements in mm unless otherwise noted.*Dimensions are only approximate. Couplings are overwrapped to achieve the rated pressure.

Couplings

CD KLWeight

DN DOS max PN1/PN6 PN10 PN16 PN20 PN25 PN32 PN1 PN6 PN10 PN16 PN20 PN25 PN32 kg/unit**

1100 1116.4 NA 1138 1140 NA NA NA NA 150.5 150.5 150.5 NA NA NA 2




1300 1324.5 1367 1368 1367* 1385* 1385* 1390* 244 270.5 270.5 270.5 270 270 270 12

1350 1376.4 1419 1420 1422 1432* 1432* 1437* 244 270.5 270.5 270.5 270 270 270 14

1400 1427.3 1469 1471 1473 1483 1483 1484 244 270.5 270.5 270.5 270 270 270 16

1450 1478.2 1520 1522 1524 1534 1534 1534 244 270.5 270.5 270.5 270 270 270 18

1500 1530.1 1572 1574 1576 1586 1586 1586 244 270.5 270.5 270.5 270 270 270 20

1600 1617.0 1665 1667 1669 1679 1679 1679 300 330.5 330.5 330.5 330 330 330 32

1700 1719.0 1768 1770 1774 1784 1784 1792 300 330.5 330.5 330.5 330 330 330 40

1800 1821.0 1870 1873 1879 1889 1889 1909 300 330.5 330.5 330.5 330 330 330 47

1900 1923.0 1972 1977 1983 1993 1000 1020* 300 330.5 330.5 330.5 330 330 330 55

1000 1025.0 1075 1080 1087 1097 1109 1128* 300 330.5 330.5 330.5 330 330 330 63

1200 1229.0 1280 1284 1291 1301 1313* 1330* 300 330.5 330.5 330.5 330 330 330 74

1400 1433.0 1485 1490 1499 1510 1525* 1542* 300 330.5 330.5 330.5 330 330 330 91

1600 1637.0 1689 1696 1706 NA NA NA 300 330.5 330.5 330.5 NA NA NA 109

1800 1841.0 1894 1902 NA NA NA NA 300 330.5 330.5 NA NA NA NA 107***



**PN16 ***PN1

18

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KL

CD DOS


Pipe Joining

FLOWTITE pipe sections are typically joined using GRPdouble bell couplings. Pipe and couplings may be suppliedseparately or the pipe may be supplied with a couplinginstalled on one end. The FLOWTITE coupling utilizesan elastomeric REKA gasket for sealing. The gasket sits ina precision-machined groove in each end of the couplingand seats and seals against a spigot surface. The REKAgasket has been proven in use for more than 75 years.

Other Joining Methods

GRP Flanges

When connecting two GRP flanges over 300mm diameter,only one flange will have a gasket groove in the face.Standard bolt pattern to which flanges are manufacturedis ISO2084. Other bolting dimension systems such asAWWA, ANSI, DIN and JIS can be supplied.

Flexible Steel Couplings(Straub, Tee Kay, Arpol, etc.)

When connecting FLOWTITE pipe to other pipe materialswith different diameters, flexible steel couplings are oneof the preferred jointing methods. These couplingsconsist of a steel mantle with an interior rubber sealingsleeve. They may also be used to join FLOWTITE pipesections together, for example in a repair or for closure.

Three grades are commonly available:

A Epoxy or PVC-coated steel mantleB Stainless steel mantleC Hot dip galvanized steel mantle

Regardless of the corrosion protection applied to thesteel mantle, the balance of the coupling needs to becorrosion protected as well. Typically this involves theapplication of a shrink fit polyethylene sleeve over theinstalled coupling.

Control of the bolting torque of flexible steel couplingsis most important. Do not over torque as this may overstress the bolts or the pipe. Follow the coupling manu-facturer’s recommended assembly instructions, but withthe pipe supplier’s recommended bolt torque limits.Please consult Flowtite Technology’s Installation

Instructions for Buried Pipe (Pub. No. 15-PS-19596-B)for further details.

Mechanical Steel Couplings(Viking Johnson, Helden, Klamflex, etc.)

Mechanical couplings have been used to join pipes ofdifferent materials and diameters, and to adapt to flangeoutlets. Flowtite Technology has found a wide manu-facturing variance in these couplings, including bolt size, number of bolts and gasket design which makesstandardized recommendations impossible.

Consequently, we cannot recommend the general useof mechanical couplings with FLOWTITE pipe. If theinstaller intends to use a specific design (brand andmodel) of mechanical coupling, he is advised to consultwith the local FLOWTITE pipe supplier prior to itspurchase. The pipe supplier can then advise under whatspecific conditions, if any, this design might be suitablefor use with FLOWTITE.

If using mechanical couplings to connect FLOWTITEto other materials, it is required that a transition mechan-ical coupling, that is one that utilizes two separate boltingsystems on each end, be used. This is to prevent over-loading the FLOWTITE pipe when attempting to get awatertight seal on the other material.

Lay-up Joints

This joint is made from glass fiber reinforcements andpolyester resin. It is typically used in situations wherethe pipe joint is required to transmit axial forces frominternal pressure, or as a repair method. The length andthickness of the lay-up depends on diameter and pressure.

This type of joint requires clean, controlled conditionsand skilled, trained personnel. Special instructions canbe provided when this type of joint is required.

19


Water hammer or pressure surge is the sudden rise orfall in pressure caused by an abrupt change in the fluidvelocity within the pipe system. The usual cause of theseflow changes is the rapid closing or opening of valves orsudden starting or stopping of pumps such as during apower failure. The most important factors whichinfluence the water hammer pressure in a pipe systemare the change in velocity of the fluid, rate of change ofthe velocity (valve closing time), compressibility of thefluid, stiffness of the pipe in the “hoop” direction, andphysical layout of the pipe system.

The water hammer pressure expected for FLOWTITEpipe is approximately 50% of that for steel and ductileiron pipe, for similar conditions. Per AWWA C950,FLOWTITE pipe has a surge pressure allowance of 40% ofthe nominal pressure.

An approximate relationship for the maximum pressurevariation at a given point in a straight pipeline with neg-ligible friction loss can be calculated from the formula:∆H = (w∆v)/gWhere: ∆H = change in pressure (meters)

w = surge wave celerity (meters/sec)∆v = change in water velocity (meters/sec)g = acceleration due to gravity (meters/sec2)

Surge and Water Hammer

Surge Wave Celerity for FLOWTITE Pipes

DN 300-400 450-800 900-2500

Meters/Sec.

SN2500

PN6 365 350 340

PN10 435 420 405

PN16 500 490 480

SN5000

PN6 405 380 370

PN10 435 420 410

PN16 505 495 480

PN25 575 570 560

SN10000

PN6 420 415 410

PN10 435 425 415

PN16 500 495 485

PN25 580 570 560

PN32 620 615 615

DN 100 125 150 200 250

Meters/Sec.

SN10000

PN6 580 560 540 520 500

PN10 590 570 560 540 520

PN16 640 620 610 600 590

NOTE: There has been some rounding, within 2%, in the above values.Please contact you Flowtite supplier if more accurate values are required for a transient analysis.

20


Environmental Guide for FLOWTITE® Pipe

Using this environment guide:

All materials listed in “green” can be used with ourcurrent standard pipe resin systems as well as vinylester lined pipes. All materials listed in “blue” are inaddition to the “green” materials that can be used inpipes that use a vinyl ester resin liner. All materialslisted in “red” are not recommended and may not workin any type of FLOWTITE pipe system.**Current EPDM type gasket (Nordel™) cannot be used. Use of

FPM type gasket (Viton™) is recommended, or consult your localgasket supplier.

**No Flowtite Technology recommendation, consult your local gasketsupplier for compatibility.

Maximum Temperature 50°C unless otherwise noted.

StandardPipe

Resin or VinylVinyl EsterEster Only NR

Acetic Acid <20% X

Adipic Acid X

Alum (Aluminum Potassium Sulfate) X

Aluminum Chloride, Aqueous X

Ammonia, Aqueous <20% X

Ammonium Chloride, Aqueous (40°C) X

Ammonium Fluoride X

Ammonium Nitrate, Aqueous (40°C) X

Ammonium Phosphate-Monobasic, Aqueous X

Ammonium Sulfate, Aqueous X

Aniline Hydrochloride X

Antimony Trichloride X

Barium Carbonate X

Barium Chloride X

Barium Sulfate X

Beet Sugar Liquor X

Benzene Sulfonic Acid (10%)* X

Benzoic Acid* X

Black Liquor (Paper) X

Bleach X

Borax X

Boric Acid X

Bromine, Aqueous 5%* X

Butyric Acid, < 25% (40°C)** X

Calcium Bisulfide** X

Calcium Carbonate X

Calcium Chlorate, Aqueous (40°C) X

Calcium Chloride (Saturated) X

Calcium Hydroxide, 100% X

Calcium Hypochlorite* X

Calcium Nitrate (40°C) X

StandardPipe


Calcium Sulfate NL AOC X

Cane Sugar Liquors X

Carbon Dioxide, Aqueous X

Carbon Tetrachloride X

Casein X

Caustic Potash (KOH) X

Chlorine, Dry Gas* X

Chlorine, Water* X

Chlorine, Wet Gas** X

Chlorocetic Acid X

Citric Acid, Aqueous (40°C) X

Copper Acetate, Aqueous (40°C) X

Copper Chloride, Aqueous X

Copper Cyanide (30°C) X

Copper Nitrate, Aqueous (40°C) X

Copper Sulfate, Aqueous (40°C) X

Crude Oil (Sour)* X

Crude Oil (Sweet)* X

Crude Oil, Salt Water (25°C)* X

Cyclohexane X

Cyclohexanol X

Dibutyl Sebacate** X

Dibutylphthalate** X

Diesel Fuel* X

Dioctyl Phthalate** X

Ethylene Glycol X

Ferric Chloride, Aqueous X

Ferric Nitrate, Aqueous X

Ferric Sulfate, Aqueous X

Ferrous Chloride X

Ferrous Nitrate, Aqueous** X

Ferrous Sulfate, Aqueous X

Formaldehyde X

Fuel Oil* X

Gas, Natural, Methane X

Gasoline, Ethyl* X

Glycerine X

Green Liquor, Paper X

Hexane* X

Hydrobromic Acid X

Hydrochloric Acid, Up To 15% X

Hydrofluoric Acid X

Hydrogen Sulfide, Dry X

Kerosene* X

Lactic Acid, 10% X

Lactic Acid, 80% (25°C) X

21Nordel™ and Viton™ are trademarks of E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co.


22

StandardPipe


Lauric Acid X

Lauryl Chloride X

Lauryl Sulfate** X

Lead Acetate, Aqueous X

Lead Nitrate, Aqueous (30°C) X

Lead Sulfate X

Linseed Oil* X

Lithium Bromide, Aqueous (40°C)** X

Lithium Chloride, Aqueous (40°C)** X

Magnesium Bicarbonate, Aqueous (40°C)** X

Magnesium Carbonate (40°C)* X

Magnesium Chloride, Aqueous (25°C) X

Magnesium Nitrate, Aqueous (40°C) X

Magnesium Sulfate X

Manganese Chloride, Aqueous (40°C)** X

Manganese Sulfate, Aqueous (40°C)** X

Mercuric Chloride, Aqueous** X

Mercurous Chloride, Aqueous X

Mineral Oils* X

n-Heptane* X

Naphthalene* X

Naptha* X

Nickel Chloride, Aqueous (25°C) X

Nickel Nitrate, Aqueous (40°C) X

Nickel Sulfate, Aqueous (40°C) X

Nitric Acid X

Oleic Acid X

Oxalic Acid, Aqueous X

Ozone, Gas X

Paraffin* X

Pentane X

Perchloric Acid X

Petroleum, Refined & Sour* X

Phosphoric Acid X

Phosphoric Acid (40°C) X

Phthalic Acid (25°C)** X

Potassium Permanganate, 25% X

Potassium Bicarbonate** X

Potassium Bromide, Aqueous (40°C) X

Potassium Chloride, Aqueous X

Potassium Dichromate, Aqueous X

Potassium Ferrocyanide (30°C)** X

Potassium Ferrocyanide, Aqueous (30°C)** X

Potassium Nitrate, Aqueous X

Potassium Sulfate (40°C) X

Propylene Glycol (25°C) X

StandardPipe


Sea Water X

Sewage (50°C) X

Silicone Oil X

Silver Nitrate, Aqueous X

Sodium Bromide, Aqueous X

Sodium Chloride, Aqueous X

Sodium Dichromate X

Sodium Dihydrogen Phosphate** X

Sodium Ferrocyanide X

Sodium Hydroxide 10% X

Sodium Mono-Phosphate** X

Sodium Nitrate, Aqueous X

Sodium Nitrite, Aqueous** X

Sodium Silicate X

Sodium Sulfate, Aqueous X

Sodium Sulfide X

Sodium Tetraborate X

Stannic Chloride, Aqueous* X

Stannous Chloride, Aqueous X

Stearic Acid* X

Sulfur X

Sulfuric Acid, <25%(40°C)* X

Tannic Acid, Aqueous X

Tartaric Acid X

Toluene Sulfonic Acid** X

Tributyl Phosphate X

Triethanolamine X

Triethylamine X

Turpentine X

Urea, (Aqueous)** X

Vinegar X

Water, Distilled X

Water, Sea X

Water, Tap X

Zinc Chloride, Aqueous X

Zinc Nitrate, Aqueous** X

Zinc Sulfate, Aqueous X

Zinc Sulfite, Aqueous (40°C)** X

NOTE: This guide is intended to serve as a basic guide whenconsidering FLOWTITE pipe. Final determination of the suitability of aparticular resin system for a given environment is the responsibilityof the customer. This list is based on information supplied by resinmanufacturers who provide Flowtite producers with their material.Thus, this guide provides only general information and does not implyapproval of any application as Flowtite Technology has no control ofthe conditions of usage nor any means of identifying environments towhich the pipe may unintentionally have been exposed.

Environmental Guide for FLOWTITE® Pipe (continued)


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Elbows

Flanges Saddles

Wyes

Eccentric Reducers Concentric Reducers

Tees

Fittings

23

Flowtite Technology has created a standardized line of GRP fittings that are molded or fabricated using thesame materials that are used to produce FLOWTITEpipe. One of the benefits of FLOWTITE pipe is theability to fabricate a wide assortment of fittings,standard as well as non-standard. For a completelisting of our standard fittings with dimensions, see our Pipe Fitting Catalog, Publication No. 5-PS-20331.


Accessories

Tapping Sleeves

Tapping is the process of connecting a branch to anexisting pipeline. Care must be taken to ensure that agood seal is accomplished on the pipeline and that nodamage is done to the pipe or tapping sleeve. Flexiblestainless steel tapping sleeves have been proven to bethe best suited for FLOWTITE GRP pipes. The tappedassembly shall be able to resist a pressure of 2 x PNwithout leakage or damage to the pipe. It is essentialthat bolt torque shall be high enough to ensure noleakage, but not too high as to damage the pipe. Itshould be noted that the tapping sleeve manufacturer’s

recommended bolt torque values may be too high for

GRP pipe. High stiffness, cast iron tapping sleeves havebeen found to cause too high stresses in a GRP pipe andtheir use should be avoided.

Tapping machines can be either manual or powerdriven and must be able to resist the internal pressurein the pipe if a “hot” tap is to be performed. Forwardfeed should not exceed 0.5mm per revolution in orderto avoid damage to the pipe. The cutter can be eithersteel or diamond coated and should have small, closelyspaced teeth. Please consult the FLOWTITE pipesuppliers for detailed instructions and recommendedbrands of tapping sleeves.

24


Cleaning of FLOWTITE Sewer Pipe

There are several methods used to clean gravity sewerlines, depending on diameter and the degree and natureof blockage. All of these methods use either mechanicalor hydropneumatic force to clean the interior of the pipe.When mechanical means are employed, we recommendthe use of plastic scrapers to avoid damage to the pipe’sinner surface.

The use of high pressure water, emitted through jetnozzles, is a practice followed in some countries forcleaning sewer pipes. However, water emitted underhigh pressure through a jet nozzle can cause damage to most materials if not properly controlled. Based onexperience gained with water jet cleaning of GRP sewerpipes, the following guidelines must be adhered to inorder to avoid damage to the installed pipes:

1 Maximum input pressure at the jetting nozzle must be limited to 120 bars (1750 psig). Due to the smoothinterior surface of GRP pipe, adequate cleaning andremoval of blockages can normally be achieved belowthis pressure.

2 Jetting/swabbing sleds with several runners are to beused to elevate the jet nozzle off the pipe’s inner surface.

3 The water discharge angle at the outlet nozzle mustbe between 6° and 15° relative to the pipe axis.

4 The number of jet holes in the nozzlehead should be 8 or more, and the bore hole size must be greater than2.0mm (0.08 inch).

Please consult with the pipe manufacturer for thenames of water jet nozzle and sled manufacturers whoseequipment meets the above criteria if uncertain. Theuse of equipment or pressures that do not meet theabove criteria could cause damage to the installed pipe.

Water Jetting Sled

6° to 15°

25


Pub. No. 15-PS-22812-A May 2000


FLOWTITE TECHNOLOGY ASP.O.Box 2059N-3239 SANDEFJORDNORWAYTel. 47.33.44.92.80Fax. 47.33.46.26.17

Proven solutions... anywhere in the world.

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